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<pre class="sourcecodebox">/*
File: SerialPortSample.c
Description: This sample demonstrates how to use IOKitLib to find all serial ports on the system.
It also shows how to open, write to, read from, and close a serial port.
Copyright: © Copyright 2000-2005 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer: IMPORTANT: This Apple software is supplied to you by Apple Computer, Inc.
("Apple") in consideration of your agreement to the following terms, and your
use, installation, modification or redistribution of this Apple software
constitutes acceptance of these terms. If you do not agree with these terms,
please do not use, install, modify or redistribute this Apple software.
In consideration of your agreement to abide by the following terms, and subject
to these terms, Apple grants you a personal, non-exclusive license, under Apple's
copyrights in this original Apple software (the "Apple Software"), to use,
reproduce, modify and redistribute the Apple Software, with or without
modifications, in source and/or binary forms; provided that if you redistribute
the Apple Software in its entirety and without modifications, you must retain
this notice and the following text and disclaimers in all such redistributions of
the Apple Software. Neither the name, trademarks, service marks or logos of
Apple Computer, Inc. may be used to endorse or promote products derived from the
Apple Software without specific prior written permission from Apple. Except as
expressly stated in this notice, no other rights or licenses, express or implied,
are granted by Apple herein, including but not limited to any patent rights that
may be infringed by your derivative works or by other works in which the Apple
Software may be incorporated.
The Apple Software is provided by Apple on an "AS IS" basis. APPLE MAKES NO
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, REGARDING THE APPLE SOFTWARE OR ITS USE AND OPERATION ALONE OR IN
COMBINATION WITH YOUR PRODUCTS.
IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE, REPRODUCTION, MODIFICATION AND/OR DISTRIBUTION
OF THE APPLE SOFTWARE, HOWEVER CAUSED AND WHETHER UNDER THEORY OF CONTRACT, TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF APPLE HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
Change History (most recent first):
<5> 07/20/05 Updated to produce a universal binary. Added examples of setting
arbitrary baud rates and the read timer latency. Use kIOMasterPortDefault
instead of older IOMasterPort function.
<4> 10/15/02 Add CodeWarrior project (r. 2797719).
Consider local echo in modem response parsing (r. 2985626).
Add examples of additional POSIX serial calls and man page references.
<3> 12/19/00 New IOKit keys.
<2> 08/22/00 Incorporated changes from code review.
<1> 08/03/00 New sample.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <paths.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sysexits.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
#ifdef __MWERKS__
#define __CF_USE_FRAMEWORK_INCLUDES__
#endif
#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
#include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h>
#include <IOKit/serial/IOSerialKeys.h>
#if defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_3) && (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_3)
#include <IOKit/serial/ioss.h>
#endif
#include <IOKit/IOBSD.h>
// Apple internal modems default to local echo being on. If your modem has local echo disabled,
// undefine the following macro.
#define LOCAL_ECHO
#define kATCommandString "AT\r"
#ifdef LOCAL_ECHO
#define kOKResponseString "AT\r\r\nOK\r\n"
#else
#define kOKResponseString "\r\nOK\r\n"
#endif
enum {
kNumRetries = 3
};
// Hold the original termios attributes so we can reset them
static struct termios gOriginalTTYAttrs;
// Function prototypes
static kern_return_t FindModems(io_iterator_t *matchingServices);
static kern_return_t GetModemPath(io_iterator_t serialPortIterator, char *bsdPath, CFIndex maxPathSize);
static int OpenSerialPort(const char *bsdPath);
static char *LogString(char *str);
static Boolean InitializeModem(int fileDescriptor);
static void CloseSerialPort(int fileDescriptor);
// Returns an iterator across all known modems. Caller is responsible for
// releasing the iterator when iteration is complete.
static kern_return_t FindModems(io_iterator_t *matchingServices)
{
kern_return_t kernResult;
CFMutableDictionaryRef classesToMatch;
/*! @function IOServiceMatching
@abstract Create a matching dictionary that specifies an IOService class match.
@discussion A very common matching criteria for IOService is based on its class. IOServiceMatching will create a matching dictionary that specifies any IOService of a class, or its subclasses. The class is specified by C-string name.
@param name The class name, as a const C-string. Class matching is successful on IOService's of this class or any subclass.
@result The matching dictionary created, is returned on success, or zero on failure. The dictionary is commonly passed to IOServiceGetMatchingServices or IOServiceAddNotification which will consume a reference, otherwise it should be released with CFRelease by the caller. */
// Serial devices are instances of class IOSerialBSDClient
classesToMatch = IOServiceMatching(kIOSerialBSDServiceValue);
if (classesToMatch == NULL)
{
printf("IOServiceMatching returned a NULL dictionary.\n");
}
else {
/*!
@function CFDictionarySetValue
Sets the value of the key in the dictionary.
