HTML5 Boilerplate homepage | Documentation table of contents
HTML5 Boilerplate's CSS includes:
This starting CSS does not rely on the presence of conditional class names, conditional style sheets, or Modernizr, and it is ready to use no matter what your development preferences happen to be.
In order to make browsers render all elements more consistently and in line with modern standards, we include Normalize.css — a modern, HTML5-ready alternative to CSS resets.
As opposed to CSS resets, Normalize.css:
- targets only the styles that need normalizing
- preserves useful browser defaults rather than erasing them
- corrects bugs and common browser inconsistencies
- improves usability with subtle improvements
- doesn't clutter the debugging tools
- has better documentation
For more information about Normalize.css, please refer to its project page, as well as this blog post.
Several base styles are included that build upon Normalize.css
. These
styles:
- provide basic typography settings that improve text readability
- protect against unwanted
text-shadow
during text highlighting - tweak the default alignment of some elements (e.g.:
img
,video
,fieldset
,textarea
) - style the prompt that is displayed to users using an outdated browser
You are free and even encouraged to modify or add to these base styles as your project requires.
Along with the base styles, we also provide some commonly used helper classes.
.hidden
The hidden
class can be added to any element that you want to hide visually
and from screen readers. It could be an element that will be populated and
displayed later, or an element you will hide with JavaScript.
.visuallyhidden
The visuallyhidden
class can be added to any element that you want to hide
visually, while still have its content accessible to screen readers.
See also:
- CSS in Action: Invisible Content Just for Screen Reader Users
- Hiding content for accessibility
- HTML5 Boilerplate - Issue #194.
The invisible
class can be added to any element that you want to hide
visually and from screen readers, but without affecting the layout.
As opposed to the hidden
class that effectively removes the element from the
layout, the invisible
class will simply make the element invisible while
keeping it in the flow and not affecting the positioning of the surrounding
content.
N.B. Try to stay away from, and don't use the classes specified above for keyword stuffing as you will harm your site's ranking!
The clearfix
class can be added to any element to ensure that it always fully
contains its floated children.
Over the years there have been many variants of the clearfix hack, but currently, we use the micro clearfix.
HTML5 Boilerplate makes it easy for you to get started with a mobile first and responsive web design approach to development. But it's worth remembering that there are no silver bullets.
We include placeholder media queries to help you build up your mobile styles for wider viewports and high-resolution displays. It's recommended that you adapt these media queries based on the content of your site rather than mirroring the fixed dimensions of specific devices.
If you do not want to take the mobile first approach, you can simply edit or
remove these placeholder media queries. One possibility would be to work from
wide viewports down, and use max-width
media queries instead (e.g.:
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px)
).
For more features that can help you in your mobile web development, take a look into our Mobile Boilerplate.
Lastly, we provide some useful print styles that will optimize the printing process, as well as make the printed pages easier to read.
At printing time, these styles will:
-
strip all background colors, change the font color to black, and remove the
text-shadow
— done in order to help save printer ink and speed up the printing process -
underline and expand links to include the URL — done in order to allow users to know where to refer to
(exceptions to this are: the links that are fragment identifiers, or use thejavascript:
pseudo protocol) -
expand abbreviations to include the full description — done in order to allow users to know what the abbreviations stands for
-
provide instructions on how browsers should break the content into pages and on orphans/widows, namely, we instruct supporting browsers that they should:
- ensure the table header (
<thead>
) is printed on each page spanned by the table - prevent block quotations, preformatted text, images and table rows from being split onto two different pages
- ensure that headings never appear on a different page than the text they are associated with
- ensure that orphans and widows do not appear on printed pages
- ensure the table header (
The print styles are included along with the other css
to avoid the
additional HTTP request.
Also, they should always be included last, so that the other styles can be
overwritten.