5. Data Frames.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Importing data into R"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message in rm(stats):\n",
      "“object 'stats' not found”"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rm(stats)\n",
    "stats <- read.csv(\"./datasets/5.\\ Demographic\\ Data.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Exploring your datasets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "195"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "195"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "195"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 195"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.9000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Afghanistan         </td><td>AFG                 </td><td>35.253              </td><td> 5.9000             </td><td>Low income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1000             </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2000             </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Armenia             </td><td>ARM                 </td><td>13.308              </td><td>41.9000             </td><td>Lower middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Antigua and Barbuda </td><td>ATG                 </td><td>16.447              </td><td>63.4000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Australia           </td><td>AUS                 </td><td>13.200              </td><td>83.0000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Austria             </td><td>AUT                 </td><td> 9.400              </td><td>80.6188             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.9000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Afghanistan          & AFG                  & 35.253               &  5.9000              & Low income          \\\\\n",
       "\t Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1000              & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2000              & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Armenia              & ARM                  & 13.308               & 41.9000              & Lower middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Antigua and Barbuda  & ATG                  & 16.447               & 63.4000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Australia            & AUS                  & 13.200               & 83.0000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Austria              & AUT                  &  9.400               & 80.6188              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.9000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Afghanistan          | AFG                  | 35.253               |  5.9000              | Low income           | \n",
       "| Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1000              | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2000              | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Armenia              | ARM                  | 13.308               | 41.9000              | Lower middle income  | \n",
       "| Antigua and Barbuda  | ATG                  | 16.447               | 63.4000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Australia            | AUS                  | 13.200               | 83.0000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Austria              | AUT                  |  9.400               | 80.6188              | High income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "1  Aruba                ABW          10.244     78.9000       \n",
       "2  Afghanistan          AFG          35.253      5.9000       \n",
       "3  Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1000       \n",
       "4  Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2000       \n",
       "5  United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0000       \n",
       "6  Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9000       \n",
       "7  Armenia              ARM          13.308     41.9000       \n",
       "8  Antigua and Barbuda  ATG          16.447     63.4000       \n",
       "9  Australia            AUS          13.200     83.0000       \n",
       "10 Austria              AUT           9.400     80.6188       \n",
       "   Income.Group       \n",
       "1  High income        \n",
       "2  Low income         \n",
       "3  Upper middle income\n",
       "4  Upper middle income\n",
       "5  High income        \n",
       "6  High income        \n",
       "7  Lower middle income\n",
       "8  High income        \n",
       "9  High income        \n",
       "10 High income        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>188</th><td>Vanuatu            </td><td>VUT                </td><td>26.739             </td><td>11.3               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>189</th><td>West Bank and Gaza </td><td>PSE                </td><td>30.394             </td><td>46.6               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>190</th><td>Samoa              </td><td>WSM                </td><td>26.172             </td><td>15.3               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>191</th><td>Yemen, Rep.        </td><td>YEM                </td><td>32.947             </td><td>20.0               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>192</th><td>South Africa       </td><td>ZAF                </td><td>20.850             </td><td>46.5               </td><td>Upper middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>193</th><td>Congo, Dem. Rep.   </td><td>COD                </td><td>42.394             </td><td> 2.2               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>194</th><td>Zambia             </td><td>ZMB                </td><td>40.471             </td><td>15.4               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>195</th><td>Zimbabwe           </td><td>ZWE                </td><td>35.715             </td><td>18.5               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t188 & Vanuatu             & VUT                 & 26.739              & 11.3                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t189 & West Bank and Gaza  & PSE                 & 30.394              & 46.6                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t190 & Samoa               & WSM                 & 26.172              & 15.3                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t191 & Yemen, Rep.         & YEM                 & 32.947              & 20.0                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t192 & South Africa        & ZAF                 & 20.850              & 46.5                & Upper middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t193 & Congo, Dem. Rep.    & COD                 & 42.394              &  2.2                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t194 & Zambia              & ZMB                 & 40.471              & 15.4                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t195 & Zimbabwe            & ZWE                 & 35.715              & 18.5                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 188 | Vanuatu             | VUT                 | 26.739              | 11.3                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 189 | West Bank and Gaza  | PSE                 | 30.394              | 46.6                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 190 | Samoa               | WSM                 | 26.172              | 15.3                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 191 | Yemen, Rep.         | YEM                 | 32.947              | 20.0                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 192 | South Africa        | ZAF                 | 20.850              | 46.5                | Upper middle income | \n",
       "| 193 | Congo, Dem. Rep.    | COD                 | 42.394              |  2.2                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 194 | Zambia              | ZMB                 | 40.471              | 15.4                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 195 | Zimbabwe            | ZWE                 | 35.715              | 18.5                | Low income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name       Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "188 Vanuatu            VUT          26.739     11.3          \n",
       "189 West Bank and Gaza PSE          30.394     46.6          \n",
       "190 Samoa              WSM          26.172     15.3          \n",
       "191 Yemen, Rep.        YEM          32.947     20.0          \n",
       "192 South Africa       ZAF          20.850     46.5          \n",
       "193 Congo, Dem. Rep.   COD          42.394      2.2          \n",
       "194 Zambia             ZMB          40.471     15.4          \n",
       "195 Zimbabwe           ZWE          35.715     18.5          \n",
       "    Income.Group       \n",
       "188 Lower middle income\n",
       "189 Lower middle income\n",
       "190 Lower middle income\n",
       "191 Lower middle income\n",
       "192 Upper middle income\n",
       "193 Low income         \n",
       "194 Lower middle income\n",
       "195 Low income         "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'data.frame':\t195 obs. of  5 variables:\n",
      " $ Country.Name  : Factor w/ 195 levels \"Afghanistan\",..: 8 1 4 2 183 6 7 5 9 10 ...\n",
      " $ Country.Code  : Factor w/ 195 levels \"ABW\",\"AFG\",\"AGO\",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...\n",
      " $ Birth.rate    : num  10.2 35.3 46 12.9 11 ...\n",
      " $ Internet.users: num  78.9 5.9 19.1 57.2 88 ...\n",
      " $ Income.Group  : Factor w/ 4 levels \"High income\",..: 1 2 4 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 ...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "              Country.Name  Country.Code   Birth.rate    Internet.users \n",
       " Afghanistan        :  1   ABW    :  1   Min.   : 7.90   Min.   : 0.90  \n",
       " Albania            :  1   AFG    :  1   1st Qu.:12.12   1st Qu.:14.52  \n",
       " Algeria            :  1   AGO    :  1   Median :19.68   Median :41.00  \n",
       " Angola             :  1   ALB    :  1   Mean   :21.47   Mean   :42.08  \n",
       " Antigua and Barbuda:  1   ARE    :  1   3rd Qu.:29.76   3rd Qu.:66.22  \n",
       " Argentina          :  1   ARG    :  1   Max.   :49.66   Max.   :96.55  \n",
       " (Other)            :189   (Other):189                                  \n",
       "              Income.Group\n",
       " High income        :67   \n",
       " Low income         :30   \n",
       " Lower middle income:50   \n",
       " Upper middle income:48   \n",
       "                          \n",
       "                          \n",
       "                          "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nrow(stats)\n",
    "ncol(stats)\n",
    "head(stats, n = 10)\n",
    "tail(stats, n = 8)\n",
    "str(stats)\n",
    "summary(stats)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Using the $ sign"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "45.985"
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       "45.985"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "45.985"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 45.985"
      ]
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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       "45.985"
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       "45.985"
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       "45.985"
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       "[1] 45.985"
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     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>78.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>88</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>83</li>\n",
       "\t<li>80.6188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>82.1702</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.63</li>\n",
       "\t<li>53.0615</li>\n",
       "\t<li>90.0000397</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.79</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54.17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>33.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>95.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.04</li>\n",
       "\t<li>73</li>\n",
       "\t<li>64.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>85.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>86.34</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.96</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27.93</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.4548</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.1104</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>94.6297</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.35368423</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>71.635</li>\n",
       "\t<li>79.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>91.5144</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>81.9198</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>89.8441</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.8663</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.7476</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72.6439</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>78.2477</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29.95</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>96.5468</li>\n",
       "\t<li>70.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58.4593</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41</li>\n",
       "\t<li>89.71</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.77</li>\n",
       "\t<li>75.46</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>70.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>68.4529</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.7765</li>\n",
       "\t<li>75.2344</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>56</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.46</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.24</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>68.9138</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.31</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5.05</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.97</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.9564</li>\n",
       "\t<li>95.0534</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>82.78</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.45</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.03</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.8492</li>\n",
       "\t<li>73.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.0956</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>56.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>85.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>49.7645</li>\n",
       "\t<li>67.97</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>22.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>81</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23.1093</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>77.8826</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72.6756</li>\n",
       "\t<li>94.7836</li>\n",
       "\t<li>24.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>50.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.69</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>52</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18.5</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 78.9\n",
       "\\item 5.9\n",
       "\\item 19.1\n",
       "\\item 57.2\n",
       "\\item 88\n",
       "\\item 59.9\n",
       "\\item 41.9\n",
       "\\item 63.4\n",
       "\\item 83\n",
       "\\item 80.6188\n",
       "\\item 58.7\n",
       "\\item 1.3\n",
       "\\item 82.1702\n",
       "\\item 4.9\n",
       "\\item 9.1\n",
       "\\item 6.63\n",
       "\\item 53.0615\n",
       "\\item 90.0000397\n",
       "\\item 72\n",
       "\\item 57.79\n",
       "\\item 54.17\n",
       "\\item 33.6\n",
       "\\item 95.3\n",
       "\\item 36.94\n",
       "\\item 51.04\n",
       "\\item 73\n",
       "\\item 64.5\n",
       "\\item 29.9\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 3.5\n",
       "\\item 85.8\n",
       "\\item 86.34\n",
       "\\item 66.5\n",
       "\\item 45.8\n",
       "\\item 8.4\n",
       "\\item 6.4\n",
       "\\item 6.6\n",
       "\\item 51.7\n",
       "\\item 6.5\n",
       "\\item 37.5\n",
       "\\item 45.96\n",
       "\\item 27.93\n",
       "\\item 74.1\n",
       "\\item 65.4548\n",
       "\\item 74.1104\n",
       "\\item 84.17\n",
       "\\item 9.5\n",
       "\\item 94.6297\n",
       "\\item 45.9\n",
       "\\item 16.5\n",
       "\\item 40.35368423\n",
       "\\item 29.4\n",
       "\\item 0.9\n",
       "\\item 71.635\n",
       "\\item 79.4\n",
       "\\item 1.9\n",
       "\\item 91.5144\n",
       "\\item 37.1\n",
       "\\item 81.9198\n",
       "\\item 27.8\n",
       "\\item 9.2\n",
       "\\item 89.8441\n",
       "\\item 43.3\n",
       "\\item 12.3\n",
       "\\item 1.6\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 3.1\n",
       "\\item 16.4\n",
       "\\item 59.8663\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 65.8\n",
       "\\item 19.7\n",
       "\\item 65.4\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 74.2\n",
       "\\item 17.8\n",
       "\\item 66.7476\n",
       "\\item 10.6\n",
       "\\item 72.6439\n",
       "\\item 14.94\n",
       "\\item 15.1\n",
       "\\item 78.2477\n",
       "\\item 29.95\n",
       "\\item 9.2\n",
       "\\item 96.5468\n",
       "\\item 70.8\n",
       "\\item 58.4593\n",
       "\\item 37.1\n",
       "\\item 41\n",
       "\\item 89.71\n",
       "\\item 54\n",
       "\\item 39\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item 6.8\n",
       "\\item 11.5\n",
       "\\item 84.77\n",
       "\\item 75.46\n",
       "\\item 12.5\n",
       "\\item 70.5\n",
       "\\item 3.2\n",
       "\\item 16.5\n",
       "\\item 46.2\n",
       "\\item 93.8\n",
       "\\item 21.9\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 68.4529\n",