@param theDict The dictionary to which the value is to be set. If this
parameter is not a valid mutable CFDictionary, the behavior is
undefined. If the dictionary is a fixed-capacity dictionary and
it is full before this operation, and the key does not exist in
the dictionary, the behavior is undefined.
@param key The key of the value to set into the dictionary. If a key
which matches this key is already present in the dictionary, only
the value is changed ("add if absent, replace if present"). If
no key matches the given key, the key-value pair is added to the
dictionary. If added, the key is retained by the dictionary,
using the retain callback provided
when the dictionary was created. If the key is not of the sort
expected by the key retain callback, the behavior is undefined.
@param value The value to add to or replace into the dictionary. The value
is retained by the dictionary using the retain callback provided
when the dictionary was created, and the previous value if any is
released. If the value is not of the sort expected by the
retain or release callbacks, the behavior is undefined.
*/
CFDictionarySetValue(classesToMatch,
CFSTR(kIOSerialBSDTypeKey),
CFSTR(kIOSerialBSDModemType));
// Each serial device object has a property with key
// kIOSerialBSDTypeKey and a value that is one of kIOSerialBSDAllTypes,
// kIOSerialBSDModemType, or kIOSerialBSDRS232Type. You can experiment with the
// matching by changing the last parameter in the above call to CFDictionarySetValue.
// As shipped, this sample is only interested in modems,
// so add this property to the CFDictionary we're matching on.
// This will find devices that advertise themselves as modems,
// such as built-in and USB modems. However, this match won't find serial modems.
}
/*! @function IOServiceGetMatchingServices
@abstract Look up registered IOService objects that match a matching dictionary.
@discussion This is the preferred method of finding IOService objects currently registered by IOKit. IOServiceAddNotification can also supply this information and install a notification of new IOServices. The matching information used in the matching dictionary may vary depending on the class of service being looked up.
@param masterPort The master port obtained from IOMasterPort().
@param matching A CF dictionary containing matching information, of which one reference is consumed by this function. IOKitLib can contruct matching dictionaries for common criteria with helper functions such as IOServiceMatching, IOOpenFirmwarePathMatching.
@param existing An iterator handle is returned on success, and should be released by the caller when the iteration is finished.
@result A kern_return_t error code. */
kernResult = IOServiceGetMatchingServices(kIOMasterPortDefault, classesToMatch, matchingServices);
if (KERN_SUCCESS != kernResult)
{
printf("IOServiceGetMatchingServices returned %d\n", kernResult);
goto exit;
}
exit:
return kernResult;
}
// Given an iterator across a set of modems, return the BSD path to the first one.
// If no modems are found the path name is set to an empty string.
static kern_return_t GetModemPath(io_iterator_t serialPortIterator, char *bsdPath, CFIndex maxPathSize)
{
io_object_t modemService;
kern_return_t kernResult = KERN_FAILURE;
Boolean modemFound = false;
// Initialize the returned path
*bsdPath = '\0';
// Iterate across all modems found. In this example, we bail after finding the first modem.
while ((modemService = IOIteratorNext(serialPortIterator)) && !modemFound)
{
CFTypeRef bsdPathAsCFString;
// Get the callout device's path (/dev/cu.xxxxx). The callout device should almost always be
// used: the dialin device (/dev/tty.xxxxx) would be used when monitoring a serial port for
// incoming calls, e.g. a fax listener.
bsdPathAsCFString = IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperty(modemService,
CFSTR(kIOCalloutDeviceKey),
kCFAllocatorDefault,
0);
if (bsdPathAsCFString)
{
Boolean result;
// Convert the path from a CFString to a C (NUL-terminated) string for use
// with the POSIX open() call.
result = CFStringGetCString(bsdPathAsCFString,
bsdPath,
maxPathSize,
kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
CFRelease(bsdPathAsCFString);
if (result)
{
printf("Modem found with BSD path: %s", bsdPath);
modemFound = true;
kernResult = KERN_SUCCESS;
}
}
printf("\n");
// Release the io_service_t now that we are done with it.
(void) IOObjectRelease(modemService);
}
return kernResult;
}
// Given the path to a serial device, open the device and configure it.
// Return the file descriptor associated with the device.
static int OpenSerialPort(const char *bsdPath)
{
int fileDescriptor = -1;
int handshake;
struct termios options;
// Open the serial port read/write, with no controlling terminal, and don't wait for a connection.
// The O_NONBLOCK flag also causes subsequent I/O on the device to be non-blocking.
// See open(2) ("man 2 open") for details.
fileDescriptor = open(bsdPath, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY | O_NONBLOCK);
if (fileDescriptor == -1)
{
printf("Error opening serial port %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
goto error;
}
// Note that open() follows POSIX semantics: multiple open() calls to the same file will succeed
// unless the TIOCEXCL ioctl is issued. This will prevent additional opens except by root-owned
// processes.
