Note that everything is experimental and may change significantly at any time.
This repository collects Kubernetes manifests, Grafana dashboards, and Prometheus rules combined with documentation and scripts to provide easy to operate end-to-end Kubernetes cluster monitoring with Prometheus using the Prometheus Operator.
The content of this project is written in jsonnet. This project could both be described as a package as well as a library.
Components included in this package:
- The Prometheus Operator
- Highly available Prometheus
- Highly available Alertmanager
- Prometheus node-exporter
- Prometheus Adapter for Kubernetes Metrics APIs
- kube-state-metrics
- Grafana
This stack is meant for cluster monitoring, so it is pre-configured to collect metrics from all Kubernetes components. In addition to that it delivers a default set of dashboards and alerting rules. Many of the useful dashboards and alerts come from the kubernetes-mixin project, similar to this project it provides composable jsonnet as a library for users to customize to their needs.
- kube-prometheus
- Table of contents
- Prerequisites
- Quickstart
- Customizing Kube-Prometheus
- Update from upstream project
- Configuration
- Customization Examples
- Cluster Creation Tools
- Internal Registry
- NodePorts
- Prometheus Object Name
- node-exporter DaemonSet namespace
- Alertmanager configuration
- Adding additional namespaces to monitor
- Static etcd configuration
- Pod Anti-Affinity
- Customizing Prometheus alerting/recording rules and Grafana dashboards
- Exposing Prometheus/Alermanager/Grafana via Ingress
- Minikube Example
- Troubleshooting
- Contributing
You will need a Kubernetes cluster, that's it! By default it is assumed, that the kubelet uses token authentication and authorization, as otherwise Prometheus needs a client certificate, which gives it full access to the kubelet, rather than just the metrics. Token authentication and authorization allows more fine grained and easier access control.
This means the kubelet configuration must contain these flags:
--authentication-token-webhook=true
This flag enables, that aServiceAccount
token can be used to authenticate against the kubelet(s).--authorization-mode=Webhook
This flag enables, that the kubelet will perform an RBAC request with the API to determine, whether the requesting entity (Prometheus in this case) is allow to access a resource, in specific for this project the/metrics
endpoint.
This stack provides resource metrics by deploying the Prometheus Adapter. This adapter is an Extension API Server and Kubernetes needs to be have this feature enabled, otherwise the adapter has no effect, but is still deployed.
To try out this stack, start minikube with the following command:
$ minikube delete && minikube start --kubernetes-version=v1.16.0 --memory=6g --bootstrapper=kubeadm --extra-config=kubelet.authentication-token-webhook=true --extra-config=kubelet.authorization-mode=Webhook --extra-config=scheduler.address=0.0.0.0 --extra-config=controller-manager.address=0.0.0.0
The kube-prometheus stack includes a resource metrics API server, so the metrics-server addon is not necessary. Ensure the metrics-server addon is disabled on minikube:
$ minikube addons disable metrics-server
Note: For versions before Kubernetes v1.14.0 use the release-0.1 branch instead of master.
This project is intended to be used as a library (i.e. the intent is not for you to create your own modified copy of this repository).
Though for a quickstart a compiled version of the Kubernetes manifests generated with this library (specifically with example.jsonnet
) is checked into this repository in order to try the content out quickly. To try out the stack un-customized run:
- Create the monitoring stack using the config in the
manifests
directory:
# Create the namespace and CRDs, and then wait for them to be availble before creating the remaining resources
kubectl create -f manifests/setup
until kubectl get servicemonitors --all-namespaces ; do date; sleep 1; echo ""; done
kubectl create -f manifests/
We create the namespace and CustomResourceDefinitions first to avoid race conditions when deploying the monitoring components.
Alternatively, the resources in both folders can be applied with a single command
kubectl create -f manifests/setup -f manifests
, but it may be necessary to run the command multiple times for all components to
be created successfullly.
- And to teardown the stack:
kubectl delete --ignore-not-found=true -f manifests/ -f manifests/setup
Prometheus, Grafana, and Alertmanager dashboards can be accessed quickly using kubectl port-forward
after running the quickstart via the commands below. Kubernetes 1.10 or later is required.
Note: There are instructions on how to route to these pods behind an ingress controller in the Exposing Prometheus/Alermanager/Grafana via Ingress section.
