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| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> | ||
| <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" | ||
| "JATS-publishing1.dtd"> | ||
| <article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.2" article-type="other"> | ||
| <front> | ||
| <journal-meta> | ||
| <journal-id></journal-id> | ||
| <journal-title-group> | ||
| <journal-title>Journal of Open Source Software</journal-title> | ||
| <abbrev-journal-title>JOSS</abbrev-journal-title> | ||
| </journal-title-group> | ||
| <issn publication-format="electronic">2475-9066</issn> | ||
| <publisher> | ||
| <publisher-name>Open Journals</publisher-name> | ||
| </publisher> | ||
| </journal-meta> | ||
| <article-meta> | ||
| <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">5855</article-id> | ||
| <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21105/joss.05855</article-id> | ||
| <title-group> | ||
| <article-title>Tethys: A Spatiotemporal Downscaling Model for Global | ||
| Water Demand</article-title> | ||
| </title-group> | ||
| <contrib-group> | ||
| <contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"> | ||
| <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-0043</contrib-id> | ||
| <name> | ||
| <surname>Thompson</surname> | ||
| <given-names>Isaac</given-names> | ||
| </name> | ||
| <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/> | ||
| </contrib> | ||
| <contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes" corresp="yes"> | ||
| <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-6214</contrib-id> | ||
| <name> | ||
| <surname>Vernon</surname> | ||
| <given-names>Chris R.</given-names> | ||
| </name> | ||
| <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/> | ||
| <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"><sup>*</sup></xref> | ||
| </contrib> | ||
| <contrib contrib-type="author"> | ||
| <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8147-8553</contrib-id> | ||
| <name> | ||
| <surname>Khan</surname> | ||
| <given-names>Zarrar</given-names> | ||
| </name> | ||
| <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/> | ||
| </contrib> | ||
| <aff id="aff-1"> | ||
| <institution-wrap> | ||
| <institution>Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest | ||
| National Laboratory, College Park, MD., USA</institution> | ||
| </institution-wrap> | ||
| </aff> | ||
| <aff id="aff-2"> | ||
| <institution-wrap> | ||
| <institution>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA., | ||
| USA</institution> | ||
| </institution-wrap> | ||
| </aff> | ||
| </contrib-group> | ||
| <author-notes> | ||
| <corresp id="cor-1">* E-mail: <email></email></corresp> | ||
| </author-notes> | ||
| <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2023-05-16"> | ||
| <day>16</day> | ||
| <month>5</month> | ||
| <year>2023</year> | ||
| </pub-date> | ||
| <volume>9</volume> | ||
| <issue>97</issue> | ||
| <fpage>5855</fpage> | ||
| <permissions> | ||
| <copyright-statement>Authors of papers retain copyright and release the | ||
| work under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC | ||
| BY 4.0)</copyright-statement> | ||
| <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year> | ||
| <copyright-holder>The article authors</copyright-holder> | ||
| <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> | ||
| <license-p>Authors of papers retain copyright and release the work under | ||
| a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY | ||
| 4.0)</license-p> | ||
| </license> | ||
| </permissions> | ||
| <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"> | ||
| <kwd>Python</kwd> | ||
| <kwd>water demand</kwd> | ||
| <kwd>downscaling</kwd> | ||
| </kwd-group> | ||
| </article-meta> | ||
| </front> | ||
| <body> | ||
| <sec id="summary"> | ||
| <title>Summary</title> | ||
| <p>Humans use water for many important tasks, such as drinking, | ||
| growing food, and cooling power plants. Since future water demands | ||
| depend on complex global interactions between economic sectors (e.g., | ||
| demand for wheat in one country causing demand for water to grow that | ||
| wheat in another country), it is often modeled at coarse spatial and | ||
| temporal scales as part of models that account for complex, | ||
| multi-sector system dynamics. However, models that project future | ||
| water availability typically simulate physical processes at much finer | ||
| scales. <monospace>Tethys</monospace> enables integration between | ||
| these kinds of models by downscaling region-scale water demand | ||
| projections using sector-specific proxies and formulas.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="statement-of-need"> | ||
| <title>Statement of Need</title> | ||
| <p>Global hydrological models often require gridded water demand data | ||
| to represent the location and timing of flows for human consumption, | ||
| but historical inventories of water use are often only available per | ||
| country at annual or larger intervals | ||
