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Metadata-Version: 2.3 | ||
Name: annotated-types | ||
Version: 0.7.0 | ||
Summary: Reusable constraint types to use with typing.Annotated | ||
Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types | ||
Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types | ||
Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/releases | ||
Author-email: Adrian Garcia Badaracco <[email protected]>, Samuel Colvin <[email protected]>, Zac Hatfield-Dodds <[email protected]> | ||
License-File: LICENSE | ||
Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta | ||
Classifier: Environment :: Console | ||
Classifier: Environment :: MacOS X | ||
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers | ||
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology | ||
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License | ||
Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux | ||
Classifier: Operating System :: Unix | ||
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only | ||
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8 | ||
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9 | ||
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10 | ||
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11 | ||
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12 | ||
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules | ||
Classifier: Typing :: Typed | ||
Requires-Python: >=3.8 | ||
Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.0.0; python_version < '3.9' | ||
Description-Content-Type: text/markdown | ||
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# annotated-types | ||
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[![CI](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/workflows/CI/badge.svg?event=push)](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/actions?query=event%3Apush+branch%3Amain+workflow%3ACI) | ||
[![pypi](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/annotated-types.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/annotated-types) | ||
[![versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/annotated-types.svg)](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types) | ||
[![license](https://img.shields.io/github/license/annotated-types/annotated-types.svg)](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/blob/main/LICENSE) | ||
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[PEP-593](https://peps.python.org/pep-0593/) added `typing.Annotated` as a way of | ||
adding context-specific metadata to existing types, and specifies that | ||
`Annotated[T, x]` _should_ be treated as `T` by any tool or library without special | ||
logic for `x`. | ||
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This package provides metadata objects which can be used to represent common | ||
constraints such as upper and lower bounds on scalar values and collection sizes, | ||
a `Predicate` marker for runtime checks, and | ||
descriptions of how we intend these metadata to be interpreted. In some cases, | ||
we also note alternative representations which do not require this package. | ||
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## Install | ||
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```bash | ||
pip install annotated-types | ||
``` | ||
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## Examples | ||
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```python | ||
from typing import Annotated | ||
from annotated_types import Gt, Len, Predicate | ||
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class MyClass: | ||
age: Annotated[int, Gt(18)] # Valid: 19, 20, ... | ||
# Invalid: 17, 18, "19", 19.0, ... | ||
factors: list[Annotated[int, Predicate(is_prime)]] # Valid: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ... | ||
# Invalid: 4, 8, -2, 5.0, "prime", ... | ||
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my_list: Annotated[list[int], Len(0, 10)] # Valid: [], [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] | ||
# Invalid: (1, 2), ["abc"], [0] * 20 | ||
``` | ||
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## Documentation | ||
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_While `annotated-types` avoids runtime checks for performance, users should not | ||
construct invalid combinations such as `MultipleOf("non-numeric")` or `Annotated[int, Len(3)]`. | ||
Downstream implementors may choose to raise an error, emit a warning, silently ignore | ||
a metadata item, etc., if the metadata objects described below are used with an | ||
incompatible type - or for any other reason!_ | ||
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### Gt, Ge, Lt, Le | ||
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Express inclusive and/or exclusive bounds on orderable values - which may be numbers, | ||
dates, times, strings, sets, etc. Note that the boundary value need not be of the | ||
same type that was annotated, so long as they can be compared: `Annotated[int, Gt(1.5)]` | ||
is fine, for example, and implies that the value is an integer x such that `x > 1.5`. | ||
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We suggest that implementors may also interpret `functools.partial(operator.le, 1.5)` | ||
as being equivalent to `Gt(1.5)`, for users who wish to avoid a runtime dependency on | ||
the `annotated-types` package. | ||
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To be explicit, these types have the following meanings: | ||
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* `Gt(x)` - value must be "Greater Than" `x` - equivalent to exclusive minimum | ||
* `Ge(x)` - value must be "Greater than or Equal" to `x` - equivalent to inclusive minimum | ||
* `Lt(x)` - value must be "Less Than" `x` - equivalent to exclusive maximum | ||
* `Le(x)` - value must be "Less than or Equal" to `x` - equivalent to inclusive maximum | ||
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### Interval | ||
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`Interval(gt, ge, lt, le)` allows you to specify an upper and lower bound with a single | ||
metadata object. `None` attributes should be ignored, and non-`None` attributes | ||
treated as per the single bounds above. | ||
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### MultipleOf | ||
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`MultipleOf(multiple_of=x)` might be interpreted in two ways: | ||
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1. Python semantics, implying `value % multiple_of == 0`, or | ||
2. [JSONschema semantics](https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.6.2.1), | ||
where `int(value / multiple_of) == value / multiple_of`. | ||
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We encourage users to be aware of these two common interpretations and their | ||
distinct behaviours, especially since very large or non-integer numbers make | ||
