edi3 · monkeypants · Feb 27, 2019 · Feb 20, 2019 · Feb 20, 2019 · Feb 20, 2019
diff --git a/docs/index.md b/docs/index.md
@@ -3,14 +3,106 @@ title: "edi3 Inter Customs Ledger 1.0 Specification"
 specID: "icl/1"
 status: "![raw](http://rfc.unprotocols.org/spec:2/COSS/raw.svg)"
 editors: "[Chris Gough](https://github.com/monkeypants)"
-contributors: 
+contributors: "[Richard Spellman](https://github.com/arpentnoir)"
 ---
 
 ## Introduction
+International trade clearance procedures require a number of documents to be presented to satisfy the requirements of a variety of agreements. For example, in order for an importer to gain preferential tariff treatment under a Free Trade Agreement, the importer must present a valid Certificate of Origin (issued to the exporter) which states that the goods being imported qualify as originating in the country which is party to the agreement. These processes are managed largely by the transfer of paper documents which are subject to loss, alteration and forgery. 
+> FIXME
+there should be some text here describing the financial consequences of the last statement above
 
 
+> FIXME
+clear and consise description of the problem that an ICL proposes to solve
+e.g. Clearance of shipments can be delayed because of uncertainty around accompanying documentation, causing signifant costs to bla bla bla
+
+An Inter Customs Ledger is proposed as an apporach to the transfer of shipment related documents between customs agencies which is immediate, permanent and irrefutable.
+
+This document uses the case of managing a Certificate of Origin as the guiding use case for the initial specification, however it is intended that the Inter Customs Ledger should be generic and allow for the transfer of any shipment related documentation between authorised agencies. 
+
+#### Background
+The following present some existing approaches to implementing a blockchain solution to managing certificates of origin, as well as some general trade related blockchain initiatives, and non-blockchain related solutions to solving some of the problems of international shipment documentation. 
+
+> FIXME
+put brief summary of existing certificate of origin solutions and a couple of other things here. short paragraph. reference link below
+
+[Survey of Blockchain Based Approaches to Managing International Trade Documentation](precedents.md)
+
+#### Users
+> FIXME
+list of parties and their roles etc
+exporter - applies for certificate
+authorised body - issues certificate
+importer - applies for preferential tariff treatment
+customs authority - grants preferential tariff treatment
+
+
+#### Example Scenarios
+> FIXME
+> Get full list of documents required for a simple case where only additional 
+> documentation beyond generic shipment documentation is a Certificate of Origin
+> maybe a wine shipment? 
+> as well as all documents required for a more complex scenario, maybe orchids (certificate of origin, CITES, phytosanitary...) as well as full list of parties involved
+
+#### Open Questions
+**What is the relationship between a party running a node and a party authorised to view the contents of a Document?**
+This goes to the question of what content of a given document is available on-chain. Some options are: 
+
+> FIXME
+> elaborate on each of the options below 
+- all document content is on-chain and encrypted
+- document content is published and only a reference to the document and it's hash is on-chain
+- all document content is on chain and not encrypted (being a node is the same as having authority to view document details)
+
+**Should an Inter Customs Ledger manage the state lifecyle of a Document?**
+
+**What is a Document in the context of the Inter Customs Ledger?**
+  - a thing added to the chain by an authorised body which has state and allows some party to take some action dependant on that state
+  - a digital asset granted to a party that allows that party to trade the asset for some service
+
+**What is the appropriate 'chain of custody' of a document in the context of the Inter Customs Ledger?**
+  - export customs to import customs
+  - authorised body to exporter to importer to import customs
+
+**How should the ICL function in the context of an existing legislated paper based process?**
+
+
+## Design Goals
+
+**Avoid proliferation of ledgers**
+**Maintain privacy of document content**
+**Collect meaningful data about the use of a Document**
+
+
+- any authorised body should be able to run a node
+- participating as a node should not necessarily give access to the content of a message
+- importers and exports must be able to present a certificate to an inspecting authority and for the authority to be able to validate it
+- there must be some mechanism to prevent double spend of a document
+
+What is a certificate (document)? 
+- a thing with state that allows a party to take some action
+- a digital asset which can be traded for some action
+
+
+
+## Future Directions
+
+For example, a shipment of orchids from China to Australia might require the following documents to be presented: 
+- A Certificate of Origin presented to the importing customs authority as part of an application for preferential tariff treatment under ChAFTA.
+- A CITES Export permit presented to the exporting customs authority to authorise export of a CITES product
+  - The same permit presented to the CITES Management Authority of Australia in order to grant an import permit
+- A CITES Import permit presented to Australian Customs in order to clear the Import
+- Bill of layding or air waybill
+
+These paper documents are inherently prone to loss, alteration and forgery. The aim of the Inter Customs Ledger is to provide a mechanism which allows interested parties to determine the validity of a given shipment document. 
+
 
 ## Goals
+- any interested customs authority can participate in the ICL
+- private or commercial in confidence data required by a document specification is only visible to authorised parties
+- a party wishing to participate should not need to maintain multiple systems to transact with each of their trading partners
+- it must be possible for an importer or exporter to present a document in some format to a customs authority and for the customs authority to confirm the validity of the document
+- it must allow for a document to be invalidated - either because it has been exhausted, or because it has been cancelled.
 