| (<xref alt="Huang et al., 2018" rid="ref-hess-22-2117-2018" ref-type="bibr">Huang | ||
| et al., 2018</xref>). In order to model future global economic | ||
| linkages in detail, multi-sector models (e.g., the Global Change | ||
| Analysis Model | ||
| (<xref alt="Binsted et al., 2022" rid="ref-gmd-15-2533-2022" ref-type="bibr">Binsted | ||
| et al., 2022</xref>; | ||
| <xref alt="Calvin et al., 2019" rid="ref-gmd-12-677-2019" ref-type="bibr">Calvin | ||
| et al., 2019</xref>)) also operate at these coarser spatial and | ||
| temporal scales. This gap in scale makes downscaling water demands a | ||
| common need.</p> | ||
| <p>The distribution of water demands depends on the location and | ||
| timing of activities that use water, so the usual approach is to use | ||
| relevant gridded datasets as spatial proxies for each water demand | ||
| sector (e.g., assume that irrigation water demand is proportional to | ||
| irrigated land area), then further allocate annual water demands among | ||
| months according to formulas that capture seasonal variations | ||
| (<xref alt="Voisin et al., 2013" rid="ref-hess-17-4555-2013" ref-type="bibr">Voisin | ||
| et al., 2013</xref>). This is typically accomplished with scripts | ||
| designed for specific model-integration workflows, but different | ||
| models and proxy datasets can have different breakdowns of water | ||
| demand sectors, limiting reuse of such scripts.</p> | ||
| <p>Building on previous versions | ||
| (<xref alt="Li et al., 2018" rid="ref-Li-2018" ref-type="bibr">Li et | ||
| al., 2018</xref>), <monospace>Tethys</monospace> now generalizes this | ||
| downscaling process to provide a convenient and flexible interface for | ||
| configuring proxy rules, as well as specifying target output | ||
| resolution, allowing researchers to easily generate finely gridded | ||
| water demand data that are consistent with coarser scale inventories | ||
| or simulations. <monospace>Tethys</monospace> has been used in | ||
| scientific publications such as Khan et al. | ||
| (<xref alt="2023" rid="ref-Khan2023" ref-type="bibr">2023</xref>), | ||
| which downscaled water demand from an ensemble of 75 socioeconomic and | ||
| climate scenarios.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="key-functionality"> | ||
| <title>Key Functionality</title> | ||
| <p><monospace>Tethys</monospace> consists of 2 stages: spatial | ||
| downscaling (<xref alt="[fig:1]" rid="figU003A1">[fig:1]</xref>) and | ||
| (optionally) temporal downscaling. First, sectoral water demands by | ||
| region are disaggregated to water demand by grid cell in proportion to | ||
| appropriate spatial proxies, i.e.,</p> | ||
| <p><disp-formula><alternatives> | ||
| <tex-math><![CDATA[\text{demand}_\text{cell} = \text{demand}_\text{region} \times \frac{\text{proxy}_\text{cell}}{\text{proxy}_\text{region}}.]]></tex-math> | ||
| <mml:math display="block" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">demand</mml:mtext><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">cell</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">demand</mml:mtext><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">region</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:msub><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">proxy</mml:mtext><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">cell</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">proxy</mml:mtext><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">region</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>.</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives></disp-formula></p> | ||
| <p>Then, temporal downscaling follows sector-specific formulas from | ||
| the literature, which determine the fraction of a year’s water demand | ||
| to allocate to each month based on relationships between monthly water | ||
| demand and other monthly variables. See the | ||
| <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jgcri.github.io/tethys">documentation</ext-link> | ||
| for more details and example usage.</p> | ||
| <fig> | ||
| <caption><p>Before and after spatial downscaling. | ||
| <styled-content id="figU003A1"></styled-content></p></caption> | ||
| <graphic mimetype="image" mime-subtype="png" xlink:href="example.png" /> | ||
| </fig> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="acknowledgements"> | ||
| <title>Acknowledgements</title> | ||
| <p>This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, | ||
| Office of Science, as part of research in MultiSector Dynamics, Earth | ||
| and Environmental System Modeling Program. The Pacific Northwest | ||
| National Laboratory is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute | ||
| under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. The views and opinions expressed in | ||
| this paper are those of the authors alone.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| </body> | ||
| <back> | ||
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