NonUniqueResourceId

rfcs/73-non-unique-resource.md

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+# Feature Name: non-unique-res
+
+## Summary
+
+Introduce new builtin to Bevy ECS: non-unique resource.
+Standard `Resource<T>` is unique per `<T>`, this new resource is not.
+`NonUniqueResourceId<T>` is a low-level primitive, not usable as `SystemParam`.
+But higher level tools can be built on top of it, in particular
+by exposing resource as read/write systems which can be piped with other systems.
+
+## Motivation
+
+`Resource<T>` works as equivalent of rwlock in other concurrent systems,
+where `Res<T>` is a read lock and `ResMut<T>` is a write lock.
+
+Bevy limits one instance of such rwlock per `<T>` which makes impossible
+to use it as generic rwlock to build complex systems on top of it.
+
+So, why multiple instance of `Resource<T>` would be useful?
+There are at least several reasons:
+
+### Piping with dependencies
+
+The issue is described in [Bevy issue #8857](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/issues/8857).
+
+Current `.pipe()` implementation combines two systems into one, reducing concurrency.
+
+We want to be able to do something like `system1.new_pipe(system2)` which can implemented as:
+* allocate new `NonUniqueResourceId<T>` where `<T>` is the type of the result of `system1`
+* `system1` is modified to write the result to the resource
+* `system2` is modified to read the result from the resource
+* `system2` is scheduled to run after `system1`
+
+To make it work, we need to be able to allocate multiple instances of `Resource<T>`
+because pairs of systems may have the same intermediate type `<T>`.
+
+More complex piping scenarios should be possible, for example:
+
+```rust
+fn system_with_two_outputs() -> (u32, String) { /* ... */ }
+
+let (pipe_32, pipe_str) = system_with_two_outputs.split_tuple2();
+
+pipe_32.new_pipe(system1); // pipe to a system which takes u32 as input
+pipe_str.new_pipe(system2); // pipe to a system which takes String as input
+```
+
+Possibilities of building such systems are endless.
+
+### System autolinking
+
+There's an idea of API like this:
+
+```rust
+fn system1() -> String { /* ... */ }
+fn system2(input: In<String>) { /* ... */ }
+
+// This should schedule `system2` after `system1` and pipe the result,
+// like `system1.new_pipe(system2)` above does, except automatically.
+app.add_system_auto_link(Update, system1);
+app.add_system_auto_link(Update, system2);
+```
+
+We can _mostly_ implement it with resources, however, we should use different
+resources for different schedules, so `NonUniqueResource<T>` would be useful here.
+
+### New conditions/dynamic conditions
+
+#### Possible to reimplement/simplify current conditions
+
+Conditions can be rewritten as regular systems. Consider this code `system1.run_if(cond1)`.
+
+We can reimplement it as:
+* allocate new `NonUniqueResourceId<bool>`
+* `cond1` writes the result to the resource
+* `system1` reads the result from the resource, and if true, runs, otherwise skips
+* `system1` is scheduled to run after `cond1`
+
+This way we can remove support for conditions from scheduler greatly simplifying it.
+
+#### Conditional conditions
+
+But in addition to that, there are scenarios which are not possible to implement currently.
+Consider this pseudocode:
+
+```rust
+fn run_if_opt(system: impl System, cond1: Option<Condition>) -> impl System {
+    if let Some(cond1) = cond1 {
+        system.run_if(cond1)
+    } else {
+        system
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This cannot not work, because `run_if` returns `SystemConfigs`, not `System`
+(this is a strict requirement given how scheduler is implemented).
+And user might want to get `run_if` because a user may want to continue working with system,
+for example, pass the resulting system to this function again.
+
+### Dynamically typed systems
+
+Systems can built dynamically, or even bindings to dynamically typing languages can be used.
+For example, for Python custom systems can be implemented like this:
+
+```python
+res = Resource()
+
+@system(ResMut(res))
+def system1(res):
+    res.insert(10)
+
+@system(Res(res))
+def system2(res):
+    print(res.get())
+```
+
+If it is dynamically typed, so all resources need to have the same type like `PyObject`.
+
+### Reimplement resources
+
+FWIW, regular resources can be reimplemented on top of non-unique resources.
+
+## User-facing explanation
+
+This section describes user-facing API.
+Again, this is probably won't be used directly by most users.
+
+### Model
+
+Perhaps the best way to think about `NonUniqueResourceId<T>` as `Arc<RwLock<T>>`.
+
+Note `RwLock` does not necessarily mean that the thread should be paused
+if the resource is locked. For example, `tokio` version of `RwLock`
+does not block the thread, but instead put away the task until the lock is released.
+This is what Bevy schedule would do, except it would block before the system start
+rather than during access to the resource (same way as it does for `Resource<T>`).
+
+### API
+
+Let's start defining the reference to the resource.
