flowchart TD
A["New Dementia CPRD Download"] -- All Observations: dementia codelist --> B["n = 3,499,192 records"]
B -- Exlcluding: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder --> BB["n = 3,359,895 records"]
BB -- date of birth < obsdate < lcd/ deregistration /date of death --> C["n = 3,336,261 records"]
C -- Earliest diagnosis after 1980-01-01 and have a dementia code after registration --> DA["n = 2,865,537 records"]
C -- Earliest diagnosis after 1980-01-01 and have a dementia code after 2000 --> DC["n = 3,254,768 records"]
C -- Earliest diagnosis after 1980-01-01 and have a dementia code after 2004 --> DB["n = 3,115,141 records"]
DA -- Unique patid: Earliest observation --> E["n = 651,863 patients"]
DC -- Unique patid: Earliest observation --> F["n = 635,404 patients"]
DB -- Unique patid: Earliest observation --> G["n = 598,807 patients"]
E -- regend > 2004-01-01 & alive or died > 2004-01-01 --> EE["n = 609,033 patients"]
F -- regend > 2004-01-01 & alive or died > 2004-01-01 --> FF["n = 613,959 patients"]
G -- regend > 2004-01-01 & alive or died > 2004-01-01 --> GG["n = 598,808 patients"]
EE -- Age: 65 or above --> EJ["n = 587,450 patients"]
FF -- Age: 65 or above --> FJ["n = 592,401 patients"]
GG -- Age: 65 or above --> GJ["n = 577,941 patients"]
EJ -- Died --> J("Yes = 290,619
No = 296,831")
EJ -- Gender --> K("Male = 213,215
Female = 374235")
EJ -- On Risperidone after 2004-01-01 --> JJ["n = 51,648 patients"]
JJ -- After diagnosis --> ZA["n = 29,810 patients"]
JJ -- < year prior to diagnosis --> ZB("n = 8,218 patients")
JJ -- > year prior to diagnosis --> ZC("n = 13,620 patients")
ZA -- Died --> XA("Yes = 15,960
No = 13,850 ")
ZA -- Gender --> XB("Male = 11,403
Female = 15,960 ")
FJ -- Died --> R("Yes = 294,389
No = 298,012")
FJ -- Gender --> Q("Male = 215,375
Female = 377,026")
FJ -- On Risperidone after 2004-01-01 --> KK["n = 52,286 patients"]
KK -- After diagnosis --> VA["n = 42,433 patients"]
KK -- < year prior to diagnosis --> VB("n = 4,439 patients")
KK -- > year prior to diagnosis --> VC("n = 5,414 patients")
VA -- Died --> YA("Yes = 23,738
No = 18,695")
VA -- Gender --> YB("Male = 16,610
Female = 25,823")
GJ -- Died --> S("Yes = 285,321
No = 292,620")
GJ -- Gender --> T("Male = 211,048
Female = 366,893")
GJ -- On Risperidone after 2004-01-01 --> LL["n = 51,887 patients"]
LL -- After diagnosis --> AA["n = 42,144 patients"]
LL -- < year prior to diagnosis --> AB("n = 6,988 patients")
LL -- > year prior to diagnosis --> AC("n = 2,755 patients")
AA -- Died --> HA("Yes = 23,568
No = 18,576")
AA -- Gender --> HB("Male = 16,516
Female = 25,628")
Flow chart of the final cohorts
Dementia incident cohort
Overall
n 445332
diagnosedbeforeRegistration = 1 (%) 351487 (78.9)
gender = 2 (%) 282903 (63.5)
died = 1 (%) 223185 (50.1)
death_composite = 1 (%) 325118 (73.0)
ONS_died = 1 (%) 291514 (65.5)
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 82.35 (7.02)
age_category (%)
65 - 74 64311 (14.4)
75 - 84 202073 (45.4)
85 - 94 164303 (36.9)
95+ 14645 ( 3.3)
year_of_diagnosis (%)
2004 20451 ( 4.6)
2005 17420 ( 3.9)
2006 19704 ( 4.4)
2007 17414 ( 3.9)
2008 17994 ( 4.0)
2009 19944 ( 4.5)
2010 21457 ( 4.8)
2011 22687 ( 5.1)
2012 25236 ( 5.7)
2013 27306 ( 6.1)
2014 29971 ( 6.7)
2015 29769 ( 6.7)
2016 26703 ( 6.0)
2017 26488 ( 5.9)
2018 25311 ( 5.7)
2019 24734 ( 5.6)
2020 19551 ( 4.4)
2021 20462 ( 4.6)
2022 19017 ( 4.3)
2023 13713 ( 3.1)
gender_decode = M (%) 162429 (36.5)
GP_stroke = 1 (%) 70378 (15.8)
HES_stroke = 1 (%) 56416 (12.7)
HES_stroke = 1 (%) 56416 (12.7)
stroke_composite = 1 (%) 86268 (19.4)
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 14705 ( 3.3)
HES_stroke = 1 (%) 56416 (12.7)
HES_stroke = 1 (%) 56416 (12.7)
ethnicity (%)
Black 8388 ( 1.9)
Mixed 1491 ( 0.3)
Other 2606 ( 0.6)
South Asian 8668 ( 1.9)
Unknown 9353 ( 2.1)
White 414826 (93.1)
pre_diagnoses_af = 1 (%) 62304 (14.0)
post_diagnoses_af = 1 (%) 28577 ( 6.4)
af_ever = 1 (%) 92662 (20.8)
pre_diagnoses_angina = 1 (%) 50115 (11.3)
post_diagnoses_angina = 1 (%) 6096 ( 1.4)
angina_ever = 1 (%) 56484 (12.7)
pre_diagnoses_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 67688 (15.2)
post_diagnoses_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 10556 ( 2.4)
anxiety_disorders_ever = 1 (%) 78961 (17.7)
pre_diagnoses_falls = 1 (%) 112934 (25.4)
post_diagnoses_falls = 1 (%) 125063 (28.1)
falls_ever = 1 (%) 240530 (54.0)
pre_diagnoses_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 91133 (20.5)
post_diagnoses_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 5686 ( 1.3)
fh_diabetes_ever = 1 (%) 97025 (21.8)
heartfailure_ever = 1 (%) 53881 (12.1)
pre_diagnoses_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 54605 (12.3)
post_diagnoses_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 32899 ( 7.4)
lowerlimbfracture_ever = 1 (%) 88292 (19.8)
pre_diagnoses_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 34853 ( 7.8)
post_diagnoses_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 6998 ( 1.6)
myocardialinfarction_ever = 1 (%) 42171 ( 9.5)
pre_diagnoses_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 60791 (13.7)
post_diagnoses_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 24661 ( 5.5)
qof_diabetes_ever = 1 (%) 86481 (19.4)
pre_diagnoses_revasc = 1 (%) 24090 ( 5.4)
post_diagnoses_revasc = 1 (%) 1104 ( 0.2)
revasc_ever = 1 (%) 25259 ( 5.7)
pre_diagnoses_stroke = 1 (%) 48354 (10.9)
post_diagnoses_stroke = 1 (%) 20314 ( 4.6)
stroke_ever = 1 (%) 70378 (15.8)
pre_diagnoses_tia = 1 (%) 38225 ( 8.6)
post_diagnoses_tia = 1 (%) 12286 ( 2.8)
tia_ever = 1 (%) 51115 (11.5)
alcohol_cat (%)
Excess 23239 ( 5.2)
Harmful 11657 ( 2.6)
None 41673 ( 9.4)
Unknown 118172 (26.5)
Within limits 250591 (56.3)
smoking_cat (%)
Active smoker 35954 ( 8.1)
Ex-smoker 185210 (41.6)
Non-smoker 142187 (31.9)
Unknown 81981 (18.4)
qrisk2_smoking_cat (%)
0 191562 (43.0)
1 116583 (26.2)
2 34441 ( 7.7)
3 1163 ( 0.3)
4 876 ( 0.2)
Unknown 100707 (22.6)
qrisk2_smoking_cat_uncoded (%)
Ex-smoker 116583 (26.2)
Heavy smoker 876 ( 0.2)
Light smoker 34441 ( 7.7)
Moderate smoker 1163 ( 0.3)
Non-smoker 191562 (43.0)
Unknown 100707 (22.6)
gp_qrisk2_ethnicity (%)
Bangladeshi 716 ( 0.2)
Black African 1358 ( 0.3)
Black Caribbean 5553 ( 1.2)
Chinese 449 ( 0.1)
Indian 4048 ( 0.9)
Other 3587 ( 0.8)
Other Asian 1575 ( 0.4)
Pakistani 1651 ( 0.4)
Unknown 112463 (25.3)
White 313932 (70.5)
hes_qrisk2_ethnicity (%)
Bangladeshi 616 ( 0.1)
Black African 1304 ( 0.3)
Black Caribbean 5520 ( 1.2)
Chinese 514 ( 0.1)
Indian 3784 ( 0.8)
Other 4954 ( 1.1)
Other Asian 1600 ( 0.4)
Pakistani 1516 ( 0.3)
Unknown 32537 ( 7.3)
White 392987 (88.2)
gp_5cat_ethnicity (%)
Black 7622 ( 1.7)
Mixed 1302 ( 0.3)
Other 2023 ( 0.5)
South Asian 8064 ( 1.8)
Unknown 112373 (25.2)
White 313948 (70.5)
hes_5cat_ethnicity (%)
Black 7829 ( 1.8)
Mixed 1031 ( 0.2)
Other 3432 ( 0.8)
South Asian 7516 ( 1.7)
Unknown 32537 ( 7.3)
White 392987 (88.2)
gp_16cat_ethnicity (%)
African 1371 ( 0.3)
Bangladeshi 716 ( 0.2)
Caribbean 5581 ( 1.3)
Chinese 451 ( 0.1)
Indian 4052 ( 0.9)
Other 1590 ( 0.4)
Other Asian 1585 ( 0.4)
Other Black 598 ( 0.1)
Other Mixed 341 ( 0.1)
Other White 9380 ( 2.1)
Pakistani 1652 ( 0.4)
Unknown 112728 (25.3)
White and Asian 165 ( 0.0)
White and Black African 200 ( 0.0)
White and Black Caribbean 612 ( 0.1)
White British 299235 (67.2)
White Irish 5075 ( 1.1)
hes_16cat_ethnicity (%)
African 1304 ( 0.3)
Bangladeshi 616 ( 0.1)
Caribbean 5520 ( 1.2)
Chinese 514 ( 0.1)
Indian 3784 ( 0.8)
Other 2918 ( 0.7)
Other Asian 1600 ( 0.4)
Other Black 1005 ( 0.2)
Other Mixed 1031 ( 0.2)
Pakistani 1516 ( 0.3)
Unknown 32537 ( 7.3)
White British 392987 (88.2)
pre_diagnoses_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 20090 ( 4.5)
post_diagnoses_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 8514 ( 1.9)
deep_vein_thrombosis_ever = 1 (%) 28825 ( 6.5)
pre_diagnoses_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 10503 ( 2.4)
post_diagnoses_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 4461 ( 1.0)
pulmonary_embolism_ever = 1 (%) 15125 ( 3.4)
VTE = 1 (%) 40338 ( 9.1)
Prescribed_3_months_before_obsdate = 1 (%) 88570 (19.9)
drug_name_3_months_before (%)
amisulpride 3714 ( 4.2)
aripiprazole 1447 ( 1.6)
benperidol 120 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 893 ( 1.0)
clozapine 16 ( 0.0)
flupentixol 300 ( 0.3)
fluphenazine 14 ( 0.0)
haloperidol 20194 (22.8)
levomepromazine 16302 (18.4)
lurasidone 2 ( 0.0)
olanzapine 5305 ( 6.0)
paliperidone 1 ( 0.0)
pericyazine 127 ( 0.1)
perphenazine 34 ( 0.0)
pimozide 988 ( 1.1)
prochlorperazine 16259 (18.4)
promazine 4246 ( 4.8)
quetiapine 17203 (19.4)
sulpiride 661 ( 0.7)
thioridazine 11 ( 0.0)
trifluoperazine 639 ( 0.7)
zuclopenthixol 94 ( 0.1)
Prescribed_6_months_before_obsdate = 1 (%) 91977 (20.7)
drug_name_6_months_before (%)
amisulpride 4000 ( 3.9)
aripiprazole 1549 ( 1.5)
benperidol 126 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 1095 ( 1.1)
clozapine 20 ( 0.0)
flupentixol 470 ( 0.5)
fluphenazine 21 ( 0.0)
haloperidol 21135 (20.4)
levomepromazine 16407 (15.8)
lurasidone 2 ( 0.0)
olanzapine 6522 ( 6.3)
paliperidone 1 ( 0.0)
pericyazine 149 ( 0.1)
perphenazine 46 ( 0.0)
pimozide 1825 ( 1.8)
prochlorperazine 25309 (24.4)
promazine 4677 ( 4.5)
quetiapine 18618 (18.0)
sulpiride 763 ( 0.7)
thioridazine 23 ( 0.0)
trifluoperazine 803 ( 0.8)
zuclopenthixol 101 ( 0.1)
Prescribed_12_months_before_obsdate = 1 (%) 97193 (21.8)
drug_name_12_months_before (%)
amisulpride 3903 ( 4.0)
aripiprazole 1525 ( 1.6)
benperidol 125 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 1033 ( 1.1)
clozapine 18 ( 0.0)
flupentixol 379 ( 0.4)
fluphenazine 17 ( 0.0)
haloperidol 21041 (21.6)
levomepromazine 16428 (16.9)
lurasidone 2 ( 0.0)
olanzapine 5884 ( 6.1)
paliperidone 1 ( 0.0)
pericyazine 145 ( 0.1)
perphenazine 43 ( 0.0)
pimozide 1192 ( 1.2)
prochlorperazine 21088 (21.7)
promazine 4576 ( 4.7)
quetiapine 18208 (18.7)
sulpiride 723 ( 0.7)
thioridazine 16 ( 0.0)
trifluoperazine 748 ( 0.8)
zuclopenthixol 98 ( 0.1)
Prescribed_after_obsdate = 1 (%) 81852 (18.4)
drug_name_after_obsdate (%)
amisulpride 3371 ( 4.1)
aripiprazole 1347 ( 1.6)
benperidol 110 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 752 ( 0.9)
clozapine 13 ( 0.0)
flupentixol 249 ( 0.3)
fluphenazine 12 ( 0.0)
haloperidol 18898 (23.1)
levomepromazine 16020 (19.6)
lurasidone 2 ( 0.0)
olanzapine 4776 ( 5.8)
paliperidone 1 ( 0.0)
pericyazine 111 ( 0.1)
perphenazine 28 ( 0.0)
pimozide 907 ( 1.1)
prochlorperazine 14486 (17.7)
promazine 3776 ( 4.6)
quetiapine 15757 (19.3)
sulpiride 590 ( 0.7)
thioridazine 8 ( 0.0)
trifluoperazine 557 ( 0.7)
zuclopenthixol 81 ( 0.1)
0 1
0 120214 101933
1 33604 189581
0 1
0 359064 15890
1 29852 40526
Black Mixed Other South Asian Unknown White
Black 6025 248 256 108 562 423
Mixed 537 93 123 102 113 334
Other 48 34 528 155 210 1048
South Asian 113 99 491 6331 661 369
Unknown 766 189 583 604 9353 100878
White 340 368 1451 216 21638 289935
strata median lower upper
1 gender_decode=F 3.400411 3.383984 3.419576
2 gender_decode=M 2.956879 2.937714 2.978782
strata median lower upper
1 age_category=65 - 74 5.448323 5.388090 5.505818
2 age_category=75 - 84 3.780972 3.759069 3.802875
3 age_category=85 - 94 2.299795 2.283368 2.316222
4 age_category=95+ 1.237509 1.199179 1.275838
Risperidone incident cohort
Overall
n 30060
diagnosedbeforeRegistration = 1 (%) 17005 (56.6)
died = 1 (%) 17390 (57.9)
death_composite = 1 (%) 23726 (78.9)
ONS_died = 1 (%) 20695 (68.8)
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 80.44 (7.13)
age_risperidone (mean (SD)) 82.99 (6.87)
deprivation (%)
1 6726 (22.4)
2 7388 (24.6)
3 6070 (20.2)
4 5181 (17.3)
5 4657 (15.5)
gender_decode = M (%) 11635 (38.7)
GP_stroke = 1 (%) 4214 (14.0)
HES_stroke = 1 (%) 3204 (10.7)
stroke_composite = 1 (%) 5161 (17.2)
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 785 ( 2.6)
Composite_pre_stroke = 1 (%) 4237 (14.1)
Composite_post_stroke = 1 (%) 1695 ( 5.6)
comorbidity_stroke = 1 (%) 4214 (14.0)
pre_index_date_stroke = 1 (%) 3609 (12.0)
post_index_date_stroke = 1 (%) 1061 ( 3.5)
Stroke_prior_to_risperidone = 1 (%) 4237 (14.1)
Stroke__within_year_after_1st_risperidone_presc = 1 (%) 1094 ( 3.6)
death_in_a_year_after_risperidone = 1 (%) 8585 (28.6)
sex = 1 (%) 11635 (38.7)
ethnicity (%)
Black 504 ( 1.7)
Mixed 107 ( 0.4)
Other 171 ( 0.6)
South Asian 490 ( 1.6)
Unknown 512 ( 1.7)
White 28276 (94.1)
age_category (%)
65 - 74 6544 (21.8)
75 - 84 14552 (48.4)
85+ 8964 (29.8)
year_of_diagnosis (%)
2004 1192 ( 4.0)
2005 1008 ( 3.4)
2006 1068 ( 3.6)
2007 1063 ( 3.5)
2008 1191 ( 4.0)
2009 1532 ( 5.1)
2010 1922 ( 6.4)
2011 2071 ( 6.9)
2012 2258 ( 7.5)