it easy to cause silent data corruption due to floating-point imprecision. | ||
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We encourage libraries to carefully document which interpretation they implement. | ||
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### MinLen, MaxLen, Len | ||
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`Len()` implies that `min_length <= len(value) <= max_length` - lower and upper bounds are inclusive. | ||
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As well as `Len()` which can optionally include upper and lower bounds, we also | ||
provide `MinLen(x)` and `MaxLen(y)` which are equivalent to `Len(min_length=x)` | ||
and `Len(max_length=y)` respectively. | ||
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`Len`, `MinLen`, and `MaxLen` may be used with any type which supports `len(value)`. | ||
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Examples of usage: | ||
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* `Annotated[list, MaxLen(10)]` (or `Annotated[list, Len(max_length=10))`) - list must have a length of 10 or less | ||
* `Annotated[str, MaxLen(10)]` - string must have a length of 10 or less | ||
* `Annotated[list, MinLen(3))` (or `Annotated[list, Len(min_length=3))`) - list must have a length of 3 or more | ||
* `Annotated[list, Len(4, 6)]` - list must have a length of 4, 5, or 6 | ||
* `Annotated[list, Len(8, 8)]` - list must have a length of exactly 8 | ||
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#### Changed in v0.4.0 | ||
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* `min_inclusive` has been renamed to `min_length`, no change in meaning | ||
* `max_exclusive` has been renamed to `max_length`, upper bound is now **inclusive** instead of **exclusive** | ||
* The recommendation that slices are interpreted as `Len` has been removed due to ambiguity and different semantic | ||
meaning of the upper bound in slices vs. `Len` | ||
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See [issue #23](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/issues/23) for discussion. | ||
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### Timezone | ||
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`Timezone` can be used with a `datetime` or a `time` to express which timezones | ||
are allowed. `Annotated[datetime, Timezone(None)]` must be a naive datetime. | ||
`Timezone[...]` ([literal ellipsis](https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis)) | ||
expresses that any timezone-aware datetime is allowed. You may also pass a specific | ||
timezone string or [`tzinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects) | ||
object such as `Timezone(timezone.utc)` or `Timezone("Africa/Abidjan")` to express that you only | ||
allow a specific timezone, though we note that this is often a symptom of fragile design. | ||
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#### Changed in v0.x.x | ||
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* `Timezone` accepts [`tzinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects) objects instead of | ||
`timezone`, extending compatibility to [`zoneinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html) and third party libraries. | ||
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### Unit | ||
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`Unit(unit: str)` expresses that the annotated numeric value is the magnitude of | ||
a quantity with the specified unit. For example, `Annotated[float, Unit("m/s")]` | ||
would be a float representing a velocity in meters per second. | ||
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Please note that `annotated_types` itself makes no attempt to parse or validate | ||
the unit string in any way. That is left entirely to downstream libraries, | ||
such as [`pint`](https://pint.readthedocs.io) or | ||
[`astropy.units`](https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/units/). | ||
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An example of how a library might use this metadata: | ||
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```python | ||
from annotated_types import Unit | ||
from typing import Annotated, TypeVar, Callable, Any, get_origin, get_args | ||
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# given a type annotated with a unit: | ||
Meters = Annotated[float, Unit("m")] | ||
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# you can cast the annotation to a specific unit type with any | ||
# callable that accepts a string and returns the desired type | ||
T = TypeVar("T") | ||
def cast_unit(tp: Any, unit_cls: Callable[[str], T]) -> T | None: | ||
if get_origin(tp) is Annotated: | ||
for arg in get_args(tp): | ||
if isinstance(arg, Unit): | ||
return unit_cls(arg.unit) | ||
return None | ||
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# using `pint` | ||
import pint | ||
pint_unit = cast_unit(Meters, pint.Unit) | ||
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# using `astropy.units` | ||
import astropy.units as u | ||
astropy_unit = cast_unit(Meters, u.Unit) | ||
``` | ||
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### Predicate | ||
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`Predicate(func: Callable)` expresses that `func(value)` is truthy for valid values. | ||
Users should prefer the statically inspectable metadata above, but if you need | ||
the full power and flexibility of arbitrary runtime predicates... here it is. | ||
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For some common constraints, we provide generic types: | ||
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* `IsLower = Annotated[T, Predicate(str.islower)]` | ||
* `IsUpper = Annotated[T, Predicate(str.isupper)]` | ||
* `IsDigit = Annotated[T, Predicate(str.isdigit)]` | ||
* `IsFinite = Annotated[T, Predicate(math.isfinite)]` | ||
* `IsNotFinite = Annotated[T, Predicate(Not(math.isfinite))]` | ||
* `IsNan = Annotated[T, Predicate(math.isnan)]` | ||
* `IsNotNan = Annotated[T, Predicate(Not(math.isnan))]` | ||
* `IsInfinite = Annotated[T, Predicate(math.isinf)]` | ||
* `IsNotInfinite = Annotated[T, Predicate(Not(math.isinf))]` | ||
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so that you can write e.g. `x: IsFinite[float] = 2.0` instead of the longer | ||
(but exactly equivalent) `x: Annotated[float, Predicate(math.isfinite)] = 2.0`. | ||
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Some libraries might have special logic to handle known or understandable predicates, | ||
for example by checking for `str.isdigit` and using its presence to both call custom | ||
logic to enforce digit-only strings, and customise some generated external schema. | ||
Users are therefore encouraged to avoid indirection like `lambda s: s.lower()`, in | ||
favor of introspectable methods such as `str.lower` or `re.compile("pattern").search`. | ||
