#RHCSA Training ##Objectives

• 1 recovery
• 2 essential tools
• 3 operate running systems
• 4 configure local storage
• 5 file systems
• 6 maintain systems
• 7 manage users and groups
• 8 selinux

##Commands

• swapon
• system-config-authentication

##Packages

• authconfig-gtk
• chrony
• cifs-utils
• ipa-client
• krb5-workstation
• nfs-utils
• nss-pam-ldapd
• openldap-clients
• samba-client
• settroubleshoot-server

##Services

• nmb
• rpcbind
• smb
• winbind

##Course Objectives

objectives: 1_recovery

The following objective is to Recover / Reset the root password on a RHEL 7 system.

###Rescue Process (lost root password)

• start or reboot the system
• at the grub menu, press the [ESC] key to interrupt the boot proc
• press 'e' to edit the boot record
• scroll down to the 'linux16' entry and press the [end] key
• add rd.break console=tty1
• press CTRL-X to boot
• remount in r/w mode: mount -o remount,rw /sysroot
• switch to chroot jail: chroot /sysroot
• reset pw: passwd root
• create SELinux blank file under root: touch /.autorelabel
• type exit twice to reboot system

objectives: 2_essential_tools

###Archive, compress, unpack and uncompress files:

Tool	Archive	Extract
tar (gzip)	tar cfzv archive.tar.gz	tar xvf archive.tar.gz .
tar (bzip)	tar cfjv archive.tar.bz	tar xvf archive.tar.bz .
star	star -c -f=archive.tar dir/	star -x -f=archive.tar .
gzip	gzip file	gunzip file.gz
bzip2	bzip2 file	bunzip file.bz2

####Create a test directory with 3 files, list, change ownership

• mkdir test && touch test/{file1,file2,file3} - create some directories
• ls -l test/ - list in long mode
• chown -R nobody:wheel test/ - recursively change owner & group

####Changing Modes (octal & ugo)

• chmod 0755 test/file1 - change mode to 0755 octal way
• chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx test/file{2,3} - change mode to 0755 ugo way
• ls -l test/ - list changes to verify

####Set Special Permissions (files / directories)

• chmod 1750 test/file1 - Sticky Bit
• chmod 2750 test/file2 - Set GID
• chmod 4750 test/file3 - Set UID

objectives: 3_operate_running_systems

###Boot systems into different targets manually

• systemctl list-units --type=target --all - view full list of targets
• systemctl get-default - get default run-level
• systemctl isolate multi-user.target - change to multi-user (RL 3)
• systemctl isolate graphical.target - switch to graphical (RL 5)
• systemctl set-default graphical.target - set default to graphical

###Identify CPU/memory intensive processes, adjust with renice & kill

• open up new tab
• nice -n -10 yes - start basic process with a nice level of -10
• top - view nice level of existing programs renice [-n] priority [-g|-p|-u] identifiers (group, pid, user)

####Renice

• renice -n 5 -p 1701 - change priority to proc
• renice -n 5 -g wheel - change priority by group
• renice -n 5 -u johnny - change priority by user

####Start, stop and pause a process

• kill (-SIGSTOP | -19) pid - suspend process to be continued later
• kill (-SIGCONT | -18) pid - continue a process that was suspended
• kill (-SIGTERM | -15) pid - kill a process, can be gracefully caught
• kill (-SIGKILL | -9) pid - kill a process, cannot be caught

####Start, stop and check status of network services

• systemctl status name.service - check status
  • same format for service: start, stop, restart, reload, enable
• systemctl enable name.service - enable service at boot

objectives: 4_configure_local_storage

####List, create, delete partions on MBR and GPT disks

• fdisk -l - list all partitions
• fdisk /dev/vda - create a new primary partition
• [n] - for new partition
• [p] - primary
• (1-4) - partition number
• <size/sector> - choose appropriate sizing
• [t] - filesystem type, 8e for LVM, 82 for swap
• [w] - save the partition changes
• partprobe - force kernel to read updated partition table
• mkfs.ext4 /dev/vda1 - format the disk for ext4
• mkfs.xfs /dev/vda2 - format the disk for xfs
• mkfs.vfat /dev/vda3 - format the disk for vfat
• mkdir /mnt/{ext4,xfs,vfat} - create mount points for each filesystem
• blkid /dev/vda[n] - retrieve UUID for appropriate partition
• update /etc/fstab with appopriate entry

