Fix up generic characteristic method for localized rings.

[HechtiDerLachs]

This is to address #4324.

@thofma : The second issue pointed out by you in #4324 is not yet resolved with this. Does the ball lay in my yard with that one, too? Or is it an issue of polynomial rings?

[thofma]

Thanks. The problems with polynomial rings over zero rings are being addressed elsewhere.

[HechtiDerLachs]

Alright. I hope the tests pass. I do not oversee at the moment to which extent we have been using the characteristic method. So maybe we already need to implement some more cases. But if not, then throwing an error for now should be fine.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 80.00000% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.52%. Comparing base (3e670f7) to head (d2d8516).
Report is 1 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/Rings/localization_interface.jl	80.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #4346      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   84.52%   84.52%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         645      645              
  Lines       85706    85710       +4     
==========================================
+ Hits        72440    72443       +3     
- Misses      13266    13267       +1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/Rings/localization_interface.jl	60.84% <80.00%> (+0.30%)	⬆️

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