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To enable basic negation of commonly used predicates like `math.isnan` without introducing introspection that makes it impossible for implementers to introspect the predicate we provide a `Not` wrapper that simply negates the predicate in an introspectable manner. Several of the predicates listed above are created in this manner. | ||
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We do not specify what behaviour should be expected for predicates that raise | ||
an exception. For example `Annotated[int, Predicate(str.isdigit)]` might silently | ||
skip invalid constraints, or statically raise an error; or it might try calling it | ||
and then propagate or discard the resulting | ||
`TypeError: descriptor 'isdigit' for 'str' objects doesn't apply to a 'int' object` | ||
exception. We encourage libraries to document the behaviour they choose. | ||
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### Doc | ||
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`doc()` can be used to add documentation information in `Annotated`, for function and method parameters, variables, class attributes, return types, and any place where `Annotated` can be used. | ||
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It expects a value that can be statically analyzed, as the main use case is for static analysis, editors, documentation generators, and similar tools. | ||
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It returns a `DocInfo` class with a single attribute `documentation` containing the value passed to `doc()`. | ||
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This is the early adopter's alternative form of the [`typing-doc` proposal](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/typing-doc/typing_doc.md). | ||
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### Integrating downstream types with `GroupedMetadata` | ||
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Implementers may choose to provide a convenience wrapper that groups multiple pieces of metadata. | ||
This can help reduce verbosity and cognitive overhead for users. | ||
For example, an implementer like Pydantic might provide a `Field` or `Meta` type that accepts keyword arguments and transforms these into low-level metadata: | ||
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```python | ||
from dataclasses import dataclass | ||
from typing import Iterator | ||
from annotated_types import GroupedMetadata, Ge | ||
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@dataclass | ||
class Field(GroupedMetadata): | ||
ge: int | None = None | ||
description: str | None = None | ||
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def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]: | ||
# Iterating over a GroupedMetadata object should yield annotated-types | ||
# constraint metadata objects which describe it as fully as possible, | ||
# and may include other unknown objects too. | ||
if self.ge is not None: | ||
yield Ge(self.ge) | ||
if self.description is not None: | ||
yield Description(self.description) | ||
``` | ||
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Libraries consuming annotated-types constraints should check for `GroupedMetadata` and unpack it by iterating over the object and treating the results as if they had been "unpacked" in the `Annotated` type. The same logic should be applied to the [PEP 646 `Unpack` type](https://peps.python.org/pep-0646/), so that `Annotated[T, Field(...)]`, `Annotated[T, Unpack[Field(...)]]` and `Annotated[T, *Field(...)]` are all treated consistently. | ||
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Libraries consuming annotated-types should also ignore any metadata they do not recongize that came from unpacking a `GroupedMetadata`, just like they ignore unrecognized metadata in `Annotated` itself. | ||
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Our own `annotated_types.Interval` class is a `GroupedMetadata` which unpacks itself into `Gt`, `Lt`, etc., so this is not an abstract concern. Similarly, `annotated_types.Len` is a `GroupedMetadata` which unpacks itself into `MinLen` (optionally) and `MaxLen`. | ||
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### Consuming metadata | ||
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We intend to not be prescriptive as to _how_ the metadata and constraints are used, but as an example of how one might parse constraints from types annotations see our [implementation in `test_main.py`](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/blob/f59cf6d1b5255a0fe359b93896759a180bec30ae/tests/test_main.py#L94-L103). | ||
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It is up to the implementer to determine how this metadata is used. | ||
You could use the metadata for runtime type checking, for generating schemas or to generate example data, amongst other use cases. | ||
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## Design & History | ||
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This package was designed at the PyCon 2022 sprints by the maintainers of Pydantic | ||
and Hypothesis, with the goal of making it as easy as possible for end-users to | ||
provide more informative annotations for use by runtime libraries. | ||
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It is deliberately minimal, and following PEP-593 allows considerable downstream | ||
discretion in what (if anything!) they choose to support. Nonetheless, we expect | ||
that staying simple and covering _only_ the most common use-cases will give users | ||
and maintainers the best experience we can. If you'd like more constraints for your | ||
types - follow our lead, by defining them and documenting them downstream! |
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The MIT License (MIT) | ||
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Copyright (c) 2022 the contributors | ||
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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy | ||
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal | ||
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights | ||
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell | ||
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is | ||
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: | ||
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all | ||
copies or substantial portions of the Software. | ||
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR | ||
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, | ||
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE | ||
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER | ||
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, | ||
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE | ||
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