       "\\item 93.7765\n",
       "\\item 75.2344\n",
       "\\item 65.8\n",
       "\\item 56\n",
       "\\item 45\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 44.1\n",
       "\\item 43.46\n",
       "\\item 65.24\n",
       "\\item 3.5\n",
       "\\item 68.9138\n",
       "\\item 1.6\n",
       "\\item 60.31\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 5.4\n",
       "\\item 6.2\n",
       "\\item 39\n",
       "\\item 5.05\n",
       "\\item 66.97\n",
       "\\item 13.9\n",
       "\\item 66\n",
       "\\item 1.7\n",
       "\\item 38\n",
       "\\item 15.5\n",
       "\\item 93.9564\n",
       "\\item 95.0534\n",
       "\\item 13.3\n",
       "\\item 82.78\n",
       "\\item 66.45\n",
       "\\item 10.9\n",
       "\\item 44.03\n",
       "\\item 39.2\n",
       "\\item 37\n",
       "\\item 6.5\n",
       "\\item 62.8492\n",
       "\\item 73.9\n",
       "\\item 62.0956\n",
       "\\item 36.9\n",
       "\\item 56.8\n",
       "\\item 85.3\n",
       "\\item 49.7645\n",
       "\\item 67.97\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 60.5\n",
       "\\item 22.7\n",
       "\\item 13.1\n",
       "\\item 81\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 1.7\n",
       "\\item 23.1093\n",
       "\\item 1.5\n",
       "\\item 51.5\n",
       "\\item 14.1\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item 37.4\n",
       "\\item 77.8826\n",
       "\\item 72.6756\n",
       "\\item 94.7836\n",
       "\\item 24.7\n",
       "\\item 50.4\n",
       "\\item 26.2\n",
       "\\item 2.3\n",
       "\\item 4.5\n",
       "\\item 28.94\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 9.6\n",
       "\\item 1.1\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 63.8\n",
       "\\item 43.8\n",
       "\\item 46.25\n",
       "\\item 4.4\n",
       "\\item 16.2\n",
       "\\item 41\n",
       "\\item 57.69\n",
       "\\item 84.2\n",
       "\\item 38.2\n",
       "\\item 52\n",
       "\\item 54.9\n",
       "\\item 45.3\n",
       "\\item 43.9\n",
       "\\item 11.3\n",
       "\\item 46.6\n",
       "\\item 15.3\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 46.5\n",
       "\\item 2.2\n",
       "\\item 15.4\n",
       "\\item 18.5\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 78.9\n",
       "2. 5.9\n",
       "3. 19.1\n",
       "4. 57.2\n",
       "5. 88\n",
       "6. 59.9\n",
       "7. 41.9\n",
       "8. 63.4\n",
       "9. 83\n",
       "10. 80.6188\n",
       "11. 58.7\n",
       "12. 1.3\n",
       "13. 82.1702\n",
       "14. 4.9\n",
       "15. 9.1\n",
       "16. 6.63\n",
       "17. 53.0615\n",
       "18. 90.0000397\n",
       "19. 72\n",
       "20. 57.79\n",
       "21. 54.17\n",
       "22. 33.6\n",
       "23. 95.3\n",
       "24. 36.94\n",
       "25. 51.04\n",
       "26. 73\n",
       "27. 64.5\n",
       "28. 29.9\n",
       "29. 15\n",
       "30. 3.5\n",
       "31. 85.8\n",
       "32. 86.34\n",
       "33. 66.5\n",
       "34. 45.8\n",
       "35. 8.4\n",
       "36. 6.4\n",
       "37. 6.6\n",
       "38. 51.7\n",
       "39. 6.5\n",
       "40. 37.5\n",
       "41. 45.96\n",
       "42. 27.93\n",
       "43. 74.1\n",
       "44. 65.4548\n",
       "45. 74.1104\n",
       "46. 84.17\n",
       "47. 9.5\n",
       "48. 94.6297\n",
       "49. 45.9\n",
       "50. 16.5\n",
       "51. 40.35368423\n",
       "52. 29.4\n",
       "53. 0.9\n",
       "54. 71.635\n",
       "55. 79.4\n",
       "56. 1.9\n",
       "57. 91.5144\n",
       "58. 37.1\n",
       "59. 81.9198\n",
       "60. 27.8\n",
       "61. 9.2\n",
       "62. 89.8441\n",
       "63. 43.3\n",
       "64. 12.3\n",
       "65. 1.6\n",
       "66. 14\n",
       "67. 3.1\n",
       "68. 16.4\n",
       "69. 59.8663\n",
       "70. 35\n",
       "71. 65.8\n",
       "72. 19.7\n",
       "73. 65.4\n",
       "74. 35\n",
       "75. 74.2\n",
       "76. 17.8\n",
       "77. 66.7476\n",
       "78. 10.6\n",
       "79. 72.6439\n",
       "80. 14.94\n",
       "81. 15.1\n",
       "82. 78.2477\n",
       "83. 29.95\n",
       "84. 9.2\n",
       "85. 96.5468\n",
       "86. 70.8\n",
       "87. 58.4593\n",
       "88. 37.1\n",
       "89. 41\n",
       "90. 89.71\n",
       "91. 54\n",
       "92. 39\n",
       "93. 23\n",
       "94. 6.8\n",
       "95. 11.5\n",
       "96. 84.77\n",
       "97. 75.46\n",
       "98. 12.5\n",
       "99. 70.5\n",
       "100. 3.2\n",
       "101. 16.5\n",
       "102. 46.2\n",
       "103. 93.8\n",
       "104. 21.9\n",
       "105. 5\n",
       "106. 68.4529\n",
       "107. 93.7765\n",
       "108. 75.2344\n",
       "109. 65.8\n",
       "110. 56\n",
       "111. 45\n",
       "112. 3\n",
       "113. 44.1\n",
       "114. 43.46\n",
       "115. 65.24\n",
       "116. 3.5\n",
       "117. 68.9138\n",
       "118. 1.6\n",
       "119. 60.31\n",
       "120. 20\n",
       "121. 5.4\n",
       "122. 6.2\n",
       "123. 39\n",
       "124. 5.05\n",
       "125. 66.97\n",
       "126. 13.9\n",
       "127. 66\n",
       "128. 1.7\n",
       "129. 38\n",
       "130. 15.5\n",
       "131. 93.9564\n",
       "132. 95.0534\n",
       "133. 13.3\n",
       "134. 82.78\n",
       "135. 66.45\n",
       "136. 10.9\n",
       "137. 44.03\n",
       "138. 39.2\n",
       "139. 37\n",
       "140. 6.5\n",
       "141. 62.8492\n",
       "142. 73.9\n",
       "143. 62.0956\n",
       "144. 36.9\n",
       "145. 56.8\n",
       "146. 85.3\n",
       "147. 49.7645\n",
       "148. 67.97\n",
       "149. 9\n",
       "150. 60.5\n",
       "151. 22.7\n",
       "152. 13.1\n",
       "153. 81\n",
       "154. 8\n",
       "155. 1.7\n",
       "156. 23.1093\n",
       "157. 1.5\n",
       "158. 51.5\n",
       "159. 14.1\n",
       "160. 23\n",
       "161. 37.4\n",
       "162. 77.8826\n",
       "163. 72.6756\n",
       "164. 94.7836\n",
       "165. 24.7\n",
       "166. 50.4\n",
       "167. 26.2\n",
       "168. 2.3\n",
       "169. 4.5\n",
       "170. 28.94\n",
       "171. 16\n",
       "172. 9.6\n",
       "173. 1.1\n",
       "174. 35\n",
       "175. 63.8\n",
       "176. 43.8\n",
       "177. 46.25\n",
       "178. 4.4\n",
       "179. 16.2\n",
       "180. 41\n",
       "181. 57.69\n",
       "182. 84.2\n",
       "183. 38.2\n",
       "184. 52\n",
       "185. 54.9\n",
       "186. 45.3\n",
       "187. 43.9\n",
       "188. 11.3\n",
       "189. 46.6\n",
       "190. 15.3\n",
       "191. 20\n",
       "192. 46.5\n",
       "193. 2.2\n",
       "194. 15.4\n",
       "195. 18.5\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1] 78.90000  5.90000 19.10000 57.20000 88.00000 59.90000 41.90000 63.40000\n",
       "  [9] 83.00000 80.61880 58.70000  1.30000 82.17020  4.90000  9.10000  6.63000\n",
       " [17] 53.06150 90.00004 72.00000 57.79000 54.17000 33.60000 95.30000 36.94000\n",
       " [25] 51.04000 73.00000 64.50000 29.90000 15.00000  3.50000 85.80000 86.34000\n",
       " [33] 66.50000 45.80000  8.40000  6.40000  6.60000 51.70000  6.50000 37.50000\n",
       " [41] 45.96000 27.93000 74.10000 65.45480 74.11040 84.17000  9.50000 94.62970\n",
       " [49] 45.90000 16.50000 40.35368 29.40000  0.90000 71.63500 79.40000  1.90000\n",
       " [57] 91.51440 37.10000 81.91980 27.80000  9.20000 89.84410 43.30000 12.30000\n",
       " [65]  1.60000 14.00000  3.10000 16.40000 59.86630 35.00000 65.80000 19.70000\n",
       " [73] 65.40000 35.00000 74.20000 17.80000 66.74760 10.60000 72.64390 14.94000\n",
       " [81] 15.10000 78.24770 29.95000  9.20000 96.54680 70.80000 58.45930 37.10000\n",
       " [89] 41.00000 89.71000 54.00000 39.00000 23.00000  6.80000 11.50000 84.77000\n",
       " [97] 75.46000 12.50000 70.50000  3.20000 16.50000 46.20000 93.80000 21.90000\n",
       "[105]  5.00000 68.45290 93.77650 75.23440 65.80000 56.00000 45.00000  3.00000\n",
       "[113] 44.10000 43.46000 65.24000  3.50000 68.91380  1.60000 60.31000 20.00000\n",
       "[121]  5.40000  6.20000 39.00000  5.05000 66.97000 13.90000 66.00000  1.70000\n",
       "[129] 38.00000 15.50000 93.95640 95.05340 13.30000 82.78000 66.45000 10.90000\n",
       "[137] 44.03000 39.20000 37.00000  6.50000 62.84920 73.90000 62.09560 36.90000\n",
       "[145] 56.80000 85.30000 49.76450 67.97000  9.00000 60.50000 22.70000 13.10000\n",
       "[153] 81.00000  8.00000  1.70000 23.10930  1.50000 51.50000 14.10000 23.00000\n",
       "[161] 37.40000 77.88260 72.67560 94.78360 24.70000 50.40000 26.20000  2.30000\n",
       "[169]  4.50000 28.94000 16.00000  9.60000  1.10000 35.00000 63.80000 43.80000\n",
       "[177] 46.25000  4.40000 16.20000 41.00000 57.69000 84.20000 38.20000 52.00000\n",
       "[185] 54.90000 45.30000 43.90000 11.30000 46.60000 15.30000 20.00000 46.50000\n",
       "[193]  2.20000 15.40000 18.50000"
      ]
     },
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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       "5.9"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "5.9"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "5.9"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 5.9"
      ]
     },
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      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>78.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>88</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>83</li>\n",
       "\t<li>80.6188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>82.1702</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.63</li>\n",
       "\t<li>53.0615</li>\n",
       "\t<li>90.0000397</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.79</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54.17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>33.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>95.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.04</li>\n",
       "\t<li>73</li>\n",
       "\t<li>64.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>85.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>86.34</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.96</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27.93</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.4548</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.1104</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>94.6297</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.35368423</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>71.635</li>\n",
       "\t<li>79.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>91.5144</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>81.9198</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>89.8441</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.8663</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.7476</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72.6439</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>78.2477</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29.95</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>96.5468</li>\n",
       "\t<li>70.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58.4593</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41</li>\n",
       "\t<li>89.71</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.77</li>\n",
       "\t<li>75.46</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>70.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>68.4529</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.7765</li>\n",
       "\t<li>75.2344</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>56</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.46</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.24</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>68.9138</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.31</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5.05</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.97</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.9564</li>\n",
       "\t<li>95.0534</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>82.78</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.45</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.03</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.8492</li>\n",
       "\t<li>73.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.0956</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>56.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>85.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>49.7645</li>\n",
       "\t<li>67.97</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>22.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>81</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23.1093</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>77.8826</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72.6756</li>\n",
       "\t<li>94.7836</li>\n",
       "\t<li>24.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>50.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.69</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>52</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18.5</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 78.9\n",
       "\\item 5.9\n",
       "\\item 19.1\n",
       "\\item 57.2\n",
       "\\item 88\n",
       "\\item 59.9\n",
       "\\item 41.9\n",
       "\\item 63.4\n",
       "\\item 83\n",
       "\\item 80.6188\n",
       "\\item 58.7\n",
       "\\item 1.3\n",
       "\\item 82.1702\n",
       "\\item 4.9\n",
       "\\item 9.1\n",
       "\\item 6.63\n",
       "\\item 53.0615\n",
       "\\item 90.0000397\n",
       "\\item 72\n",
       "\\item 57.79\n",
       "\\item 54.17\n",
       "\\item 33.6\n",
       "\\item 95.3\n",
       "\\item 36.94\n",
       "\\item 51.04\n",
       "\\item 73\n",
       "\\item 64.5\n",
       "\\item 29.9\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 3.5\n",
       "\\item 85.8\n",
       "\\item 86.34\n",
       "\\item 66.5\n",
       "\\item 45.8\n",
       "\\item 8.4\n",
       "\\item 6.4\n",
       "\\item 6.6\n",
       "\\item 51.7\n",
       "\\item 6.5\n",
       "\\item 37.5\n",
       "\\item 45.96\n",
       "\\item 27.93\n",
       "\\item 74.1\n",
       "\\item 65.4548\n",
       "\\item 74.1104\n",
       "\\item 84.17\n",
       "\\item 9.5\n",
       "\\item 94.6297\n",
       "\\item 45.9\n",
       "\\item 16.5\n",
       "\\item 40.35368423\n",
       "\\item 29.4\n",
       "\\item 0.9\n",
       "\\item 71.635\n",
       "\\item 79.4\n",
       "\\item 1.9\n",
       "\\item 91.5144\n",
       "\\item 37.1\n",
       "\\item 81.9198\n",
       "\\item 27.8\n",
       "\\item 9.2\n",
       "\\item 89.8441\n",
       "\\item 43.3\n",
       "\\item 12.3\n",
       "\\item 1.6\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 3.1\n",
       "\\item 16.4\n",
       "\\item 59.8663\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 65.8\n",
       "\\item 19.7\n",
       "\\item 65.4\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 74.2\n",
       "\\item 17.8\n",
       "\\item 66.7476\n",
       "\\item 10.6\n",
       "\\item 72.6439\n",
       "\\item 14.94\n",
       "\\item 15.1\n",
       "\\item 78.2477\n",
       "\\item 29.95\n",
       "\\item 9.2\n",
       "\\item 96.5468\n",
       "\\item 70.8\n",
       "\\item 58.4593\n",
       "\\item 37.1\n",
       "\\item 41\n",
       "\\item 89.71\n",
       "\\item 54\n",
       "\\item 39\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item 6.8\n",
       "\\item 11.5\n",
       "\\item 84.77\n",
       "\\item 75.46\n",
       "\\item 12.5\n",
       "\\item 70.5\n",
       "\\item 3.2\n",
       "\\item 16.5\n",
       "\\item 46.2\n",
       "\\item 93.8\n",
       "\\item 21.9\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 68.4529\n",
       "\\item 93.7765\n",
       "\\item 75.2344\n",
       "\\item 65.8\n",
       "\\item 56\n",
       "\\item 45\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 44.1\n",
       "\\item 43.46\n",
       "\\item 65.24\n",
       "\\item 3.5\n",
       "\\item 68.9138\n",
       "\\item 1.6\n",
       "\\item 60.31\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 5.4\n",
       "\\item 6.2\n",
       "\\item 39\n",
       "\\item 5.05\n",
       "\\item 66.97\n",
       "\\item 13.9\n",
       "\\item 66\n",
       "\\item 1.7\n",
       "\\item 38\n",
       "\\item 15.5\n",
       "\\item 93.9564\n",
       "\\item 95.0534\n",
       "\\item 13.3\n",
       "\\item 82.78\n",
       "\\item 66.45\n",
       "\\item 10.9\n",
       "\\item 44.03\n",
       "\\item 39.2\n",
       "\\item 37\n",
       "\\item 6.5\n",
       "\\item 62.8492\n",
       "\\item 73.9\n",
       "\\item 62.0956\n",
       "\\item 36.9\n",
       "\\item 56.8\n",
       "\\item 85.3\n",
       "\\item 49.7645\n",
       "\\item 67.97\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 60.5\n",
       "\\item 22.7\n",
       "\\item 13.1\n",
       "\\item 81\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 1.7\n",
       "\\item 23.1093\n",
       "\\item 1.5\n",
       "\\item 51.5\n",
       "\\item 14.1\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item 37.4\n",
       "\\item 77.8826\n",
       "\\item 72.6756\n",
       "\\item 94.7836\n",
       "\\item 24.7\n",
       "\\item 50.4\n",
       "\\item 26.2\n",
       "\\item 2.3\n",
       "\\item 4.5\n",
       "\\item 28.94\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 9.6\n",
       "\\item 1.1\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 63.8\n",
       "\\item 43.8\n",
       "\\item 46.25\n",
       "\\item 4.4\n",
       "\\item 16.2\n",
       "\\item 41\n",
       "\\item 57.69\n",
       "\\item 84.2\n",
       "\\item 38.2\n",
       "\\item 52\n",
       "\\item 54.9\n",
       "\\item 45.3\n",
       "\\item 43.9\n",
       "\\item 11.3\n",
       "\\item 46.6\n",
       "\\item 15.3\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 46.5\n",
       "\\item 2.2\n",
       "\\item 15.4\n",
       "\\item 18.5\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 78.9\n",
       "2. 5.9\n",
       "3. 19.1\n",
       "4. 57.2\n",
       "5. 88\n",
       "6. 59.9\n",
       "7. 41.9\n",
       "8. 63.4\n",
       "9. 83\n",
       "10. 80.6188\n",
       "11. 58.7\n",
       "12. 1.3\n",
       "13. 82.1702\n",
       "14. 4.9\n",
       "15. 9.1\n",
       "16. 6.63\n",
       "17. 53.0615\n",
       "18. 90.0000397\n",
       "19. 72\n",
       "20. 57.79\n",
       "21. 54.17\n",
       "22. 33.6\n",
       "23. 95.3\n",
       "24. 36.94\n",