2013 2462 ( 8.2)
2014 2540 ( 8.4)
2015 2284 ( 7.6)
2016 2048 ( 6.8)
2017 1986 ( 6.6)
2018 1709 ( 5.7)
2019 1412 ( 4.7)
2020 1089 ( 3.6)
2021 678 ( 2.3)
2022 436 ( 1.5)
2023 111 ( 0.4)
year_of_prescription (%)
2004 661 ( 2.2)
2005 444 ( 1.5)
2006 567 ( 1.9)
2007 628 ( 2.1)
2008 510 ( 1.7)
2009 613 ( 2.0)
2010 1163 ( 3.9)
2011 1417 ( 4.7)
2012 1632 ( 5.4)
2013 1910 ( 6.4)
2014 2201 ( 7.3)
2015 2452 ( 8.2)
2016 2549 ( 8.5)
2017 2583 ( 8.6)
2018 2389 ( 7.9)
2019 2326 ( 7.7)
2020 2436 ( 8.1)
2021 1598 ( 5.3)
2022 1195 ( 4.0)
2023 786 ( 2.6)
stroke_3_months_prior = 1 (%) 155 ( 0.5)
stroke_6_months_prior = 1 (%) 232 ( 0.8)
stroke_12_months_prior = 1 (%) 368 ( 1.2)
prescribed_BMJ_antipsyc_drug = 1 (%) 25732 (85.6)
stroke_recency_cat (%)
<= 1 368 (10.2)
> 7 3042 (84.3)
1 - 2 146 ( 4.0)
2 - 3 49 ( 1.4)
3 - 4 4 ( 0.1)
dementia_duration_prior_risperidone (mean (SD)) 2.11 (2.35)
Survival_time (mean (SD)) 1.74 (1.90)
comorbidity_af = 1 (%) 5331 (17.7)
pre_index_date_af = 1 (%) 4765 (15.9)
post_index_date_af = 1 (%) 1791 ( 6.0)
comorbidity_angina = 1 (%) 3625 (12.1)
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 3536 (11.8)
post_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 343 ( 1.1)
comorbidity_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 6185 (20.6)
pre_index_date_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 5937 (19.8)
post_index_date_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 674 ( 2.2)
comorbidity_falls = 1 (%) 16777 (55.8)
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 12080 (40.2)
post_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 8833 (29.4)
comorbidity_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 6018 (20.0)
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 5927 (19.7)
post_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 130 ( 0.4)
comorbidity_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 2311 ( 7.7)
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 2279 ( 7.6)
post_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 46 ( 0.2)
comorbidity_heartfailure = 1 (%) 2683 ( 8.9)
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 2276 ( 7.6)
post_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 906 ( 3.0)
comorbidity_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 6301 (21.0)
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 4757 (15.8)
post_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 1943 ( 6.5)
comorbidity_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 2602 ( 8.7)
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 2450 ( 8.2)
post_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 279 ( 0.9)
comorbidity_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 5484 (18.2)
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 5167 (17.2)
post_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 2386 ( 7.9)
comorbidity_revasc = 1 (%) 1608 ( 5.3)
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 1599 ( 5.3)
post_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 24 ( 0.1)
comorbidity_tia = 1 (%) 3250 (10.8)
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 2791 ( 9.3)
post_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 701 ( 2.3)
comorbidity_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 1989 ( 6.6)
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 1528 ( 5.1)
post_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 549 ( 1.8)
comorbidity_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 665 ( 2.2)
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 573 ( 1.9)
post_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 186 ( 0.6)
comorbidity_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 978 ( 3.3)
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 752 ( 2.5)
post_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 271 ( 0.9)
comorbidity_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 5148 (17.1)
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 4708 (15.7)
post_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 1065 ( 3.5)
VTE = 1 (%) 2743 ( 9.1)
BMI (%)
Normal 10802 (35.9)
Obesity 3879 (12.9)
Overweight 8591 (28.6)
Severely Obese 278 ( 0.9)
Underweight 1303 ( 4.3)
Unknown 5207 (17.3)
totalcholesterol (%)
< 160 mg/dl 6657 (22.1)
> 280 mg/dl 1042 ( 3.5)
199 mg/dl 7480 (24.9)
200 - 239 mg/dl 6438 (21.4)
240 - 279 mg/dl 2810 ( 9.3)
Unknown 5633 (18.7)
testvalue_dbp (mean (SD)) 76.41 (11.77)
testvalue_sbp (mean (SD)) 135.80 (20.25)
testvalue_totalcholesterol (mean (SD)) 4.98 (1.24)
gp_5cat_ethnicity (%)
Black 444 ( 1.5)
Mixed 90 ( 0.3)
Other 147 ( 0.5)
South Asian 449 ( 1.5)
Unknown 7311 (24.3)
White 21619 (71.9)
gp_16cat_ethnicity (%)
African 75 ( 0.2)
Bangladeshi 33 ( 0.1)
Caribbean 321 ( 1.1)
Chinese 21 ( 0.1)
Indian 227 ( 0.8)
Other 128 ( 0.4)
Other Asian 83 ( 0.3)
Other Black 47 ( 0.2)
Other Mixed 21 ( 0.1)
Other White 665 ( 2.2)
Pakistani 101 ( 0.3)
Unknown 7332 (24.4)
White and Asian 16 ( 0.1)
White and Black African 11 ( 0.0)
White and Black Caribbean 40 ( 0.1)
White British 20623 (68.6)
White Irish 316 ( 1.1)
gp_qrisk2_ethnicity (%)
Bangladeshi 33 ( 0.1)
Black African 75 ( 0.2)
Black Caribbean 319 ( 1.1)
Chinese 21 ( 0.1)
Indian 227 ( 0.8)
Other 265 ( 0.9)
Other Asian 82 ( 0.3)
Pakistani 101 ( 0.3)
Unknown 7318 (24.3)
White 21619 (71.9)
alcohol_cat (%)
Excess 1467 ( 4.9)
Harmful 818 ( 2.7)
None 2220 ( 7.4)
Unknown 10576 (35.2)
Within limits 14979 (49.8)
smoking_cat (%)
Active smoker 2069 ( 6.9)
Ex-smoker 11224 (37.3)
Non-smoker 8404 (28.0)
Unknown 8363 (27.8)
qrisk2_smoking_cat (%)
0 11101 (36.9)
1 7373 (24.5)
2 2037 ( 6.8)
3 75 ( 0.2)
4 40 ( 0.1)
Unknown 9434 (31.4)
qrisk2_smoking_cat_uncoded (%)
Ex-smoker 7373 (24.5)
Heavy smoker 40 ( 0.1)
Light smoker 2037 ( 6.8)
Moderate smoker 75 ( 0.2)
Non-smoker 11101 (36.9)
Unknown 9434 (31.4)
drug_name (%)
amisulpride 488 ( 3.2)
aripiprazole 198 ( 1.3)
benperidol 20 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 230 ( 1.5)
clozapine 1 ( 0.0)
flupentixol 165 ( 1.1)
fluphenazine 12 ( 0.1)
haloperidol 2714 (17.8)
levomepromazine 1697 (11.1)
olanzapine 1106 ( 7.2)
pericyazine 31 ( 0.2)
perphenazine 11 ( 0.1)
pimozide 128 ( 0.8)
prochlorperazine 6004 (39.3)
promazine 517 ( 3.4)
quetiapine 1798 (11.8)
sulpiride 38 ( 0.2)
thioridazine 34 ( 0.2)
trifluoperazine 78 ( 0.5)
zuclopenthixol 14 ( 0.1)
frailty (%)
Mild 1358 ( 4.5)
Moderate 3435 (11.4)
Severe 5376 (17.9)
Unknown 19891 (66.2)
year_diagnosis_cat (%)
> 2020 1225 ( 4.1)
2004 - 2008 5522 (18.4)
2009 - 2012 7783 (25.9)
2013 - 2016 9334 (31.1)
2017 - 2020 6196 (20.6)
prescribed_other_antipsyc_drug = 1 (%) 15284 (50.8)
pre_indexdate_antipysch_prescr = 1 (%) 10105 (66.1)
post_indexdate_antipysch_prescr = 1 (%) 5088 (33.3)
same_indexdate_antipysch_prescr = 1 (%) 91 ( 0.6)
pre_indexdate_drug_name (%)
amisulpride 184 ( 1.8)
aripiprazole 76 ( 0.8)
benperidol 7 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 123 ( 1.2)
clozapine 1 ( 0.0)
flupentixol 196 ( 1.9)
fluphenazine 11 ( 0.1)
haloperidol 915 ( 9.1)
levomepromazine 91 ( 0.9)
olanzapine 584 ( 5.8)
pericyazine 19 ( 0.2)
perphenazine 7 ( 0.1)
pimozide 118 ( 1.2)
prochlorperazine 6005 (59.4)
promazine 316 ( 3.1)
quetiapine 1179 (11.7)
sulpiride 42 ( 0.4)
thioridazine 105 ( 1.0)
trifluoperazine 119 ( 1.2)
zuclopenthixol 7 ( 0.1)
same_indexdate_drug_name (%)
amisulpride 2 ( 2.2)
aripiprazole 8 ( 8.8)
chlorpromazine 5 ( 5.5)
flupentixol 2 ( 2.2)
haloperidol 21 (23.1)
levomepromazine 1 ( 1.1)
olanzapine 3 ( 3.3)
pimozide 8 ( 8.8)
prochlorperazine 6 ( 6.6)
promazine 15 (16.5)
quetiapine 17 (18.7)
trifluoperazine 3 ( 3.3)
post_indexdate_drug_name (%)
amisulpride 118 ( 2.3)
aripiprazole 174 ( 3.4)
benperidol 3 ( 0.1)
chlorpromazine 30 ( 0.6)
flupentixol 12 ( 0.2)
haloperidol 1422 (27.9)
levomepromazine 1562 (30.7)
olanzapine 460 ( 9.0)
pericyazine 5 ( 0.1)
pimozide 35 ( 0.7)
prochlorperazine 327 ( 6.4)
promazine 136 ( 2.7)
quetiapine 762 (15.0)
sulpiride 16 ( 0.3)
trifluoperazine 20 ( 0.4)
zuclopenthixol 6 ( 0.1)
care_home = 1 (%) 12371 (41.2)
care_home_before_indexdate = 1 (%) 3977 (32.1)
care_home_at_indexdate = 1 (%) 127 ( 1.0)
care_home_90_days_after_indexdate = 1 (%) 2683 (21.7)
TimeSinceFirstPrescription (mean (SD)) 0.49 (0.93)
Prescription_ever_cat (%)
>100 555 ( 1.8)
1 5163 (17.2)
10 781 ( 2.6)
11 - 20 5103 (17.0)
2 2655 ( 8.8)
21 - 30 2757 ( 9.2)
3 1930 ( 6.4)
31 - 40 1618 ( 5.4)
4 1582 ( 5.3)
41 - 50 1002 ( 3.3)
5 1303 ( 4.3)
51 - 100 1653 ( 5.5)
6 1111 ( 3.7)
7 1051 ( 3.5)
8 926 ( 3.1)
9 870 ( 2.9)
Prescriptions_after_a_year_cat (%)
>100 301 ( 3.0)
1 699 ( 7.0)
10 288 ( 2.9)
11 - 20 2119 (21.3)
2 610 ( 6.1)
21 - 30 1193 (12.0)
3 520 ( 5.2)
31 - 40 759 ( 7.6)
4 455 ( 4.6)
41 - 50 469 ( 4.7)
5 413 ( 4.2)
51 - 100 723 ( 7.3)
6 372 ( 3.7)
7 373 ( 3.8)
8 328 ( 3.3)
9 311 ( 3.1)
Prescriptions_within_a_year_cat (%)
>100 16 ( 0.1)
1 5382 (17.9)
10 953 ( 3.2)
11 - 20 9427 (31.4)
2 2739 ( 9.1)
21 - 30 850 ( 2.8)
3 2004 ( 6.7)
31 - 40 310 ( 1.0)
4 1651 ( 5.5)
41 - 50 298 ( 1.0)
5 1392 ( 4.6)
51 - 100 517 ( 1.7)
6 1232 ( 4.1)
7 1224 ( 4.1)
8 1064 ( 3.5)
9 1001 ( 3.3)
consultation_counts_Cat (%)
0 - 50 10847 (36.7)
101 - 150 5102 (17.2)
151 - 200 1936 ( 6.5)
201 - 250 732 ( 2.5)
251 - 300 302 ( 1.0)
301 - 350 123 ( 0.4)
351 - 400 50 ( 0.2)
401 - 450 34 ( 0.1)
451 - 500 28 ( 0.1)
501 - 800 30 ( 0.1)
51 - 100 10391 (35.1)
801 - 1000 3 ( 0.0)
pre_BMJ_indexdate_drug_name (%)
amisulpride 169 ( 8.7)
aripiprazole 15 ( 0.8)
benperidol 7 ( 0.4)
chlorpromazine 122 ( 6.3)
clozapine 1 ( 0.1)
flupentixol 122 ( 6.3)
fluphenazine 10 ( 0.5)
haloperidol 852 (43.7)
levomepromazine 10 ( 0.5)
olanzapine 49 ( 2.5)
pericyazine 19 ( 1.0)
perphenazine 2 ( 0.1)
pimozide 5 ( 0.3)
prochlorperazine 368 (18.9)
promazine 46 ( 2.4)
quetiapine 67 ( 3.4)
sulpiride 16 ( 0.8)
thioridazine 33 ( 1.7)
trifluoperazine 34 ( 1.7)
zuclopenthixol 2 ( 0.1)
same_BMJ_indexdate_drug_name (%)
amisulpride 93 ( 0.9)
aripiprazole 186 ( 1.8)
benperidol 3 ( 0.0)
chlorpromazine 30 ( 0.3)
flupentixol 64 ( 0.6)
fluphenazine 1 ( 0.0)
haloperidol 1187 (11.4)
levomepromazine 1289 (12.3)
olanzapine 770 ( 7.4)
pericyazine 5 ( 0.0)
perphenazine 5 ( 0.0)
pimozide 128 ( 1.2)
prochlorperazine 4808 (46.0)
promazine 309 ( 3.0)
quetiapine 1400 (13.4)
sulpiride 29 ( 0.3)
thioridazine 59 ( 0.6)
trifluoperazine 75 ( 0.7)
zuclopenthixol 6 ( 0.1)
post_BMJ_indexdate_drug_name (%)
amisulpride 34 ( 3.8)
aripiprazole 28 ( 3.1)
chlorpromazine 5 ( 0.6)
flupentixol 9 ( 1.0)
haloperidol 150 (16.8)
levomepromazine 89 (10.0)
olanzapine 66 ( 7.4)
pimozide 7 ( 0.8)
prochlorperazine 320 (35.9)
promazine 26 ( 2.9)
quetiapine 135 (15.2)
sulpiride 5 ( 0.6)
thioridazine 2 ( 0.2)
trifluoperazine 12 ( 1.3)
zuclopenthixol 3 ( 0.3)
comorbidity_hypertension (%)
Elevated 3327 (11.1)
Normal 4156 (13.8)
Stage 1 13285 (44.2)
Stage 2 8633 (28.7)
Stage 3 (severe) 191 ( 0.6)
Unknown 468 ( 1.6)
pre_index_date_hypertension = 1 (%) 24666 (83.3)
comorbidity_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 8411 (28.0)
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 7900 (26.3)
post_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 1127 ( 3.7)
pre_indexdate_BMJ_antipysch_prescr = 1 (%) 1961 ( 7.6)
post_indexdate_BMJ_antipysch_prescr = 1 (%) 1756 ( 6.8)
same_indexdate_BMJ_antipysch_prescr = 1 (%) 22015 (85.6)
HES_comorbidity_stroke = 1 (%) 3204 (10.7)
HES_pre_index_date_stroke = 1 (%) 2568 ( 8.5)
HES_post_index_date_stroke = 1 (%) 964 ( 3.2)
hes_5cat_ethnicity (%)
Black 474 ( 1.6)
Mixed 70 ( 0.2)
Other 189 ( 0.6)
South Asian 440 ( 1.5)
Unknown 2169 ( 7.2)
White 26718 (88.9)
hes_16cat_ethnicity (%)
African 78 ( 0.3)
Bangladeshi 30 ( 0.1)
Caribbean 341 ( 1.1)
Chinese 20 ( 0.1)
Indian 202 ( 0.7)
Other 169 ( 0.6)
Other Asian 106 ( 0.4)
Other Black 55 ( 0.2)
Other Mixed 70 ( 0.2)
Pakistani 102 ( 0.3)
Unknown 2169 ( 7.2)
White British 26718 (88.9)
hes_qrisk2_ethnicity (%)
Bangladeshi 30 ( 0.1)
Black African 78 ( 0.3)
Black Caribbean 341 ( 1.1)
Chinese 20 ( 0.1)
Indian 202 ( 0.7)
Other 294 ( 1.0)
Other Asian 106 ( 0.4)
Pakistani 102 ( 0.3)
Unknown 2169 ( 7.2)
White 26718 (88.9)
strata median lower upper
1 gender_decode=F 4.654346 4.591376 4.717317
2 gender_decode=M 4.101300 4.035592 4.175222
strata median lower upper
1 age_category=65 - 74 6.308008 6.179329 6.461328
2 age_category=75 - 84 4.692676 4.624230 4.761123
3 age_category=85+ 3.063655 2.997947 3.126626
COX model
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Survival_time, Composite_post_stroke) ~
age_diagnosis + Composite_pre_stroke + sex, data = CompleteData)
n= 30060, number of events= 1695
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
age_diagnosis 0.006682 1.006704 0.003562 1.876 0.0607 .
