riskscores

Risk scores are sparse linear models that map an integer linear combination of covariates to the probability of an outcome occurring. Unlike regression models, risk score models consist of integer coefficients for often dichotomous variables. This allows risk score predictions to be easily computed by adding or subtracting a few small numbers.

Risk scores developed heuristically by altering logistic regression models have decreased performance, as there is a fundamental trade-off between the model’s simplicity and its predictive accuracy. In contrast, this package presents an optimization approach to learning risk scores, where the constraints for sparsity and integer coefficients are integrated into the model-fitting process, rather than implemented afterward.

Installation

You can install the development version of riskscores from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("hjeglinton/riskscores", build_vignettes = TRUE)

Example

We’ll fit a risk score model to predict breast cancer from biopsy data. More details can be found in the package’s vignette.

library(riskscores)

# Prepare data
y <- breastcancer[,1]
X <- as.matrix(breastcancer[,-1])

# Fit risk score model 
mod <- risk_mod(X, y, lambda0 = 0.058)

The integer risk score model can be viewed by calling mod$model_card. An individual’s risk score can be calculated by multiplying each covariate response by its respective number of points and then adding all points together. In our example below, a patient with a ClumpThickness value of 1, a BareNuclei value of 5, and a BlandChromatin value of 10 would receive a score of $10(1) + 7(5) + 8(10) = 125$.

	Points
ClumpThickness	10
BareNuclei	7
BlandChromatin	8

Each score can then be mapped to a risk probability. The mod$score_map dataframe maps an integer range of scores to their associated risk. We can see that a patient who received a score of 125 would have a 77.9% risk of their tissue sample being malignant.

Score	Risk
25	0.0006
50	0.0054
75	0.0446
100	0.2886
125	0.7788
150	0.9683
175	0.9962
200	0.9996