       "25. 51.04\n",
       "26. 73\n",
       "27. 64.5\n",
       "28. 29.9\n",
       "29. 15\n",
       "30. 3.5\n",
       "31. 85.8\n",
       "32. 86.34\n",
       "33. 66.5\n",
       "34. 45.8\n",
       "35. 8.4\n",
       "36. 6.4\n",
       "37. 6.6\n",
       "38. 51.7\n",
       "39. 6.5\n",
       "40. 37.5\n",
       "41. 45.96\n",
       "42. 27.93\n",
       "43. 74.1\n",
       "44. 65.4548\n",
       "45. 74.1104\n",
       "46. 84.17\n",
       "47. 9.5\n",
       "48. 94.6297\n",
       "49. 45.9\n",
       "50. 16.5\n",
       "51. 40.35368423\n",
       "52. 29.4\n",
       "53. 0.9\n",
       "54. 71.635\n",
       "55. 79.4\n",
       "56. 1.9\n",
       "57. 91.5144\n",
       "58. 37.1\n",
       "59. 81.9198\n",
       "60. 27.8\n",
       "61. 9.2\n",
       "62. 89.8441\n",
       "63. 43.3\n",
       "64. 12.3\n",
       "65. 1.6\n",
       "66. 14\n",
       "67. 3.1\n",
       "68. 16.4\n",
       "69. 59.8663\n",
       "70. 35\n",
       "71. 65.8\n",
       "72. 19.7\n",
       "73. 65.4\n",
       "74. 35\n",
       "75. 74.2\n",
       "76. 17.8\n",
       "77. 66.7476\n",
       "78. 10.6\n",
       "79. 72.6439\n",
       "80. 14.94\n",
       "81. 15.1\n",
       "82. 78.2477\n",
       "83. 29.95\n",
       "84. 9.2\n",
       "85. 96.5468\n",
       "86. 70.8\n",
       "87. 58.4593\n",
       "88. 37.1\n",
       "89. 41\n",
       "90. 89.71\n",
       "91. 54\n",
       "92. 39\n",
       "93. 23\n",
       "94. 6.8\n",
       "95. 11.5\n",
       "96. 84.77\n",
       "97. 75.46\n",
       "98. 12.5\n",
       "99. 70.5\n",
       "100. 3.2\n",
       "101. 16.5\n",
       "102. 46.2\n",
       "103. 93.8\n",
       "104. 21.9\n",
       "105. 5\n",
       "106. 68.4529\n",
       "107. 93.7765\n",
       "108. 75.2344\n",
       "109. 65.8\n",
       "110. 56\n",
       "111. 45\n",
       "112. 3\n",
       "113. 44.1\n",
       "114. 43.46\n",
       "115. 65.24\n",
       "116. 3.5\n",
       "117. 68.9138\n",
       "118. 1.6\n",
       "119. 60.31\n",
       "120. 20\n",
       "121. 5.4\n",
       "122. 6.2\n",
       "123. 39\n",
       "124. 5.05\n",
       "125. 66.97\n",
       "126. 13.9\n",
       "127. 66\n",
       "128. 1.7\n",
       "129. 38\n",
       "130. 15.5\n",
       "131. 93.9564\n",
       "132. 95.0534\n",
       "133. 13.3\n",
       "134. 82.78\n",
       "135. 66.45\n",
       "136. 10.9\n",
       "137. 44.03\n",
       "138. 39.2\n",
       "139. 37\n",
       "140. 6.5\n",
       "141. 62.8492\n",
       "142. 73.9\n",
       "143. 62.0956\n",
       "144. 36.9\n",
       "145. 56.8\n",
       "146. 85.3\n",
       "147. 49.7645\n",
       "148. 67.97\n",
       "149. 9\n",
       "150. 60.5\n",
       "151. 22.7\n",
       "152. 13.1\n",
       "153. 81\n",
       "154. 8\n",
       "155. 1.7\n",
       "156. 23.1093\n",
       "157. 1.5\n",
       "158. 51.5\n",
       "159. 14.1\n",
       "160. 23\n",
       "161. 37.4\n",
       "162. 77.8826\n",
       "163. 72.6756\n",
       "164. 94.7836\n",
       "165. 24.7\n",
       "166. 50.4\n",
       "167. 26.2\n",
       "168. 2.3\n",
       "169. 4.5\n",
       "170. 28.94\n",
       "171. 16\n",
       "172. 9.6\n",
       "173. 1.1\n",
       "174. 35\n",
       "175. 63.8\n",
       "176. 43.8\n",
       "177. 46.25\n",
       "178. 4.4\n",
       "179. 16.2\n",
       "180. 41\n",
       "181. 57.69\n",
       "182. 84.2\n",
       "183. 38.2\n",
       "184. 52\n",
       "185. 54.9\n",
       "186. 45.3\n",
       "187. 43.9\n",
       "188. 11.3\n",
       "189. 46.6\n",
       "190. 15.3\n",
       "191. 20\n",
       "192. 46.5\n",
       "193. 2.2\n",
       "194. 15.4\n",
       "195. 18.5\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1] 78.90000  5.90000 19.10000 57.20000 88.00000 59.90000 41.90000 63.40000\n",
       "  [9] 83.00000 80.61880 58.70000  1.30000 82.17020  4.90000  9.10000  6.63000\n",
       " [17] 53.06150 90.00004 72.00000 57.79000 54.17000 33.60000 95.30000 36.94000\n",
       " [25] 51.04000 73.00000 64.50000 29.90000 15.00000  3.50000 85.80000 86.34000\n",
       " [33] 66.50000 45.80000  8.40000  6.40000  6.60000 51.70000  6.50000 37.50000\n",
       " [41] 45.96000 27.93000 74.10000 65.45480 74.11040 84.17000  9.50000 94.62970\n",
       " [49] 45.90000 16.50000 40.35368 29.40000  0.90000 71.63500 79.40000  1.90000\n",
       " [57] 91.51440 37.10000 81.91980 27.80000  9.20000 89.84410 43.30000 12.30000\n",
       " [65]  1.60000 14.00000  3.10000 16.40000 59.86630 35.00000 65.80000 19.70000\n",
       " [73] 65.40000 35.00000 74.20000 17.80000 66.74760 10.60000 72.64390 14.94000\n",
       " [81] 15.10000 78.24770 29.95000  9.20000 96.54680 70.80000 58.45930 37.10000\n",
       " [89] 41.00000 89.71000 54.00000 39.00000 23.00000  6.80000 11.50000 84.77000\n",
       " [97] 75.46000 12.50000 70.50000  3.20000 16.50000 46.20000 93.80000 21.90000\n",
       "[105]  5.00000 68.45290 93.77650 75.23440 65.80000 56.00000 45.00000  3.00000\n",
       "[113] 44.10000 43.46000 65.24000  3.50000 68.91380  1.60000 60.31000 20.00000\n",
       "[121]  5.40000  6.20000 39.00000  5.05000 66.97000 13.90000 66.00000  1.70000\n",
       "[129] 38.00000 15.50000 93.95640 95.05340 13.30000 82.78000 66.45000 10.90000\n",
       "[137] 44.03000 39.20000 37.00000  6.50000 62.84920 73.90000 62.09560 36.90000\n",
       "[145] 56.80000 85.30000 49.76450 67.97000  9.00000 60.50000 22.70000 13.10000\n",
       "[153] 81.00000  8.00000  1.70000 23.10930  1.50000 51.50000 14.10000 23.00000\n",
       "[161] 37.40000 77.88260 72.67560 94.78360 24.70000 50.40000 26.20000  2.30000\n",
       "[169]  4.50000 28.94000 16.00000  9.60000  1.10000 35.00000 63.80000 43.80000\n",
       "[177] 46.25000  4.40000 16.20000 41.00000 57.69000 84.20000 38.20000 52.00000\n",
       "[185] 54.90000 45.30000 43.90000 11.30000 46.60000 15.30000 20.00000 46.50000\n",
       "[193]  2.20000 15.40000 18.50000"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'High income'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'Low income'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'Lower middle income'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'Upper middle income'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'High income'\n",
       "\\item 'Low income'\n",
       "\\item 'Lower middle income'\n",
       "\\item 'Upper middle income'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'High income'\n",
       "2. 'Low income'\n",
       "3. 'Lower middle income'\n",
       "4. 'Upper middle income'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"High income\"         \"Low income\"          \"Lower middle income\"\n",
       "[4] \"Upper middle income\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stats[3, 3]\n",
    "stats[3, \"Birth.rate\"]\n",
    "stats$Internet.users\n",
    "stats$Internet.users[2]\n",
    "stats[, \"Internet.users\"]\n",
    "levels(stats$Income.Group)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Basic operation with Data Frames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.9000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Afghanistan         </td><td>AFG                 </td><td>35.253              </td><td> 5.9000             </td><td>Low income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1000             </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2000             </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Armenia             </td><td>ARM                 </td><td>13.308              </td><td>41.9000             </td><td>Lower middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Antigua and Barbuda </td><td>ATG                 </td><td>16.447              </td><td>63.4000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Australia           </td><td>AUS                 </td><td>13.200              </td><td>83.0000             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Austria             </td><td>AUT                 </td><td> 9.400              </td><td>80.6188             </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.9000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Afghanistan          & AFG                  & 35.253               &  5.9000              & Low income          \\\\\n",
       "\t Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1000              & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2000              & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Armenia              & ARM                  & 13.308               & 41.9000              & Lower middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Antigua and Barbuda  & ATG                  & 16.447               & 63.4000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Australia            & AUS                  & 13.200               & 83.0000              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Austria              & AUT                  &  9.400               & 80.6188              & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.9000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Afghanistan          | AFG                  | 35.253               |  5.9000              | Low income           | \n",
       "| Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1000              | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2000              | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Armenia              | ARM                  | 13.308               | 41.9000              | Lower middle income  | \n",
       "| Antigua and Barbuda  | ATG                  | 16.447               | 63.4000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Australia            | AUS                  | 13.200               | 83.0000              | High income          | \n",
       "| Austria              | AUT                  |  9.400               | 80.6188              | High income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "1  Aruba                ABW          10.244     78.9000       \n",
       "2  Afghanistan          AFG          35.253      5.9000       \n",
       "3  Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1000       \n",
       "4  Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2000       \n",
       "5  United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0000       \n",
       "6  Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9000       \n",
       "7  Armenia              ARM          13.308     41.9000       \n",
       "8  Antigua and Barbuda  ATG          16.447     63.4000       \n",
       "9  Australia            AUS          13.200     83.0000       \n",
       "10 Austria              AUT           9.400     80.6188       \n",
       "   Income.Group       \n",
       "1  High income        \n",
       "2  Low income         \n",
       "3  Upper middle income\n",
       "4  Upper middle income\n",
       "5  High income        \n",
       "6  High income        \n",
       "7  Lower middle income\n",
       "8  High income        \n",
       "9  High income        \n",
       "10 High income        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>7</th><td>Armenia             </td><td>ARM                 </td><td>13.308              </td><td>41.9                </td><td>Lower middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>Antigua and Barbuda </td><td>ATG                 </td><td>16.447              </td><td>63.4                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>Australia           </td><td>AUS                 </td><td>13.200              </td><td>83.0                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t3 & Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t4 & Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t5 & United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t6 & Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t7 & Armenia              & ARM                  & 13.308               & 41.9                 & Lower middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t8 & Antigua and Barbuda  & ATG                  & 16.447               & 63.4                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t9 & Australia            & AUS                  & 13.200               & 83.0                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 3 | Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| 4 | Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| 5 | United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0                 | High income          | \n",
       "| 6 | Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "| 7 | Armenia              | ARM                  | 13.308               | 41.9                 | Lower middle income  | \n",
       "| 8 | Antigua and Barbuda  | ATG                  | 16.447               | 63.4                 | High income          | \n",
       "| 9 | Australia            | AUS                  | 13.200               | 83.0                 | High income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "3 Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1          \n",
       "4 Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2          \n",
       "5 United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0          \n",
       "6 Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9          \n",
       "7 Armenia              ARM          13.308     41.9          \n",
       "8 Antigua and Barbuda  ATG          16.447     63.4          \n",
       "9 Australia            AUS          13.200     83.0          \n",
       "  Income.Group       \n",
       "3 Upper middle income\n",
       "4 Upper middle income\n",
       "5 High income        \n",
       "6 High income        \n",
       "7 Lower middle income\n",
       "8 High income        \n",
       "9 High income        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>Albania            </td><td>ALB                </td><td>12.877             </td><td>57.2               </td><td>Upper middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>100</th><td>Liberia            </td><td>LBR                </td><td>35.521             </td><td> 3.2               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t4 & Albania             & ALB                 & 12.877              & 57.2                & Upper middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t100 & Liberia             & LBR                 & 35.521              &  3.2                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| 4 | Albania             | ALB                 | 12.877              | 57.2                | Upper middle income | \n",
       "| 100 | Liberia             | LBR                 | 35.521              |  3.2                | Low income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users Income.Group       \n",
       "4   Albania      ALB          12.877     57.2           Upper middle income\n",
       "100 Liberia      LBR          35.521      3.2           Low income         "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stats[1:10,] #subsetting\n",
    "stats[3:9,]\n",
    "stats[c(4, 100),]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Remember how the [] work;"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "is.data.frame(stats[1,]) #no need for drop=F\n",
    "is.data.frame(stats[,1])\n",
    "is.data.frame(stats[,1, drop = F])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Multiply columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Afghanistan         </td><td>AFG                 </td><td>35.253              </td><td> 5.9                </td><td>Low income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Afghanistan          & AFG                  & 35.253               &  5.9                 & Low income          \\\\\n",
       "\t Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "| Afghanistan          | AFG                  | 35.253               |  5.9                 | Low income           | \n",
       "| Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0                 | High income          | \n",
       "| Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "1 Aruba                ABW          10.244     78.9          \n",
       "2 Afghanistan          AFG          35.253      5.9          \n",
       "3 Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1          \n",
       "4 Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2          \n",
       "5 United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0          \n",
       "6 Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9          \n",
       "  Income.Group       \n",
       "1 High income        \n",
       "2 Low income         \n",
       "3 Upper middle income\n",
       "4 Upper middle income\n",
       "5 High income        \n",
       "6 High income        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
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       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>808.2516</li>\n",
       "\t<li>207.9927</li>\n",
       "\t<li>878.3135</li>\n",
       "\t<li>736.5644</li>\n",
       "\t<li>971.872</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1061.1884</li>\n",
       "\t<li>557.6052</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1042.7398</li>\n",
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       "\t<li>57.3963</li>\n",
       "\t<li>920.30624</li>\n",
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       "\t<li>991.12</li>\n",
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       "\t<li>119.266</li>\n",
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       "\t<li>890.1025</li>\n",
       "\t<li>554.18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>313.488</li>\n",
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       "\t<li>244.2726</li>\n",
       "\t<li>831.1292</li>\n",
       "\t<li>223.119</li>\n",
       "\t<li>810.9375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>690.41112</li>\n",
       "\t<li>290.472</li>\n",
       "\t<li>926.25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>748.5410928</li>\n",
       "\t<li>755.92608</li>\n",
       "\t<li>715.445</li>\n",
       "\t<li>242.117</li>\n",
       "\t<li>946.297</li>\n",
       "\t<li>972.9882</li>\n",
       "\t<li>408.177</li>\n",
       "\t<li>850.2521267261</li>\n",
       "\t<li>824.1408</li>\n",
       "\t<li>31.32</li>\n",
