From 7ac10ca0376a8daebb60cf099f0c2c913b2f837f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: novalagung Date: Wed, 31 Jul 2024 11:15:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] deploy: a8c23ea58fa2cc3f2b4747ecaaeb70bea995e70e --- 404.html | 8 +++---- CONTRIBUTING.html | 12 +++++------ LICENSE.html | 12 +++++------ ...ing-1-a60b09beaa6803045688abcf2a1f4762.png | Bin 0 -> 19501 bytes ...ing-2-4bb5c6b2c2f3dcc0eb5029fb2ab09519.png | Bin 0 -> 26928 bytes ...ing-3-9ac2af92e26692ae7be26b9c2a06ed71.png | Bin 0 -> 10490 bytes assets/js/388041ab.64babc7e.js | 1 + assets/js/388041ab.66c86ae4.js | 1 - assets/js/3d2f5b0c.1f148699.js | 1 + assets/js/3d2f5b0c.dbd56e0e.js | 1 - assets/js/7794a932.101ed56d.js | 1 - assets/js/7794a932.1399478f.js | 1 + assets/js/87499f15.3255091a.js | 1 - assets/js/87499f15.91f9bc09.js | 1 + assets/js/935f2afb.50cc2b72.js | 1 + assets/js/935f2afb.5bca681b.js | 1 - assets/js/9a3629a6.23affd87.js | 1 - assets/js/9a3629a6.8ffb3acb.js | 1 + assets/js/9ed3ab78.bfc8ff35.js | 1 + assets/js/main.0f82894c.js | 2 ++ ...CENSE.txt => main.0f82894c.js.LICENSE.txt} | 0 assets/js/main.577cbb9f.js | 2 -- assets/js/runtime~main.e0fb90a2.js | 1 - 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2024 | Maintained by Noval Agung Prayogo
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Contribution & Tech Stack

Ebook Dasar Pemrograman Rust adalah project open source. Siapapun bebas untuk berkontribusi di sini, bisa dalam bentuk perbaikan typo, update kalimat, maupun submit tulisan baru.

Bagi kawan-kawan yang berminat untuk berkontribusi, silakan fork github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust, kemudian langsung saja cek/buat issue kemudian submit relevan pull request untuk issue tersebut 😊

Checkout project​

git clone https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust.git
git submodule update --init --recursive --remote

Maintainer​

E-book ini di-inisialisasi dan di-maintain oleh Noval Agung Prayogo.

Contributors​

Berikut merupakan hall of fame kontributor yang sudah berbaik hati menyisihkan waktunya untuk membantu pengembangan e-book ini.

  1. Acep Saepudin
  2. Afifurrohman
  3. ardiantovn
  4. Fal
  5. Fredianto
  6. I Putu Saputrayana
  7. Indra Sah Noeldy
  8. Khisby Al Ghofari
  9. Lori
  10. M. Zakiyuddin Munziri
  11. Opa Kholis Majid
  12. Rian
  13. Shandy Siswandi
  14. Theis Andatu
  15. ... anda :-)

Ebook/webhook techstack & architecture​

Jika pembaca tertarik untuk membuat konten ebook berbasis web sekaligus versi PDF file-nya, bisa menggunakan link berikut sebagai referensi:

https://medium.com/geekculture/serverless-e-book-web-book-using-docusaurus-v2-github-pages-actions-and-pdf-tools-4fef54847b85

Tools yang digunakan:

Desain arsitektur:

Dasar pemrograman python

2024 | Maintained by Noval Agung Prayogo
- - +
Skip to main content

Contribution & Tech Stack

Ebook Dasar Pemrograman Rust adalah project open source. Siapapun bebas untuk berkontribusi di sini, bisa dalam bentuk perbaikan typo, update kalimat, maupun submit tulisan baru.

Bagi kawan-kawan yang berminat untuk berkontribusi, silakan fork github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust, kemudian langsung saja cek/buat issue kemudian submit relevan pull request untuk issue tersebut 😊

Checkout project​

git clone https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust.git
git submodule update --init --recursive --remote

Maintainer​

E-book ini di-inisialisasi dan di-maintain oleh Noval Agung Prayogo.

Contributors​

Berikut merupakan hall of fame kontributor yang sudah berbaik hati menyisihkan waktunya untuk membantu pengembangan e-book ini.

  1. Acep Saepudin
  2. Afifurrohman
  3. ardiantovn
  4. Fal
  5. Fredianto
  6. I Putu Saputrayana
  7. Indra Sah Noeldy
  8. Khisby Al Ghofari
  9. Lori
  10. M. Zakiyuddin Munziri
  11. Opa Kholis Majid
  12. Rian
  13. Shandy Siswandi
  14. Theis Andatu
  15. ... anda :-)

Ebook/webhook techstack & architecture​

Jika pembaca tertarik untuk membuat konten ebook berbasis web sekaligus versi PDF file-nya, bisa menggunakan link berikut sebagai referensi:

https://medium.com/geekculture/serverless-e-book-web-book-using-docusaurus-v2-github-pages-actions-and-pdf-tools-4fef54847b85

Tools yang digunakan:

Desain arsitektur:

Dasar pemrograman python

+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html index 52d6f960..72faa777 100644 --- a/LICENSE.html +++ b/LICENSE.html @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ - - - + + +
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Lisensi & Distribusi Konten

Ebook Dasar Pemrograman Rust gratis untuk disebarluaskan secara bebas, dengan catatan sesuai dengan aturan lisensi CC BY-SA 4.0 yang kurang lebih sebagai berikut:

  • Diperbolehkan menyebar, mencetak, dan menduplikasi material dalam konten ini ke siapapun.
  • Diperbolehkan memodifikasi, mengubah, atau membuat konten baru menggunakan material yang ada dalam ebook ini untuk keperluan komersil maupun tidak.

