feat: bump to ubuntu:24.04

[endersonmaia]

This pull request includes significant updates to multiple Dockerfiles to standardize the build process and improve consistency across different languages. Additionally, there are minor code improvements in C++, Go, and Rust files. The most important changes include the introduction of snapshot-based package management, updates to build stages, and minor code cleanups.

Dockerfile Improvements:

• Introduced snapshot-based package management to ensure consistent package versions (cpp-low-level/Dockerfile, cpp/Dockerfile, go/Dockerfile, lua/Dockerfile, ruby/Dockerfile, rust/Dockerfile). [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
• Split Dockerfile stages into base, builder, and runtime stages for better modularity and reuse (cpp-low-level/Dockerfile, cpp/Dockerfile, go/Dockerfile, lua/Dockerfile, ruby/Dockerfile, rust/Dockerfile). [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
• Removed redundant apt-get update commands and unnecessary package installations to streamline the Dockerfiles (cpp-low-level/Dockerfile, cpp/Dockerfile, go/Dockerfile, lua/Dockerfile, ruby/Dockerfile, rust/Dockerfile). [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Code Improvements:

• Changed wget to curl for downloading dependencies in the Makefile to improve reliability (cpp/3rdparty/Makefile).
• Updated the type of the request parameter in the get_ioctl_name function to long int to match the expected type (cpp-low-level/dapp.cpp).
• Replaced ioutil.ReadAll with io.ReadAll and fixed formatting issues in Go source files (go/src/dapp.go, go/src/rollups/helpers.go). [1] [2]

These changes aim to enhance the maintainability and consistency of the codebase while ensuring that Docker images are built in a reproducible manner.