// See tty(4) ("man 4 tty") and ioctl(2) ("man 2 ioctl") for details.
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, TIOCEXCL) == -1)
{
printf("Error setting TIOCEXCL on %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
goto error;
}
// Now that the device is open, clear the O_NONBLOCK flag so subsequent I/O will block.
// See fcntl(2) ("man 2 fcntl") for details.
if (fcntl(fileDescriptor, F_SETFL, 0) == -1)
{
printf("Error clearing O_NONBLOCK %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
goto error;
}
// Get the current options and save them so we can restore the default settings later.
if (tcgetattr(fileDescriptor, &gOriginalTTYAttrs) == -1)
{
printf("Error getting tty attributes %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
goto error;
}
// The serial port attributes such as timeouts and baud rate are set by modifying the termios
// structure and then calling tcsetattr() to cause the changes to take effect. Note that the
// changes will not become effective without the tcsetattr() call.
// See tcsetattr(4) ("man 4 tcsetattr") for details.
options = gOriginalTTYAttrs;
// Print the current input and output baud rates.
// See tcsetattr(4) ("man 4 tcsetattr") for details.
printf("Current input baud rate is %d\n", (int) cfgetispeed(&options));
printf("Current output baud rate is %d\n", (int) cfgetospeed(&options));
// Set raw input (non-canonical) mode, with reads blocking until either a single character
// has been received or a one second timeout expires.
// See tcsetattr(4) ("man 4 tcsetattr") and termios(4) ("man 4 termios") for details.
cfmakeraw(&options);
options.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
options.c_cc[VTIME] = 10;
// The baud rate, word length, and handshake options can be set as follows:
cfsetspeed(&options, B19200); // Set 19200 baud
options.c_cflag |= (CS7 | // Use 7 bit words
PARENB | // Parity enable (even parity if PARODD not also set)
CCTS_OFLOW | // CTS flow control of output
CRTS_IFLOW); // RTS flow control of input
#if defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_4) && (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_4)
// Starting with Tiger, the IOSSIOSPEED ioctl can be used to set arbitrary baud rates
// other than those specified by POSIX. The driver for the underlying serial hardware
// ultimately determines which baud rates can be used. This ioctl sets both the input
// and output speed.
speed_t speed = 14400; // Set 14400 baud
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, IOSSIOSPEED, &speed) == -1)
{
printf("Error calling ioctl(..., IOSSIOSPEED, ...) %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
}
#endif
// Print the new input and output baud rates. Note that the IOSSIOSPEED ioctl interacts with the serial driver
// directly bypassing the termios struct. This means that the following two calls will not be able to read
// the current baud rate if the IOSSIOSPEED ioctl was used but will instead return the speed set by the last call
// to cfsetspeed.
printf("Input baud rate changed to %d\n", (int) cfgetispeed(&options));
printf("Output baud rate changed to %d\n", (int) cfgetospeed(&options));
// Cause the new options to take effect immediately.
if (tcsetattr(fileDescriptor, TCSANOW, &options) == -1)
{
printf("Error setting tty attributes %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
goto error;
}
// To set the modem handshake lines, use the following ioctls.
// See tty(4) ("man 4 tty") and ioctl(2) ("man 2 ioctl") for details.
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, TIOCSDTR) == -1) // Assert Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
{
printf("Error asserting DTR %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
}
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, TIOCCDTR) == -1) // Clear Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
{
printf("Error clearing DTR %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
}
handshake = TIOCM_DTR | TIOCM_RTS | TIOCM_CTS | TIOCM_DSR;
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, TIOCMSET, &handshake) == -1)
// Set the modem lines depending on the bits set in handshake
{
printf("Error setting handshake lines %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
}
// To read the state of the modem lines, use the following ioctl.
// See tty(4) ("man 4 tty") and ioctl(2) ("man 2 ioctl") for details.
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, TIOCMGET, &handshake) == -1)
// Store the state of the modem lines in handshake
{
printf("Error getting handshake lines %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
}
printf("Handshake lines currently set to %d\n", handshake);
#if defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_3) && (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_3)
unsigned long mics = 1UL;
// Set the receive latency in microseconds. Serial drivers use this value to determine how often to
// dequeue characters received by the hardware. Most applications don't need to set this value: if an
// app reads lines of characters, the app can't do anything until the line termination character has been
// received anyway. The most common applications which are sensitive to read latency are MIDI and IrDA
// applications.
if (ioctl(fileDescriptor, IOSSDATALAT, &mics) == -1)
{
// set latency to 1 microsecond
printf("Error setting read latency %s - %s(%d).\n",
bsdPath, strerror(errno), errno);
goto error;
}
#endif
// Success
return fileDescriptor;
// Failure path
error:
if (fileDescriptor != -1)
{
close(fileDescriptor);
}
return -1;
}
// Replace non-printable characters in str with '\'-escaped equivalents.
