(K-Bench) is a framework to benchmark the control and data plane aspects of a
Kubernetes infrastructure. K-Bench provides a configurable way to prescriptively create and
manipulate Kubernetes resources at scale and eventually provide the relevant control plane
and dataplane performance metrics for the target infrastructure. Example operations include
CREATE, UPDATE, LIST, DELETE, RUN, COPY etc. on different types of Kubernetes resources
including Pod, Deployment, Service, ReplicationController, etc.
K-Bench has the following features:
- It allows users to control the client side concurrency, the operations, and how these different
types of operations are executed in sequence or in parallel. In particular, user can
define, through a config file, a workflow of operations for supported resources. User
can also specify parameters such as image for
Pod, number of replicas forDeployment, etc. - For control-plane (life-cycle management) performance, the benchmark complements the server-side timing adopted in many other existing benchmarks with a client-side approach, based on Kubernetes' event callback mechanism. This addressed the coarse-grained timestamp issue on the server-side and enhanced the measuring precision.
- K-Bench also includes benchmarks built into it, which allows users to study the data plane performance by independently scaling up and scaling out infrastructure resource usage in terms of compute, memory, I/O and network. The framework comes with blueprints for running these benchmarks in various ways at scale to evaluate specific aspects of a K8s infrastructure. For E.g., one can use the integrated dp_network_internode test to automatically place two pods on two different K8s nodes to measure inter-pod network latency and bandwidth.
- It supports docker compose files and convert them into Kubernetes spec files.
- It is integrated with Prometheus, which can be enabled by simply including prometheus configuration options in the benchmark config file. K-Bench also supports Wavefront, an enterprise-grade data analytic and monitoring platform.
The above diagram shows an overview of the benchmark. Upon starting, a json config file
is parsed for infrastructure and operation information. Then a sequence of operations
are generated, each of which may contain a list of actions such as create, list,
scale, etc. The operations run one by one, optionally in a blocking manner. Actions inside
one operation, however, run in parallel with Go routines. Actions supported for different
types of resources are defined in their respective managers. The resource managers
also provide metrics collection mechanism and produce Wavefront
consumable data. The benchmark uses client-go to communicate with the Kubernetes cluster.
K-Bench can be extremely flexible in that it allows virtually any supported actions performed
with user chosen parameters on selected resource objects serially, in parallel, or in a
hybrid manner. To achieve this, a crucial problem to address is to determine how actions
and resources are handled or partitioned by different threads. We call this workload dispatch.
In K-Bench, dispatch for actions is straightforward: the configuration parser scans the
entire config file and determines the maximum concurrency for each operation by summing up all
the Count fields of different resource types in the operation. The dispatcher spawns and
maintains all go routines so that corresponding actions of different types of resources in
an operation are fully parallelized. Different actions for the same resource in the operation
share the same go routine and are executed in order. To achieve dispatch for resource objects,
K-Bench maintains two types of labels, namely k-label and u-label respectively, for each
resource object. K-Bench assigns each go routine a TID and an operation an OID, which are also
attached as k-label to the relevant objects. Other metadata such as resource type, app name,
benchmark name, etc., are also attached as k-label when a resource is created. K-Bench provides
predefined label matching options such as MATCH_GOROUTINE, MATCH_OPERATION to select objects
created by a specified routine in certain operations. Users labels passed through the
benchmark configuration specification are attached to resources as u-labels, which can be
also used for resource dispatch.
After a successful run, the benchmark reports metrics (e.g., number of requests, API invoke
latency, throughput, etc.) for the executed operations on various resource types. One resource
type whose metrics need special consideration is Pod, as its operations are typically long-running
and asynchronous. For Pod (and related resource types such as Deployment), we introduce
two sets of metrics, server-side and client-side, to better summarize its performance from different
perspectives. The server-side metrics design for Pod in K-Bench inherits the definition suggested
by the kubernetes sig group
(the exact way those Pod metrics are defined can be revealed from the density and performance
test in the e2e: density_test.go).
