✨ Gate Extensions and better QASM parser

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR updates the internal QFR library and brings along support for many new (two-qubit) gates. Until #235 is in, the mapper in QMAP can't really take advantage of that, but it's good to be prepared for that. Some breaking changes in the QFR required changes here to make the project compile again.

The Clifford Tableau simulation algorithm now also supports iSWAP, DCX, and ECR gates.

Finally, the internal QASM parser has been improved by quite a bit; adding support for all new gates and direct parsing for natively supported gates without requiring definitions. The version specifier (OPENQASM 2.0) is now optional and the parser supports all standard quantum gates and controlled versions without requiring the qelib1.inc include.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[burgholzer]

Failures here are fixed by cda-tum/mqt-core#284.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #268 (27bb1c8) into main (0f9cbc6) will increase coverage by 0.1%.
The diff coverage is 100.0%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #268     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   91.9%   92.1%   +0.1%     
=======================================
  Files         45      45             
  Lines       3745    3773     +28     
  Branches     622     627      +5     
=======================================
+ Hits        3445    3475     +30     
+ Misses       300     298      -2     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	91.5% <100.0%> (+0.1%)	⬆️
python	95.9% <ø> (ø)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
include/cliffordsynthesis/Tableau.hpp	83.3% <ø> (ø)
src/exact/ExactMapper.cpp	98.3% <ø> (-0.1%)	⬇️
src/heuristic/HeuristicMapper.cpp	93.0% <ø> (-0.1%)	⬇️
include/configuration/CommanderGrouping.hpp	56.5% <100.0%> (+8.9%)	⬆️
include/configuration/Encoding.hpp	57.8% <100.0%> (+10.8%)	⬆️
src/cliffordsynthesis/Tableau.cpp	98.2% <100.0%> (+0.2%)	⬆️

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

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