#/etc/fstab
UUID='...' /dev/vda1 /mnt/ext4 ext4 defaults 0 2
UUID='...' /dev/vda2 /mnt/xfs xfs defaults 0 0
UUID='...' /dev/vda3 /mnt/vfat vfat defaults 0 0

• mount -a - mount all filesystems

####Create and remove physical volumes, assign physical volumes to volume groups, and create and delete logical volumes

• lsblk -a - display current block devices and configuration
• pvcreate /dev/vdb1 - create a physical volume
• vgcreate <vgname> -s 8m /dev/vdb1 - create volume group, set extant size (4m default, set to 8m)
• lvcreate -n <lvname> -L 25G <vgname> - create logical volume, assign name and size
• mkfs.xfs /dev/<vgname>/<lvname> - create filesystem (xfs) on logical volume
• mkdir /mnt/lvm - create mountpoint
• blkid /dev/<vgname>/<lvname - display UUID
• vi /etc/fstab - update fstab

UUID="..." /mnt/lvm xfs defaults 0 0
# or
/dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/lvm xfs defaults 0 0

####Add swap to a system non-destructively

• lvcreate -L 1G -n <lv_swapname> <vgname> - create new logical volume for swap space
• mkswap /dev/<vgname>/<lv_swapname> - create swap
• swapon /dev/<vgname>/<lv_swapname> - activate swap
• swapon -s - verify swap summary
• vi /etc/fstab - update fstab
• /dev/vg/swap swap swap defaults 0 0 - entry

objectives: 5_file_systems

###Create, mount and unmount filesystems (ext4, xfs, vfat)

• lvcreate -L 100M -n <lv_name> /dev/<vgname> - create new volume
• mkfs.<ext4|xfs|vfat> /dev/<vgname>/<lvname> - create ext4 filesystem
• mount /dev/<vgname><lvname> - manually mount the filesystem
• vi /etc/fstab - update fstab for each filesystem

# /etc/fstab
/dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/ext4 ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/xfs   xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/vfat vfat defaults 0 0

#####Mount and unmount file systems (NFS)

• yum install -y nfs-utils - ensure required NFS services are installed
• systemctl enable rpcbind.service - enable rpcbind
• systemctl start rpcbind.service - start rpcbind
• systemctl enable nfs-client.target - enable nfs-client target
• systemctl start nfs-client.target - start nfs-client target
• vi /etc/fstab - add fstab entry for nfs4

nfsserver:/dir/share /mnt/nfs nfs4 defaults 0 0

• mount -a - automount fstab entries

#####Mount and unmount file systems (CIFS)

• yum install -y cifs-utils samba-client - ensure required CIFS services are installed
• systemctl enable smb.service - enable samba
• systemctl enable nmb.service - enable nmb
• systemctl enable winbind.service - enable windbind
• vi /etc/fstab - add fstab entry for CIFS

//smbserver/share /mnt/cifs cifs rw,username=user,password=pw 0 0

• mount -a - automount fstab entries

#####Extend existing logical volumes

• lvcreate -L 100M -n <lvname> /dev/<vgname> - create new volume if needed
• mkfs.ext4 /dev/<vgname>/<lvname> - make an ext4 filesystem
• mount /dev/<vgname>/<lvname> /mnt/ext4 - mount it somewhere logical
  • lvextend -l +100%FREE -r /dev/<vgname>/<lvname> - allocate ALL free space
  • lvextend -L +50M -r /dev/<vgname>/<lvname> - allocate additional 50M or what have you