Composite_pre_stroke1 1.825286 6.204567 0.049282 37.038 <2e-16 ***
sex1 0.119763 1.127229 0.051070 2.345 0.0190 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
age_diagnosis 1.007 0.9933 0.9997 1.014
Composite_pre_stroke1 6.205 0.1612 5.6333 6.834
sex1 1.127 0.8871 1.0199 1.246
Concordance= 0.713 (se = 0.008 )
Likelihood ratio test= 1204 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 1419 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 1860 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
One year censoring
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Survival_time, Composite_post_stroke) ~
age_diagnosis + Composite_pre_stroke + sex, data = CensoringData_1year)
n= 30040, number of events= 1037
(20 observations deleted due to missingness)
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
age_diagnosis 0.003332 1.003337 0.004501 0.740 0.4592
Composite_pre_stroke1 2.076755 7.978539 0.062823 33.057 <2e-16 ***
sex1 0.124871 1.133003 0.064246 1.944 0.0519 .
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
age_diagnosis 1.003 0.9967 0.9945 1.012
Composite_pre_stroke1 7.979 0.1253 7.0542 9.024
sex1 1.133 0.8826 0.9990 1.285
Concordance= 0.726 (se = 0.009 )
Likelihood ratio test= 1019 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 1126 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 1597 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Excluding stroke 3 months prior
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Survival_time, Composite_post_stroke) ~
age_diagnosis + Composite_pre_stroke + sex, data = Excluding_3_monthsPriorStroke)
n= 29905, number of events= 1615
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
age_diagnosis 0.007775 1.007806 0.003646 2.133 0.0330 *
Composite_pre_stroke1 1.743310 5.716231 0.050815 34.307 <2e-16 ***
sex1 0.121428 1.129108 0.052390 2.318 0.0205 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
age_diagnosis 1.008 0.9923 1.001 1.015
Composite_pre_stroke1 5.716 0.1749 5.174 6.315
sex1 1.129 0.8857 1.019 1.251
Concordance= 0.701 (se = 0.008 )
Likelihood ratio test= 1023 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 1223 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 1566 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Excluding stroke 12 months prior
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Survival_time, Composite_post_stroke) ~
age_diagnosis + Composite_pre_stroke + sex, data = Excluding_12_monthsPriorStroke)
n= 29692, number of events= 1546
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
age_diagnosis 0.008703 1.008741 0.003734 2.331 0.0198 *
Composite_pre_stroke1 1.679211 5.361324 0.052382 32.057 <2e-16 ***
sex1 0.136316 1.146044 0.053538 2.546 0.0109 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
age_diagnosis 1.009 0.9913 1.001 1.016
Composite_pre_stroke1 5.361 0.1865 4.838 5.941
sex1 1.146 0.8726 1.032 1.273
Concordance= 0.689 (se = 0.008 )
Likelihood ratio test= 886 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 1073 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 1352 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Matching
Updated Algorithm - exact match on: Sex, stroke history, cvd and risperidone age category (65-74, 75-84, 85+)
Stratified by risperidone
0 1 p test SMD
n 137031 28464
sex = 1 (%) 51780 (37.8) 10847 ( 38.1) 0.313 0.007
risperidone = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 28464 (100.0) <0.001 NaN
age_risperidone (mean (SD)) 83.18 (6.82) 83.12 (6.83) 0.136 0.010
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 80.49 (6.90) 80.51 (7.10) 0.670 0.003
age_risperidone_cat (%) 0.163 0.012
65 - 74 15313 (11.2) 3290 ( 11.6)
75 - 84 61837 (45.1) 12823 ( 45.0)
85+ 59881 (43.7) 12351 ( 43.4)
care_home_before_indexdate = 1 (%) 17946 (13.1) 3734 ( 13.1) 0.928 0.001
deprivation (%) 0.895 0.008
1 30555 (22.3) 6379 ( 22.4)
2 33591 (24.5) 6942 ( 24.4)
3 27469 (20.0) 5764 ( 20.3)
4 23854 (17.4) 4908 ( 17.2)
5 21450 (15.7) 4444 ( 15.6)
Unknown 112 ( 0.1) 27 ( 0.1)
Stroke__within_year_after_1st_risperidone_presc = 1 (%) 4671 ( 3.4) 1112 ( 3.9) <0.001 0.027
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 17986 (13.1) 3880 ( 13.6) 0.022 0.015
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 16201 (11.8) 3344 ( 11.7) 0.730 0.002
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 10524 ( 7.7) 2199 ( 7.7) 0.802 0.002
BMI (%) 0.065 0.021
Missing 25440 (18.6) 5505 ( 19.3)
Normal 53314 (38.9) 11024 ( 38.7)
Obesity 14336 (10.5) 2973 ( 10.4)
Overweight 35122 (25.6) 7175 ( 25.2)
Severely Obese 916 ( 0.7) 189 ( 0.7)
Underweight 7903 ( 5.8) 1598 ( 5.6)
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 36951 (27.0) 7377 ( 25.9) <0.001 0.024
period_before_prescription (mean (SD)) 2.73 (2.19) 2.62 (2.40) <0.001 0.051
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 11098 ( 8.1) 2316 ( 8.1) 0.841 0.001
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 12915 ( 9.4) 2641 ( 9.3) 0.448 0.005
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 57114 (41.7) 11748 ( 41.3) 0.208 0.008
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 21750 (15.9) 4536 ( 15.9) 0.796 0.002
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 22750 (16.6) 4717 ( 16.6) 0.908 0.001
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 10688 ( 7.8) 2207 ( 7.8) 0.801 0.002
pre_index_date_af = 1 (%) 21971 (16.0) 4560 ( 16.0) 0.962 <0.001
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 7317 ( 5.3) 1514 ( 5.3) 0.899 0.001
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 24086 (17.6) 4979 ( 17.5) 0.739 0.002
pre_index_date_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 27219 (19.9) 5635 ( 19.8) 0.804 0.002
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 28736 (21.0) 5824 ( 20.5) 0.055 0.013
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 11011 ( 8.0) 2233 ( 7.8) 0.287 0.007
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 3447 ( 2.5) 728 ( 2.6) 0.695 0.003
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 6993 ( 5.1) 1468 ( 5.2) 0.717 0.002
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 36712 (26.8) 7645 ( 26.9) 0.821 0.002
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 9634 ( 7.0) 2020 ( 7.1) 0.701 0.003
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 2610 ( 1.9) 540 ( 1.9) 0.951 0.001
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 21938 (16.0) 4517 ( 15.9) 0.563 0.004
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 54965 (40.1) 11454 ( 40.2) 0.691 0.003
comorbidity_hypertension (%) <0.001 0.043
Elevated 24085 (17.6) 4969 ( 17.5)
Normal 34822 (25.4) 7217 ( 25.4)
Stage 1 54077 (39.5) 11186 ( 39.3)
Stage 2 22495 (16.4) 4638 ( 16.3)
Stage 3 (severe) 205 ( 0.1) 39 ( 0.1)
Unknown 1347 ( 1.0) 415 ( 1.5)
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Survival_time, stroke_composite_post_index_date) ~
age_diagnosis + sex + stroke_composite_pre_index_date, data = table)
n= 149704, number of events= 9103
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
age_diagnosis 0.013596 1.013689 0.001622 8.383 < 2e-16 ***
sex 0.107951 1.113993 0.021935 4.921 8.59e-07 ***
stroke_composite_pre_index_date 1.823485 6.193406 0.021538 84.664 < 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
age_diagnosis 1.014 0.9865 1.010 1.017
sex 1.114 0.8977 1.067 1.163
stroke_composite_pre_index_date 6.193 0.1615 5.937 6.460
Concordance= 0.705 (se = 0.003 )
Likelihood ratio test= 6095 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 7502 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 9837 on 3 df, p=<2e-16
strata median lower upper
1 risperidone=0 5.661875 5.629021 5.697467
2 risperidone=1 4.558522 4.503765 4.613279
strata median lower upper
1 risperidone=0 7.093771 6.967830 7.233402
2 risperidone=1 5.314168 5.117043 5.489391
Updated Algorithm - without exact match
Stratified by risperidone
0 1 p test SMD
n 146209 29691
sex = 1 (%) 56211 ( 38.4) 11457 ( 38.6) 0.652 0.003
risperidone = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 29691 (100.0) <0.001 NaN
age_risperidone (mean (SD)) 83.10 (6.88) 83.02 (6.86) 0.072 0.011
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 80.46 (6.92) 80.45 (7.12) 0.763 0.002
age_risperidone_cat (%) 0.320 0.010
65 - 74 17457 ( 11.9) 3578 ( 12.1)
75 - 84 65315 ( 44.7) 13372 ( 45.0)
85+ 63437 ( 43.4) 12741 ( 42.9)
care_home_before_indexdate = 1 (%) 20110 ( 13.8) 3926 ( 13.2) 0.015 0.016
deprivation (%) 0.874 0.009
1 32589 ( 22.3) 6648 ( 22.4)
2 36053 ( 24.7) 7285 ( 24.5)
3 29473 ( 20.2) 5987 ( 20.2)
4 24901 ( 17.0) 5124 ( 17.3)
5 23033 ( 15.8) 4617 ( 15.6)
Unknown 160 ( 0.1) 30 ( 0.1)
Stroke__within_year_after_1st_risperidone_presc = 0 (%) 146209 (100.0) 29691 (100.0) NA <0.001
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 20802 ( 14.2) 4199 ( 14.1) 0.708 0.002
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 17189 ( 11.8) 3513 ( 11.8) 0.721 0.002
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 11468 ( 7.8) 2267 ( 7.6) 0.227 0.008
BMI (%) 0.957 0.007
Missing 31664 ( 21.7) 6381 ( 21.5)
Normal 54821 ( 37.5) 11214 ( 37.8)
Obesity 14961 ( 10.2) 3008 ( 10.1)
Overweight 35797 ( 24.5) 7267 ( 24.5)
Severely Obese 958 ( 0.7) 193 ( 0.7)
Underweight 8008 ( 5.5) 1628 ( 5.5)
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 37749 ( 25.8) 7442 ( 25.1) 0.007 0.017
period_before_prescription (mean (SD)) 2.67 (2.15) 2.57 (2.39) <0.001 0.043
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 12031 ( 8.2) 2425 ( 8.2) 0.735 0.002
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 13602 ( 9.3) 2778 ( 9.4) 0.782 0.002
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 60023 ( 41.1) 12018 ( 40.5) 0.067 0.012
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 23439 ( 16.0) 4718 ( 15.9) 0.552 0.004
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 24382 ( 16.7) 4941 ( 16.6) 0.890 0.001
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 11169 ( 7.6) 2287 ( 7.7) 0.716 0.002
pre_index_date_af = 1 (%) 23246 ( 15.9) 4726 ( 15.9) 0.945 <0.001
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 7879 ( 5.4) 1588 ( 5.3) 0.789 0.002
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 25218 ( 17.2) 5127 ( 17.3) 0.941 0.001
pre_index_date_anxiety_disorders = 1 (%) 28992 ( 19.8) 5874 ( 19.8) 0.864 0.001
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 29469 ( 20.2) 5900 ( 19.9) 0.269 0.007
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 11364 ( 7.8) 2269 ( 7.6) 0.451 0.005
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 3762 ( 2.6) 751 ( 2.5) 0.679 0.003
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 7527 ( 5.1) 1515 ( 5.1) 0.757 0.002
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 38623 ( 26.4) 7856 ( 26.5) 0.884 0.001
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 10399 ( 7.1) 2088 ( 7.0) 0.633 0.003
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 2787 ( 1.9) 567 ( 1.9) 0.987 <0.001
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 22971 ( 15.7) 4665 ( 15.7) 1.000 <0.001
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 59298 ( 40.6) 12046 ( 40.6) 0.969 <0.001
comorbidity_hypertension (%) <0.001 0.043
Elevated 24970 ( 17.1) 5076 ( 17.1)
Normal 37629 ( 25.7) 7494 ( 25.2)
Stage 1 56282 ( 38.5) 11372 ( 38.3)
Stage 2 23109 ( 15.8) 4678 ( 15.8)
Stage 3 (severe) 204 ( 0.1) 40 ( 0.1)
Unknown 4015 ( 2.7) 1031 ( 3.5)
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Survival_time, stroke_composite_post_index_date) ~
risperidone, data = table)
n= 176012, number of events= 11632
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
risperidone 0.06783 1.07018 0.02643 2.567 0.0103 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
risperidone 1.07 0.9344 1.016 1.127
Concordance= 0.509 (se = 0.002 )
Likelihood ratio test= 6.48 on 1 df, p=0.01
Wald test = 6.59 on 1 df, p=0.01
Score (logrank) test = 6.59 on 1 df, p=0.01
strata median lower upper
1 risperidone=0 5.366188 5.341547 5.390828
2 risperidone=1 3.935661 3.879535 4.002738
strata median lower upper
1 risperidone=0 6.521561 6.420260 6.603696
2 risperidone=1 4.328542 4.123203 4.520192
Analysis
Competing Risk
> cox_stroke_cs <- coxph(Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 1) ~ risperidone, data = dat)
> summary(cox_stroke_cs)
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 1) ~ risperidone,
data = dat)
n= 165495, number of events= 1943
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
risperidone 0.33040 1.39152 0.05493 6.015 1.8e-09 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
risperidone 1.392 0.7186 1.249 1.55
Concordance= 0.526 (se = 0.005 )
Likelihood ratio test= 33.94 on 1 df, p=6e-09
Wald test = 36.18 on 1 df, p=2e-09
Score (logrank) test = 36.51 on 1 df, p=2e-09
>
> # Cause-specific Cox model for death (competing event: stroke)
> cox_death_cs <- coxph(Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 2) ~ risperidone, data = dat)
> summary(cox_death_cs)
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 2) ~ risperidone,
data = dat)
n= 165495, number of events= 7474
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
risperidone 0.59437 1.81188 0.02618 22.7 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
risperidone 1.812 0.5519 1.721 1.907
Concordance= 0.549 (se = 0.003 )
Likelihood ratio test= 466.1 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 515.4 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 530.8 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