Prometheus
$ kubectl --namespace monitoring port-forward svc/prometheus-k8s 9090
Then access via http://localhost:9090
Grafana
$ kubectl --namespace monitoring port-forward svc/grafana 3000
Then access via http://localhost:3000 and use the default grafana user:password of admin:admin
.
Alert Manager
$ kubectl --namespace monitoring port-forward svc/alertmanager-main 9093
Then access via http://localhost:9093
This section:
- describes how to customize the kube-prometheus library via compiling the kube-prometheus manifests yourself (as an alternative to the Quickstart section).
- still doesn't require you to make a copy of this entire repository, but rather only a copy of a few select files.
The content of this project consists of a set of jsonnet files making up a library to be consumed.
Install this library in your own project with jsonnet-bundler (the jsonnet package manager):
$ mkdir my-kube-prometheus; cd my-kube-prometheus
$ jb init # Creates the initial/empty `jsonnetfile.json`
# Install the kube-prometheus dependency
$ jb install github.com/coreos/kube-prometheus/jsonnet/[email protected] # Creates `vendor/` & `jsonnetfile.lock.json`, and fills in `jsonnetfile.json`
jb
can be installed withgo get github.com/jsonnet-bundler/jsonnet-bundler/cmd/jb
An e.g. of how to install a given version of this library:
jb install github.com/coreos/kube-prometheus/jsonnet/[email protected]
In order to update the kube-prometheus dependency, simply use the jsonnet-bundler update functionality:
$ jb update
e.g. of how to compile the manifests: ./build.sh example.jsonnet
before compiling, install
gojsontoyaml
tool withgo get github.com/brancz/gojsontoyaml
Here's example.jsonnet:
local kp =
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
// Uncomment the following imports to enable its patches
// (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-anti-affinity.libsonnet') +
// (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-managed-cluster.libsonnet') +
// (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-node-ports.libsonnet') +
// (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-static-etcd.libsonnet') +
// (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-thanos-sidecar.libsonnet') +
{
_config+:: {
namespace: 'monitoring',
},
};
{ ['setup/0namespace-' + name]: kp.kubePrometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubePrometheus) } +
{
['setup/prometheus-operator-' + name]: kp.prometheusOperator[name]
for name in std.filter((function(name) name != 'serviceMonitor'), std.objectFields(kp.prometheusOperator))
} +
// serviceMonitor is separated so that it can be created after the CRDs are ready
{ 'prometheus-operator-serviceMonitor': kp.prometheusOperator.serviceMonitor } +
{ ['node-exporter-' + name]: kp.nodeExporter[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.nodeExporter) } +
{ ['kube-state-metrics-' + name]: kp.kubeStateMetrics[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubeStateMetrics) } +
{ ['alertmanager-' + name]: kp.alertmanager[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.alertmanager) } +
{ ['prometheus-' + name]: kp.prometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheus) } +
{ ['prometheus-adapter-' + name]: kp.prometheusAdapter[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheusAdapter) } +
{ ['grafana-' + name]: kp.grafana[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.grafana) }
And here's the build.sh script (which uses vendor/
to render all manifests in a json structure of {filename: manifest-content}
):
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# This script uses arg $1 (name of *.jsonnet file to use) to generate the manifests/*.yaml files.
set -e
set -x
# only exit with zero if all commands of the pipeline exit successfully
set -o pipefail
# Make sure to start with a clean 'manifests' dir
rm -rf manifests
mkdir -p manifests/setup
# optional, but we would like to generate yaml, not json
jsonnet -J vendor -m manifests "${1-example.jsonnet}" | xargs -I{} sh -c 'cat {} | gojsontoyaml > {}.yaml; rm -f {}' -- {}
Note you need
jsonnet
(go get github.com/google/go-jsonnet/cmd/jsonnet
) andgojsontoyaml
(go get github.com/brancz/gojsontoyaml
) installed to runbuild.sh
. If you just want json output, not yaml, then you can skip the pipe and everything afterwards.
This script runs the jsonnet code, then reads each key of the generated json and uses that as the file name, and writes the value of that key to that file, and converts each json manifest to yaml.
The previous steps (compilation) has created a bunch of manifest files in the manifest/ folder.
Now simply use kubectl
to install Prometheus and Grafana as per your configuration:
$ kubectl apply -f manifests/
Check the monitoring namespace (or the namespace you have specific in namespace:
) and make sure the pods are running. Prometheus and Grafana should be up and running soon.