#####Create and configure set-GID directories for collaboration

• groupadd -g 50000 <gname> - create a new group
• mkdir /share - create a shared directory in root
• chown nobody:<gname> /share - change ownership of dir to gname
• chmod 2770 /share - assign / set GID bit (SGID) to /share
  • (allows all members of group write privs, removes all for everyone else)
• useradd -G <gname> <uname> - create new users and assign them this group

#####Create and manage ACLs

• getfacl <file> - view file ACLs
• setfacl -Rm u:<username>:rwx <file> - change file ACL to 7 for user
  • setfacl g:<groupname>:rwx <file> - same but for group
• setfacl -x u:<username> <file> - remove ACLs from file
• setfacl -b u:<username> <file> - completely remove ACLs from file

objectives: 6_maintain_systems

####Configure networking, update connections / devices

• Devices and connections are two distinct things
  • devices are actual interfaces on the system
  • connections can be bound & be turned on/off
  • only 1 connection can be up at a time
• nmcli con show or nmcli dev status - display network connections or devices
• nmcli con del <name|UUID> - remove a connection / interface
• nmcli con add con-name <name> ifname <interface> type ethernet ip4 1.1.1.1/24 gw4 1.1.1.1
  • create a connection (provide ip / gateway)
• nmcli con reload - reload configs into network manager
• ip address show or ip a - check configuration
  • nmcli con show <name> - all information about a connection
• nmcli con down <name> - stop a connection
• nmcli con up <name> - start a connection
• To modify a connection:
  • nmcli con mod <name> ipv4.address 1.1.1.1/24 - ip address
  • nmcli con mod <name> ipv4.gateway 1.1.1.1 - gateway
  • nmcli con reload - reload configs into network manager
  • nmcli con up <name> - ensure connection is up
  • nmcli con delete <name> - delete the connection when through

#####Hostname updates: statically or dynamically

• hostnamectl <--static|--transient|--pretty> - view all current hostnames (static, transient, pretty)
• hostnamectl set-hostname <name> - set the hostname
  • use --static, --transient, --pretty for individual hostnames
• hostname resolution relies on /etc/nsswitch.conf
  • hosts: files dns - entry resloves first through files (static) then dns (dynamic)
    • static comes from /etc/hosts file
    • dynamic comes from /etc/resolve.conf file
• nmcli con mod <interface> +ipv4.dns 1.1.1.1 - add DNS server
  • +ipv4.dns - adds a server
  • ipv4.dns - replaces it
  • -ipv4.dns - removes a server
• nmcli con up <interface> - restart connection

####Schedule tasks using at and cron

Minute	Hour	Day Of Month	Month	Day Of Week	CMD
0-59	0-23	1-31	1-12	1-7	/root/script.sh

• crontab -u <username> -e - edit users crontab
• wildcards * can be used to match every value
• cron jobs that neet to run routinely can be placed in /etc/cron.{daily,weekly,monthly}
  • these must be executable

#####Configure time services using NTP

• timedatectl - get current config
• timedatectl list-timezones - list available time zones
• timedatectl set-timezone <timezone> - set the timezone eg: America/Chicago
• yum install -y ntp - install ntp
• systemctl enable ntpd.service - enable ntpd at boot
• systemctl start ntpd.service - start ntpd
  • config file is at /etc/ntp.conf

#####Configure time services using Chrony

• yum install -y chrony - install chrony
• systemctl enable cronyd.service - enable chronyd at boot
• systemctl start cronyd.service - start chronyd
• ntpdate <timeserver> - synchronize server
  • config file is located at /etc/chrony.conf

####Install and update packages from Redhat network, remote repo or local file system

• yum-config-manager --add-repo=http://myrepo.com - leverage this tool to generate repo file
• vi /etc/yum.repos.d/<remote>.repo - modify the repository to

[base]
[myrepo.com]
name=added from http://myrepo.com
baseurl=http://myrepo.com
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0                        # <----- add this line!