> # Cause-specific Cox model for stroke (competing event: death)
> cox_stroke_cs <- coxph(Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 1) ~ risperidone, data = dat)
> summary(cox_stroke_cs)
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 1) ~ risperidone,
data = dat)
n= 165495, number of events= 5581
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
risperidone 0.28814 1.33395 0.03472 8.3 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
risperidone 1.334 0.7497 1.246 1.428
Concordance= 0.52 (se = 0.003 )
Likelihood ratio test= 64.77 on 1 df, p=8e-16
Wald test = 68.89 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 69.37 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
>
> # Cause-specific Cox model for death (competing event: stroke)
> cox_death_cs <- coxph(Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 2) ~ risperidone, data = dat)
> summary(cox_death_cs)
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(Stroke_censtime_yrs, Stroke.cr == 2) ~ risperidone,
data = dat)
n= 165495, number of events= 25807
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
risperidone 0.63665 1.89014 0.01472 43.26 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
risperidone 1.89 0.5291 1.836 1.945
Concordance= 0.548 (se = 0.001 )
Likelihood ratio test= 1661 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
Wald test = 1871 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
Score (logrank) test = 1935 on 1 df, p=<2e-16
COX model - trained on controls
Causal Survival Forest
summary(treatment_effect_values)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
-3.77192 -0.50565 -0.26139 -0.31458 -0.06619 1.90310
Heterogeneous Treatment Effect
Negative Treatment Effect < -0.1 and Positive Treatment Effect > 0.1
Stratified by effect_group
level Negative Positive p test
n 35147 4745
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 80.41 (6.64) 81.13 (8.28) <0.001
sex (%) 0 21549 (61.3) 3016 (63.6) 0.003
1 13598 (38.7) 1729 (36.4)
stroke_composite_pre_index_date (%) 0 30305 (86.2) 4160 (87.7) 0.007
1 4842 (13.8) 585 (12.3)
pre_index_date_cvd (%) 0 19830 (56.4) 3216 (67.8) <0.001
1 15317 (43.6) 1529 (32.2)
age_risperidone (mean (SD)) 83.05 (6.68) 83.79 (7.73) <0.001
age_category (%) 65 - 74 6925 (19.7) 1239 (26.1) <0.001
75 - 84 18710 (53.2) 1444 (30.4)
85 - 94 9021 (25.7) 1907 (40.2)
95+ 491 ( 1.4) 155 ( 3.3)
Negative Treatment Effect < 0 and Positive Treatment Effect > 0
Stratified by effect_group
level Negative Positive p test
n 40739 8910
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 80.42 (6.70) 80.83 (7.86) <0.001
sex (%) 0 25105 (61.6) 5671 (63.6) <0.001
1 15634 (38.4) 3239 (36.4)
stroke_composite_pre_index_date (%) 0 35245 (86.5) 7837 (88.0) <0.001
1 5494 (13.5) 1073 (12.0)
pre_index_date_cvd (%) 0 23616 (58.0) 6068 (68.1) <0.001
1 17123 (42.0) 2842 (31.9)
age_risperidone (mean (SD)) 83.10 (6.68) 83.61 (7.37) <0.001
age_category (%) 65 - 74 8024 (19.7) 2164 (24.3) <0.001
75 - 84 21410 (52.6) 3263 (36.6)
85 - 94 10722 (26.3) 3246 (36.4)
95+ 583 ( 1.4) 237 ( 2.7)
Causal Forest
summary(treatment_effects)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
-0.0400638 0.0004461 0.0038949 0.0045751 0.0079468 0.0481077
Heterogeneous Treatment Effect
Negative Treatment Effect < 0 and Positive Treatment Effect > 0
Stratified by effect_group
level Negative Positive p test
n 10967 38682
age_diagnosis (mean (SD)) 81.40 (7.46) 80.24 (6.74) <0.001
age_risperidone (mean (SD)) 84.00 (6.67) 82.96 (6.84) <0.001
sex (%) 0 6941 (63.3) 23835 (61.6) 0.002
1 4026 (36.7) 14847 (38.4)
stroke_composite_pre_index_date (%) 0 9519 (86.8) 33563 (86.8) 0.947
1 1448 (13.2) 5119 (13.2)
pre_index_date_cvd (%) 0 6941 (63.3) 22743 (58.8) <0.001
1 4026 (36.7) 15939 (41.2)
age_category (%) 65 - 74 2417 (22.0) 7771 (20.1) <0.001
75 - 84 3874 (35.3) 20799 (53.8)
85 - 94 4441 (40.5) 9527 (24.6)
95+ 235 ( 2.1) 585 ( 1.5)
Discontinuation 90 days window
Discontinuation 30 days window
Overall
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(stime.1, discontinued) ~ sex + age_risperidone +
ethnicity + pre_index_date_stroke + pre_index_date_qof_diabetes +
pre_index_date_haem_cancer + pre_index_date_ihd + pre_index_date_af +
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction + pre_index_date_heartfailure +
pre_index_date_hypertension, data = dat, weights = weights,
robust = TRUE, cluster = subclass)
n= 28053, number of events= 3194
(411 observations deleted due to missingness)
coef exp(coef) se(coef) robust se z Pr(>|z|)
sex1 0.019024 1.019206 0.037551 0.037526 0.507 0.612191
age_risperidone -0.009074 0.990967 0.002661 0.002670 -3.399 0.000677 ***
ethnicityMixed 0.028725 1.029142 0.293353 0.296991 0.097 0.922949
ethnicityOther 0.034699 1.035308 0.245066 0.243998 0.142 0.886915
ethnicitySouth Asian 0.288754 1.334763 0.163562 0.165862 1.741 0.081696 .
ethnicityUnknown -0.328603 0.719929 0.196723 0.197650 -1.663 0.096402 .
ethnicityWhite -0.194681 0.823097 0.122813 0.124406 -1.565 0.117610
pre_index_date_stroke -0.148224 0.862238 0.058933 0.058922 -2.516 0.011883 *
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 -0.161481 0.850883 0.050241 0.050348 -3.207 0.001340 **
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 -0.124679 0.882780 0.144042 0.144652 -0.862 0.388729
pre_index_date_ihd1 -0.012084 0.987988 0.054100 0.053501 -0.226 0.821300
pre_index_date_af -0.091285 0.912758 0.053758 0.053967 -1.691 0.090744 .
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 -0.060367 0.941419 0.075249 0.074368 -0.812 0.416945
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 -0.029706 0.970731 0.074815 0.074870 -0.397 0.691542
pre_index_date_hypertension1 0.009536 1.009582 0.035801 0.035736 0.267 0.789589
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
sex1 1.0192 0.9812 0.9469 1.0970
age_risperidone 0.9910 1.0091 0.9858 0.9962
ethnicityMixed 1.0291 0.9717 0.5750 1.8419
ethnicityOther 1.0353 0.9659 0.6418 1.6702
ethnicitySouth Asian 1.3348 0.7492 0.9643 1.8475
ethnicityUnknown 0.7199 1.3890 0.4887 1.0605
ethnicityWhite 0.8231 1.2149 0.6450 1.0504
pre_index_date_stroke 0.8622 1.1598 0.7682 0.9678
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 0.8509 1.1753 0.7709 0.9391
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 0.8828 1.1328 0.6649 1.1721
pre_index_date_ihd1 0.9880 1.0122 0.8896 1.0972
pre_index_date_af 0.9128 1.0956 0.8211 1.0146
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 0.9414 1.0622 0.8137 1.0891
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 0.9707 1.0302 0.8382 1.1242
pre_index_date_hypertension1 1.0096 0.9905 0.9413 1.0828
Concordance= 0.538 (se = 0.005 )
Likelihood ratio test= 59.67 on 15 df, p=3e-07
Wald test = 58.89 on 15 df, p=4e-07
Score (logrank) test = 61 on 15 df, p=2e-07, Robust = 56.18 p=1e-06
(Note: the likelihood ratio and score tests assume independence of
observations within a cluster, the Wald and robust score tests do not).
No Stroke
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(stime.1, discontinued) ~ sex + age_risperidone +
ethnicity + pre_index_date_stroke + pre_index_date_qof_diabetes +
pre_index_date_haem_cancer + pre_index_date_ihd + pre_index_date_af +
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction + pre_index_date_heartfailure +
pre_index_date_hypertension, data = no_stroke)
n= 24195, number of events= 2812
(389 observations deleted due to missingness)
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
sex1 0.030991 1.031476 0.040074 0.773 0.439318
age_risperidone -0.009160 0.990881 0.002833 -3.233 0.001224 **
ethnicityMixed -0.023587 0.976689 0.316072 -0.075 0.940511
ethnicityOther -0.001310 0.998691 0.262927 -0.005 0.996026
ethnicitySouth Asian 0.276529 1.318545 0.177134 1.561 0.118494
ethnicityUnknown -0.323348 0.723722 0.203027 -1.593 0.111242
ethnicityWhite -0.227896 0.796207 0.130590 -1.745 0.080963 .
pre_index_date_stroke NA NA 0.000000 NA NA
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 -0.207068 0.812964 0.055168 -3.753 0.000174 ***
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 -0.228094 0.796050 0.159324 -1.432 0.152248
pre_index_date_ihd1 -0.004100 0.995908 0.058415 -0.070 0.944043
pre_index_date_af -0.074517 0.928192 0.059494 -1.253 0.210383
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 -0.053970 0.947460 0.083013 -0.650 0.515603
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 -0.084594 0.918885 0.084378 -1.003 0.316073
pre_index_date_hypertension1 0.004519 1.004529 0.038103 0.119 0.905602
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
sex1 1.0315 0.9695 0.9536 1.1158
age_risperidone 0.9909 1.0092 0.9854 0.9964
ethnicityMixed 0.9767 1.0239 0.5257 1.8147
ethnicityOther 0.9987 1.0013 0.5965 1.6720
ethnicitySouth Asian 1.3185 0.7584 0.9318 1.8658
ethnicityUnknown 0.7237 1.3817 0.4861 1.0774
ethnicityWhite 0.7962 1.2560 0.6164 1.0285
pre_index_date_stroke NA NA NA NA
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 0.8130 1.2301 0.7296 0.9058
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 0.7960 1.2562 0.5825 1.0878
pre_index_date_ihd1 0.9959 1.0041 0.8882 1.1167
pre_index_date_af 0.9282 1.0774 0.8260 1.0430
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 0.9475 1.0555 0.8052 1.1149
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 0.9189 1.0883 0.7788 1.0841
pre_index_date_hypertension1 1.0045 0.9955 0.9322 1.0824
Concordance= 0.536 (se = 0.006 )
Likelihood ratio test= 51.69 on 14 df, p=3e-06
Wald test = 52.65 on 14 df, p=2e-06
Score (logrank) test = 52.9 on 14 df, p=2e-06
With Stroke
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(stime.1, discontinued) ~ sex + age_risperidone +
ethnicity + pre_index_date_stroke + pre_index_date_qof_diabetes +
pre_index_date_haem_cancer + pre_index_date_ihd + pre_index_date_af +
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction + pre_index_date_heartfailure +
pre_index_date_hypertension, data = with_stroke)
n= 3858, number of events= 382
(22 observations deleted due to missingness)
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
sex1 -0.057648 0.943982 0.107858 -0.534 0.593
age_risperidone -0.008081 0.991951 0.007901 -1.023 0.306
ethnicityMixed 0.298613 1.347988 0.792988 0.377 0.706
ethnicityOther 0.324099 1.382784 0.679506 0.477 0.633
ethnicitySouth Asian 0.436795 1.547739 0.439604 0.994 0.320
ethnicityUnknown -1.005812 0.365748 1.062741 -0.946 0.344
ethnicityWhite 0.034425 1.035025 0.361892 0.095 0.924
pre_index_date_stroke -0.188723 0.828016 0.146272 -1.290 0.197
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 0.074922 1.077800 0.124470 0.602 0.547
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 0.503003 1.653679 0.339273 1.483 0.138
pre_index_date_ihd1 -0.063149 0.938804 0.143776 -0.439 0.661
pre_index_date_af -0.175271 0.839230 0.125680 -1.395 0.163
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 -0.081609 0.921632 0.179618 -0.454 0.650
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 0.179570 1.196702 0.163699 1.097 0.273
pre_index_date_hypertension1 0.036947 1.037638 0.104872 0.352 0.725
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
sex1 0.9440 1.0593 0.76411 1.166
age_risperidone 0.9920 1.0081 0.97671 1.007
ethnicityMixed 1.3480 0.7418 0.28490 6.378
ethnicityOther 1.3828 0.7232 0.36505 5.238
ethnicitySouth Asian 1.5477 0.6461 0.65389 3.663
ethnicityUnknown 0.3657 2.7341 0.04556 2.936
ethnicityWhite 1.0350 0.9662 0.50922 2.104
pre_index_date_stroke 0.8280 1.2077 0.62163 1.103
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 1.0778 0.9278 0.84448 1.376
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 1.6537 0.6047 0.85048 3.215
pre_index_date_ihd1 0.9388 1.0652 0.70826 1.244
pre_index_date_af 0.8392 1.1916 0.65600 1.074
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 0.9216 1.0850 0.64814 1.311
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 1.1967 0.8356 0.86825 1.649
pre_index_date_hypertension1 1.0376 0.9637 0.84485 1.274
Concordance= 0.539 (se = 0.015 )
Likelihood ratio test= 12.93 on 15 df, p=0.6
Wald test = 13.02 on 15 df, p=0.6
Score (logrank) test = 13.25 on 15 df, p=0.6
No CVD
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(stime.1, discontinued) ~ sex + age_risperidone +
ethnicity + pre_index_date_stroke + pre_index_date_qof_diabetes +
pre_index_date_haem_cancer + pre_index_date_ihd + pre_index_date_af +
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction + pre_index_date_heartfailure +
pre_index_date_hypertension, data = No_CVD)
n= 16669, number of events= 2021
(341 observations deleted due to missingness)
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
sex1 0.019490 1.019682 0.047579 0.410 0.68207
age_risperidone -0.009715 0.990332 0.003292 -2.951 0.00317 **
ethnicityMixed -0.110132 0.895715 0.410142 -0.269 0.78830
ethnicityOther 0.151112 1.163127 0.310822 0.486 0.62685
ethnicitySouth Asian 0.509543 1.664530 0.213153 2.391 0.01683 *
ethnicityUnknown -0.156704 0.854957 0.238641 -0.657 0.51140
ethnicityWhite -0.042857 0.958048 0.161193 -0.266 0.79033
pre_index_date_stroke NA NA 0.000000 NA NA
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 -0.149835 0.860850 0.068721 -2.180 0.02923 *
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 -0.305251 0.736938 0.201341 -1.516 0.12950
pre_index_date_ihd1 NA NA 0.000000 NA NA
pre_index_date_af -0.135940 0.872895 0.081665 -1.665 0.09599 .
