Introductory Tutorial: Part 2 A Second Data Set
This tutorial guide follows on from Part 1 of the introductory tutorial. We recommend starting with Part 1, although this part is independent of the data and steps from Part 1.
This is daily climatic data from Dodoma in Tanzania, from 1935 to 2013. (Footnote: We are very grateful to the Tanzania Met Authority who have given permission for these data to be used for training purposes.)
→ If the diamonds data are still in R-Instat then use File > Close Data File, Fig. 16.
→ You will be asked if you are sure. Respond Yes.
| Fig. 16. Closing the previous data file | To start again |
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→ Use File > Open from Library. Take the option to Load from Instat Collection and then press Browse.
→ Choose Climatic and select the Excel file Climatic_guide_datasets.
→ This Excel file has multiple sheets. Choose the one called Dodoma, see Fig. 17
| Fig. 17 Opening the Dodoma sheet |
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An initial objective is to provide time series graphs for the annual mean temperatures, both maximum and minimum . The data are daily, and have first to be averaged to an annual level. Hence dialogues in the Prepare menu will be used, to put the data in the "right shape" for the analysis.
The data are shown in Fig. 18. There are 28,855 observations.
One difference from the diamonds example in Part 1 is that missing values are immediately visible in the data.
| Fig. 18 The Dodoma daily data and a summary |
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→ Use the Describe > One Variable > Summarise dialogue.
→ Choose all the columns, then press OK, to produce the summaries also shown in Fig. 18.
The results include the number of missing values, and over 8 thousand values are missing for the temperature columns. (As this feature was not evident in the similar output in Part 1 (Fig. 12) it follows that the diamonds data did not have any missing values.)
The rainfall data in Fig. 18 are from 1935. The station added temperature records later.
→ Use the right-click on the bottom tab and choose the last option **View Data ** to view the whole data.
→ Scroll down these data to confirm that the temperatures started from 1958.
This indicates that most of the 8 thousand missing temperature data in Fig. 18 are because of the later start of measuring these elements.
Often preparing the data for analysis takes most of the time. We have tried to make the Prepare menu in R-Instat as simple to use as possible. There are 5 steps to go through even for the simple tasks here. We hope you enjoy, or at least tolerate, the steps below. And there is a "silver lining" at the end, as we explain in Section 4!
Often the preparation stage includes calculating further columns.
→ Open the Prepare > Calculations > Calculate dialogue as shown in Fig. 19.
| Fig. 19. The prepare menu | With the calculate dialogue |
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This is designed to be a column calculator. It has multiple keyboards.
→ Click on the control that currently says Basic and choose Logical and Symbols. An additional keyboard opens as shown in Fig. 19.
→ Double-click on the Year column, (or click and press Add) to put it into the formula field at the top of the dialogue.
→ Complete the formula by adding > 1957, so it reads Year > 1957, see Fig. 19.
→ Click on the Try button and it should give the result FALSE, FALSE, FALSE... as in Fig. 19, because the first rows of data are from 1935 - hence not more than 1957!
→ Give a name for the new column to save the results, like YrTemp. Then press OK.
This should produce a new column of data.
The next step is to apply a filter, so the data for analysis only start in 1958, i.e. when the new column just produced is TRUE. Many common tasks from the Prepare menu are quickly accessible through a special right-click menu which is shown in Fig. 20.
→ Put the cursor in the top row (with the names) and right-click, Fig. 20.
→ Choose the Filter dialogue from this menu, Fig 20.
| Fig. 20. The right-click menu | To choose a filter |
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→ Click on the button in Fig. 20 to Define New Filter.
→ In the sub-dialogue, choose the YrTemp column. Complete the condition so it reads YrTemp == TRUE
(Note the == is not a mistake, and the word TRUE must be in capital letters, Fig. 21)
| Fig. 21 Specifying the filter | And then applying it |
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→ Press the button to Add Condition, Fig. 21 and then press Return.
→ On the main filter dialogue, Fig. 21, press OK to apply the filter.
Note the first column, with the row numbers, is now in red and the first one is row 8402, i.e. 1 January 1958.
The third preparatory step is to change the Year column, which is numeric, into a category, or factor type of column.
→ Go to the Year column and to the top (name) row. Right-Click, Fig. 22.
→ Click on Convert to Ordered Factor.
| Fig. 22. Converting the Year column to an ordered factor | The resulting data |
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The daily data are now ready to be summarised to produce the yearly means.
→ Open the Prepare > Column: Reshape > Column Summaries dialogue, Fig 23.
| Fig. 23. Menu for Column Summaries | With the resulting dialogue |
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→ Complete the dialogue as shown in Fig. 23, i.e. Tmin and Tmax into the main receiver, Year into the other receiver, and the option ticked to Omit Missing Values.
→ Then press the Summaries button to move to the sub-dialogue, Fig. 24.
→ Complete the sub-dialogue as shown in Fig 24, i.e. with only two summaries for the N Not Missing and the Mean. Then press Return.
→ Press OK to produce the summaries, Fig. 24.
| Fig. 24. Summaries sub-dialogue | With the resulting data |
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Fig. 24 also shows we now have 2 data frames, one at the daily level and the other with the annual summaries. This second data frame is needed for the graphs.
We have one final small preparatory step to do first. This is because the Year column in the Summary data is a factor column. For the graphs we need it to be numeric again. It is often convenient to have both!
→ Use Prepare > Calculate > Duplicate Column (or right click and choose the appropriate item.)
→ Complete the dialogue as shown in Fig. 25. Press OK to produce another column called Year1.
→ Right-click on the Year1 name and make the column numeric Fig. 25.
| Fig. 25. Duplicating a column | Making the resulting column numeric |
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At last we are ready to produce the graphs.
→ Use Describe > Specific > Line Plot, Fig. 26.
→ Complete the dialogue as shown in Fig. 26 for the mean_Tmax. Press OK.
| Fig. 26. The line plot menu | And the dialogue |
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The resulting graph is shown in Fig. 27.
→ Return to the Line Plot dialogue and swap mean_Tmin for mean_Tmax. Press OK to give the second graph also shown in Fig. 27
| Fig. 27. The graph for Tmax | And for Tmin |
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Before using a different data set save these data, so you could resume later.
→ Use the File ? Save As dialog, Fig. 28. Choose the option Save Data As.
→ Press on Browse in the dialogue, Fig. 28. Choose a suitable directory and name. Press OK when you return to the Save Data dialogue.
| Fig. 28. Saving the data set | |
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The RDS extension is added, to signify it is saved as an R data file. This is the "silver lining" we mentioned in Section 1. If done well, the data only have to be organised once. Then the resulting file, with the two data frames, can be opened in the future, and the analysis can be continued.
There are more analyses that can be explored with this data in R-Instat and we encourage you now to try. The next part of the tutorial focuses on working with labelled data.
R-Instat is still under active development with many improvements and new features planned for future versions. We appreciate feedback you can have to help us improve R-Instat. There are several ways you can provide your feedback:
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For general feedback you can contact us via email at R-Instat (at) AfricanMathsInitiative.net
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Our issues page on our GitHub account can be used to report specific bugs or suggestions and this is the most direct way to contact the development team. Note that our issues page is publicly visible to anyone. It can be accessed here: https://github.com/africanmathsinitiative/R-Instat/issues. Click the green New Issue button on the right side to send your message.
When reporting a bug or problem, it's most helpful to us if you can be as specific as possible and detail how to reproduce the bug, pasting the R code from the log file and attaching data if possible.
R-Instat Team, African Data Initiative