       "\t<li>651.8785</li>\n",
       "\t<li>817.82</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.5575</li>\n",
       "\t<li>979.20408</li>\n",
       "\t<li>759.1773</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1007.61354</li>\n",
       "\t<li>653.6058</li>\n",
       "\t<li>281.106</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1096.09802</li>\n",
       "\t<li>577.2756</li>\n",
       "\t<li>407.5113</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.7392</li>\n",
       "\t<li>595.35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>116.2593</li>\n",
       "\t<li>579.9368</li>\n",
       "\t<li>508.86355</li>\n",
       "\t<li>676.69</li>\n",
       "\t<li>954.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>541.0605</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1137.2406</li>\n",
       "\t<li>660.975</li>\n",
       "\t<li>586.18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>384.3554</li>\n",
       "\t<li>627.42744</li>\n",
       "\t<li>268.657</li>\n",
       "\t<li>668.32388</li>\n",
       "\t<li>303.23718</li>\n",
       "\t<li>306.3941</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1173.7155</li>\n",
       "\t<li>536.105</li>\n",
       "\t<li>286.0556</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1293.72712</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1508.04</li>\n",
       "\t<li>496.90405</li>\n",
       "\t<li>502.334</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1108.886</li>\n",
       "\t<li>735.622</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1227.42</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1372.566</li>\n",
       "\t<li>625.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>166.3416</li>\n",
       "\t<li>334.006</li>\n",
       "\t<li>729.022</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1552.5895</li>\n",
       "\t<li>338.1375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>946.533</li>\n",
       "\t<li>113.6672</li>\n",
       "\t<li>353.5125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>712.866</li>\n",
       "\t<li>862.96</li>\n",
       "\t<li>391.1997</li>\n",
       "\t<li>143.69</li>\n",
       "\t<li>691.37429</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1059.67445</li>\n",
       "\t<li>767.39088</li>\n",
       "\t<li>740.6448</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1177.288</li>\n",
       "\t<li>546.345</li>\n",
       "\t<li>104.058</li>\n",
       "\t<li>945.8127</li>\n",
       "\t<li>830.25984</li>\n",
       "\t<li>732.12328</li>\n",
       "\t<li>154.483</li>\n",
       "\t<li>654.6811</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28.9904</li>\n",
       "\t<li>700.56096</li>\n",
       "\t<li>485.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>214.407</li>\n",
       "\t<li>209.5662</li>\n",
       "\t<li>425.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>199.26795</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1125.43085</li>\n",
       "\t<li>416.1243</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1122</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.4237</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1521.71</li>\n",
       "\t<li>322.214</li>\n",
       "\t<li>958.35528</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1102.61944</li>\n",
       "\t<li>278.2759</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1086.0736</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1356.84255</li>\n",
       "\t<li>322.4438</li>\n",
       "\t<li>866.5104</li>\n",
       "\t<li>791.7616</li>\n",
       "\t<li>880.23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>187.8435</li>\n",
       "\t<li>603.35232</li>\n",
       "\t<li>798.12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>490.55524</li>\n",
       "\t<li>796.5972</li>\n",
       "\t<li>931.1224</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1018.482</li>\n",
       "\t<li>437.9276</li>\n",
       "\t<li>897.204</li>\n",
       "\t<li>294.201</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1244.848</li>\n",
       "\t<li>759.9279</li>\n",
       "\t<li>504.7823</li>\n",
       "\t<li>753.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>244.624</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.4393</li>\n",
       "\t<li>403.8581268</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.8365</li>\n",
       "\t<li>473.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>523.4766</li>\n",
       "\t<li>794.351</li>\n",
       "\t<li>690.217</li>\n",
       "\t<li>786.61426</li>\n",
       "\t<li>741.29112</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1118.44648</li>\n",
       "\t<li>743.2971</li>\n",
       "\t<li>937.44</li>\n",
       "\t<li>629.9266</li>\n",
       "\t<li>105.2135</li>\n",
       "\t<li>162.36</li>\n",
       "\t<li>319.52654</li>\n",
       "\t<li>492.672</li>\n",
       "\t<li>204.6912</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39.3305</li>\n",
       "\t<li>889.315</li>\n",
       "\t<li>930.842</li>\n",
       "\t<li>867.24</li>\n",
       "\t<li>778.665</li>\n",
       "\t<li>173.8792</li>\n",
       "\t<li>704.2788</li>\n",
       "\t<li>455.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>829.23606</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1052.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>859.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>847.912</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1089.3258</li>\n",
       "\t<li>484.71</li>\n",
       "\t<li>682.0743</li>\n",
       "\t<li>302.1507</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1416.3604</li>\n",
       "\t<li>400.4316</li>\n",
       "\t<li>658.94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>969.525</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.2668</li>\n",
       "\t<li>623.2534</li>\n",
       "\t<li>660.7275</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
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       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 808.2516\n",
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       "\\item 523.69298\n",
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       "\\item 895.27784\n",
       "\\item 762.07824\n",
       "\\item 889.724\n",
       "\\item 1058.1225\n",
       "\\item 542.2066\n",
       "\\item 379.005\n",
       "\\item 119.266\n",
       "\\item 935.22\n",
       "\\item 880.668\n",
       "\\item 890.1025\n",
       "\\item 554.18\n",
       "\\item 313.488\n",
       "\\item 238.3104\n",
       "\\item 244.2726\n",
       "\\item 831.1292\n",
       "\\item 223.119\n",
       "\\item 810.9375\n",
       "\\item 690.41112\n",
       "\\item 290.472\n",
       "\\item 926.25\n",
       "\\item 748.5410928\n",
       "\\item 755.92608\n",
       "\\item 715.445\n",
       "\\item 242.117\n",
       "\\item 946.297\n",
       "\\item 972.9882\n",
       "\\item 408.177\n",
       "\\item 850.2521267261\n",
       "\\item 824.1408\n",
       "\\item 31.32\n",
       "\\item 651.8785\n",
       "\\item 817.82\n",
       "\\item 62.5575\n",
       "\\item 979.20408\n",
       "\\item 759.1773\n",
       "\\item 1007.61354\n",
       "\\item 653.6058\n",
       "\\item 281.106\n",
       "\\item 1096.09802\n",
       "\\item 577.2756\n",
       "\\item 407.5113\n",
       "\\item 59.7392\n",
       "\\item 595.35\n",
       "\\item 116.2593\n",
       "\\item 579.9368\n",
       "\\item 508.86355\n",
       "\\item 676.69\n",
       "\\item 954.1\n",
       "\\item 541.0605\n",
       "\\item 1137.2406\n",
       "\\item 660.975\n",
       "\\item 586.18\n",
       "\\item 384.3554\n",
       "\\item 627.42744\n",
       "\\item 268.657\n",
       "\\item 668.32388\n",
       "\\item 303.23718\n",
       "\\item 306.3941\n",
       "\\item 1173.7155\n",
       "\\item 536.105\n",
       "\\item 286.0556\n",
       "\\item 1293.72712\n",
       "\\item 1508.04\n",
       "\\item 496.90405\n",
       "\\item 502.334\n",
       "\\item 1108.886\n",
       "\\item 735.622\n",
       "\\item 1227.42\n",
       "\\item 1372.566\n",
       "\\item 625.6\n",
       "\\item 166.3416\n",
       "\\item 334.006\n",
       "\\item 729.022\n",
       "\\item 1552.5895\n",
       "\\item 338.1375\n",
       "\\item 946.533\n",
       "\\item 113.6672\n",
       "\\item 353.5125\n",
       "\\item 712.866\n",
       "\\item 862.96\n",
       "\\item 391.1997\n",
       "\\item 143.69\n",
       "\\item 691.37429\n",
       "\\item 1059.67445\n",
       "\\item 767.39088\n",
       "\\item 740.6448\n",
       "\\item 1177.288\n",
       "\\item 546.345\n",
       "\\item 104.058\n",
       "\\item 945.8127\n",
       "\\item 830.25984\n",
       "\\item 732.12328\n",
       "\\item 154.483\n",
       "\\item 654.6811\n",
       "\\item 28.9904\n",
       "\\item 700.56096\n",
       "\\item 485.5\n",
       "\\item 214.407\n",
       "\\item 209.5662\n",
       "\\item 425.1\n",
       "\\item 199.26795\n",
       "\\item 1125.43085\n",
       "\\item 416.1243\n",
       "\\item 1122\n",
       "\\item 84.4237\n",
       "\\item 1521.71\n",
       "\\item 322.214\n",
       "\\item 958.35528\n",
       "\\item 1102.61944\n",
       "\\item 278.2759\n",
       "\\item 1086.0736\n",
       "\\item 1356.84255\n",
       "\\item 322.4438\n",
       "\\item 866.5104\n",
       "\\item 791.7616\n",
       "\\item 880.23\n",
       "\\item 187.8435\n",
       "\\item 603.35232\n",
       "\\item 798.12\n",
       "\\item 490.55524\n",
       "\\item 796.5972\n",
       "\\item 931.1224\n",
       "\\item 1018.482\n",
       "\\item 437.9276\n",
       "\\item 897.204\n",
       "\\item 294.201\n",
       "\\item 1244.848\n",
       "\\item 759.9279\n",
       "\\item 504.7823\n",
       "\\item 753.3\n",
       "\\item 244.624\n",
       "\\item 62.4393\n",
       "\\item 403.8581268\n",
       "\\item 65.8365\n",
       "\\item 473.8\n",
       "\\item 523.4766\n",
       "\\item 794.351\n",
       "\\item 690.217\n",
       "\\item 786.61426\n",
       "\\item 741.29112\n",
       "\\item 1118.44648\n",
       "\\item 743.2971\n",
       "\\item 937.44\n",
       "\\item 629.9266\n",
       "\\item 105.2135\n",
       "\\item 162.36\n",
       "\\item 319.52654\n",
       "\\item 492.672\n",
       "\\item 204.6912\n",
       "\\item 39.3305\n",
       "\\item 889.315\n",
       "\\item 930.842\n",
       "\\item 867.24\n",
       "\\item 778.665\n",
       "\\item 173.8792\n",
       "\\item 704.2788\n",
       "\\item 455.1\n",
       "\\item 829.23606\n",
       "\\item 1052.5\n",
       "\\item 859.5\n",
       "\\item 847.912\n",
       "\\item 1089.3258\n",
       "\\item 484.71\n",
       "\\item 682.0743\n",
       "\\item 302.1507\n",
       "\\item 1416.3604\n",
       "\\item 400.4316\n",
       "\\item 658.94\n",
       "\\item 969.525\n",
       "\\item 93.2668\n",
       "\\item 623.2534\n",
       "\\item 660.7275\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 808.2516\n",
       "2. 207.9927\n",
       "3. 878.3135\n",
       "4. 736.5644\n",
       "5. 971.872\n",
       "6. 1061.1884\n",
       "7. 557.6052\n",
       "8. 1042.7398\n",
       "9. 1095.6\n",
       "10. 757.81672\n",
       "11. 1074.21\n",
       "12. 57.3963\n",
       "13. 920.30624\n",
       "14. 178.556\n",
       "15. 369.0141\n",
       "16. 133.54146\n",
       "17. 488.1658\n",
       "18. 1353.600597088\n",
       "19. 1104.408\n",
       "20. 523.69298\n",
       "21. 677.125\n",
       "22. 775.8912\n",
       "23. 991.12\n",
       "24. 895.27784\n",
       "25. 762.07824\n",
       "26. 889.724\n",
       "27. 1058.1225\n",
       "28. 542.2066\n",
       "29. 379.005\n",
       "30. 119.266\n",
       "31. 935.22\n",
       "32. 880.668\n",
       "33. 890.1025\n",
       "34. 554.18\n",
       "35. 313.488\n",
       "36. 238.3104\n",
       "37. 244.2726\n",
       "38. 831.1292\n",
       "39. 223.119\n",
       "40. 810.9375\n",
       "41. 690.41112\n",
       "42. 290.472\n",
       "43. 926.25\n",
       "44. 748.5410928\n",
       "45. 755.92608\n",
       "46. 715.445\n",
       "47. 242.117\n",
       "48. 946.297\n",
       "49. 972.9882\n",
       "50. 408.177\n",
       "51. 850.2521267261\n",
       "52. 824.1408\n",
       "53. 31.32\n",
       "54. 651.8785\n",
       "55. 817.82\n",
       "56. 62.5575\n",
       "57. 979.20408\n",
       "58. 759.1773\n",
       "59. 1007.61354\n",
       "60. 653.6058\n",
       "61. 281.106\n",
       "62. 1096.09802\n",
       "63. 577.2756\n",
       "64. 407.5113\n",
       "65. 59.7392\n",
       "66. 595.35\n",
       "67. 116.2593\n",
       "68. 579.9368\n",
       "69. 508.86355\n",
       "70. 676.69\n",
       "71. 954.1\n",
       "72. 541.0605\n",
       "73. 1137.2406\n",
       "74. 660.975\n",
       "75. 586.18\n",
       "76. 384.3554\n",
       "77. 627.42744\n",
       "78. 268.657\n",
       "79. 668.32388\n",
       "80. 303.23718\n",
       "81. 306.3941\n",
       "82. 1173.7155\n",
       "83. 536.105\n",
       "84. 286.0556\n",
       "85. 1293.72712\n",
       "86. 1508.04\n",
       "87. 496.90405\n",
       "88. 502.334\n",
       "89. 1108.886\n",
       "90. 735.622\n",
       "91. 1227.42\n",
       "92. 1372.566\n",
       "93. 625.6\n",
       "94. 166.3416\n",
       "95. 334.006\n",
       "96. 729.022\n",
       "97. 1552.5895\n",
       "98. 338.1375\n",
       "99. 946.533\n",
       "100. 113.6672\n",
       "101. 353.5125\n",
       "102. 712.866\n",
       "103. 862.96\n",
       "104. 391.1997\n",
       "105. 143.69\n",
       "106. 691.37429\n",
       "107. 1059.67445\n",
       "108. 767.39088\n",
       "109. 740.6448\n",
       "110. 1177.288\n",
       "111. 546.345\n",
       "112. 104.058\n",
       "113. 945.8127\n",
       "114. 830.25984\n",
       "115. 732.12328\n",
       "116. 154.483\n",
       "117. 654.6811\n",
       "118. 28.9904\n",
       "119. 700.56096\n",
       "120. 485.5\n",
       "121. 214.407\n",
       "122. 209.5662\n",
       "123. 425.1\n",
       "124. 199.26795\n",
       "125. 1125.43085\n",
       "126. 416.1243\n",
       "127. 1122\n",
       "128. 84.4237\n",
       "129. 1521.71\n",
       "130. 322.214\n",
       "131. 958.35528\n",
       "132. 1102.61944\n",
       "133. 278.2759\n",
       "134. 1086.0736\n",
       "135. 1356.84255\n",
       "136. 322.4438\n",
       "137. 866.5104\n",
       "138. 791.7616\n",
       "139. 880.23\n",
       "140. 187.8435\n",
       "141. 603.35232\n",
       "142. 798.12\n",
       "143. 490.55524\n",
       "144. 796.5972\n",
       "145. 931.1224\n",
       "146. 1018.482\n",
       "147. 437.9276\n",
       "148. 897.204\n",
       "149. 294.201\n",
       "150. 1244.848\n",
       "151. 759.9279\n",
       "152. 504.7823\n",
       "153. 753.3\n",
       "154. 244.624\n",
       "155. 62.4393\n",
       "156. 403.8581268\n",
       "157. 65.8365\n",
       "158. 473.8\n",
       "159. 523.4766\n",
       "160. 794.351\n",
       "161. 690.217\n",
       "162. 786.61426\n",
       "163. 741.29112\n",
       "164. 1118.44648\n",
       "165. 743.2971\n",
       "166. 937.44\n",
       "167. 629.9266\n",
       "168. 105.2135\n",
       "169. 162.36\n",
       "170. 319.52654\n",
       "171. 492.672\n",
       "172. 204.6912\n",
       "173. 39.3305\n",
       "174. 889.315\n",
       "175. 930.842\n",
       "176. 867.24\n",
       "177. 778.665\n",
       "178. 173.8792\n",
       "179. 704.2788\n",
       "180. 455.1\n",
       "181. 829.23606\n",
       "182. 1052.5\n",
       "183. 859.5\n",
       "184. 847.912\n",
       "185. 1089.3258\n",
       "186. 484.71\n",
       "187. 682.0743\n",
       "188. 302.1507\n",
       "189. 1416.3604\n",
       "190. 400.4316\n",
       "191. 658.94\n",
       "192. 969.525\n",
       "193. 93.2668\n",
       "194. 623.2534\n",
       "195. 660.7275\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1]  808.2516  207.9927  878.3135  736.5644  971.8720 1061.1884  557.6052\n",
       "  [8] 1042.7398 1095.6000  757.8167 1074.2100   57.3963  920.3062  178.5560\n",
       " [15]  369.0141  133.5415  488.1658 1353.6006 1104.4080  523.6930  677.1250\n",
       " [22]  775.8912  991.1200  895.2778  762.0782  889.7240 1058.1225  542.2066\n",
       " [29]  379.0050  119.2660  935.2200  880.6680  890.1025  554.1800  313.4880\n",
       " [36]  238.3104  244.2726  831.1292  223.1190  810.9375  690.4111  290.4720\n",
       " [43]  926.2500  748.5411  755.9261  715.4450  242.1170  946.2970  972.9882\n",
       " [50]  408.1770  850.2521  824.1408   31.3200  651.8785  817.8200   62.5575\n",
       " [57]  979.2041  759.1773 1007.6135  653.6058  281.1060 1096.0980  577.2756\n",
       " [64]  407.5113   59.7392  595.3500  116.2593  579.9368  508.8636  676.6900\n",
       " [71]  954.1000  541.0605 1137.2406  660.9750  586.1800  384.3554  627.4274\n",
       " [78]  268.6570  668.3239  303.2372  306.3941 1173.7155  536.1050  286.0556\n",
       " [85] 1293.7271 1508.0400  496.9040  502.3340 1108.8860  735.6220 1227.4200\n",
       " [92] 1372.5660  625.6000  166.3416  334.0060  729.0220 1552.5895  338.1375\n",
       " [99]  946.5330  113.6672  353.5125  712.8660  862.9600  391.1997  143.6900\n",
       "[106]  691.3743 1059.6744  767.3909  740.6448 1177.2880  546.3450  104.0580\n",
       "[113]  945.8127  830.2598  732.1233  154.4830  654.6811   28.9904  700.5610\n",
       "[120]  485.5000  214.4070  209.5662  425.1000  199.2680 1125.4308  416.1243\n",
       "[127] 1122.0000   84.4237 1521.7100  322.2140  958.3553 1102.6194  278.2759\n",
       "[134] 1086.0736 1356.8426  322.4438  866.5104  791.7616  880.2300  187.8435\n",
       "[141]  603.3523  798.1200  490.5552  796.5972  931.1224 1018.4820  437.9276\n",
       "[148]  897.2040  294.2010 1244.8480  759.9279  504.7823  753.3000  244.6240\n",
       "[155]   62.4393  403.8581   65.8365  473.8000  523.4766  794.3510  690.2170\n",
       "[162]  786.6143  741.2911 1118.4465  743.2971  937.4400  629.9266  105.2135\n",
       "[169]  162.3600  319.5265  492.6720  204.6912   39.3305  889.3150  930.8420\n",
       "[176]  867.2400  778.6650  173.8792  704.2788  455.1000  829.2361 1052.5000\n",
       "[183]  859.5000  847.9120 1089.3258  484.7100  682.0743  302.1507 1416.3604\n",
       "[190]  400.4316  658.9400  969.5250   93.2668  623.2534  660.7275"
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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       "\t<li>40.293</li>\n",