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 NA NA 0.000000 NA NA
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 NA NA 0.000000 NA NA
pre_index_date_hypertension1 0.043759 1.044731 0.044760 0.978 0.32825
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
sex1 1.0197 0.9807 0.9289 1.1193
age_risperidone 0.9903 1.0098 0.9840 0.9967
ethnicityMixed 0.8957 1.1164 0.4009 2.0012
ethnicityOther 1.1631 0.8598 0.6325 2.1389
ethnicitySouth Asian 1.6645 0.6008 1.0961 2.5277
ethnicityUnknown 0.8550 1.1696 0.5356 1.3648
ethnicityWhite 0.9580 1.0438 0.6985 1.3140
pre_index_date_stroke NA NA NA NA
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 0.8608 1.1616 0.7524 0.9850
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 0.7369 1.3570 0.4966 1.0935
pre_index_date_ihd1 NA NA NA NA
pre_index_date_af 0.8729 1.1456 0.7438 1.0244
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 NA NA NA NA
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 NA NA NA NA
pre_index_date_hypertension1 1.0447 0.9572 0.9570 1.1405
Concordance= 0.532 (se = 0.007 )
Likelihood ratio test= 34.77 on 11 df, p=3e-04
Wald test = 36.2 on 11 df, p=2e-04
Score (logrank) test = 36.57 on 11 df, p=1e-04
With CVD
Call:
coxph(formula = Surv(stime.1, discontinued) ~ sex + age_risperidone +
ethnicity + pre_index_date_stroke + pre_index_date_qof_diabetes +
pre_index_date_haem_cancer + pre_index_date_ihd + pre_index_date_af +
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction + pre_index_date_heartfailure +
pre_index_date_hypertension, data = CVD)
n= 11384, number of events= 1173
(70 observations deleted due to missingness)
coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
sex1 0.023752 1.024037 0.061564 0.386 0.6996
age_risperidone -0.006780 0.993243 0.004618 -1.468 0.1421
ethnicityMixed 0.182474 1.200183 0.421483 0.433 0.6651
ethnicityOther -0.171906 0.842058 0.399844 -0.430 0.6672
ethnicitySouth Asian -0.068042 0.934221 0.254991 -0.267 0.7896
ethnicityUnknown -0.662257 0.515686 0.368095 -1.799 0.0720 .
ethnicityWhite -0.458243 0.632394 0.189885 -2.413 0.0158 *
pre_index_date_stroke -0.118844 0.887946 0.068785 -1.728 0.0840 .
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 -0.170967 0.842849 0.073871 -2.314 0.0206 *
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 0.106377 1.112242 0.206500 0.515 0.6065
pre_index_date_ihd1 0.017707 1.017864 0.063585 0.278 0.7807
pre_index_date_af -0.052137 0.949198 0.072076 -0.723 0.4695
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 -0.046902 0.954181 0.076790 -0.611 0.5413
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 -0.024305 0.975988 0.079780 -0.305 0.7606
pre_index_date_hypertension1 -0.056020 0.945520 0.060037 -0.933 0.3508
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
sex1 1.0240 0.9765 0.9076 1.1554
age_risperidone 0.9932 1.0068 0.9843 1.0023
ethnicityMixed 1.2002 0.8332 0.5254 2.7417
ethnicityOther 0.8421 1.1876 0.3846 1.8437
ethnicitySouth Asian 0.9342 1.0704 0.5668 1.5399
ethnicityUnknown 0.5157 1.9392 0.2506 1.0610
ethnicityWhite 0.6324 1.5813 0.4359 0.9175
pre_index_date_stroke 0.8879 1.1262 0.7760 1.0161
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes1 0.8428 1.1865 0.7292 0.9742
pre_index_date_haem_cancer1 1.1122 0.8991 0.7420 1.6671
pre_index_date_ihd1 1.0179 0.9824 0.8986 1.1530
pre_index_date_af 0.9492 1.0535 0.8241 1.0932
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction1 0.9542 1.0480 0.8209 1.1092
pre_index_date_heartfailure1 0.9760 1.0246 0.8347 1.1412
pre_index_date_hypertension1 0.9455 1.0576 0.8406 1.0636
Concordance= 0.545 (se = 0.009 )
Likelihood ratio test= 23.97 on 15 df, p=0.07
Wald test = 25.2 on 15 df, p=0.05
Score (logrank) test = 25.4 on 15 df, p=0.04
Discontinuation baseline characteristics *Overall
Stratified by discontinued
Overall 0 1 p test
n 28464 25217 3242
sex = 1 (%) 10847 ( 38.1) 9645 ( 38.2) 1202 ( 37.1) 0.203
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 7377 ( 25.9) 6592 ( 26.1) 785 ( 24.2) 0.019
ethnicity (%) <0.001
Black 487 ( 1.7) 418 ( 1.7) 69 ( 2.1)
Mixed 98 ( 0.3) 84 ( 0.3) 14 ( 0.4)
Other 151 ( 0.5) 129 ( 0.5) 22 ( 0.7)
South Asian 475 ( 1.7) 391 ( 1.6) 84 ( 2.6)
Unknown 454 ( 1.6) 411 ( 1.6) 43 ( 1.3)
White 26799 ( 94.2) 23784 ( 94.3) 3010 ( 92.8)
death_composite = 1 (%) 22331 ( 78.5) 19823 ( 78.6) 2505 ( 77.3) 0.084
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 3344 ( 11.7) 2983 ( 11.8) 361 ( 11.1) 0.260
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 2199 ( 7.7) 1989 ( 7.9) 210 ( 6.5) 0.005
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 2316 ( 8.1) 2086 ( 8.3) 230 ( 7.1) 0.023
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 2641 ( 9.3) 2354 ( 9.3) 286 ( 8.8) 0.360
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 11748 ( 41.3) 10555 ( 41.9) 1192 ( 36.8) <0.001
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 4536 ( 15.9) 4050 ( 16.1) 486 ( 15.0) 0.123
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 4717 ( 16.6) 4224 ( 16.8) 493 ( 15.2) 0.028
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 2207 ( 7.8) 1983 ( 7.9) 224 ( 6.9) 0.060
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 1514 ( 5.3) 1362 ( 5.4) 152 ( 4.7) 0.097
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 4979 ( 17.5) 4483 ( 17.8) 496 ( 15.3) 0.001
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 5824 ( 20.5) 5116 ( 20.3) 708 ( 21.8) 0.042
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 2233 ( 7.8) 1997 ( 7.9) 236 ( 7.3) 0.215
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 728 ( 2.6) 656 ( 2.6) 72 ( 2.2) 0.218
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 1468 ( 5.2) 1322 ( 5.2) 146 ( 4.5) 0.080
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 540 ( 1.9) 489 ( 1.9) 51 ( 1.6) 0.171
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 4517 ( 15.9) 4037 ( 16.0) 480 ( 14.8) 0.082
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 7645 ( 26.9) 6788 ( 26.9) 857 ( 26.4) 0.573
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 730 (100.0) 666 (100.0) 64 (100.0) NA
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 3880 ( 13.6) 3494 ( 13.9) 386 ( 11.9) 0.003
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 2020 ( 7.1) 1817 ( 7.2) 203 ( 6.3) 0.053
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 11454 ( 40.2) 10273 ( 40.7) 1180 ( 36.4) <0.001
BMI (%) 0.212
Missing 5505 ( 19.3) 4893 ( 19.4) 612 ( 18.9)
Normal 11024 ( 38.7) 9721 ( 38.5) 1299 ( 40.1)
Obesity 2973 ( 10.4) 2653 ( 10.5) 320 ( 9.9)
Overweight 7175 ( 25.2) 6348 ( 25.2) 826 ( 25.5)
Severely Obese 189 ( 0.7) 175 ( 0.7) 14 ( 0.4)
Underweight 1598 ( 5.6) 1427 ( 5.7) 171 ( 5.3)
pre_index_date_hypertension = 1 (%) 13620 ( 48.5) 12206 ( 49.1) 1413 ( 44.2) <0.001
No stroke
Stratified by discontinued
Overall 0 1 p test
n 24584 21723 2856
sex = 1 (%) 9100 ( 37.0) 8064 ( 37.1) 1036 ( 36.3) 0.389
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 6253 ( 25.4) 5580 ( 25.7) 673 ( 23.6) 0.015
ethnicity (%) <0.001
Black 416 ( 1.7) 355 ( 1.6) 61 ( 2.1)
Mixed 86 ( 0.3) 74 ( 0.3) 12 ( 0.4)
Other 129 ( 0.5) 110 ( 0.5) 19 ( 0.7)
South Asian 372 ( 1.5) 303 ( 1.4) 69 ( 2.4)
Unknown 425 ( 1.7) 383 ( 1.8) 42 ( 1.5)
White 23156 ( 94.2) 20498 ( 94.4) 2653 ( 92.9)
death_composite = 1 (%) 19174 ( 78.0) 16975 ( 78.1) 2196 ( 76.9) 0.135
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 2741 ( 11.1) 2433 ( 11.2) 308 ( 10.8) 0.527
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 1748 ( 7.1) 1585 ( 7.3) 163 ( 5.7) 0.002
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 1826 ( 7.4) 1640 ( 7.5) 186 ( 6.5) 0.051
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 1749 ( 7.1) 1548 ( 7.1) 200 ( 7.0) 0.840
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 9769 ( 39.7) 8745 ( 40.3) 1023 ( 35.8) <0.001
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 3838 ( 15.6) 3418 ( 15.7) 420 ( 14.7) 0.163
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 3847 ( 15.6) 3433 ( 15.8) 414 ( 14.5) 0.075
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 1770 ( 7.2) 1582 ( 7.3) 188 ( 6.6) 0.186
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 1200 ( 4.9) 1075 ( 4.9) 125 ( 4.4) 0.198
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 4090 ( 16.6) 3686 ( 17.0) 404 ( 14.1) <0.001
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 5021 ( 20.4) 4381 ( 20.2) 640 ( 22.4) 0.006
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 1936 ( 7.9) 1726 ( 7.9) 210 ( 7.4) 0.285
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 601 ( 2.4) 539 ( 2.5) 62 ( 2.2) 0.345
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 1205 ( 4.9) 1085 ( 5.0) 120 ( 4.2) 0.072
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 473 ( 1.9) 431 ( 2.0) 42 ( 1.5) 0.071
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 3872 ( 15.8) 3441 ( 15.8) 431 ( 15.1) 0.314
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 6490 ( 26.4) 5748 ( 26.5) 742 ( 26.0) 0.600
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 523 (100.0) 475 (100.0) 48 (100.0) NA
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 1663 ( 6.8) 1494 ( 6.9) 169 ( 5.9) 0.060
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 7774 ( 31.6) 6955 ( 32.0) 818 ( 28.6) <0.001
BMI (%) 0.204
Missing 4871 ( 19.8) 4329 ( 19.9) 542 ( 19.0)
Normal 9536 ( 38.8) 8385 ( 38.6) 1147 ( 40.2)
Obesity 2495 ( 10.1) 2218 ( 10.2) 277 ( 9.7)
Overweight 6128 ( 24.9) 5401 ( 24.9) 726 ( 25.4)
Severely Obese 152 ( 0.6) 141 ( 0.6) 11 ( 0.4)
Underweight 1402 ( 5.7) 1249 ( 5.7) 153 ( 5.4)
pre_index_date_hypertension = 1 (%) 11896 ( 49.2) 10635 ( 49.7) 1260 ( 44.8) <0.001
with stroke
Stratified by discontinued
Overall 0 1 p test
n 3880 3494 386
sex = 1 (%) 1747 ( 45.0) 1581 ( 45.2) 166 ( 43.0) 0.431
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 1124 ( 29.0) 1012 ( 29.0) 112 ( 29.0) 1.000
ethnicity (%) 0.418
Black 71 ( 1.8) 63 ( 1.8) 8 ( 2.1)
Mixed 12 ( 0.3) 10 ( 0.3) 2 ( 0.5)
Other 22 ( 0.6) 19 ( 0.5) 3 ( 0.8)
South Asian 103 ( 2.7) 88 ( 2.5) 15 ( 3.9)
Unknown 29 ( 0.7) 28 ( 0.8) 1 ( 0.3)
White 3643 ( 93.9) 3286 ( 94.0) 357 ( 92.5)
death_composite = 1 (%) 3157 ( 81.4) 2848 ( 81.5) 309 ( 80.1) 0.529
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 603 ( 15.5) 550 ( 15.7) 53 ( 13.7) 0.337
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 451 ( 11.6) 404 ( 11.6) 47 ( 12.2) 0.785
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 490 ( 12.6) 446 ( 12.8) 44 ( 11.4) 0.493
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 892 ( 23.0) 806 ( 23.1) 86 ( 22.3) 0.775
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 1979 ( 51.0) 1810 ( 51.8) 169 ( 43.8) 0.003
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 698 ( 18.0) 632 ( 18.1) 66 ( 17.1) 0.681
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 870 ( 22.4) 791 ( 22.6) 79 ( 20.5) 0.364
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 437 ( 11.3) 401 ( 11.5) 36 ( 9.3) 0.237
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 314 ( 8.1) 287 ( 8.2) 27 ( 7.0) 0.462
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 889 ( 22.9) 797 ( 22.8) 92 ( 23.8) 0.696
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 803 ( 20.7) 735 ( 21.0) 68 ( 17.6) 0.132
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 297 ( 7.7) 271 ( 7.8) 26 ( 6.7) 0.539
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 127 ( 3.3) 117 ( 3.3) 10 ( 2.6) 0.520
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 263 ( 6.8) 237 ( 6.8) 26 ( 6.7) 1.000
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 67 ( 1.7) 58 ( 1.7) 9 ( 2.3) 0.450
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 645 ( 16.6) 596 ( 17.1) 49 ( 12.7) 0.035
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 1155 ( 29.8) 1040 ( 29.8) 115 ( 29.8) 1.000
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 207 (100.0) 191 (100.0) 16 (100.0) NA
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 3880 (100.0) 3494 (100.0) 386 (100.0) NaN
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 357 ( 9.2) 323 ( 9.2) 34 ( 8.8) 0.850
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 3680 ( 94.8) 3318 ( 95.0) 362 ( 93.8) 0.382
BMI (%) 0.863
Missing 634 ( 16.3) 564 ( 16.1) 70 ( 18.1)
Normal 1488 ( 38.4) 1336 ( 38.2) 152 ( 39.4)
Obesity 478 ( 12.3) 435 ( 12.4) 43 ( 11.1)
Overweight 1047 ( 27.0) 947 ( 27.1) 100 ( 25.9)
Severely Obese 37 ( 1.0) 34 ( 1.0) 3 ( 0.8)
Underweight 196 ( 5.1) 178 ( 5.1) 18 ( 4.7)
pre_index_date_hypertension = 1 (%) 1724 ( 44.7) 1571 ( 45.2) 153 ( 40.1) 0.062
No CVD
Stratified by discontinued
Overall 0 1 p test
n 17010 14944 2062
sex = 1 (%) 5823 ( 34.2) 5130 ( 34.3) 693 ( 33.6) 0.535
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 4060 ( 23.9) 3604 ( 24.1) 456 ( 22.1) 0.049
ethnicity (%) 0.001
Black 314 ( 1.8) 274 ( 1.8) 40 ( 1.9)
Mixed 60 ( 0.4) 53 ( 0.4) 7 ( 0.3)
Other 94 ( 0.6) 80 ( 0.5) 14 ( 0.7)
South Asian 238 ( 1.4) 187 ( 1.3) 51 ( 2.5)
Unknown 327 ( 1.9) 294 ( 2.0) 33 ( 1.6)
White 15977 ( 93.9) 14056 ( 94.1) 1917 ( 93.0)
death_composite = 1 (%) 12988 ( 76.4) 11426 ( 76.5) 1560 ( 75.7) 0.437