 
 
@@ -22,7 +114,11 @@ contributors:
 
 Phrase | Definition
 ------------ | -------------
-|
+| Document | | 
+| Clearance| |
+| Authorised Body| |
+| Node | |
+
 
 This service depends on - TBA.
 
@@ -53,8 +149,14 @@ if not, see [http://www.gnu.org/licenses](http://www.gnu.org/licenses).
 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" 
 in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
 
-# Billing Process
-
+# High Level Requirements
+1. Any Customs Authority SHOULD be able to participate in the ICL by running a Node
+2. Participating in the network by running a Node SHOULD NOT grant access to the content of a document
+3. A message on the Inter Customs Ledger MAY provide a mechanism for discovering the full content of the document to which it relates
+4. The Inter Customs Ledger MUST provide a mechanism for preventing an importer or exporter from re-using a document which is intended to have a single use
+5. The Inter Customs Ledger MUST provide some mechanism for asserting the validity of a document presented by an importer or exporter 
+6. The Inter Customs Ledger MUST provide some mechanism for invalidating a Document
+7. The Inter Customs Ledger MUST provide some mechanism for specifying who can perform certain actions with respect to a Document
 
 
 ## State Lifecycle

diff --git a/docs/precedents.md b/docs/precedents.md
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# Survey of Blockchain Based Approaches to Managing International Trade Documentation
+
+## Certificates of Origin 
+
+#### Singapore
+
+  - partnership between Singapore International Chamber of Commerce and vCargo Cloud
+  - retains paper certificates
+  - certificate can be verified using QR code
+  - provides some mechanism for restricting allowable prints
+  - private ledger
+
+**resources**
+https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/certificate-of-origin-blockchain-platform-launched
+http://fintechnews.sg/19677/blockchain/blockchain-based-e-certificate-of-origin-singapore-chamber-of-commerce/
+
+#### Kenya
+
+- same system as Singapore (vCargo Cloud)
+
+**resources**
+https://www.gtreview.com/news/africa/blockchain-based-certificates-of-origin-come-to-kenya/
+https://cryptotvplus.com/kenya-gets-blockchain-based-e-certificate-of-origin/
+
+#### United States
+
+- Piloting blockchain system to verify NAFTA and CAFTA certificates of origin 
+
+**resources**
+https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2018/08/tnf-united-states-cbp-blockchain-testing-for-certificate-of-origin-verification.html
+
+#### United Kingdom
+
+  - certificate issued using Bristol Chamber of Commerce's e-z cert system
+  - looks like the technology parter for the prototype (i2i infinity) are the providers of e-z Cert
+  - paper certificate provided to comply with existing regulations
+  - also uses QR code on certificate to allow validation
+  - uses Ethereum
+  - i2i infinity looking to use Fabric in future in order to align with IBM and Maersk
+
+**resources**
+https://www.i2i-infinity.co.uk/blog/post/15667
+
+
+## Technologies
+
+[Hyperledger Fabric](https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/fabric) is a framework for developing blockchain solutions where there are multiple parties interacting with different requirements for access to private data. 
+
+[Hyperledger Grid](https://www.hyperledger.org/blog/2019/01/22/announcing-hyperledger-grid-a-new-project-to-help-build-and-deliver-supply-chain-solutions) framework for developing supply chain solutions. In incubation phase. 
+
+[TradeLens](https://www.tradelens.com/)
+
+
+## Proof of Existence
+https://www.proofofexistence.com/
+https://digitalcurrency.unic.ac.cy/free-introductory-mooc/self-verifiable-certificates-on-the-bitcoin-blockchain/academic-certificates-on-the-blockchain/
+
+## General Reading
+
+[WCO news October 2018](https://mag.wcoomd.org/uploads/2018/10/WCO_News_87.pdf)
+[Can Blockchain revolutionise internatinal trade?](https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/blockchainrev18_e.pdf)
+[UNECE Blockchain Whitepaper](https://uncefact.unece.org/display/uncefactpublicreview/Public+Review%3A+Blockchain+Whitepaper)
+
+## As yet uncollated list of possibly interesting/relevant things
+
+
+https://iccwbo.org/resources-for-business/certificates-of-origin/certificates-origin-verification-website/
+https://certificates.iccwbo.org/
+https://www.blockcerts.org/
+http://certificates.media.mit.edu/
+https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/07/learning-machine-credentials/
+https://help.accredible.com/hc/en-us/articles/115003427425-What-are-Blockchain-Credentials-
+https://www.esscert.com/chambers-of-commerce/
+https://iccwbo.org/resources-for-business/certificates-of-origin/electronic-certificates-origin/
+https://www.e-zcert.com/uk/
+https://www.itnews.com.au/news/nsw-puts-digital-drivers-licence-on-a-blockchain-512298
+https://www.coindesk.com/blockchain-perfect-government-services-heres-blueprint
+https://www.eventbrite.com.au/e/wca-china-australia-wine-marketing-summit-tickets-53428628466
+https://www.apacblockchain.com.au/
+https://www.americanexpress.com/us/foreign-exchange/articles/blockchain-in-certificate-of-origin/
+https://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/261893/pil-ibm-to-create-electronic-bill-of-lading/
+https://www.ledgerinsights.com/cargosmart-deloitte-enterprise-blockchain-interoperability-kerry-logistics/
+https://komgo.io/enterprise-blockchain-for-trade-financing/