The client-side set of metrics, collected by an event callback mechanism, is a more accurate
reflection on the time taken for Pod states to transition end-to-end. The below table describes all
the supported metrics:
| Metric 1 | Definition | Applied Resource Type | Notes & References & Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pod creation latency (server) | scheEvent.FirstTimestamp (the FirstTimestamp of a scheduling event associated with a pod) - pod.CreationTimestamp (the CreationTimestamp of the pod object) | Pod Deployment | density.go |
| Pod scheduling latency (server) | pod.Status.StartTime (the server timestamp indicating when a pod is accepted by kubelet but image not pulled yet) - scheEvent.FirstTimestamp (the first timestamp of a scheduled event related to a pod) | Pod Deployment | density.go |
| Pod image pulling latency (server) | pulledEvent.FirstTimestamp (the FirstTimestamp of an event with "Pulled" as the reason associated with a pod) - pod.Status.StartTime (the timestamp indicating when a pod is accepted by kubelet but image not pulled yet) | Pod Deployment | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go for kbench |
| Pod starting latency (server) | max(pod.Status.ContainerStatuses[...].State.Running.StartedAt) (the StartedAt timestamp for the last container that gets into running state inside a pod) - pulledEvent.FirstTimestamp (the FirstTimestamp of an event with "Pulled" as the reason associated with a pod) | Pod Deployment | density.go |
| Pod startup total latency (server) | max(pod.Status.ContainerStatuses[...].State.Running.StartedAt) (the StartedAt timestamp for the last container that gets into running state inside a pod) - pod.CreationTimestamp (the CreationTimestamp of the pod object) | Pod Deployment | density.go |
| Pod client-server e2e latency | the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Phase becomes running - pod.CreationTimestamp (the server-side CreationTimestamp of the pod object) | Pod Deployment | this is similar to the "watch" latency in e2e test |
| Pod scheduling latency (client) | the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Conditions[...] has a PodScheduled condition - the first time client watches the pod (and thus does not have a PodScheduled condition) | Pod Deployment | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go in kbench |
| Pod initialization latency (client) | the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Conditions[...] has a PodInitialized condition - the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Conditions[...] has a PodScheduled condition | Pod Deployment | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go in kbench |
| Pod starting latency (client) | the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Phase becomes running - the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Conditions[...] has a PodInitialized condition | Pod Deployment | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go Note that there is no client-side watch event for image pulling, so this metric includes the image pulling. |
| Pod startup total latency (client) | the first time when client watches that pod.Status.Phase becomes running - the first time client watches the pod (and thus does not have a PodScheduled condition) | Pod Deployment | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go |
| Pod creation throughput | sum(number of running pods of every operation that has pod actions / 2) / sum(median Pod startup total latency of every operation that has pod actions) | Pod Deployment | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go. |
| API invoke latency | latency for an API to return | All resource types | a new metric defined in pod_manager.go. |
| Metric 1 | Resource Category | Benchmark | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transaction throughput | CPU/Memory | Redis Memtier | Maximum achievable throughput aggregated across pods in a cluster |
| Transaction latency | CPU/Memory | Redis Memtier | Latency for the injected SET/GET transactions |
| Pod density | CPU/Memory | Redis Memtier | Transaction throughput and latency for given pod density |
| I/O bandwidth (IOPS) | I/O | FIO | Synchronous and Asynchronous Rd/Wr bandwidth for 70-30, 100-0 and 0-100 read-write ratios, block sizes on various K8s volumes |
| I/O Latency (ms) | I/O | Ioping | Disk I/O latency on Ephemeral and Persistent K8s volumes |
| Network b/w | Network | Iperf3 | Inter-pod TCP, UDP performance with varying pod placements on nodes, zones |
| Network Latency (ms) | Network | Qperf | Inter-pod network latency for TCP and UDP packets with varying pod placements |
In addition to the above metrics that the benchmark reports, K-Bench can be configured to report Wavefront- and Prometheus-defined metrics that include: memory, CPU, storage utilization of nodes, namespaces, pods, cluster level statistics, bytes transferred and received rates between pods, uptime, infrastructure statistics, etc.
To use Wavefront monitoring of the nodes, one can install the Waverunner component using pkg/waverunner/install.sh. Invoking this script without any parameters will give the help menu. To start telemetry, invoke pkg/waverunner/WR_wcpwrapper.sh as follows:
./WR_wcpwrapper.sh -r <run_tag> -i <Host_IP_String> -w <Wavefront_source> [-o <output_folder> -k <ssh_key_file> -p <host_passwd>]
The above command defaults to /tmp for output folder and a null host password.
To use Prometheus as your metrics monitoring mechanism, configure the PrometheusManifestPaths option in the K-Bench config file. Please see top level configuration options section below and prometheus readme.
To use K-Bench, clone this repo, install the benchmark, and then you can use it to run workload against your k8s cluster by following the below instructions.