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 6200 ( 36.4) 5535 ( 37.0) 664 ( 32.2) <0.001
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 2527 ( 14.9) 2233 ( 14.9) 294 ( 14.3) 0.432
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 40 ( 0.2) 36 ( 0.2) 4 ( 0.2) 0.865
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 2361 ( 13.9) 2108 ( 14.1) 253 ( 12.3) 0.026
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 3393 ( 19.9) 2955 ( 19.8) 438 ( 21.2) 0.125
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 1124 ( 6.6) 1002 ( 6.7) 122 ( 5.9) 0.192
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 335 ( 2.0) 299 ( 2.0) 36 ( 1.7) 0.486
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 753 ( 4.4) 675 ( 4.5) 78 ( 3.8) 0.144
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 292 ( 1.7) 266 ( 1.8) 26 ( 1.3) 0.107
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 2599 ( 15.3) 2301 ( 15.4) 298 ( 14.5) 0.278
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 4102 ( 24.1) 3582 ( 24.0) 520 ( 25.2) 0.224
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 339 (100.0) 310 (100.0) 29 (100.0) NA
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 200 ( 1.2) 176 ( 1.2) 24 ( 1.2) 1.000
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 1010 ( 5.9) 902 ( 6.0) 108 ( 5.2) 0.165
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) NaN
BMI (%) 0.280
Missing 3702 ( 21.8) 3269 ( 21.9) 433 ( 21.0)
Normal 6625 ( 38.9) 5779 ( 38.7) 842 ( 40.8)
Obesity 1545 ( 9.1) 1373 ( 9.2) 172 ( 8.3)
Overweight 4063 ( 23.9) 3565 ( 23.9) 498 ( 24.2)
Severely Obese 91 ( 0.5) 83 ( 0.6) 8 ( 0.4)
Underweight 984 ( 5.8) 875 ( 5.9) 109 ( 5.3)
pre_index_date_hypertension = 1 (%) 8420 ( 50.5) 7466 ( 51.0) 953 ( 47.2) 0.001
CVD
Stratified by discontinued
Overall 0 1 p test
n 11454 10273 1180
sex = 1 (%) 5024 ( 43.9) 4515 ( 44.0) 509 ( 43.1) 0.615
Prescribed_other_antipsychotic_Prior = 1 (%) 3317 ( 29.0) 2988 ( 29.1) 329 ( 27.9) 0.406
ethnicity (%) 0.007
Black 173 ( 1.5) 144 ( 1.4) 29 ( 2.5)
Mixed 38 ( 0.3) 31 ( 0.3) 7 ( 0.6)
Other 57 ( 0.5) 49 ( 0.5) 8 ( 0.7)
South Asian 237 ( 2.1) 204 ( 2.0) 33 ( 2.8)
Unknown 127 ( 1.1) 117 ( 1.1) 10 ( 0.8)
White 10822 ( 94.5) 9728 ( 94.7) 1093 ( 92.6)
death_composite = 1 (%) 9343 ( 81.6) 8397 ( 81.7) 945 ( 80.1) 0.178
pre_index_date_angina = 1 (%) 3344 ( 29.2) 2983 ( 29.0) 361 ( 30.6) 0.280
pre_index_date_heartfailure = 1 (%) 2199 ( 19.2) 1989 ( 19.4) 210 ( 17.8) 0.210
pre_index_date_myocardialinfarction = 1 (%) 2316 ( 20.2) 2086 ( 20.3) 230 ( 19.5) 0.534
pre_index_date_tia = 1 (%) 2641 ( 23.1) 2354 ( 22.9) 286 ( 24.2) 0.324
pre_index_date_falls = 1 (%) 5548 ( 48.4) 5020 ( 48.9) 528 ( 44.7) 0.008
pre_index_date_lowerlimbfracture = 1 (%) 2009 ( 17.5) 1817 ( 17.7) 192 ( 16.3) 0.242
pre_index_date_ihd = 1 (%) 4717 ( 41.2) 4224 ( 41.1) 493 ( 41.8) 0.684
pre_index_date_pad = 1 (%) 2207 ( 19.3) 1983 ( 19.3) 224 ( 19.0) 0.822
pre_index_date_revasc = 1 (%) 1474 ( 12.9) 1326 ( 12.9) 148 ( 12.5) 0.757
pre_index_date_qof_diabetes = 1 (%) 2618 ( 22.9) 2375 ( 23.1) 243 ( 20.6) 0.055
pre_index_date_fh_diabetes = 1 (%) 2431 ( 21.2) 2161 ( 21.0) 270 ( 22.9) 0.152
pre_index_date_fh_premature_cvd = 1 (%) 1109 ( 9.7) 995 ( 9.7) 114 ( 9.7) 1.000
pre_index_date_pulmonary_embolism = 1 (%) 393 ( 3.4) 357 ( 3.5) 36 ( 3.1) 0.500
pre_index_date_deep_vein_thrombosis = 1 (%) 715 ( 6.2) 647 ( 6.3) 68 ( 5.8) 0.512
pre_index_date_haem_cancer = 1 (%) 248 ( 2.2) 223 ( 2.2) 25 ( 2.1) 0.991
pre_index_date_solid_cancer = 1 (%) 1918 ( 16.7) 1736 ( 16.9) 182 ( 15.4) 0.214
pre_index_date_hearing_loss = 1 (%) 3543 ( 30.9) 3206 ( 31.2) 337 ( 28.6) 0.067
primary_death_stroke = 1 (%) 391 (100.0) 356 (100.0) 35 (100.0) NA
stroke_composite_pre_index_date = 1 (%) 3680 ( 32.1) 3318 ( 32.3) 362 ( 30.7) 0.273
pre_index_date_VTE = 1 (%) 1010 ( 8.8) 915 ( 8.9) 95 ( 8.1) 0.353
pre_index_date_cvd = 1 (%) 11454 (100.0) 10273 (100.0) 1180 (100.0) NaN
BMI (%) 0.793
Missing 1803 ( 15.7) 1624 ( 15.8) 179 ( 15.2)
Normal 4399 ( 38.4) 3942 ( 38.4) 457 ( 38.7)
Obesity 1428 ( 12.5) 1280 ( 12.5) 148 ( 12.5)
Overweight 3112 ( 27.2) 2783 ( 27.1) 328 ( 27.8)
Severely Obese 98 ( 0.9) 92 ( 0.9) 6 ( 0.5)
Underweight 614 ( 5.4) 552 ( 5.4) 62 ( 5.3)
pre_index_date_hypertension = 1 (%) 5200 ( 45.7) 4740 ( 46.4) 460 ( 39.2) <0.001
Random Forest - python
Accuracy: 0.578
Precision: 0.585
Recall: 0.515
F1 Score: 0.548
ROC AUC Score: 0.578
outcome subgroup event_count person_time incidence_rate number_of_patients NNH ci.l_NNH ci.u_NNH Adjusted_HR Unadjusted_HR
102 stroke.hes with_stroke 1379 16443. 83.9 21866 81.0 45.3 386. 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) 1.18 (1.03, 1.36)
One year follow-up results
subgroup outcome Group N_total N_events Person_years_at_risk Incidence_rate_per_1000_PY Adjusted_HR_with_CI NNH NNH_CI_lower NNH_CI_upper ARR
Stroke_adjusted_all.1 Overall Stroke Matched Controls 137622 4479 112575 39.8 (38.6, 41) 1.31 (1.22, 1.4) 88.07 71.09 115.69 0.0114
Stroke_adjusted_all.2 Overall Stroke Risperidone Users 28542 1085 20309 53.4 (50.2, 56.6) 1.31 (1.22, 1.4) 88.07 71.09 115.69 0.0114
stroke.hes_adjusted_all.1 Overall stroke.hes Matched Controls 137622 2410 113374 21.3 (20.4, 22.1) 1.26 (1.14, 1.38) 209.95 148.33 359.17 0.0048
stroke.hes_adjusted_all.2 Overall stroke.hes Risperidone Users 28542 550 20494 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 1.26 (1.14, 1.38) 209.95 148.33 359.17 0.0048
Stroke_adjusted_no_stroke.1 No stroke history Stroke Matched Controls 119028 2025 98701 20.5 (19.6, 21.4) 1.42 (1.29, 1.57) 124.91 97.82 172.74 0.0080
Stroke_adjusted_no_stroke.2 No stroke history Stroke Risperidone Users 24599 521 17774 29.3 (26.8, 31.8) 1.42 (1.29, 1.57) 124.91 97.82 172.74 0.0080
stroke.hes_adjusted_no_stroke.1 No stroke history stroke.hes Matched Controls 119028 1279 98881 12.9 (12.2, 13.6) 1.26 (1.1, 1.43) 361.65 225.37 914.90 0.0028
stroke.hes_adjusted_no_stroke.2 No stroke history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 24599 286 17826 16 (14.2, 17.9) 1.26 (1.1, 1.43) 361.65 225.37 914.90 0.0028
Stroke_adjusted_with_stroke.1 Stroke history Stroke Matched Controls 18594 2454 13874 176.9 (169.9, 183.9) 1.22 (1.11, 1.34) 34.00 23.47 61.61 0.0294
Stroke_adjusted_with_stroke.2 Stroke history Stroke Risperidone Users 3943 564 2535 222.5 (204.1, 240.8) 1.22 (1.11, 1.34) 34.00 23.47 61.61 0.0294
stroke.hes_adjusted_with_stroke.1 Stroke history stroke.hes Matched Controls 18594 1131 14493 78 (73.5, 82.6) 1.25 (1.1, 1.43) 61.96 38.74 154.62 0.0161
stroke.hes_adjusted_with_stroke.2 Stroke history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 3943 264 2669 98.9 (87, 110.9) 1.25 (1.1, 1.43) 61.96 38.74 154.62 0.0161
Stroke_adjusted_CVD.1 CVD history Stroke Matched Controls 56188 3278 44305 74 (71.5, 76.5) 1.23 (1.13, 1.33) 65.86 48.47 102.72 0.0152
Stroke_adjusted_CVD.2 CVD history Stroke Risperidone Users 11722 748 7901 94.7 (87.9, 101.4) 1.23 (1.13, 1.33) 65.86 48.47 102.72 0.0152
stroke.hes_adjusted_CVD.1 CVD history stroke.hes Matched Controls 56188 1657 44995 36.8 (35.1, 38.6) 1.22 (1.09, 1.36) 133.34 87.11 284.19 0.0075
stroke.hes_adjusted_CVD.2 CVD history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 11722 370 8051 46 (41.3, 50.6) 1.22 (1.09, 1.36) 133.34 87.11 284.19 0.0075
Stroke_adjusted_No_CVD.1 No CVD history Stroke Matched Controls 81434 1201 68270 17.6 (16.6, 18.6) 1.54 (1.36, 1.74) 110.72 86.11 155.02 0.0090
Stroke_adjusted_No_CVD.2 No CVD history Stroke Risperidone Users 16820 337 12407 27.2 (24.3, 30.1) 1.54 (1.36, 1.74) 110.72 86.11 155.02 0.0090
stroke.hes_adjusted_No_CVD.1 No CVD history stroke.hes Matched Controls 81434 753 68380 11 (10.2, 11.8) 1.35 (1.14, 1.59) 321.36 198.98 834.74 0.0031
stroke.hes_adjusted_No_CVD.2 No CVD history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 16820 180 12443 14.5 (12.4, 16.6) 1.35 (1.14, 1.59) 321.36 198.98 834.74 0.0031
Stroke_adjusted_HES_stroke.1 HES Stroke Stroke Matched Controls 137622 4479 112575 39.8 (38.6, 41) 1.31 (1.22, 1.4) 88.07 71.09 115.69 0.0114
Stroke_adjusted_HES_stroke.2 HES Stroke Stroke Risperidone Users 28542 1085 20309 53.4 (50.2, 56.6) 1.31 (1.22, 1.4) 88.07 71.09 115.69 0.0114
stroke.hes_adjusted_HES_stroke.1 HES Stroke stroke.hes Matched Controls 137622 2410 113374 21.3 (20.4, 22.1) 1.26 (1.14, 1.38) 209.95 148.33 359.17 0.0048
stroke.hes_adjusted_HES_stroke.2 HES Stroke stroke.hes Risperidone Users 28542 550 20494 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 1.26 (1.14, 1.38) 209.95 148.33 359.17 0.0048
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.1 Pre-COVID overall Stroke Matched Controls 125088 4302 103810 41.4 (40.2, 42.7) 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) 94.46 74.42 129.28 0.0106
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.2 Pre-COVID overall Stroke Risperidone Users 26382 1038 19119 54.3 (51, 57.6) 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) 94.46 74.42 129.28 0.0106
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.1 Pre-COVID overall stroke.hes Matched Controls 125088 2380 104557 22.8 (21.8, 23.7) 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) 225.02 152.60 428.29 0.0044
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.2 Pre-COVID overall stroke.hes Risperidone Users 26382 540 19293 28 (25.6, 30.3) 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) 225.02 152.60 428.29 0.0044
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.1 Pre-COVID No stroke history Stroke Matched Controls 108378 1942 91177 21.3 (20.4, 22.2) 1.39 (1.26, 1.54) 131.02 100.42 188.43 0.0076
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.2 Pre-COVID No stroke history Stroke Risperidone Users 22785 498 16756 29.7 (27.1, 32.3) 1.39 (1.26, 1.54) 131.02 100.42 188.43 0.0076
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.1 Pre-COVID No stroke history stroke.hes Matched Controls 108378 1269 91338 13.9 (13.1, 14.7) 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) 408.71 236.72 1494.62 0.0024
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.2 Pre-COVID No stroke history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 22785 280 16804 16.7 (14.7, 18.6) 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) 408.71 236.72 1494.62 0.0024
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.1 Pre-COVID Stroke history Stroke Matched Controls 16710 2360 12633 186.8 (179.3, 194.3) 1.19 (1.08, 1.3) 38.59 25.07 83.85 0.0259
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.2 Pre-COVID Stroke history Stroke Risperidone Users 3597 540 2363 228.5 (209.2, 247.8) 1.19 (1.08, 1.3) 38.59 25.07 83.85 0.0259
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.1 Pre-COVID Stroke history stroke.hes Matched Controls 16710 1111 13219 84 (79.1, 89) 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) 63.78 38.34 189.61 0.0157
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.2 Pre-COVID Stroke history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 3597 260 2489 104.4 (91.7, 117.1) 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) 63.78 38.34 189.61 0.0157
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.1 Pre-COVID No CVD history Stroke Matched Controls 74267 1154 63137 18.3 (17.2, 19.3) 1.51 (1.33, 1.71) 112.21 86.03 161.30 0.0089
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.2 Pre-COVID No CVD history Stroke Risperidone Users 15611 324 11710 27.7 (24.7, 30.7) 1.51 (1.33, 1.71) 112.21 86.03 161.30 0.0089
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.1 Pre-COVID No CVD history stroke.hes Matched Controls 74267 748 63238 11.8 (11, 12.7) 1.3 (1.1, 1.54) 349.02 204.21 1199.89 0.0029
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.2 Pre-COVID No CVD history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 15611 176 11744 15 (12.8, 17.2) 1.3 (1.1, 1.54) 349.02 204.21 1199.89 0.0029
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.1 Pre-COVID CVD history Stroke Matched Controls 50821 3148 40673 77.4 (74.7, 80.1) 1.19 (1.1, 1.29) 74.49 52.16 130.26 0.0134
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.2 Pre-COVID CVD history Stroke Risperidone Users 10771 714 7409 96.4 (89.3, 103.4) 1.19 (1.1, 1.29) 74.49 52.16 130.26 0.0134
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.1 Pre-COVID CVD history stroke.hes Matched Controls 50821 1632 41319 39.5 (37.6, 41.4) 1.19 (1.07, 1.34) 141.26 88.18 354.99 0.0071
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.2 Pre-COVID CVD history stroke.hes Risperidone Users 10771 364 7550 48.2 (43.3, 53.2) 1.19 (1.07, 1.34) 141.26 88.18 354.99 0.0071
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.1 Prescription age 65-74 Stroke Matched Controls 15390 439 13394 32.8 (29.7, 35.8) 1.41 (1.15, 1.72) 66.58 43.98 136.93 0.0150
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.2 Prescription age 65-74 Stroke Risperidone Users 3304 125 2538 49.3 (40.6, 57.9) 1.41 (1.15, 1.72) 66.58 43.98 136.93 0.0150
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.1 Prescription age 65-74 stroke.hes Matched Controls 15390 267 13488 19.8 (17.4, 22.2) 1.3 (1, 1.71) 136.63 75.41 726.22 0.0073
