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git-primer.md

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A little `git` cheatsheet
Programming Language Technology, DAT151/DIT231

Basics

Git overview

Picture 1:

Working dir - Git database - Remotes
project/      project/.git   [email protected]:user/project
- README                     https://github.com/joe/project
- File1
- Dir1/File2

Picture 2: a version tree

...

Commit identifiers: <commit>

  • hash (absolute) 4fab561
  • tag (symbolic, absolute) <tag>
  • branch name (tip/leaf) <branch>
  • branch in a remote <remote>/<branch>, e.g. origin/master
  • HEAD, HEAD~1, ... (relative to current branch)

Starting a git project

  • git init
  • git clone <remote>

Remotes

  • Remotes have symbolic identifiers, e.g.:

      <remote>  <url>
  origin    [email protected]:user/project
  joe       https://github.com/joe/project

    origin is default remote.

  • git remote -v: list remotes

Commits

Changes in the working directory are first added to the staging area (the index) and then bundled into a commit. Usally, this is done with GUI support.

  • git add <file> : add a new file or add the changes made in the file

  • git commit -m <msg> : create a new commit from the staged changes

  • git commit --amend : add staged changes to the last commit

  • git push : push current branch to its remote (default origin)

  • git pull : pull current branch from its remote

Tags

  • git tag -v : list tags
  • git tag -a <tag> -m <msg> : add new tag named <tag> with message <msg>
  • git push --follow-tags : push "missing but relevant" tags to origin

Somewhat advanced

Branches

Default branch is often named master or main.

  • git branch -v : list branches

  • git branch <branch> : fork of new branch, but stay on current branch

  • git checkout <branch> : switch to existing branch

  • git checkout -b <branch> : create new branch and switch to it

  • git checkout <commit> : switch to an arbitray commit in the commit tree

  • git switch -c <branch> : create a new branch at the current commit

  • git push <remote> <branch> : push branch to remote

  • git push -u <remote> <branch> : push branch to remote which is set as default remote

  • git pull <remote> <branch> : pull remote branch into current branch

Pulling with conflicts

  • git pull --ff-only : only pull if remote does not have new commits
  • git pull --merge : pull and create a merge commit reconciling remote and local commits
  • git pull --rebase : pull, but rebase current branch while adding commits from remote

Merging

  • git merge <branch> : merge <branch> into the current branch E.g. if you are on a feature branch, git merge master will merge the changes from master into your feature branch.
  • git rebase <branch> : merge <branch> into the current branch, keeping your commits on top
  • git rebase -i <commit> : interactive rebase, allows to modify your commits

Undoing

  • git revert <commit-range> : create a commit that undoes the changes of the given commits
  • git reset --soft HEAD~1 : undo the last commit, keep changes in the working dir
  • git reset --hard <commit> : reset the current branch and working dir to a different commit
  • git reflog : show latest history

There is also git stash, but you need to know what you are doing...

Managing remotes

  • git remote -v : list remotes
  • git remote add <remote> <url> : add new remote to the list
  • git remote rename <remote1> <remote2> : rename remote <rid1> to <rid2>
  • git remote set-url <remote> <url> : bind remote to new url