+This is the reference (the identifier), the resource itself is stored in the world.
+There's no lifetime parameter.
+
+```rust
+/// Reference to the resources.
+/// As mentioned above, it cannot be used as `SystemParam` directly,
+/// but can be used to build higher level tools.
+struct NonUniqueResourceId<T> { /* ... */ }
+```
+
+How to create the resource:
+
+* `NonUniqueResourceId<T>` can be either requested from `World`, like `world.new_non_unique_resource::<T>()`
+* or maybe just lazily allocated on first access to the world. Like this:
+
+```rust
+impl<T> NonUniqueResourceId<T> {
+    /// Generate unique resource id.
+    /// The world will allocate the storage for the resource on first modification.
+    fn new() -> Self { /* ... */ }
+}
+```
+
+Raw API to read and write resource.
+
+```rust
+impl World {
+    fn get_non_unique_resource<T>(&self) -> Option<&T> { /* ... */ }
+
+    fn get_non_unique_resource_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { /* ... */ }
+}
+```
+
+(Similarly, there might be more accessors here or in `UnsafeWorldCell` or in `App`
+which are omitted here for brevity.)
+
+For most advanced users, however, API provides "systems" which read or write resources:
+
+```rust
+impl NonUniqueResourceId<T> {
+    /// Return a system which takes `T` as input and writes it to the resource.
+    /// This system requests exclusive access to the resource.
+    fn write_system(&self) -> impl System<In=T, Out=()> { /* ... */ }
+
+    /// Return a system which takes `T` from the resource,
+    /// panicking if the resource is not present.
+    /// This system also requests exclusive access to the resource.
+    fn read_system(&self) -> impl System<(), Out=()> { /* ... */ }
+
+    /// Return a system which copied `T` from the resource,
+    /// panicking if the resource is not present.
+    /// This system only requests shared access to the resource.
+    fn read_system_clone(&self) -> impl System<(), Out=T>
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+    { /* ... */ }
+
+    /// Like `read_system`, but returns `None` instead of panicking
+    /// if the resource is not present.
+    fn read_system_opt(&self) -> impl System<(), Out=Option<T>> { /* ... */ }
+
+    // ... and several more similar operations.
+}
+```
+
+System implementations provided by `NonUniqueResourceId<T>` do the heavy lifting
+of configuring the concurrency of the resources.
+
+### Example
+
+Complete very simple system piping example:
+
+```rust
+fn new_pipe<T>(system1: impl System<In=(), Out=T>, system2: impl System<In=T, out=T>) -> SystemConfigs {
+    let res = NonUniqueResourceId::new();
+    let barrier = AnonymousSet::new();
+
+    let system1 = system1.pipe(res.write_system());
+    let system2 = res.read_system().pipe(system2);
+    IntoSystemConfigs::into_configs((
+        system1.before(barrier),
+        system2.after(barrier),
+    ))
+}
+```
+
+## Implementation strategy
+
+Simplified, the `World` gets a new field:
+
+```rust
+struct World {
+    non_unique_resources: HashMap<NonUniqueResourceId<ErasedT>, ErasedT>,
+    // ... plus some data to track changes.
+}
+```
+
+PR prototyping this feature: [#10793](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/pull/10793).
+The prototype implementation is incorrect, but it shows the general idea.
+
+## Drawbacks
+
+The is added feature, not modification of existing features.
+
+So the main drawbacks come from extra complexity:
+* more bugs
+* maintenance burden
+* harder to learn API
+
+Another potential drawback is giving users too much power and flexibility
+to design their systems. This can be viewed as a benefit, but also can be viewed
+as a drawback, because for example, API of Bevy mods might be harder to understand.
+
+## Rationale and alternatives
+
+The reasons to have this feature are described above in the motivation section.
+
+Alternative, considering we need more than one instance of given `Resource<T>`
+there are strategies to achieve that with added complexity in given code.
+For example, to `new_pipe` function described above,
+we can pass extra `Id` type parameter to generate unique resource type
+like `(T, [Id; 0])`. This may be not very ergonomic,
+it increased code size and reduces compilation speed, but it is possible.
+
+## Prior art
+
+I'm not aware of these.
+
+## Unresolved questions
+
+- Naming. `NonUniqueResourceId<T>` is mouthful. `RwLock<T>`?
+- `NonUniqueResourceId::new` or `World::new_non_unique_resource`?
+
+## Future possibilities
+
+Rewrite parts of Bevy on top of this new feature:
+- Rewrite conditions as regular systems using `NonUniqueResourceId<bool>`
+- Rewrite `Res<T>` and `ResMut<T>` systems using `NonUniqueResourceId<T>`
+- Provide better piping API ([#8857](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/issues/8857))
+- Implement system "autolinking" (automatically connect systems which have matching input/output types)