On a Linux box (tested on Ubuntu 16.04), just invoke:
./install.sh
to install the benchmark.
If you would like the kbench binary to be copied to /usr/local/bin so that you can directly run without specifying the full kbench path, run it with sudo.
On systems like Ubuntu, just being able to use sudo is enough and one does not explicitly need to be the "root" user. Also, please ensure that the K8s nodes and the client on which you run K-Bench have their times synchronized as K-Bench uses both client and server side time stamps to calculate latencies.
Once the installation completes, you can start using K-Bench. To run the benchmark, you need to make sure your
~/.kube/config file or the KUBECONFIG environment variable points to a valid and running Kubernetes cluster. To verify this, you may install
kubectl (this expects a ~/.kube/config file in place, which you can copy from the Master node) and simply run:
kubectl get nodes
Once you verify that you have a running Kubernetes cluster, the workload can be run directly using the kbench go binary or using the run.sh script. The default benchmark config file ./config/default/config.json specifies the workload you would like to run. You can modify the config file to run workload of your choice. After that, simply run:
kbench
or
./run.sh
If your config file is at a different location, please use -benchconfig option if invoking the kbench binary directly:
kbench -benchconfig filepath
If your filepath is a directory, the benchmark will run them one by one.
When using the run.sh script, invoking this script with -h provides the following help menu:
Usage: ./run.sh -r <run-tag> [-t <comma-separated-tests> -o <output-dir>]
Example: ./run.sh -r "kbench-run-on-XYZ-cluster" -t "cp_heavy16,dp_netperf_internode,dp_fio" -o "./"
Valid test names:
all || all_control_plane || all_data_plane || cp_heavy_12client || cp_heavy_8client || cp_light_1client || cp_light_4client || default || dp_fio || dp_network_internode || dp_network_interzone || dp_network_intranode || dp_redis || dp_redis_density || predicate_example ||
To get details about each of the existing workloads, please check the individual README or config.json in config/<test-name> folder. For more details about how to configure workload, please check the examples under the ./config directory, or read the benchmark configuration section of this document.
Add a new folder in config/<test-name>, include the run configuration as config/<test-name>/config.json and run the test by providing the <test-name> as input to the -t option of run.sh
First, you need to setup your Go environment. Download Go and unzip it to a local directory
(e.g., /root/go) and point your GOROOT environment variable there. Also, set your GOPATH
(e.g., /root/gocode). The below instructions are example for your reference (assuming you download
Go to /root/go):
cd /root/go
gunzip go***.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -xvf go***.linux-amd64.tar
mkdir /root/gocode && cd gocode/
export GOPATH=/root/gocode
export GOROOT=/root/go
export PATH=$PATH:/root/go/bin
Clone or download benchmark source code to $GOPATH/src/k-bench (create this directory if it
does not exist) using Git or through other means.
mkdir -p $GOPATH/src
mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/k-bench
After you have all the files under $GOPATH/src/k-bench, cd to that directory.
It is also handy to include into your PATH variable locations where Go typically places and
finds binaries and tools:
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH/bin
Now, you are ready to build the benchmark. To build, you can either use the below command to
install the kbench binary into $GOPATH/bin:
go install cmd/kbench.go
or run (under the $GOPATH/src/k-bench directory) the below to generate the kbench executable
under $GOPATH/src/k-bench/bin:
mkdir -p bin && cd bin && go build k-bench/cmd/kbench.go
The benchmark is highly configurable through a json config file. The ./config/default/config.json file is provided as an example (this file is also the default benchmark config file if user does not specify one through the -benchconfig option). More config examples can be found under the ./config directory and its subdirectories.
At top level, the benchmark supports the following configuration options:
- BlockingLevel: Currently can be configured as "operation", so that the benchmark waits (for pod creation and deletion) until the previous operation is completely done before executing the next. If this option is not specified, the benchmark only waits the specified sleep time after each action and then proceeds to the next operation, even if there are outstanding actions in the previous operation.
- Timeout: Used with BlockingLevel. This is the longest time in mini-seconds for the benchmark to wait after each operation if BlockingLevel is specified. By default it is 3 minutes.
- CheckingInterval: The time interval in mini-seconds to check whether all the actions in the previous operation complete. By default it is 3 seconds.
- Cleanup: Whether clearing all the created resources after a run completes. By default it is false.