// This function is used for convenient logging of data traffic.
static char *LogString(char *str)
{
static char buf[2048];
char *ptr = buf;
int i;
*ptr = '\0';
while (*str)
{
if (isprint(*str))
{
*ptr++ = *str++;
}
else {
switch(*str)
{
case ' ':
*ptr++ = *str;
break;
case 27:
*ptr++ = '\\';
*ptr++ = 'e';
break;
case '\t':
*ptr++ = '\\';
*ptr++ = 't';
break;
case '\n':
*ptr++ = '\\';
*ptr++ = 'n';
break;
case '\r':
*ptr++ = '\\';
*ptr++ = 'r';
break;
default:
i = *str;
(void)sprintf(ptr, "\\%03o", i);
ptr += 4;
break;
}
str++;
}
*ptr = '\0';
}
return buf;
}
// Given the file descriptor for a modem device, attempt to initialize the modem by sending it
// a standard AT command and reading the response. If successful, the modem's response will be "OK".
// Return true if successful, otherwise false.
static Boolean InitializeModem(int fileDescriptor)
{
char buffer[256]; // Input buffer
char *bufPtr; // Current char in buffer
ssize_t numBytes; // Number of bytes read or written
int tries; // Number of tries so far
Boolean result = false;
for (tries = 1; tries <= kNumRetries; tries++)
{
printf("Try #%d\n", tries);
// Send an AT command to the modem
numBytes = write(fileDescriptor, kATCommandString, strlen(kATCommandString));
if (numBytes == -1)
{
printf("Error writing to modem - %s(%d).\n", strerror(errno), errno);
continue;
}
else {
printf("Wrote %ld bytes \"%s\"\n", numBytes, LogString(kATCommandString));
}
if (numBytes < strlen(kATCommandString))
{
continue;
}
printf("Looking for \"%s\"\n", LogString(kOKResponseString));
// Read characters into our buffer until we get a CR or LF
bufPtr = buffer;
do
{
numBytes = read(fileDescriptor, bufPtr, &buffer[sizeof(buffer)] - bufPtr - 1);
if (numBytes == -1)
{
printf("Error reading from modem - %s(%d).\n", strerror(errno), errno);
}
else if (numBytes > 0)
{
bufPtr += numBytes;
if (*(bufPtr - 1) == '\n' || *(bufPtr - 1) == '\r')
{
break;
}
}
else {
printf("Nothing read.\n");
}
} while (numBytes > 0);
// NUL terminate the string and see if we got an OK response
*bufPtr = '\0';
printf("Read \"%s\"\n", LogString(buffer));
if (strncmp(buffer, kOKResponseString, strlen(kOKResponseString)) == 0)
{
result = true;
break;
}
}
return result;
}
// Given the file descriptor for a serial device, close that device.
void CloseSerialPort(int fileDescriptor)
{
// Block until all written output has been sent from the device.
// Note that this call is simply passed on to the serial device driver.
// See tcsendbreak(3) ("man 3 tcsendbreak") for details.
if (tcdrain(fileDescriptor) == -1)
{
printf("Error waiting for drain - %s(%d).\n",
strerror(errno), errno);
}
// Traditionally it is good practice to reset a serial port back to
// the state in which you found it. This is why the original termios struct
// was saved.
if (tcsetattr(fileDescriptor, TCSANOW, &gOriginalTTYAttrs) == -1)
{
printf("Error resetting tty attributes - %s(%d).\n",
strerror(errno), errno);
}
close(fileDescriptor);
}
int main(void)
{
int fileDescriptor;
kern_return_t kernResult; // on PowerPC this is an int (4 bytes)
/*
* error number layout as follows (see mach/error.h):
*
* hi lo
* | system(6) | subsystem(12) | code(14) |
*/
io_iterator_t serialPortIterator;
char bsdPath[MAXPATHLEN];
kernResult = FindModems(&serialPortIterator);
kernResult = GetModemPath(serialPortIterator, bsdPath, sizeof(bsdPath));
IOObjectRelease(serialPortIterator); // Release the iterator.
// Now open the modem port we found, initialize the modem, then close it
if (!bsdPath[0])
{
printf("No modem port found.\n");
return EX_UNAVAILABLE;
}
fileDescriptor = OpenSerialPort(bsdPath);
if (-1 == fileDescriptor)
{
return EX_IOERR;
}
if (InitializeModem(fileDescriptor))
{
printf("Modem initialized successfully.\n");
}
else {
printf("Could not initialize modem.\n");
}
CloseSerialPort(fileDescriptor);
printf("Modem port closed.\n");
return EX_OK;
}
</pre>
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