       "\t<li>109.9468</li>\n",
       "\t<li>92.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>66.9593</li>\n",
       "\t<li>50.64</li>\n",
       "\t<li>68.046</li>\n",
       "\t<li>97.91</li>\n",
       "\t<li>76.73</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.194</li>\n",
       "\t<li>50.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>31.262</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.544</li>\n",
       "\t<li>93.37</li>\n",
       "\t<li>96.035</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39.551</li>\n",
       "\t<li>83.926</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38.721</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.925</li>\n",
       "\t<li>61.63</li>\n",
       "\t<li>103</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39.763</li>\n",
       "\t<li>33.738</li>\n",
       "\t<li>78.5529</li>\n",
       "\t<li>105.0765</li>\n",
       "\t<li>85.4344</li>\n",
       "\t<li>77.056</li>\n",
       "\t<li>77.023</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.141</li>\n",
       "\t<li>37.686</li>\n",
       "\t<li>65.547</li>\n",
       "\t<li>62.564</li>\n",
       "\t<li>76.462</li>\n",
       "\t<li>47.638</li>\n",
       "\t<li>78.4138</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.719</li>\n",
       "\t<li>71.926</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.275</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.105</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.001</li>\n",
       "\t<li>49.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.509</li>\n",
       "\t<li>83.775</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.837</li>\n",
       "\t<li>83</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.361</li>\n",
       "\t<li>78.045</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36.288</li>\n",
       "\t<li>104.1564</li>\n",
       "\t<li>106.6534</li>\n",
       "\t<li>34.223</li>\n",
       "\t<li>95.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>86.869</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.482</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.71</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.398</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.79</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35.399</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72.4492</li>\n",
       "\t<li>84.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>69.9956</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58.488</li>\n",
       "\t<li>73.193</li>\n",
       "\t<li>97.24</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58.5645</li>\n",
       "\t<li>81.17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41.689</li>\n",
       "\t<li>81.076</li>\n",
       "\t<li>56.177</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.633</li>\n",
       "\t<li>90.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38.578</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38.429</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.5853</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45.391</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>51.226</li>\n",
       "\t<li>57.537</li>\n",
       "\t<li>55.855</li>\n",
       "\t<li>87.9826</li>\n",
       "\t<li>82.8756</li>\n",
       "\t<li>106.5836</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54.793</li>\n",
       "\t<li>69</li>\n",
       "\t<li>50.243</li>\n",
       "\t<li>48.045</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40.58</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39.981</li>\n",
       "\t<li>46.792</li>\n",
       "\t<li>30.922</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36.855</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.409</li>\n",
       "\t<li>78.39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63.086</li>\n",
       "\t<li>43.918</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.674</li>\n",
       "\t<li>52.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>72.064</li>\n",
       "\t<li>96.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>60.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>68.306</li>\n",
       "\t<li>74.742</li>\n",
       "\t<li>56</li>\n",
       "\t<li>59.437</li>\n",
       "\t<li>38.039</li>\n",
       "\t<li>76.994</li>\n",
       "\t<li>41.472</li>\n",
       "\t<li>52.947</li>\n",
       "\t<li>67.35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44.594</li>\n",
       "\t<li>55.871</li>\n",
       "\t<li>54.215</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 89.144\n",
       "\\item 41.153\n",
       "\\item 65.085\n",
       "\\item 70.077\n",
       "\\item 99.044\n",
       "\\item 77.616\n",
       "\\item 55.208\n",
       "\\item 79.847\n",
       "\\item 96.2\n",
       "\\item 90.0188\n",
       "\\item 77\n",
       "\\item 45.451\n",
       "\\item 93.3702\n",
       "\\item 41.34\n",
       "\\item 49.651\n",
       "\\item 26.772\n",
       "\\item 62.2615\n",
       "\\item 105.0400397\n",
       "\\item 87.339\n",
       "\\item 66.852\n",
       "\\item 66.67\n",
       "\\item 56.692\n",
       "\\item 105.7\n",
       "\\item 61.176\n",
       "\\item 65.971\n",
       "\\item 85.188\n",
       "\\item 80.905\n",
       "\\item 48.034\n",
       "\\item 40.267\n",
       "\\item 37.576\n",
       "\\item 96.7\n",
       "\\item 96.54\n",
       "\\item 79.885\n",
       "\\item 57.9\n",
       "\\item 45.72\n",
       "\\item 43.636\n",
       "\\item 43.611\n",
       "\\item 67.776\n",
       "\\item 40.826\n",
       "\\item 59.125\n",
       "\\item 60.982\n",
       "\\item 38.33\n",
       "\\item 86.6\n",
       "\\item 76.8908\n",
       "\\item 84.3104\n",
       "\\item 92.67\n",
       "\\item 34.986\n",
       "\\item 104.6297\n",
       "\\item 67.098\n",
       "\\item 41.238\n",
       "\\item 61.42368423\n",
       "\\item 57.432\n",
       "\\item 35.7\n",
       "\\item 80.735\n",
       "\\item 89.7\n",
       "\\item 34.825\n",
       "\\item 102.2144\n",
       "\\item 57.563\n",
       "\\item 94.2198\n",
       "\\item 51.311\n",
       "\\item 39.755\n",
       "\\item 102.0441\n",
       "\\item 56.632\n",
       "\\item 45.431\n",
       "\\item 38.937\n",
       "\\item 56.525\n",
       "\\item 40.603\n",
       "\\item 51.762\n",
       "\\item 68.3663\n",
       "\\item 54.334\n",
       "\\item 80.3\n",
       "\\item 47.165\n",
       "\\item 82.789\n",
       "\\item 53.885\n",
       "\\item 82.1\n",
       "\\item 39.393\n",
       "\\item 76.1476\n",
       "\\item 35.945\n",
       "\\item 81.8439\n",
       "\\item 35.237\n",
       "\\item 35.391\n",
       "\\item 93.2477\n",
       "\\item 47.85\n",
       "\\item 40.293\n",
       "\\item 109.9468\n",
       "\\item 92.1\n",
       "\\item 66.9593\n",
       "\\item 50.64\n",
       "\\item 68.046\n",
       "\\item 97.91\n",
       "\\item 76.73\n",
       "\\item 74.194\n",
       "\\item 50.2\n",
       "\\item 31.262\n",
       "\\item 40.544\n",
       "\\item 93.37\n",
       "\\item 96.035\n",
       "\\item 39.551\n",
       "\\item 83.926\n",
       "\\item 38.721\n",
       "\\item 37.925\n",
       "\\item 61.63\n",
       "\\item 103\n",
       "\\item 39.763\n",
       "\\item 33.738\n",
       "\\item 78.5529\n",
       "\\item 105.0765\n",
       "\\item 85.4344\n",
       "\\item 77.056\n",
       "\\item 77.023\n",
       "\\item 57.141\n",
       "\\item 37.686\n",
       "\\item 65.547\n",
       "\\item 62.564\n",
       "\\item 76.462\n",
       "\\item 47.638\n",
       "\\item 78.4138\n",
       "\\item 19.719\n",
       "\\item 71.926\n",
       "\\item 44.275\n",
       "\\item 45.105\n",
       "\\item 40.001\n",
       "\\item 49.9\n",
       "\\item 44.509\n",
       "\\item 83.775\n",
       "\\item 43.837\n",
       "\\item 83\n",
       "\\item 51.361\n",
       "\\item 78.045\n",
       "\\item 36.288\n",
       "\\item 104.1564\n",
       "\\item 106.6534\n",
       "\\item 34.223\n",
       "\\item 95.9\n",
       "\\item 86.869\n",
       "\\item 40.482\n",
       "\\item 63.71\n",
       "\\item 59.398\n",
       "\\item 60.79\n",
       "\\item 35.399\n",
       "\\item 72.4492\n",
       "\\item 84.7\n",
       "\\item 69.9956\n",
       "\\item 58.488\n",
       "\\item 73.193\n",
       "\\item 97.24\n",
       "\\item 58.5645\n",
       "\\item 81.17\n",
       "\\item 41.689\n",
       "\\item 81.076\n",
       "\\item 56.177\n",
       "\\item 51.633\n",
       "\\item 90.3\n",
       "\\item 38.578\n",
       "\\item 38.429\n",
       "\\item 40.5853\n",
       "\\item 45.391\n",
       "\\item 60.7\n",
       "\\item 51.226\n",
       "\\item 57.537\n",
       "\\item 55.855\n",
       "\\item 87.9826\n",
       "\\item 82.8756\n",
       "\\item 106.5836\n",
       "\\item 54.793\n",
       "\\item 69\n",
       "\\item 50.243\n",
       "\\item 48.045\n",
       "\\item 40.58\n",
       "\\item 39.981\n",
       "\\item 46.792\n",
       "\\item 30.922\n",
       "\\item 36.855\n",
       "\\item 60.409\n",
       "\\item 78.39\n",
       "\\item 63.6\n",
       "\\item 63.086\n",
       "\\item 43.918\n",
       "\\item 59.674\n",
       "\\item 52.1\n",
       "\\item 72.064\n",
       "\\item 96.7\n",
       "\\item 60.7\n",
       "\\item 68.306\n",
       "\\item 74.742\n",
       "\\item 56\n",
       "\\item 59.437\n",
       "\\item 38.039\n",
       "\\item 76.994\n",
       "\\item 41.472\n",
       "\\item 52.947\n",
       "\\item 67.35\n",
       "\\item 44.594\n",
       "\\item 55.871\n",
       "\\item 54.215\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 89.144\n",
       "2. 41.153\n",
       "3. 65.085\n",
       "4. 70.077\n",
       "5. 99.044\n",
       "6. 77.616\n",
       "7. 55.208\n",
       "8. 79.847\n",
       "9. 96.2\n",
       "10. 90.0188\n",
       "11. 77\n",
       "12. 45.451\n",
       "13. 93.3702\n",
       "14. 41.34\n",
       "15. 49.651\n",
       "16. 26.772\n",
       "17. 62.2615\n",
       "18. 105.0400397\n",
       "19. 87.339\n",
       "20. 66.852\n",
       "21. 66.67\n",
       "22. 56.692\n",
       "23. 105.7\n",
       "24. 61.176\n",
       "25. 65.971\n",
       "26. 85.188\n",
       "27. 80.905\n",
       "28. 48.034\n",
       "29. 40.267\n",
       "30. 37.576\n",
       "31. 96.7\n",
       "32. 96.54\n",
       "33. 79.885\n",
       "34. 57.9\n",
       "35. 45.72\n",
       "36. 43.636\n",
       "37. 43.611\n",
       "38. 67.776\n",
       "39. 40.826\n",
       "40. 59.125\n",
       "41. 60.982\n",
       "42. 38.33\n",
       "43. 86.6\n",
       "44. 76.8908\n",
       "45. 84.3104\n",
       "46. 92.67\n",
       "47. 34.986\n",
       "48. 104.6297\n",
       "49. 67.098\n",
       "50. 41.238\n",
       "51. 61.42368423\n",
       "52. 57.432\n",
       "53. 35.7\n",
       "54. 80.735\n",
       "55. 89.7\n",
       "56. 34.825\n",
       "57. 102.2144\n",
       "58. 57.563\n",
       "59. 94.2198\n",
       "60. 51.311\n",
       "61. 39.755\n",
       "62. 102.0441\n",
       "63. 56.632\n",
       "64. 45.431\n",
       "65. 38.937\n",
       "66. 56.525\n",
       "67. 40.603\n",
       "68. 51.762\n",
       "69. 68.3663\n",
       "70. 54.334\n",
       "71. 80.3\n",
       "72. 47.165\n",
       "73. 82.789\n",
       "74. 53.885\n",
       "75. 82.1\n",
       "76. 39.393\n",
       "77. 76.1476\n",
       "78. 35.945\n",
       "79. 81.8439\n",
       "80. 35.237\n",
       "81. 35.391\n",
       "82. 93.2477\n",
       "83. 47.85\n",
       "84. 40.293\n",
       "85. 109.9468\n",
       "86. 92.1\n",
       "87. 66.9593\n",
       "88. 50.64\n",
       "89. 68.046\n",
       "90. 97.91\n",
       "91. 76.73\n",
       "92. 74.194\n",
       "93. 50.2\n",
       "94. 31.262\n",
       "95. 40.544\n",
       "96. 93.37\n",
       "97. 96.035\n",
       "98. 39.551\n",
       "99. 83.926\n",
       "100. 38.721\n",
       "101. 37.925\n",
       "102. 61.63\n",
       "103. 103\n",
       "104. 39.763\n",
       "105. 33.738\n",
       "106. 78.5529\n",
       "107. 105.0765\n",
       "108. 85.4344\n",
       "109. 77.056\n",
       "110. 77.023\n",
       "111. 57.141\n",
       "112. 37.686\n",
       "113. 65.547\n",
       "114. 62.564\n",
       "115. 76.462\n",
       "116. 47.638\n",
       "117. 78.4138\n",
       "118. 19.719\n",
       "119. 71.926\n",
       "120. 44.275\n",
       "121. 45.105\n",
       "122. 40.001\n",
       "123. 49.9\n",
       "124. 44.509\n",
       "125. 83.775\n",
       "126. 43.837\n",
       "127. 83\n",
       "128. 51.361\n",
       "129. 78.045\n",
       "130. 36.288\n",
       "131. 104.1564\n",
       "132. 106.6534\n",
       "133. 34.223\n",
       "134. 95.9\n",
       "135. 86.869\n",
       "136. 40.482\n",
       "137. 63.71\n",
       "138. 59.398\n",
       "139. 60.79\n",
       "140. 35.399\n",
       "141. 72.4492\n",
       "142. 84.7\n",
       "143. 69.9956\n",
       "144. 58.488\n",
       "145. 73.193\n",
       "146. 97.24\n",
       "147. 58.5645\n",
       "148. 81.17\n",
       "149. 41.689\n",
       "150. 81.076\n",
       "151. 56.177\n",
       "152. 51.633\n",
       "153. 90.3\n",
       "154. 38.578\n",
       "155. 38.429\n",
       "156. 40.5853\n",
       "157. 45.391\n",
       "158. 60.7\n",
       "159. 51.226\n",
       "160. 57.537\n",
       "161. 55.855\n",
       "162. 87.9826\n",
       "163. 82.8756\n",
       "164. 106.5836\n",
       "165. 54.793\n",
       "166. 69\n",
       "167. 50.243\n",
       "168. 48.045\n",
       "169. 40.58\n",
       "170. 39.981\n",
       "171. 46.792\n",
       "172. 30.922\n",
       "173. 36.855\n",
       "174. 60.409\n",
       "175. 78.39\n",
       "176. 63.6\n",
       "177. 63.086\n",
       "178. 43.918\n",
       "179. 59.674\n",
       "180. 52.1\n",
       "181. 72.064\n",
       "182. 96.7\n",
       "183. 60.7\n",
       "184. 68.306\n",
       "185. 74.742\n",
       "186. 56\n",
       "187. 59.437\n",
       "188. 38.039\n",
       "189. 76.994\n",
       "190. 41.472\n",
       "191. 52.947\n",
       "192. 67.35\n",
       "193. 44.594\n",
       "194. 55.871\n",
       "195. 54.215\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1]  89.14400  41.15300  65.08500  70.07700  99.04400  77.61600  55.20800\n",
       "  [8]  79.84700  96.20000  90.01880  77.00000  45.45100  93.37020  41.34000\n",
       " [15]  49.65100  26.77200  62.26150 105.04004  87.33900  66.85200  66.67000\n",
       " [22]  56.69200 105.70000  61.17600  65.97100  85.18800  80.90500  48.03400\n",
       " [29]  40.26700  37.57600  96.70000  96.54000  79.88500  57.90000  45.72000\n",
       " [36]  43.63600  43.61100  67.77600  40.82600  59.12500  60.98200  38.33000\n",
       " [43]  86.60000  76.89080  84.31040  92.67000  34.98600 104.62970  67.09800\n",
       " [50]  41.23800  61.42368  57.43200  35.70000  80.73500  89.70000  34.82500\n",
       " [57] 102.21440  57.56300  94.21980  51.31100  39.75500 102.04410  56.63200\n",
       " [64]  45.43100  38.93700  56.52500  40.60300  51.76200  68.36630  54.33400\n",
       " [71]  80.30000  47.16500  82.78900  53.88500  82.10000  39.39300  76.14760\n",
       " [78]  35.94500  81.84390  35.23700  35.39100  93.24770  47.85000  40.29300\n",
       " [85] 109.94680  92.10000  66.95930  50.64000  68.04600  97.91000  76.73000\n",
       " [92]  74.19400  50.20000  31.26200  40.54400  93.37000  96.03500  39.55100\n",
       " [99]  83.92600  38.72100  37.92500  61.63000 103.00000  39.76300  33.73800\n",
       "[106]  78.55290 105.07650  85.43440  77.05600  77.02300  57.14100  37.68600\n",
       "[113]  65.54700  62.56400  76.46200  47.63800  78.41380  19.71900  71.92600\n",
       "[120]  44.27500  45.10500  40.00100  49.90000  44.50900  83.77500  43.83700\n",
       "[127]  83.00000  51.36100  78.04500  36.28800 104.15640 106.65340  34.22300\n",
       "[134]  95.90000  86.86900  40.48200  63.71000  59.39800  60.79000  35.39900\n",
       "[141]  72.44920  84.70000  69.99560  58.48800  73.19300  97.24000  58.56450\n",
       "[148]  81.17000  41.68900  81.07600  56.17700  51.63300  90.30000  38.57800\n",
       "[155]  38.42900  40.58530  45.39100  60.70000  51.22600  57.53700  55.85500\n",
       "[162]  87.98260  82.87560 106.58360  54.79300  69.00000  50.24300  48.04500\n",
       "[169]  40.58000  39.98100  46.79200  30.92200  36.85500  60.40900  78.39000\n",
       "[176]  63.60000  63.08600  43.91800  59.67400  52.10000  72.06400  96.70000\n",
       "[183]  60.70000  68.30600  74.74200  56.00000  59.43700  38.03900  76.99400\n",
       "[190]  41.47200  52.94700  67.35000  44.59400  55.87100  54.21500"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(stats)\n",
    "stats$Birth.rate * stats$Internet.users\n",
    "stats$Birth.rate + stats$Internet.users"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Add column"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Afghanistan         </td><td>AFG                 </td><td>35.253              </td><td> 5.9                </td><td>Low income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Afghanistan          & AFG                  & 35.253               &  5.9                 & Low income          \\\\\n",
       "\t Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "| Afghanistan          | AFG                  | 35.253               |  5.9                 | Low income           | \n",
       "| Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0                 | High income          | \n",
       "| Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "1 Aruba                ABW          10.244     78.9          \n",
       "2 Afghanistan          AFG          35.253      5.9          \n",
       "3 Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1          \n",
       "4 Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2          \n",
       "5 United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0          \n",
       "6 Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9          \n",
       "  Income.Group       \n",
       "1 High income        \n",
       "2 Low income         \n",
       "3 Upper middle income\n",
       "4 Upper middle income\n",
       "5 High income        \n",
       "6 High income        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(stats)\n",
    "stats$MyCalc <- stats$Birth.rate * stats$Internet.users"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Test of knowledge"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ERROR",