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.2 Prescription age 65-74 stroke.hes Risperidone Users 3304 70 2563 27.3 (20.9, 33.7) 1.3 (1, 1.71) 136.63 75.41 726.22 0.0073
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.1 Prescription age 75-84 Stroke Matched Controls 62093 1974 52194 37.8 (36.2, 39.5) 1.3 (1.17, 1.44) 94.03 68.61 149.40 0.0106
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.2 Prescription age 75-84 Stroke Risperidone Users 12858 479 9424 50.8 (46.3, 55.4) 1.3 (1.17, 1.44) 94.03 68.61 149.40 0.0106
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.1 Prescription age 75-84 stroke.hes Matched Controls 62093 1065 52585 20.3 (19, 21.5) 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) 173.08 114.74 352.06 0.0058
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.2 Prescription age 75-84 stroke.hes Risperidone Users 12858 259 9512 27.2 (23.9, 30.5) 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) 173.08 114.74 352.06 0.0058
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.1 Prescription age 85 years and above Stroke Matched Controls 60139 2066 46987 44 (42.1, 45.9) 1.29 (1.17, 1.43) 89.01 64.52 143.44 0.0112
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.2 Prescription age 85 years and above Stroke Risperidone Users 12380 481 8347 57.6 (52.5, 62.8) 1.29 (1.17, 1.43) 89.01 64.52 143.44 0.0112
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.1 Prescription age 85 years and above stroke.hes Matched Controls 60139 1078 47301 22.8 (21.4, 24.2) 1.16 (1, 1.34) 342.02 168.86 Inf 0.0029
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.2 Prescription age 85 years and above stroke.hes Risperidone Users 12380 221 8420 26.2 (22.8, 29.7) 1.16 (1, 1.34) 342.02 168.86 Inf 0.0029
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.1 Stroke recency less than 1 year Stroke Matched Controls 561 172 354 485.5 (412.9, 558.1) 1.03 (0.8, 1.32) 146.57 14.84 Inf 0.0068
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.2 Stroke recency less than 1 year Stroke Risperidone Users 420 123 228 539.2 (443.9, 634.5) 1.03 (0.8, 1.32) 146.57 14.84 Inf 0.0068
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.1 Stroke recency less than 1 year stroke.hes Matched Controls 561 41 425 96.4 (66.9, 125.9) 2.29 (1.52, 3.46) 12.08 7.92 25.42 0.0828
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.2 Stroke recency less than 1 year stroke.hes Risperidone Users 420 56 262 213.4 (157.5, 269.3) 2.29 (1.52, 3.46) 12.08 7.92 25.42 0.0828
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.1 Stroke recency 1-5 years Stroke Matched Controls 2964 384 2227 172.4 (155.2, 189.7) 1.23 (1.03, 1.47) 30.73 17.54 124.07 0.0325
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.2 Stroke recency 1-5 years Stroke Risperidone Users 1345 192 885 216.9 (186.2, 247.6) 1.23 (1.03, 1.47) 30.73 17.54 124.07 0.0325
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.1 Stroke recency 1-5 years stroke.hes Matched Controls 2964 205 2321 88.3 (76.2, 100.4) 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 321.48 47.41 Inf 0.0031
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.2 Stroke recency 1-5 years stroke.hes Risperidone Users 1345 88 929 94.7 (74.9, 114.5) 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 321.48 47.41 Inf 0.0031
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.1 Stroke recency Over 5 years Stroke Matched Controls 3539 297 2713 109.5 (97, 121.9) 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) 76.93 31.23 Inf 0.0130
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.2 Stroke recency Over 5 years Stroke Risperidone Users 1474 127 993 127.9 (105.7, 150.1) 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) 76.93 31.23 Inf 0.0130
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.1 Stroke recency Over 5 years stroke.hes Matched Controls 3539 159 2769 57.4 (48.5, 66.4) 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) 144.73 46.91 Inf 0.0069
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.2 Stroke recency Over 5 years stroke.hes Risperidone Users 1474 67 1016 65.9 (50.1, 81.7) 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) 144.73 46.91 Inf 0.0069
Stroke_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.1 Stroke type Ischaemic Stroke Matched Controls 10839 1613 8069 199.9 (190.1, 209.7) 1.22 (1.1, 1.35) 24.56 17.51 41.10 0.0407
Stroke_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.2 Stroke type Ischaemic Stroke Risperidone Users 2966 496 1896 261.6 (238.6, 284.7) 1.22 (1.1, 1.35) 24.56 17.51 41.10 0.0407
stroke.hes_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.1 Stroke type Ischaemic stroke.hes Matched Controls 10839 674 8519 79.1 (73.1, 85.1) 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) 45.19 29.55 95.92 0.0221
stroke.hes_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.2 Stroke type Ischaemic stroke.hes Risperidone Users 2966 215 2018 106.5 (92.3, 120.8) 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) 45.19 29.55 95.92 0.0221
Stroke_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.1 Stroke type Haemorrhagic Stroke Matched Controls 237 19 174 109 (60, 158) 2.45 (1.34, 4.48) 7.89 5.07 17.72 0.1268
Stroke_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.2 Stroke type Haemorrhagic Stroke Risperidone Users 194 33 124 265.3 (174.8, 355.8) 2.45 (1.34, 4.48) 7.89 5.07 17.72 0.1268
stroke.hes_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.1 Stroke type Haemorrhagic stroke.hes Matched Controls 237 13 178 73.1 (33.4, 112.9) 1.32 (0.52, 3.37) 73.36 15.43 Inf 0.0136
stroke.hes_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.2 Stroke type Haemorrhagic stroke.hes Risperidone Users 194 12 134 89.4 (38.8, 140) 1.32 (0.52, 3.37) 73.36 15.43 Inf 0.0136
12 weeks follow-up results
subgroup Group N_total N_events Person_years_at_risk Incidence_rate_per_1000_PY Adjusted_HR_with_CI NNH NNH_CI_lower NNH_CI_upper ARR
Stroke_adjusted_all.1 Overall Matched Controls 137622 1572 31713 49.6 (47.1, 52) 1.45 (1.3, 1.61) 6537.71 2534.28 Inf 0.0002
Stroke_adjusted_all.2 Overall Risperidone Users 28542 465 6577 70.7 (64.3, 77.1) 1.45 (1.3, 1.61) 6537.71 2534.28 Inf 0.0002
stroke.hes_adjusted_all.1 Overall Matched Controls 137622 751 31714 23.7 (22, 25.4) 1.46 (1.26, 1.71) 60166.55 6022.57 Inf 0.0000
stroke.hes_adjusted_all.2 Overall Risperidone Users 28542 219 6578 33.3 (28.9, 37.7) 1.46 (1.26, 1.71) 60166.55 6022.57 Inf 0.0000
Stroke_adjusted_no_stroke.1 No stroke history Matched Controls 119028 571 27430 20.8 (19.1, 22.5) 1.78 (1.51, 2.1) 64718.03 9989.07 Inf 0.0000
Stroke_adjusted_no_stroke.2 No stroke history Risperidone Users 24599 194 5670 34.2 (29.4, 39) 1.78 (1.51, 2.1) 64718.03 9989.07 Inf 0.0000
stroke.hes_adjusted_no_stroke.1 No stroke history Matched Controls 119028 357 27430 13 (11.7, 14.4) 1.51 (1.21, 1.88) 39637.67 18600.10 Inf 0.0000
stroke.hes_adjusted_no_stroke.2 No stroke history Risperidone Users 24599 102 5670 18 (14.5, 21.5) 1.51 (1.21, 1.88) 39637.67 18600.10 Inf 0.0000
Stroke_adjusted_with_stroke.1 Stroke history Matched Controls 18594 1001 4284 233.7 (219.2, 248.2) 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) 1021.33 377.44 Inf 0.0010
Stroke_adjusted_with_stroke.2 Stroke history Risperidone Users 3943 271 907 298.8 (263.2, 334.4) 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) 1021.33 377.44 Inf 0.0010
stroke.hes_adjusted_with_stroke.1 Stroke history Matched Controls 18594 394 4285 92 (82.9, 101) 1.43 (1.16, 1.77) 3805.14 750.36 Inf 0.0003
stroke.hes_adjusted_with_stroke.2 Stroke history Risperidone Users 3943 117 907 128.9 (105.6, 152.3) 1.43 (1.16, 1.77) 3805.14 750.36 Inf 0.0003
Stroke_adjusted_CVD.1 CVD history Matched Controls 56188 1230 12944 95 (89.7, 100.3) 1.36 (1.21, 1.54) 2708.40 1044.00 Inf 0.0004
Stroke_adjusted_CVD.2 CVD history Risperidone Users 11722 348 2700 128.9 (115.4, 142.4) 1.36 (1.21, 1.54) 2708.40 1044.00 Inf 0.0004
stroke.hes_adjusted_CVD.1 CVD history Matched Controls 56188 544 12946 42 (38.5, 45.6) 1.41 (1.18, 1.69) 25810.57 2481.92 Inf 0.0000
stroke.hes_adjusted_CVD.2 CVD history Risperidone Users 11722 156 2700 57.8 (48.7, 66.8) 1.41 (1.18, 1.69) 25810.57 2481.92 Inf 0.0000
Stroke_adjusted_No_CVD.1 No CVD history Matched Controls 81434 342 18769 18.2 (16.3, 20.2) 1.8 (1.46, 2.22) Inf Inf Inf 0.0000
Stroke_adjusted_No_CVD.2 No CVD history Risperidone Users 16820 117 3877 30.2 (24.7, 35.6) 1.8 (1.46, 2.22) Inf Inf Inf 0.0000
stroke.hes_adjusted_No_CVD.1 No CVD history Matched Controls 81434 207 18769 11 (9.5, 12.5) 1.63 (1.23, 2.16) Inf Inf Inf 0.0000
stroke.hes_adjusted_No_CVD.2 No CVD history Risperidone Users 16820 63 3877 16.2 (12.2, 20.3) 1.63 (1.23, 2.16) Inf Inf Inf 0.0000
Stroke_adjusted_HES_stroke.1 HES Stroke Matched Controls 137622 4479 30206 148.3 (143.9, 152.6) 1.31 (1.22, 1.4) 182.55 140.90 259.15 0.0055
Stroke_adjusted_HES_stroke.2 HES Stroke Risperidone Users 28542 1085 6029 180 (169.2, 190.7) 1.31 (1.22, 1.4) 182.55 140.90 259.15 0.0055
stroke.hes_adjusted_HES_stroke.1 HES Stroke Matched Controls 137622 2410 30289 79.6 (76.4, 82.7) 1.26 (1.14, 1.38) 403.27 278.00 734.02 0.0025
stroke.hes_adjusted_HES_stroke.2 HES Stroke Risperidone Users 28542 550 6053 90.9 (83.3, 98.5) 1.26 (1.14, 1.38) 403.27 278.00 734.02 0.0025
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.1 Pre-COVID overall Matched Controls 125088 4302 27552 156.1 (151.5, 160.8) 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) 182.79 139.23 266.03 0.0055
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.2 Pre-COVID overall Risperidone Users 26382 1038 5607 185.1 (173.9, 196.4) 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) 182.79 139.23 266.03 0.0055
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.1 Pre-COVID overall Matched Controls 125088 2380 27630 86.1 (82.7, 89.6) 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) 424.39 282.44 853.15 0.0024
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.2 Pre-COVID overall Risperidone Users 26382 540 5629 95.9 (87.8, 104) 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) 424.39 282.44 853.15 0.0024
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.1 Pre-COVID No stroke history Matched Controls 108378 1942 23994 80.9 (77.3, 84.5) 1.39 (1.26, 1.54) 300.70 217.73 485.83 0.0033
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.2 Pre-COVID No stroke history Risperidone Users 22785 498 4869 102.3 (93.3, 111.3) 1.39 (1.26, 1.54) 300.70 217.73 485.83 0.0033
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.1 Pre-COVID No stroke history Matched Controls 108378 1269 24006 52.9 (50, 55.8) 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) 880.85 483.11 4985.44 0.0011
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.2 Pre-COVID No stroke history Risperidone Users 22785 280 4875 57.4 (50.7, 64.2) 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) 880.85 483.11 4985.44 0.0011
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.1 Pre-COVID Stroke history Matched Controls 16710 2360 3558 663.3 (636.5, 690.1) 1.19 (1.08, 1.3) 56.30 36.79 119.91 0.0178
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.2 Pre-COVID Stroke history Risperidone Users 3597 540 738 732 (670.3, 793.7) 1.19 (1.08, 1.3) 56.30 36.79 119.91 0.0178
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.1 Pre-COVID Stroke history Matched Controls 16710 1111 3624 306.5 (288.5, 324.6) 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) 103.92 62.76 301.97 0.0096
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.2 Pre-COVID Stroke history Risperidone Users 3597 260 754 344.8 (302.9, 386.7) 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) 103.92 62.76 301.97 0.0096
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.1 Pre-COVID No CVD history Matched Controls 74267 1154 16485 70 (66, 74) 1.51 (1.33, 1.71) 355.85 235.95 723.48 0.0028
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.2 Pre-COVID No CVD history Risperidone Users 15611 324 3357 96.5 (86, 107) 1.51 (1.33, 1.71) 355.85 235.95 723.48 0.0028
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.1 Pre-COVID No CVD history Matched Controls 74267 748 16493 45.4 (42.1, 48.6) 1.3 (1.1, 1.54) 898.09 460.03 18796.49 0.0011
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.2 Pre-COVID No CVD history Risperidone Users 15611 176 3362 52.4 (44.6, 60.1) 1.3 (1.1, 1.54) 898.09 460.03 18796.49 0.0011
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.1 Pre-COVID CVD history Matched Controls 50821 3148 11067 284.4 (274.5, 294.4) 1.19 (1.1, 1.29) 107.20 77.14 175.63 0.0093
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.2 Pre-COVID CVD history Risperidone Users 10771 714 2249 317.5 (294.2, 340.7) 1.19 (1.1, 1.29) 107.20 77.14 175.63 0.0093
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.1 Pre-COVID CVD history Matched Controls 50821 1632 11137 146.5 (139.4, 153.6) 1.19 (1.07, 1.34) 240.03 150.87 586.76 0.0042
stroke.hes_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.2 Pre-COVID CVD history Risperidone Users 10771 364 2268 160.5 (144, 177) 1.19 (1.07, 1.34) 240.03 150.87 586.76 0.0042