If you don't care to have jb
nor jsonnet
nor gojsontoyaml
installed, then use quay.io/coreos/jsonnet-ci
container image. Do the following from this kube-prometheus
directory:
$ docker run --rm -v $(pwd):$(pwd) --workdir $(pwd) quay.io/coreos/jsonnet-ci jb update
$ docker run --rm -v $(pwd):$(pwd) --workdir $(pwd) quay.io/coreos/jsonnet-ci ./build.sh example.jsonnet
You may wish to fetch changes made on this project so they are available to you.
jb
may have been updated so it's a good idea to get the latest version of this binary:
$ go get -u github.com/jsonnet-bundler/jsonnet-bundler/cmd/jb
The command below will sync with upstream project:
$ jb update
Once updated, just follow the instructions under "Compiling" and "Apply the kube-prometheus stack" to apply the changes to your cluster.
Jsonnet has the concept of hidden fields. These are fields, that are not going to be rendered in a result. This is used to configure the kube-prometheus components in jsonnet. In the example jsonnet code of the above Usage section, you can see an example of this, where the namespace
is being configured to be monitoring
. In order to not override the whole object, use the +::
construct of jsonnet, to merge objects, this way you can override individual settings, but retain all other settings and defaults.
These are the available fields with their respective default values:
{
_config+:: {
namespace: "default",
versions+:: {
alertmanager: "v0.17.0",
nodeExporter: "v0.18.1",
kubeStateMetrics: "v1.5.0",
kubeRbacProxy: "v0.4.1",
prometheusOperator: "v0.30.0",
prometheus: "v2.10.0",
},
imageRepos+:: {
prometheus: "quay.io/prometheus/prometheus",
alertmanager: "quay.io/prometheus/alertmanager",
kubeStateMetrics: "quay.io/coreos/kube-state-metrics",
kubeRbacProxy: "quay.io/coreos/kube-rbac-proxy",
nodeExporter: "quay.io/prometheus/node-exporter",
prometheusOperator: "quay.io/coreos/prometheus-operator",
},
prometheus+:: {
names: 'k8s',
replicas: 2,
rules: {},
},
alertmanager+:: {
name: 'main',
config: |||
global:
resolve_timeout: 5m
route:
group_by: ['job']
group_wait: 30s
group_interval: 5m
repeat_interval: 12h
receiver: 'null'
routes:
- match:
alertname: Watchdog
receiver: 'null'
receivers:
- name: 'null'
|||,
replicas: 3,
},
kubeStateMetrics+:: {
collectors: '', // empty string gets a default set
scrapeInterval: '30s',
scrapeTimeout: '30s',
baseCPU: '100m',
baseMemory: '150Mi',
},
nodeExporter+:: {
port: 9100,
},
},
}
The grafana definition is located in a different project (https://github.com/brancz/kubernetes-grafana), but needed configuration can be customized from the same top level _config
field. For example to allow anonymous access to grafana, add the following _config
section:
grafana+:: {
config: { // http://docs.grafana.org/installation/configuration/
sections: {
"auth.anonymous": {enabled: true},
},
},
},
Jsonnet is a turing complete language, any logic can be reflected in it. It also has powerful merge functionalities, allowing sophisticated customizations of any kind simply by merging it into the object the library provides.
A common example is that not all Kubernetes clusters are created exactly the same way, meaning the configuration to monitor them may be slightly different. For kubeadm, bootkube, kops and kubespray clusters there are mixins available to easily configure these:
kubeadm:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-kubeadm.libsonnet')
bootkube:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-bootkube.libsonnet')
kops:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-kops.libsonnet')
kops with CoreDNS:
If your kops cluster is using CoreDNS, there is an additional mixin to import.
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-kops.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-kops-coredns.libsonnet')
kubespray:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-kubespray.libsonnet')
kube-aws:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-kube-aws.libsonnet')
Some Kubernetes installations source all their images from an internal registry. kube-prometheus supports this use case and helps the user synchronize every image it uses to the internal registry and generate manifests pointing at the internal registry.