     "evalue": "Error in `$<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, xyz, value = 1:4): replacement has 4 rows, data has 195\n",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "Error in `$<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, xyz, value = 1:4): replacement has 4 rows, data has 195\nTraceback:\n",
      "1. `$<-`(`*tmp*`, xyz, value = 1:4)",
      "2. `$<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, xyz, value = 1:4)",
      "3. stop(sprintf(ngettext(N, \"replacement has %d row, data has %d\", \n .     \"replacement has %d rows, data has %d\"), N, nrows), domain = NA)"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stats$xyz <- 1:4\n",
    "head(stats, n = 12)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Remove a column"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th><th scope=col>MyCalc</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.9                </td><td>High income         </td><td> 808.2516           </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Afghanistan         </td><td>AFG                 </td><td>35.253              </td><td> 5.9                </td><td>Low income          </td><td> 207.9927           </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1                </td><td>Upper middle income </td><td> 878.3135           </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2                </td><td>Upper middle income </td><td> 736.5644           </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0                </td><td>High income         </td><td> 971.8720           </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9                </td><td>High income         </td><td>1061.1884           </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllll}\n",
       " Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group & MyCalc\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.9                 & High income          &  808.2516           \\\\\n",
       "\t Afghanistan          & AFG                  & 35.253               &  5.9                 & Low income           &  207.9927           \\\\\n",
       "\t Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1                 & Upper middle income  &  878.3135           \\\\\n",
       "\t Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2                 & Upper middle income  &  736.5644           \\\\\n",
       "\t United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0                 & High income          &  971.8720           \\\\\n",
       "\t Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9                 & High income          & 1061.1884           \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | MyCalc | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.9                 | High income          |  808.2516            | \n",
       "| Afghanistan          | AFG                  | 35.253               |  5.9                 | Low income           |  207.9927            | \n",
       "| Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1                 | Upper middle income  |  878.3135            | \n",
       "| Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2                 | Upper middle income  |  736.5644            | \n",
       "| United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0                 | High income          |  971.8720            | \n",
       "| Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9                 | High income          | 1061.1884            | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "1 Aruba                ABW          10.244     78.9          \n",
       "2 Afghanistan          AFG          35.253      5.9          \n",
       "3 Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1          \n",
       "4 Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2          \n",
       "5 United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0          \n",
       "6 Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9          \n",
       "  Income.Group        MyCalc   \n",
       "1 High income          808.2516\n",
       "2 Low income           207.9927\n",
       "3 Upper middle income  878.3135\n",
       "4 Upper middle income  736.5644\n",
       "5 High income          971.8720\n",
       "6 High income         1061.1884"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(stats)\n",
    "stats$MyCalc <- NULL\n",
    "stats$xyz <- NULL"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Filtering Data Frames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Afghanistan         </td><td>AFG                 </td><td>35.253              </td><td> 5.9                </td><td>Low income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Angola              </td><td>AGO                 </td><td>45.985              </td><td>19.1                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Albania             </td><td>ALB                 </td><td>12.877              </td><td>57.2                </td><td>Upper middle income </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.0                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.9                </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Afghanistan          & AFG                  & 35.253               &  5.9                 & Low income          \\\\\n",
       "\t Angola               & AGO                  & 45.985               & 19.1                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t Albania              & ALB                  & 12.877               & 57.2                 & Upper middle income \\\\\n",
       "\t United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.0                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.9                 & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "| Afghanistan          | AFG                  | 35.253               |  5.9                 | Low income           | \n",
       "| Angola               | AGO                  | 45.985               | 19.1                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| Albania              | ALB                  | 12.877               | 57.2                 | Upper middle income  | \n",
       "| United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.0                 | High income          | \n",
       "| Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.9                 | High income          | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Country.Name         Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users\n",
       "1 Aruba                ABW          10.244     78.9          \n",
       "2 Afghanistan          AFG          35.253      5.9          \n",
       "3 Angola               AGO          45.985     19.1          \n",
       "4 Albania              ALB          12.877     57.2          \n",
       "5 United Arab Emirates ARE          11.044     88.0          \n",
       "6 Argentina            ARG          17.716     59.9          \n",
       "  Income.Group       \n",
       "1 High income        \n",
       "2 Low income         \n",
       "3 Upper middle income\n",
       "4 Upper middle income\n",
       "5 High income        \n",
       "6 High income        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>Burundi            </td><td>BDI                </td><td>44.151             </td><td>1.3                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>53</th><td>Eritrea            </td><td>ERI                </td><td>34.800             </td><td>0.9                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>56</th><td>Ethiopia           </td><td>ETH                </td><td>32.925             </td><td>1.9                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>65</th><td>Guinea             </td><td>GIN                </td><td>37.337             </td><td>1.6                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>118</th><td>Myanmar            </td><td>MMR                </td><td>18.119             </td><td>1.6                </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>128</th><td>Niger              </td><td>NER                </td><td>49.661             </td><td>1.7                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>155</th><td>Sierra Leone       </td><td>SLE                </td><td>36.729             </td><td>1.7                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>157</th><td>Somalia            </td><td>SOM                </td><td>43.891             </td><td>1.5                </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>173</th><td>Timor-Leste        </td><td>TLS                </td><td>35.755             </td><td>1.1                </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t12 & Burundi             & BDI                 & 44.151              & 1.3                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t53 & Eritrea             & ERI                 & 34.800              & 0.9                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t56 & Ethiopia            & ETH                 & 32.925              & 1.9                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t65 & Guinea              & GIN                 & 37.337              & 1.6                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t118 & Myanmar             & MMR                 & 18.119              & 1.6                 & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t128 & Niger               & NER                 & 49.661              & 1.7                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t155 & Sierra Leone        & SLE                 & 36.729              & 1.7                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t157 & Somalia             & SOM                 & 43.891              & 1.5                 & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t173 & Timor-Leste         & TLS                 & 35.755              & 1.1                 & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 12 | Burundi             | BDI                 | 44.151              | 1.3                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 53 | Eritrea             | ERI                 | 34.800              | 0.9                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 56 | Ethiopia            | ETH                 | 32.925              | 1.9                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 65 | Guinea              | GIN                 | 37.337              | 1.6                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 118 | Myanmar             | MMR                 | 18.119              | 1.6                 | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 128 | Niger               | NER                 | 49.661              | 1.7                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 155 | Sierra Leone        | SLE                 | 36.729              | 1.7                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 157 | Somalia             | SOM                 | 43.891              | 1.5                 | Low income          | \n",
       "| 173 | Timor-Leste         | TLS                 | 35.755              | 1.1                 | Lower middle income | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users Income.Group       \n",
       "12  Burundi      BDI          44.151     1.3            Low income         \n",
       "53  Eritrea      ERI          34.800     0.9            Low income         \n",
       "56  Ethiopia     ETH          32.925     1.9            Low income         \n",
       "65  Guinea       GIN          37.337     1.6            Low income         \n",
       "118 Myanmar      MMR          18.119     1.6            Lower middle income\n",
       "128 Niger        NER          49.661     1.7            Low income         \n",
       "155 Sierra Leone SLE          36.729     1.7            Low income         \n",
       "157 Somalia      SOM          43.891     1.5            Low income         \n",
       "173 Timor-Leste  TLS          35.755     1.1            Lower middle income"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>Angola             </td><td>AGO                </td><td>45.985             </td><td>19.1               </td><td>Upper middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>Burundi            </td><td>BDI                </td><td>44.151             </td><td> 1.3               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>15</th><td>Burkina Faso       </td><td>BFA                </td><td>40.551             </td><td> 9.1               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>66</th><td>Gambia, The        </td><td>GMB                </td><td>42.525             </td><td>14.0               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>116</th><td>Mali               </td><td>MLI                </td><td>44.138             </td><td> 3.5               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>128</th><td>Niger              </td><td>NER                </td><td>49.661             </td><td> 1.7               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>129</th><td>Nigeria            </td><td>NGA                </td><td>40.045             </td><td>38.0               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>157</th><td>Somalia            </td><td>SOM                </td><td>43.891             </td><td> 1.5               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>168</th><td>Chad               </td><td>TCD                </td><td>45.745             </td><td> 2.3               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>179</th><td>Uganda             </td><td>UGA                </td><td>43.474             </td><td>16.2               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>193</th><td>Congo, Dem. Rep.   </td><td>COD                </td><td>42.394             </td><td> 2.2               </td><td>Low income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>194</th><td>Zambia             </td><td>ZMB                </td><td>40.471             </td><td>15.4               </td><td>Lower middle income</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t3 & Angola              & AGO                 & 45.985              & 19.1                & Upper middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t12 & Burundi             & BDI                 & 44.151              &  1.3                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t15 & Burkina Faso        & BFA                 & 40.551              &  9.1                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t66 & Gambia, The         & GMB                 & 42.525              & 14.0                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t116 & Mali                & MLI                 & 44.138              &  3.5                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t128 & Niger               & NER                 & 49.661              &  1.7                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t129 & Nigeria             & NGA                 & 40.045              & 38.0                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\t157 & Somalia             & SOM                 & 43.891              &  1.5                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t168 & Chad                & TCD                 & 45.745              &  2.3                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t179 & Uganda              & UGA                 & 43.474              & 16.2                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t193 & Congo, Dem. Rep.    & COD                 & 42.394              &  2.2                & Low income         \\\\\n",
       "\t194 & Zambia              & ZMB                 & 40.471              & 15.4                & Lower middle income\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 3 | Angola              | AGO                 | 45.985              | 19.1                | Upper middle income | \n",
       "| 12 | Burundi             | BDI                 | 44.151              |  1.3                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 15 | Burkina Faso        | BFA                 | 40.551              |  9.1                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 66 | Gambia, The         | GMB                 | 42.525              | 14.0                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 116 | Mali                | MLI                 | 44.138              |  3.5                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 128 | Niger               | NER                 | 49.661              |  1.7                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 129 | Nigeria             | NGA                 | 40.045              | 38.0                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "| 157 | Somalia             | SOM                 | 43.891              |  1.5                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 168 | Chad                | TCD                 | 45.745              |  2.3                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 179 | Uganda              | UGA                 | 43.474              | 16.2                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 193 | Congo, Dem. Rep.    | COD                 | 42.394              |  2.2                | Low income          | \n",
       "| 194 | Zambia              | ZMB                 | 40.471              | 15.4                | Lower middle income | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name     Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users Income.Group       \n",
       "3   Angola           AGO          45.985     19.1           Upper middle income\n",
       "12  Burundi          BDI          44.151      1.3           Low income         \n",
       "15  Burkina Faso     BFA          40.551      9.1           Low income         \n",
       "66  Gambia, The      GMB          42.525     14.0           Low income         \n",
       "116 Mali             MLI          44.138      3.5           Low income         \n",