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.1 Prescription age 65-74 Matched Controls 15390 439 3431 127.9 (116, 139.9) 1.41 (1.15, 1.72) 199.43 104.93 2006.89 0.0050
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.2 Prescription age 65-74 Risperidone Users 3304 125 714 175 (144.3, 205.6) 1.41 (1.15, 1.72) 199.43 104.93 2006.89 0.0050
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.1 Prescription age 65-74 Matched Controls 15390 267 3441 77.6 (68.3, 86.9) 1.3 (1, 1.71) 988.60 248.79 Inf 0.0010
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.2 Prescription age 65-74 Risperidone Users 3304 70 718 97.6 (74.7, 120.4) 1.3 (1, 1.71) 988.60 248.79 Inf 0.0010
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.1 Prescription age 75-84 Matched Controls 62093 1974 13721 143.9 (137.5, 150.2) 1.3 (1.17, 1.44) 163.90 117.15 272.75 0.0061
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.2 Prescription age 75-84 Risperidone Users 12858 479 2740 174.8 (159.1, 190.5) 1.3 (1.17, 1.44) 163.90 117.15 272.75 0.0061
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.1 Prescription age 75-84 Matched Controls 62093 1065 13762 77.4 (72.7, 82) 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) 258.57 177.45 476.32 0.0039
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.2 Prescription age 75-84 Risperidone Users 12858 259 2752 94.1 (82.7, 105.6) 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) 258.57 177.45 476.32 0.0039
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.1 Prescription age 85 years and above Matched Controls 60139 2066 13054 158.3 (151.4, 165.1) 1.29 (1.17, 1.43) 200.53 134.12 397.20 0.0050
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.2 Prescription age 85 years and above Risperidone Users 12380 481 2575 186.8 (170.1, 203.5) 1.29 (1.17, 1.43) 200.53 134.12 397.20 0.0050
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.1 Prescription age 85 years and above Matched Controls 60139 1078 13087 82.4 (77.5, 87.3) 1.16 (1, 1.34) 696.84 327.47 Inf 0.0014
stroke.hes_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.2 Prescription age 85 years and above Risperidone Users 12380 221 2584 85.5 (74.3, 96.8) 1.16 (1, 1.34) 696.84 327.47 Inf 0.0014
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.1 Stroke recency less than 1 year Matched Controls 561 172 108 1599.4 (1360.4, 1838.5) 1.03 (0.8, 1.32) 31.85 12.44 Inf 0.0314
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.2 Stroke recency less than 1 year Risperidone Users 420 123 79 1554.1 (1279.5, 1828.8) 1.03 (0.8, 1.32) 31.85 12.44 Inf 0.0314
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.1 Stroke recency less than 1 year Matched Controls 561 41 117 349.4 (242.5, 456.4) 2.29 (1.52, 3.46) 18.92 12.24 41.59 0.0529
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.2 Stroke recency less than 1 year Risperidone Users 420 56 84 664.4 (490.4, 838.4) 2.29 (1.52, 3.46) 18.92 12.24 41.59 0.0529
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.1 Stroke recency 1-5 years Matched Controls 2964 384 630 609.2 (548.2, 670.1) 1.23 (1.03, 1.47) 121.64 43.23 Inf 0.0082
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.2 Stroke recency 1-5 years Risperidone Users 1345 192 279 689.4 (591.8, 786.9) 1.23 (1.03, 1.47) 121.64 43.23 Inf 0.0082
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.1 Stroke recency 1-5 years Matched Controls 2964 205 640 320.2 (276.4, 364) 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 198.16 63.91 Inf 0.0050
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.2 Stroke recency 1-5 years Risperidone Users 1345 88 282 311.9 (246.7, 377.1) 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 198.16 63.91 Inf 0.0050
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.1 Stroke recency Over 5 years Matched Controls 3539 297 764 388.9 (344.7, 433.1) 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) 107.29 48.47 Inf 0.0093
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.2 Stroke recency Over 5 years Risperidone Users 1474 127 308 413 (341.2, 484.8) 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) 107.29 48.47 Inf 0.0093
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.1 Stroke recency Over 5 years Matched Controls 3539 159 770 206.4 (174.3, 238.5) 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) 267.73 85.93 Inf 0.0037
stroke.hes_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.2 Stroke recency Over 5 years Risperidone Users 1474 67 310 216 (164.3, 267.7) 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) 267.73 85.93 Inf 0.0037
Stroke_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.1 Stroke type Ischaemic Matched Controls 10839 1613 2295 702.8 (668.5, 737.1) 1.22 (1.1, 1.35) 46.65 30.76 96.52 0.0214
Stroke_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.2 Stroke type Ischaemic Risperidone Users 2966 496 603 822 (749.6, 894.3) 1.22 (1.1, 1.35) 46.65 30.76 96.52 0.0214
stroke.hes_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.1 Stroke type Ischaemic Matched Controls 10839 674 2346 287.3 (265.6, 308.9) 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) 94.35 56.53 284.97 0.0106
stroke.hes_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.2 Stroke type Ischaemic Risperidone Users 2966 215 619 347.6 (301.1, 394.1) 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) 94.35 56.53 284.97 0.0106
Stroke_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.1 Stroke type Haemorrhagic Matched Controls 237 19 51 374.2 (205.9, 542.4) 2.45 (1.34, 4.48) 19.79 10.88 108.73 0.0505
Stroke_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.2 Stroke type Haemorrhagic Risperidone Users 194 33 40 832.9 (548.7, 1117) 2.45 (1.34, 4.48) 19.79 10.88 108.73 0.0505
stroke.hes_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.1 Stroke type Haemorrhagic Matched Controls 237 13 51 254.7 (116.3, 393.2) 1.32 (0.52, 3.37) 72.07 26.20 Inf 0.0139
stroke.hes_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.2 Stroke type Haemorrhagic Risperidone Users 194 12 41 295.4 (128.2, 462.5) 1.32 (0.52, 3.37) 72.07 26.20 Inf 0.0139
Discontinuation results
subgroup outcome Group N_total N_events Person_years_at_risk Incidence_rate_per_1000_PY Adjusted_HR_with_CI NNH NNH_CI_lower NNH_CI_upper ARR
Stroke_adjusted_all.1 Overall Stroke Matched Controls 137622 4479 112575 39.8 (38.6, 41) 1.35 (1.26, 1.44) 75.66 62.62 95.56 0.0132
Stroke_adjusted_all.2 Overall Stroke Risperidone Users 28542 1026 18227 56.3 (52.8, 59.7) 1.35 (1.26, 1.44) 75.66 62.62 95.56 0.0132
Stroke_adjusted_no_stroke.1 No stroke history Stroke Matched Controls 119028 2025 98701 20.5 (19.6, 21.4) 1.5 (1.36, 1.66) 104.28 84.33 136.60 0.0096
Stroke_adjusted_no_stroke.2 No stroke history Stroke Risperidone Users 24599 495 15912 31.1 (28.4, 33.8) 1.5 (1.36, 1.66) 104.28 84.33 136.60 0.0096
Stroke_adjusted_with_stroke.1 Stroke history Stroke Matched Controls 18594 2454 13874 176.9 (169.9, 183.9) 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) 32.26 22.61 56.26 0.0310
Stroke_adjusted_with_stroke.2 Stroke history Stroke Risperidone Users 3943 531 2315 229.4 (209.9, 248.9) 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) 32.26 22.61 56.26 0.0310
Stroke_adjusted_No_CVD.1 No CVD history Stroke Matched Controls 81434 1201 68270 17.6 (16.6, 18.6) 1.62 (1.43, 1.84) 94.98 75.92 126.82 0.0105
Stroke_adjusted_No_CVD.2 No CVD history Stroke Risperidone Users 16820 319 11077 28.8 (25.6, 32) 1.62 (1.43, 1.84) 94.98 75.92 126.82 0.0105
Stroke_adjusted_CVD.1 CVD history Stroke Matched Controls 56188 3278 44305 74 (71.5, 76.5) 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) 57.94 43.94 85.05 0.0173
Stroke_adjusted_CVD.2 CVD history Stroke Risperidone Users 11722 707 7149 98.9 (91.6, 106.2) 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) 57.94 43.94 85.05 0.0173
Stroke_adjusted_HES_stroke.1 HES_stroke Stroke Matched Controls 137622 4479 112575 39.8 (38.6, 41) 1.35 (1.26, 1.44) 75.66 62.62 95.56 0.0132
Stroke_adjusted_HES_stroke.2 HES_stroke Stroke Risperidone Users 28542 1026 18227 56.3 (52.8, 59.7) 1.35 (1.26, 1.44) 75.66 62.62 95.56 0.0132
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.1 PreCovidPeriod_all Stroke Matched Controls 125088 4302 103810 41.4 (40.2, 42.7) 1.32 (1.23, 1.41) 79.79 64.82 103.76 0.0125
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_all.2 PreCovidPeriod_all Stroke Risperidone Users 26382 982 17132 57.3 (53.7, 60.9) 1.32 (1.23, 1.41) 79.79 64.82 103.76 0.0125
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.1 PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke Stroke Matched Controls 108378 1942 91177 21.3 (20.4, 22.2) 1.47 (1.32, 1.62) 107.39 85.51 144.30 0.0093
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke.2 PreCovidPeriod_no_stroke Stroke Risperidone Users 22785 474 14983 31.6 (28.8, 34.5) 1.47 (1.32, 1.62) 107.39 85.51 144.30 0.0093
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.1 PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke Stroke Matched Controls 16710 2360 12633 186.8 (179.3, 194.3) 1.2 (1.09, 1.32) 36.01 23.92 72.76 0.0278
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke.2 PreCovidPeriod_with_stroke Stroke Risperidone Users 3597 508 2149 236.4 (215.8, 256.9) 1.2 (1.09, 1.32) 36.01 23.92 72.76 0.0278
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.1 PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd Stroke Matched Controls 74267 1154 63137 18.3 (17.2, 19.3) 1.59 (1.39, 1.8) 96.09 75.86 131.04 0.0104
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd.2 PreCovidPeriod_no_cvd Stroke Risperidone Users 15611 306 10446 29.3 (26, 32.6) 1.59 (1.39, 1.8) 96.09 75.86 131.04 0.0104
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.1 PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd Stroke Matched Controls 50821 3148 40673 77.4 (74.7, 80.1) 1.22 (1.12, 1.33) 63.45 46.37 100.46 0.0158
Stroke_adjusted_PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd.2 PreCovidPeriod_with_cvd Stroke Risperidone Users 10771 676 6687 101.1 (93.5, 108.7) 1.22 (1.12, 1.33) 63.45 46.37 100.46 0.0158
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.1 risperidone_Age_65_74 Stroke Matched Controls 15390 439 13394 32.8 (29.7, 35.8) 1.47 (1.2, 1.81) 56.68 39.16 102.57 0.0176
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_65_74.2 risperidone_Age_65_74 Stroke Risperidone Users 3304 118 2239 52.7 (43.2, 62.2) 1.47 (1.2, 1.81) 56.68 39.16 102.57 0.0176
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.1 risperidone_Age_75_84 Stroke Matched Controls 62093 1974 52194 37.8 (36.2, 39.5) 1.33 (1.2, 1.48) 82.39 62.00 122.77 0.0121
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_75_84.2 risperidone_Age_75_84 Stroke Risperidone Users 12858 452 8453 53.5 (48.5, 58.4) 1.33 (1.2, 1.48) 82.39 62.00 122.77 0.0121
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.1 risperidone_Age_85+ Stroke Matched Controls 60139 2066 46987 44 (42.1, 45.9) 1.34 (1.21, 1.48) 75.43 56.87 112.00 0.0133
Stroke_adjusted_risperidone_Age_85+.2 risperidone_Age_85+ Stroke Risperidone Users 12380 456 7534 60.5 (55, 66.1) 1.34 (1.21, 1.48) 75.43 56.87 112.00 0.0133
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.1 stroke_recency_1_year Stroke Matched Controls 561 172 354 485.5 (412.9, 558.1) 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 46.55 12.14 Inf 0.0215
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_year.2 stroke_recency_1_year Stroke Risperidone Users 420 121 208 581 (477.4, 684.5) 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 46.55 12.14 Inf 0.0215
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.1 stroke_recency_1_5_years Stroke Matched Controls 2964 384 2227 172.4 (155.2, 189.7) 1.24 (1.03, 1.49) 29.27 17.03 103.91 0.0342
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_1_5_years.2 stroke_recency_1_5_years Stroke Risperidone Users 1345 179 811 220.8 (188.5, 253.2) 1.24 (1.03, 1.49) 29.27 17.03 103.91 0.0342
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.1 stroke_recency_over_5_years Stroke Matched Controls 3539 297 2713 109.5 (97, 121.9) 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) 76.18 31.09 Inf 0.0131
Stroke_adjusted_stroke_recency_over_5_years.2 stroke_recency_over_5_years Stroke Risperidone Users 1474 118 902 130.9 (107.3, 154.5) 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) 76.18 31.09 Inf 0.0131
Stroke_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.1 ischaemicstroke Stroke Matched Controls 10839 1613 8069 199.9 (190.1, 209.7) 1.22 (1.1, 1.36) 24.90 17.69 42.04 0.0402
Stroke_adjusted_ischaemicstroke.2 ischaemicstroke Stroke Risperidone Users 2966 463 1733 267.2 (242.9, 291.5) 1.22 (1.1, 1.36) 24.90 17.69 42.04 0.0402
Stroke_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.1 haemorrhagicstroke Stroke Matched Controls 237 19 174 109 (60, 158) 2.6 (1.41, 4.8) 7.21 4.76 14.83 0.1387
Stroke_adjusted_haemorrhagicstroke.2 haemorrhagicstroke Stroke Risperidone Users 194 32 114 280.1 (183.1, 377.2) 2.6 (1.41, 4.8) 7.21 4.76 14.83 0.1387