objectives: 7_manage_users_and_groups

####Create, delete and modify local user accounts

• useradd <username> - create a new user
• useradd -G <group> <username> - add existing user to new group
• usermod -aG <supgroup> <username> - add user to supplementary group
• userdel -r <username> - remove the user completely from the system

####Change passwords and adjust password aging for local user accounts

• chage -M <max_days> <username> - set the maximum password age
• chage -I <username> - set the account / user to inactive
• chage -d 0 <username> - force user to change password at next login
• date -d "+180 days" - determine the date 180+ days from today
• vi /etc/login.defs - update password policy configuration file

####Create, delete and modify local groups and group memberships

• groupadd -r <groupname> - create a new system group
• groupmod -n <newname> <groupname> - rename existing group
• groupmod -g <groupid> <groupname> - assign a GID to group
• groupdel <groupname> - delete existing group

####Configure a system to use an existing auth service for user/group info

• using LDAP server: server.example.com

#####LDAP Client Configuration

• yum install -y openldap-clients nss-pam-ldapd - install LDAP tools
• authconfig-tui - Text user interface wizard to setup LDAP
  • Cache Information
  • Use LDAP
  • Use MD5
  • Use Shadow
  • Use LDAP Auth
  • Local Auth
  • In LDAP Settings:
    • Use TLS: ldap://server.example.com, dc=example,dc=com
• /etc/openldap/cacerts - location of LDAP server cert
• yum install -y autofs nfs-utils - ensure NFS/AUTOFS tools are installed
• vi /etc/auto.master.d/home.autofs - create the master entry
  • /home /etc/auto.home - add the primary mountpoint, point to config
• vi /etc/auto.home - create home automount
  • *-rw,sync --fstype=nfs4 instructor.example.com:/home/guests/& - add this line to /etc/auto.demo
• systemctl start autofs.service - start up autofs
• systemctl enable autofs.service - enable it
• su - <ldapuser> - test the configuration

#####Kerberos Configuration

• yum install authconfig-gtk krb5-workstation - install Kerberos tools
• system-config-authentication - run the CLI tool to connect to IPA
  • ensure Kerberos is checked, and DNS is unchecked
    • verify with getent and ssh (TODO: figure more out about this)
• 
• yum install ipa-client - ensure IPA tools are installed
• ipa-client-install --domain=server.example.com --no-ntp --mkhomdir - connect to test IPA
  • Enter AD credentials provided for adding Linux computers

objectives: 8_selinux

####Firewall Management (firewall-cmd, firewalld, iptables)

• Configure firewall settings using firewall-config, firewall-cmd, or iptables
• firewall-cmd --permanent <cmd> - must add --permanent for changes to persist
• firewall-cmd --list-all - list configuration
• firewall-cmd --list-services --zone=<zone|default> - list added services to default or specific zone
• firewall-cmd --get-services - available services to enable
• firewall-cmd --add-service=<service> - enable service in default zone
• firewall-cmd --add-port=<port/protocol> - add a port if not defined
• firewall-cmd --reload - reload changes
• firewall-cmd --get-default-zone - see context of default zone

####Diagnose and address routine SELinux policy violations

• sestatus - show status
• setenforce Enforcing (or 1) - set SELinux to enforcing mode
• vi /etc/selinux/config - config file to set perm state
• chcon -t <type_t> <file> - test changing type label context
• setsebool -P <boolean> 1|0 - turn an SELinux boolean on or off
• ausearch -m avc - audit failures and review
• grep AVC /var/log/audit/audit.log - secondary way to get errors
• audit2allow -wa - generate steps to make the AVC failure allowed
• audit2allow -aM <name>.local - create a new module/policy package
• restorecon <file> - restore contexts: /etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/
• semanage fcontext -l - view all file contexts (grep if needbe)
• yum install -y settroubleshoot-server - install SELinux troubleshooting tools
• sealert -a /var/log/audit/audit.log - displays SELinux policy violations