       "128 Niger            NER          49.661      1.7           Low income         \n",
       "129 Nigeria          NGA          40.045     38.0           Lower middle income\n",
       "157 Somalia          SOM          43.891      1.5           Low income         \n",
       "168 Chad             TCD          45.745      2.3           Low income         \n",
       "179 Uganda           UGA          43.474     16.2           Low income         \n",
       "193 Congo, Dem. Rep. COD          42.394      2.2           Low income         \n",
       "194 Zambia           ZMB          40.471     15.4           Lower middle income"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>Burundi   </td><td>BDI       </td><td>44.151    </td><td>1.3       </td><td>Low income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>128</th><td>Niger     </td><td>NER       </td><td>49.661    </td><td>1.7       </td><td>Low income</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>157</th><td>Somalia   </td><td>SOM       </td><td>43.891    </td><td>1.5       </td><td>Low income</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t12 & Burundi    & BDI        & 44.151     & 1.3        & Low income\\\\\n",
       "\t128 & Niger      & NER        & 49.661     & 1.7        & Low income\\\\\n",
       "\t157 & Somalia    & SOM        & 43.891     & 1.5        & Low income\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 12 | Burundi    | BDI        | 44.151     | 1.3        | Low income | \n",
       "| 128 | Niger      | NER        | 49.661     | 1.7        | Low income | \n",
       "| 157 | Somalia    | SOM        | 43.891     | 1.5        | Low income | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users Income.Group\n",
       "12  Burundi      BDI          44.151     1.3            Low income  \n",
       "128 Niger        NER          49.661     1.7            Low income  \n",
       "157 Somalia      SOM          43.891     1.5            Low income  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>Aruba               </td><td>ABW                 </td><td>10.244              </td><td>78.90000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>ARE                 </td><td>11.044              </td><td>88.00000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>Argentina           </td><td>ARG                 </td><td>17.716              </td><td>59.90000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>Antigua and Barbuda </td><td>ATG                 </td><td>16.447              </td><td>63.40000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>Australia           </td><td>AUS                 </td><td>13.200              </td><td>83.00000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>10</th><td>Austria             </td><td>AUT                 </td><td> 9.400              </td><td>80.61880            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>13</th><td>Belgium             </td><td>BEL                 </td><td>11.200              </td><td>82.17020            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>18</th><td>Bahrain             </td><td>BHR                 </td><td>15.040              </td><td>90.00004            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>19</th><td>Bahamas, The        </td><td>BHS                 </td><td>15.339              </td><td>72.00000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>23</th><td>Bermuda             </td><td>BMU                 </td><td>10.400              </td><td>95.30000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>26</th><td>Barbados            </td><td>BRB                 </td><td>12.188              </td><td>73.00000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>27</th><td>Brunei Darussalam   </td><td>BRN                 </td><td>16.405              </td><td>64.50000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>31</th><td>Canada              </td><td>CAN                 </td><td>10.900              </td><td>85.80000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>32</th><td>Switzerland         </td><td>CHE                 </td><td>10.200              </td><td>86.34000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>33</th><td>Chile               </td><td>CHL                 </td><td>13.385              </td><td>66.50000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>43</th><td>Cayman Islands      </td><td>CYM                 </td><td>12.500              </td><td>74.10000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>44</th><td>Cyprus              </td><td>CYP                 </td><td>11.436              </td><td>65.45480            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>45</th><td>Czech Republic      </td><td>CZE                 </td><td>10.200              </td><td>74.11040            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>46</th><td>Germany             </td><td>DEU                 </td><td> 8.500              </td><td>84.17000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>48</th><td>Denmark             </td><td>DNK                 </td><td>10.000              </td><td>94.62970            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>54</th><td>Spain               </td><td>ESP                 </td><td> 9.100              </td><td>71.63500            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>55</th><td>Estonia             </td><td>EST                 </td><td>10.300              </td><td>79.40000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>57</th><td>Finland             </td><td>FIN                 </td><td>10.700              </td><td>91.51440            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>59</th><td>France              </td><td>FRA                 </td><td>12.300              </td><td>81.91980            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>62</th><td>United Kingdom      </td><td>GBR                 </td><td>12.200              </td><td>89.84410            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>68</th><td>Equatorial Guinea   </td><td>GNQ                 </td><td>35.362              </td><td>16.40000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>69</th><td>Greece              </td><td>GRC                 </td><td> 8.500              </td><td>59.86630            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>71</th><td>Greenland           </td><td>GRL                 </td><td>14.500              </td><td>65.80000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>73</th><td>Guam                </td><td>GUM                 </td><td>17.389              </td><td>65.40000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>75</th><td>Hong Kong SAR, China</td><td>HKG                 </td><td> 7.900              </td><td>74.20000            </td><td>High income         </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>...</th><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>96</th><td>Korea, Rep.          </td><td>KOR                  </td><td> 8.600               </td><td>84.7700              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>97</th><td>Kuwait               </td><td>KWT                  </td><td>20.575               </td><td>75.4600              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>103</th><td>Liechtenstein        </td><td>LIE                  </td><td> 9.200               </td><td>93.8000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>106</th><td>Lithuania            </td><td>LTU                  </td><td>10.100               </td><td>68.4529              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>107</th><td>Luxembourg           </td><td>LUX                  </td><td>11.300               </td><td>93.7765              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>108</th><td>Latvia               </td><td>LVA                  </td><td>10.200               </td><td>75.2344              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>109</th><td>Macao SAR, China     </td><td>MAC                  </td><td>11.256               </td><td>65.8000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>117</th><td>Malta                </td><td>MLT                  </td><td> 9.500               </td><td>68.9138              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>127</th><td>New Caledonia        </td><td>NCL                  </td><td>17.000               </td><td>66.0000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>131</th><td>Netherlands          </td><td>NLD                  </td><td>10.200               </td><td>93.9564              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>132</th><td>Norway               </td><td>NOR                  </td><td>11.600               </td><td>95.0534              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>134</th><td>New Zealand          </td><td>NZL                  </td><td>13.120               </td><td>82.7800              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>135</th><td>Oman                 </td><td>OMN                  </td><td>20.419               </td><td>66.4500              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>141</th><td>Poland               </td><td>POL                  </td><td> 9.600               </td><td>62.8492              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>142</th><td>Puerto Rico          </td><td>PRI                  </td><td>10.800               </td><td>73.9000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>143</th><td>Portugal             </td><td>PRT                  </td><td> 7.900               </td><td>62.0956              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>145</th><td>French Polynesia     </td><td>PYF                  </td><td>16.393               </td><td>56.8000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>146</th><td>Qatar                </td><td>QAT                  </td><td>11.940               </td><td>85.3000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>148</th><td>Russian Federation   </td><td>RUS                  </td><td>13.200               </td><td>67.9700              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>150</th><td>Saudi Arabia         </td><td>SAU                  </td><td>20.576               </td><td>60.5000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>153</th><td>Singapore            </td><td>SGP                  </td><td> 9.300               </td><td>81.0000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>162</th><td>Slovak Republic      </td><td>SVK                  </td><td>10.100               </td><td>77.8826              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>163</th><td>Slovenia             </td><td>SVN                  </td><td>10.200               </td><td>72.6756              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>164</th><td>Sweden               </td><td>SWE                  </td><td>11.800               </td><td>94.7836              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>166</th><td>Seychelles           </td><td>SYC                  </td><td>18.600               </td><td>50.4000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>175</th><td>Trinidad and Tobago  </td><td>TTO                  </td><td>14.590               </td><td>63.8000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>181</th><td>Uruguay              </td><td>URY                  </td><td>14.374               </td><td>57.6900              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>182</th><td>United States        </td><td>USA                  </td><td>12.500               </td><td>84.2000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>185</th><td>Venezuela, RB        </td><td>VEN                  </td><td>19.842               </td><td>54.9000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>186</th><td>Virgin Islands (U.S.)</td><td>VIR                  </td><td>10.700               </td><td>45.3000              </td><td>High income          </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & Aruba                & ABW                  & 10.244               & 78.90000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t5 & United Arab Emirates & ARE                  & 11.044               & 88.00000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t6 & Argentina            & ARG                  & 17.716               & 59.90000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t8 & Antigua and Barbuda  & ATG                  & 16.447               & 63.40000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t9 & Australia            & AUS                  & 13.200               & 83.00000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t10 & Austria              & AUT                  &  9.400               & 80.61880             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t13 & Belgium              & BEL                  & 11.200               & 82.17020             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t18 & Bahrain              & BHR                  & 15.040               & 90.00004             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t19 & Bahamas, The         & BHS                  & 15.339               & 72.00000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t23 & Bermuda              & BMU                  & 10.400               & 95.30000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t26 & Barbados             & BRB                  & 12.188               & 73.00000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t27 & Brunei Darussalam    & BRN                  & 16.405               & 64.50000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t31 & Canada               & CAN                  & 10.900               & 85.80000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t32 & Switzerland          & CHE                  & 10.200               & 86.34000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t33 & Chile                & CHL                  & 13.385               & 66.50000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t43 & Cayman Islands       & CYM                  & 12.500               & 74.10000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t44 & Cyprus               & CYP                  & 11.436               & 65.45480             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t45 & Czech Republic       & CZE                  & 10.200               & 74.11040             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t46 & Germany              & DEU                  &  8.500               & 84.17000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t48 & Denmark              & DNK                  & 10.000               & 94.62970             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t54 & Spain                & ESP                  &  9.100               & 71.63500             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t55 & Estonia              & EST                  & 10.300               & 79.40000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t57 & Finland              & FIN                  & 10.700               & 91.51440             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t59 & France               & FRA                  & 12.300               & 81.91980             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t62 & United Kingdom       & GBR                  & 12.200               & 89.84410             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t68 & Equatorial Guinea    & GNQ                  & 35.362               & 16.40000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t69 & Greece               & GRC                  &  8.500               & 59.86630             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t71 & Greenland            & GRL                  & 14.500               & 65.80000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t73 & Guam                 & GUM                  & 17.389               & 65.40000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t75 & Hong Kong SAR, China & HKG                  &  7.900               & 74.20000             & High income         \\\\\n",
       "\t... & ... & ... & ... & ... & ...\\\\\n",