- Operations: This is an array of operation structures, each of which can contain a list of resource action configurations. Each resource action configuration includes information such as resource type, actions (a list of actions to be performed in order), count (number of actions to be executed in parallel), sleeptimes (time to sleep after each parallel batch of actions), image to use, etc. For details please refer to below Operation Configuration.
- RuntimeInMinutes: The time in minutes that benchmark should run. If all the configured operations are completed but time elapsed hasn't reached the specified time, the benchmark will loop over and run the configured operations again.
- PrometheusManifestPaths: This option, if configured, installs and enables prometheus stack for cluster monitoring. See prometheus readme for details.
- WavefrontPathDir: This option tells the benchmark where to store Wavefront output logs.
- SleepTimeAfterRun: In case user wants to add sleep time after each run, this is the option to use.
- Tags: If specified, the wavefront output and logs will be tagged with the given keys and values.
In each operation of the "Operations" array, users can specify one or more resource types, and each resource type can have a list of actions to perform, and each action may accept some options. Below are example (and a subset of all supported) resource types with the corresponding actions and options:
- Pods: Pod resource supports "CREATE", "LIST", "GET", "RUN", "COPY", "UPDATE", and "DELETE" actions. For the CREATE action, users can specify operation options including "ImagePullPolicy" (where you can specify one of "IfNotPresent", "Always", and "Never"), "Image", etc. Also, if user specifies a "YamlSpec" option, then the CREATE action will first try to use the yaml file to create the Pod before using other explicit options such as "ImagePullPolicy" and "Image". For the RUN action, user can provide the "Command" option, which is the command to be executed in the specified Pod(s). For COPY action, user can specify LocalPath, ContainerPath, and Upload options. Certain Pod actions (LIST, RUN, COPY) can be applied to a selected/filtered list of Pods using the LabelKey and LabelValue options. For all pod actions, "Count" option specifies the concurrency and "SleepTime" specifies the sleep time user would like to incur after each action.
- Deployments: Deployment resource type supports all the options that Pod does, and in addition it also supports "SCALE" action and "NumReplicas" option for its CREATE action. Currently it does not support "RUN" and "COPY" action yet.
- Namespaces: Namespace resource type supports "CREATE", "LIST", "GET", "UPDATE", and "DELETE" actions. It has "Count" option (number of namespace actions to be performed in parallel), similar to all the above resource types.
- Services: Service resource type supports "CREATE", "LIST", "GET", "UPDATE", and "DELETE" actions. It has "SleepTimes", "Count", and "YamlSpec" options.
- ReplicationControllers: ReplicationController resource type supports the same options and actions as Deployment.
The benchmark also supports other resource types including ConfigMap, Event, Endpoints, ComponentStatus, Node, LimitRange, PersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim, PodTemplate, ResourceQuota, Secret, ServiceAccount, Role, RoleBinding, ClusterRole, ClusterRoleBinding, etc.
In addition to different types of resource types, in an operation you can also specify a RepeatTimes option to run the operation for a given number of times.
For more supported resources, actions, and configuration options in K-Bench, please checkout the sample config files under ./config or source code.
To simplify synchronization and orchestrate operation execution flow, the benchmark supports Predicate, which blocks an operation's execution until certain conditions are met. A predicate is configured through the below options:
- Resource: It has two possible formats: namespace/kind/[object name/][container name], or group/version/namespaces/namespace/kind/[object name/][container name]. With the first format, you specify a namespace, a kubernetes resource kind, optionally with an object name and a container name (only valid if the resource kind is Pod). The benchmark will search resources with default kubernetes group ("") and API version (v1). With the second format, the benchmark will search resource using the given group, kind, and version. Once this predicate (called a resource predicate) is specified, the matched resource must exist before the operation can be executed. If a container name is specified, the corresponding pod has to be in Running phase in order for the operation to proceed.
- Labels: Labels has format of key1=value1;key2=value2;.... Labels are used if only namespace and kind are given in the Resource option to filter resource objects.
- Command: This predicate executes a command (inside the container if a container name is specified in the Resource option, or on the box where the bencmark is invoked). It works with Expect below.
- Expect: This option currently supports formats such as contains:string or !contains:string. With this option configured, the benchmark checks the output of the Command execution, and proceed only if the output is expected.
For examples on how to use predicates, you may check config file samples under ./config/predicate_example.
Please contact the project members and read CONTRIBUTING.md if you are interested in making contributions.
Karthik Ganesan Email: [email protected] for questions and comments
Yong Li Helen Liu