To produce the docker pull/tag/push
commands that will synchronize upstream images to internal-registry.com/organization
(after having run the jb
command to populate the vendor directory):
$ jsonnet -J vendor -S --tla-str repository=internal-registry.com/organization sync-to-internal-registry.jsonnet
$ docker pull k8s.gcr.io/addon-resizer:1.8.4
$ docker tag k8s.gcr.io/addon-resizer:1.8.4 internal-registry.com/organization/addon-resizer:1.8.4
$ docker push internal-registry.com/organization/addon-resizer:1.8.4
$ docker pull quay.io/prometheus/alertmanager:v0.16.2
$ docker tag quay.io/prometheus/alertmanager:v0.16.2 internal-registry.com/organization/alertmanager:v0.16.2
$ docker push internal-registry.com/organization/alertmanager:v0.16.2
...
The output of this command can be piped to a shell to be executed by appending | sh
.
Then to generate manifests with internal-registry.com/organization
, use the withImageRepository
mixin:
local mixin = import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-config-mixins.libsonnet';
local kp = (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
_config+:: {
namespace: 'monitoring',
},
} + mixin.withImageRepository('internal-registry.com/organization');
{ ['00namespace-' + name]: kp.kubePrometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubePrometheus) } +
{ ['0prometheus-operator-' + name]: kp.prometheusOperator[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheusOperator) } +
{ ['node-exporter-' + name]: kp.nodeExporter[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.nodeExporter) } +
{ ['kube-state-metrics-' + name]: kp.kubeStateMetrics[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubeStateMetrics) } +
{ ['alertmanager-' + name]: kp.alertmanager[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.alertmanager) } +
{ ['prometheus-' + name]: kp.prometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheus) } +
{ ['grafana-' + name]: kp.grafana[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.grafana) }
Another mixin that may be useful for exploring the stack is to expose the UIs of Prometheus, Alertmanager and Grafana on NodePorts:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-node-ports.libsonnet')
To give another customization example, the name of the Prometheus
object provided by this library can be overridden:
((import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
prometheus+: {
prometheus+: {
metadata+: {
name: 'my-name',
},
},
},
}).prometheus.prometheus
Standard Kubernetes manifests are all written using ksonnet-lib, so they can be modified with the mixins supplied by ksonnet-lib. For example to override the namespace of the node-exporter DaemonSet:
local k = import 'ksonnet/ksonnet.beta.3/k.libsonnet';
local daemonset = k.apps.v1beta2.daemonSet;
((import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
nodeExporter+: {
daemonset+:
daemonset.mixin.metadata.withNamespace('my-custom-namespace'),
},
}).nodeExporter.daemonset
The Alertmanager configuration is located in the _config.alertmanager.config
configuration field. In order to set a custom Alertmanager configuration simply set this field.
((import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
_config+:: {
alertmanager+: {
config: |||
global:
resolve_timeout: 10m
route:
group_by: ['job']
group_wait: 30s
group_interval: 5m
repeat_interval: 12h
receiver: 'null'
routes:
- match:
alertname: Watchdog
receiver: 'null'
receivers:
- name: 'null'
|||,
},
},
}).alertmanager.secret
In the above example the configuration has been inlined, but can just as well be an external file imported in jsonnet via the importstr
function.
((import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
_config+:: {
alertmanager+: {
config: importstr 'alertmanager-config.yaml',
},
},
}).alertmanager.secret
In order to monitor additional namespaces, the Prometheus server requires the appropriate Role
and RoleBinding
to be able to discover targets from that namespace. By default the Prometheus server is limited to the three namespaces it requires: default, kube-system and the namespace you configure the stack to run in via $._config.namespace
. This is specified in $._config.prometheus.namespaces
, to add new namespaces to monitor, simply append the additional namespaces:
local kp = (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
_config+:: {
namespace: 'monitoring',
prometheus+:: {
namespaces+: ['my-namespace', 'my-second-namespace'],
},
},
};
{ ['00namespace-' + name]: kp.kubePrometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubePrometheus) } +
{ ['0prometheus-operator-' + name]: kp.prometheusOperator[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheusOperator) } +
{ ['node-exporter-' + name]: kp.nodeExporter[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.nodeExporter) } +
{ ['kube-state-metrics-' + name]: kp.kubeStateMetrics[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubeStateMetrics) } +
{ ['alertmanager-' + name]: kp.alertmanager[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.alertmanager) } +
{ ['prometheus-' + name]: kp.prometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheus) } +
{ ['grafana-' + name]: kp.grafana[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.grafana) }
In order to Prometheus be able to discovery and scrape services inside the additional namespaces specified in previous step you need to define a ServiceMonitor resource.