       "\t96 & Korea, Rep.           & KOR                   &  8.600                & 84.7700               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t97 & Kuwait                & KWT                   & 20.575                & 75.4600               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t103 & Liechtenstein         & LIE                   &  9.200                & 93.8000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t106 & Lithuania             & LTU                   & 10.100                & 68.4529               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t107 & Luxembourg            & LUX                   & 11.300                & 93.7765               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t108 & Latvia                & LVA                   & 10.200                & 75.2344               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t109 & Macao SAR, China      & MAC                   & 11.256                & 65.8000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t117 & Malta                 & MLT                   &  9.500                & 68.9138               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t127 & New Caledonia         & NCL                   & 17.000                & 66.0000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t131 & Netherlands           & NLD                   & 10.200                & 93.9564               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t132 & Norway                & NOR                   & 11.600                & 95.0534               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t134 & New Zealand           & NZL                   & 13.120                & 82.7800               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t135 & Oman                  & OMN                   & 20.419                & 66.4500               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t141 & Poland                & POL                   &  9.600                & 62.8492               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t142 & Puerto Rico           & PRI                   & 10.800                & 73.9000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t143 & Portugal              & PRT                   &  7.900                & 62.0956               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t145 & French Polynesia      & PYF                   & 16.393                & 56.8000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t146 & Qatar                 & QAT                   & 11.940                & 85.3000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t148 & Russian Federation    & RUS                   & 13.200                & 67.9700               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t150 & Saudi Arabia          & SAU                   & 20.576                & 60.5000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t153 & Singapore             & SGP                   &  9.300                & 81.0000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t162 & Slovak Republic       & SVK                   & 10.100                & 77.8826               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t163 & Slovenia              & SVN                   & 10.200                & 72.6756               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t164 & Sweden                & SWE                   & 11.800                & 94.7836               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t166 & Seychelles            & SYC                   & 18.600                & 50.4000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t175 & Trinidad and Tobago   & TTO                   & 14.590                & 63.8000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t181 & Uruguay               & URY                   & 14.374                & 57.6900               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t182 & United States         & USA                   & 12.500                & 84.2000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t185 & Venezuela, RB         & VEN                   & 19.842                & 54.9000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\t186 & Virgin Islands (U.S.) & VIR                   & 10.700                & 45.3000               & High income          \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1 | Aruba                | ABW                  | 10.244               | 78.90000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 5 | United Arab Emirates | ARE                  | 11.044               | 88.00000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 6 | Argentina            | ARG                  | 17.716               | 59.90000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 8 | Antigua and Barbuda  | ATG                  | 16.447               | 63.40000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 9 | Australia            | AUS                  | 13.200               | 83.00000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 10 | Austria              | AUT                  |  9.400               | 80.61880             | High income          | \n",
       "| 13 | Belgium              | BEL                  | 11.200               | 82.17020             | High income          | \n",
       "| 18 | Bahrain              | BHR                  | 15.040               | 90.00004             | High income          | \n",
       "| 19 | Bahamas, The         | BHS                  | 15.339               | 72.00000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 23 | Bermuda              | BMU                  | 10.400               | 95.30000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 26 | Barbados             | BRB                  | 12.188               | 73.00000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 27 | Brunei Darussalam    | BRN                  | 16.405               | 64.50000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 31 | Canada               | CAN                  | 10.900               | 85.80000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 32 | Switzerland          | CHE                  | 10.200               | 86.34000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 33 | Chile                | CHL                  | 13.385               | 66.50000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 43 | Cayman Islands       | CYM                  | 12.500               | 74.10000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 44 | Cyprus               | CYP                  | 11.436               | 65.45480             | High income          | \n",
       "| 45 | Czech Republic       | CZE                  | 10.200               | 74.11040             | High income          | \n",
       "| 46 | Germany              | DEU                  |  8.500               | 84.17000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 48 | Denmark              | DNK                  | 10.000               | 94.62970             | High income          | \n",
       "| 54 | Spain                | ESP                  |  9.100               | 71.63500             | High income          | \n",
       "| 55 | Estonia              | EST                  | 10.300               | 79.40000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 57 | Finland              | FIN                  | 10.700               | 91.51440             | High income          | \n",
       "| 59 | France               | FRA                  | 12.300               | 81.91980             | High income          | \n",
       "| 62 | United Kingdom       | GBR                  | 12.200               | 89.84410             | High income          | \n",
       "| 68 | Equatorial Guinea    | GNQ                  | 35.362               | 16.40000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 69 | Greece               | GRC                  |  8.500               | 59.86630             | High income          | \n",
       "| 71 | Greenland            | GRL                  | 14.500               | 65.80000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 73 | Guam                 | GUM                  | 17.389               | 65.40000             | High income          | \n",
       "| 75 | Hong Kong SAR, China | HKG                  |  7.900               | 74.20000             | High income          | \n",
       "| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | \n",
       "| 96 | Korea, Rep.           | KOR                   |  8.600                | 84.7700               | High income           | \n",
       "| 97 | Kuwait                | KWT                   | 20.575                | 75.4600               | High income           | \n",
       "| 103 | Liechtenstein         | LIE                   |  9.200                | 93.8000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 106 | Lithuania             | LTU                   | 10.100                | 68.4529               | High income           | \n",
       "| 107 | Luxembourg            | LUX                   | 11.300                | 93.7765               | High income           | \n",
       "| 108 | Latvia                | LVA                   | 10.200                | 75.2344               | High income           | \n",
       "| 109 | Macao SAR, China      | MAC                   | 11.256                | 65.8000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 117 | Malta                 | MLT                   |  9.500                | 68.9138               | High income           | \n",
       "| 127 | New Caledonia         | NCL                   | 17.000                | 66.0000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 131 | Netherlands           | NLD                   | 10.200                | 93.9564               | High income           | \n",
       "| 132 | Norway                | NOR                   | 11.600                | 95.0534               | High income           | \n",
       "| 134 | New Zealand           | NZL                   | 13.120                | 82.7800               | High income           | \n",
       "| 135 | Oman                  | OMN                   | 20.419                | 66.4500               | High income           | \n",
       "| 141 | Poland                | POL                   |  9.600                | 62.8492               | High income           | \n",
       "| 142 | Puerto Rico           | PRI                   | 10.800                | 73.9000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 143 | Portugal              | PRT                   |  7.900                | 62.0956               | High income           | \n",
       "| 145 | French Polynesia      | PYF                   | 16.393                | 56.8000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 146 | Qatar                 | QAT                   | 11.940                | 85.3000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 148 | Russian Federation    | RUS                   | 13.200                | 67.9700               | High income           | \n",
       "| 150 | Saudi Arabia          | SAU                   | 20.576                | 60.5000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 153 | Singapore             | SGP                   |  9.300                | 81.0000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 162 | Slovak Republic       | SVK                   | 10.100                | 77.8826               | High income           | \n",
       "| 163 | Slovenia              | SVN                   | 10.200                | 72.6756               | High income           | \n",
       "| 164 | Sweden                | SWE                   | 11.800                | 94.7836               | High income           | \n",
       "| 166 | Seychelles            | SYC                   | 18.600                | 50.4000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 175 | Trinidad and Tobago   | TTO                   | 14.590                | 63.8000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 181 | Uruguay               | URY                   | 14.374                | 57.6900               | High income           | \n",
       "| 182 | United States         | USA                   | 12.500                | 84.2000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 185 | Venezuela, RB         | VEN                   | 19.842                | 54.9000               | High income           | \n",
       "| 186 | Virgin Islands (U.S.) | VIR                   | 10.700                | 45.3000               | High income           | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name          Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users Income.Group\n",
       "1   Aruba                 ABW          10.244     78.90000       High income \n",
       "5   United Arab Emirates  ARE          11.044     88.00000       High income \n",
       "6   Argentina             ARG          17.716     59.90000       High income \n",
       "8   Antigua and Barbuda   ATG          16.447     63.40000       High income \n",
       "9   Australia             AUS          13.200     83.00000       High income \n",
       "10  Austria               AUT           9.400     80.61880       High income \n",
       "13  Belgium               BEL          11.200     82.17020       High income \n",
       "18  Bahrain               BHR          15.040     90.00004       High income \n",
       "19  Bahamas, The          BHS          15.339     72.00000       High income \n",
       "23  Bermuda               BMU          10.400     95.30000       High income \n",
       "26  Barbados              BRB          12.188     73.00000       High income \n",
       "27  Brunei Darussalam     BRN          16.405     64.50000       High income \n",
       "31  Canada                CAN          10.900     85.80000       High income \n",
       "32  Switzerland           CHE          10.200     86.34000       High income \n",
       "33  Chile                 CHL          13.385     66.50000       High income \n",
       "43  Cayman Islands        CYM          12.500     74.10000       High income \n",
       "44  Cyprus                CYP          11.436     65.45480       High income \n",
       "45  Czech Republic        CZE          10.200     74.11040       High income \n",
       "46  Germany               DEU           8.500     84.17000       High income \n",
       "48  Denmark               DNK          10.000     94.62970       High income \n",
       "54  Spain                 ESP           9.100     71.63500       High income \n",
       "55  Estonia               EST          10.300     79.40000       High income \n",
       "57  Finland               FIN          10.700     91.51440       High income \n",
       "59  France                FRA          12.300     81.91980       High income \n",
       "62  United Kingdom        GBR          12.200     89.84410       High income \n",
       "68  Equatorial Guinea     GNQ          35.362     16.40000       High income \n",
       "69  Greece                GRC           8.500     59.86630       High income \n",
       "71  Greenland             GRL          14.500     65.80000       High income \n",
       "73  Guam                  GUM          17.389     65.40000       High income \n",
       "75  Hong Kong SAR, China  HKG           7.900     74.20000       High income \n",
       "... ...                   ...          ...        ...            ...         \n",
       "96  Korea, Rep.           KOR           8.600     84.7700        High income \n",
       "97  Kuwait                KWT          20.575     75.4600        High income \n",
       "103 Liechtenstein         LIE           9.200     93.8000        High income \n",
       "106 Lithuania             LTU          10.100     68.4529        High income \n",
       "107 Luxembourg            LUX          11.300     93.7765        High income \n",
       "108 Latvia                LVA          10.200     75.2344        High income \n",
       "109 Macao SAR, China      MAC          11.256     65.8000        High income \n",
       "117 Malta                 MLT           9.500     68.9138        High income \n",
       "127 New Caledonia         NCL          17.000     66.0000        High income \n",
       "131 Netherlands           NLD          10.200     93.9564        High income \n",
       "132 Norway                NOR          11.600     95.0534        High income \n",
       "134 New Zealand           NZL          13.120     82.7800        High income \n",
       "135 Oman                  OMN          20.419     66.4500        High income \n",
       "141 Poland                POL           9.600     62.8492        High income \n",
       "142 Puerto Rico           PRI          10.800     73.9000        High income \n",
       "143 Portugal              PRT           7.900     62.0956        High income \n",
       "145 French Polynesia      PYF          16.393     56.8000        High income \n",
       "146 Qatar                 QAT          11.940     85.3000        High income \n",
       "148 Russian Federation    RUS          13.200     67.9700        High income \n",
       "150 Saudi Arabia          SAU          20.576     60.5000        High income \n",
       "153 Singapore             SGP           9.300     81.0000        High income \n",
       "162 Slovak Republic       SVK          10.100     77.8826        High income \n",
       "163 Slovenia              SVN          10.200     72.6756        High income \n",
       "164 Sweden                SWE          11.800     94.7836        High income \n",
       "166 Seychelles            SYC          18.600     50.4000        High income \n",
       "175 Trinidad and Tobago   TTO          14.590     63.8000        High income \n",
       "181 Uruguay               URY          14.374     57.6900        High income \n",
       "182 United States         USA          12.500     84.2000        High income \n",
       "185 Venezuela, RB         VEN          19.842     54.9000        High income \n",
       "186 Virgin Islands (U.S.) VIR          10.700     45.3000        High income "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'High income'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'Low income'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'Lower middle income'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'Upper middle income'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'High income'\n",
       "\\item 'Low income'\n",
       "\\item 'Lower middle income'\n",
       "\\item 'Upper middle income'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'High income'\n",
       "2. 'Low income'\n",
       "3. 'Lower middle income'\n",
       "4. 'Upper middle income'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"High income\"         \"Low income\"          \"Lower middle income\"\n",
       "[4] \"Upper middle income\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>Country.Name</th><th scope=col>Country.Code</th><th scope=col>Birth.rate</th><th scope=col>Internet.users</th><th scope=col>Income.Group</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>117</th><td>Malta      </td><td>MLT        </td><td>9.5        </td><td>68.9138    </td><td>High income</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & Country.Name & Country.Code & Birth.rate & Internet.users & Income.Group\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t117 & Malta       & MLT         & 9.5         & 68.9138     & High income\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Country.Name | Country.Code | Birth.rate | Internet.users | Income.Group | \n",
       "|---|\n",
       "| 117 | Malta       | MLT         | 9.5         | 68.9138     | High income | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    Country.Name Country.Code Birth.rate Internet.users Income.Group\n",
       "117 Malta        MLT          9.5        68.9138        High income "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(stats)\n",
    "filter <- stats$Internet.users < 2\n",
    "stats[filter,]\n",
    "\n",
    "stats[stats$Birth.rate > 40,]\n",
    "stats[stats$Birth.rate > 40 & stats$Internet.users < 2,]\n",
    "stats[stats$Income.Group == \"High income\",]\n",
    "levels(stats$Income.Group)\n",
    "\n",
    "stats[stats$Country.Name == \"Malta\",]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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