Typically it is up to the users of a namespace to provision the ServiceMonitor resource, but in case you want to generate it with the same tooling as the rest of the cluster monitoring infrastructure, this is a guide on how to achieve this.
You can define ServiceMonitor resources in your jsonnet
spec. See the snippet bellow:
local kp = (import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') + {
_config+:: {
namespace: 'monitoring',
prometheus+:: {
namespaces+: ['my-namespace', 'my-second-namespace'],
}
},
prometheus+:: {
serviceMonitorMyNamespace: {
apiVersion: 'monitoring.coreos.com/v1',
kind: 'ServiceMonitor',
metadata: {
name: 'my-servicemonitor',
namespace: 'my-namespace',
},
spec: {
jobLabel: 'app',
endpoints: [
{
port: 'http-metrics',
},
],
selector: {
matchLabels: {
'app': 'myapp',
},
},
},
},
},
};
{ ['00namespace-' + name]: kp.kubePrometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubePrometheus) } +
{ ['0prometheus-operator-' + name]: kp.prometheusOperator[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheusOperator) } +
{ ['node-exporter-' + name]: kp.nodeExporter[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.nodeExporter) } +
{ ['kube-state-metrics-' + name]: kp.kubeStateMetrics[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.kubeStateMetrics) } +
{ ['alertmanager-' + name]: kp.alertmanager[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.alertmanager) } +
{ ['prometheus-' + name]: kp.prometheus[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.prometheus) } +
{ ['grafana-' + name]: kp.grafana[name] for name in std.objectFields(kp.grafana) }
NOTE: make sure your service resources has the right labels (eg.
'app': 'myapp'
) applied. Prometheus use kubernetes labels to discovery resources inside the namespaces.
In order to configure a static etcd cluster to scrape there is a simple kube-prometheus-static-etcd.libsonnet mixin prepared - see etcd.jsonnet for an example of how to use that mixin, and Monitoring external etcd for more information.
Note that monitoring etcd in minikube is currently not possible because of how etcd is setup. (minikube's etcd binds to 127.0.0.1:2379 only, and within host networking namespace.)
To prevent Prometheus
and Alertmanager
instances from being deployed onto the same node when
possible, one can include the kube-prometheus-anti-affinity.libsonnet mixin:
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus.libsonnet') +
(import 'kube-prometheus/kube-prometheus-anti-affinity.libsonnet')
See developing Prometheus rules and Grafana dashboards guide.
See exposing Prometheus/Alertmanager/Grafana guide.
To use an easy to reproduce example, see minikube.jsonnet, which uses the minikube setup as demonstrated in Prerequisites. Because we would like easy access to our Prometheus, Alertmanager and Grafana UIs, minikube.jsonnet
exposes the services as NodePort type services.
Should the Prometheus /targets
page show kubelet targets, but not able to successfully scrape the metrics, then most likely it is a problem with the authentication and authorization setup of the kubelets.
As described in the Prerequisites section, in order to retrieve metrics from the kubelet token authentication and authorization must be enabled. Some Kubernetes setup tools do not enable this by default.
If you are using Google's GKE product, see cAdvisor support.
The Prometheus /targets
page will show the kubelet job with the error 403 Unauthorized
, when token authentication is not enabled. Ensure, that the --authentication-token-webhook=true
flag is enabled on all kubelet configurations.
The Prometheus /targets
page will show the kubelet job with the error 401 Unauthorized
, when token authorization is not enabled. Ensure that the --authorization-mode=Webhook
flag is enabled on all kubelet configurations.
In some environments, kube-state-metrics may need additional resources. One driver for more resource needs, is a high number of namespaces. There may be others.
kube-state-metrics resource allocation is managed by addon-resizer You can control it's parameters by setting variables in the config. They default to:
kubeStateMetrics+:: {
baseCPU: '100m',
cpuPerNode: '2m',
baseMemory: '150Mi',
memoryPerNode: '30Mi',
}
All .yaml
files in the /manifests
folder are generated via
Jsonnet. Contributing changes will most likely include
the following process:
- Make your changes in the respective
*.jsonnet
file. - Commit your changes (This is currently necessary due to our vendoring process. This is likely to change in the future).
- Update the pinned kube-prometheus dependency in
jsonnetfile.lock.json
:jb update
- Generate dependent
*.yaml
files:make generate-in-docker
- Commit the generated changes.