Dengan catatan:

  • Harus ada credit sumber aslinya, yaitu Dasar Pemrograman Rust atau novalagung
  • Tidak mengubah lisensi aslinya, yaitu CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Tidak ditambahi restrictions baru
  • Lebih jelasnya silakan cek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

FOSSA Status

2024 | Maintained by Noval Agung Prayogo
- - +
Skip to main content

Lisensi & Distribusi Konten

Ebook Dasar Pemrograman Rust gratis untuk disebarluaskan secara bebas, dengan catatan sesuai dengan aturan lisensi CC BY-SA 4.0 yang kurang lebih sebagai berikut:

  • Diperbolehkan menyebar, mencetak, dan menduplikasi material dalam konten ini ke siapapun.
  • Diperbolehkan memodifikasi, mengubah, atau membuat konten baru menggunakan material yang ada dalam ebook ini untuk keperluan komersil maupun tidak.

Dengan catatan:

  • Harus ada credit sumber aslinya, yaitu Dasar Pemrograman Rust atau novalagung
  • Tidak mengubah lisensi aslinya, yaitu CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Tidak ditambahi restrictions baru
  • Lebih jelasnya silakan cek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

FOSSA Status

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Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic",sidebar_label:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic"},l=void 0,o={unversionedId:"basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",id:"basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",title:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic",description:"Error handling atau penanganan error adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam pemrograman selalu umum. Rust mengenal 2 jenis error yaitu unrecoverable error (panic error) dan recoverable error. Pembahasan chapter ini fokus pada unrecoverable error atau panic error.",source:"@site/docs/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error.md",sourceDirName:"basic",slug:"/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",permalink:"/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",draft:!1,tags:[],version:"current",sidebarPosition:54,frontMatter:{sidebar_position:54,title:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic",sidebar_label:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic"},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"A.53. 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Kapan harus menggunakan panic error?",id:"a543-kapan-harus-menggunakan-panic-error",level:2},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],s={toc:u};function k(a){let{components:e,...i}=a;return(0,t.kt)("wrapper",(0,n.Z)({},s,i,{components:e,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error handling atau penanganan error adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam pemrograman selalu umum. Rust mengenal 2 jenis error yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"unrecoverable error (panic error)")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"recoverable error"),". Pembahasan chapter ini fokus pada unrecoverable error atau panic error."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a541-unrecoverable-error-runtime-error--compile-time-error"},"A.54.1. Unrecoverable error (RUNTIME error & COMPILE-TIME error)"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"Unrecoverable error")," adalah error yang tidak bisa ditangani, entah itu karena memang disengaja atau karena ada bug fatal yang menyebabkan program mendapati error jenis ini sehingga program ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"crash")," dan berhenti secara paksa."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Salah satu operasi yang menyebabkan panic adalah pengaksesan elemen vector menggunakan index di luar kapasitas vector. Contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let data = vec![10, 11, 23];\n\n println!("data index 1: {}", data[1]);\n println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);\n println!("data index 2: {}", data[2]);\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pengaksesan index ke-6 vector ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"data")," menghasilkan panic karena vector tersebut hanya berisi 3 elemen."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Error Handling, Panic, Operator ?",src:r(5767).Z,width:"727",height:"182"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Apa yang bisa dilakukan ketika panic muncul?"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika panic muncul ketika program sudah di production, program akan crash karena bug pengaksesan error di atas."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika panic muncul saat pengembangan, maka bisa diperbaiki kodenya, bisa dengan menambahkan pengecekan kapasitas index vector atau lainnya.")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-perbedaan-panic-saat-pengaksesan-vector-dan-error-saat-pengaksesan-array"},"\u25c9 Perbedaan panic saat pengaksesan vector dan error saat pengaksesan array"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Coba ubah kode di atas, tipe data variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"data")," ubah dari vector ke array. Lalu jalankan ulang program."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let data = [10, 11, 23];\n\n println!("data index 1: {}", data[1]);\n println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);\n println!("data index 2: {}", data[2]);\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error masih muncul, tapi pesan error-nya berbeda."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Error Handling, Panic, Operator ?",src:r(5594).Z,width:"764",height:"215"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"2 program yang dijalankan keduanya error tapi error-nya sangat berbeda."),(0,t.kt)("table",null,(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,"Pengaksesan elemen vector di luar kapastias memunculkan error saat ",(0,t.kt)("b",null,"RUNTIME"),". Penjelasannya:")),(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"RUNTIME error")," menandakan kode program sudah berhasil dikompilasi dan program juga berhasil di eksekusi.",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Silakan lihat gambar pertama, ada keterangan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Finished")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Running"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error ini masuk kategori ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"panic-level error")," atau ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"panic"),"."))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error muncul ketika baris kode ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},'println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);')," dieksekusi."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kode sebelum baris tersebut masih sempat dieksekusi.",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Silakan lihat gambar pertama, output ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"data index 1: 11")," sempat muncul sebelum error."))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Tipe data vector tidak tidak mampu mengetahui kapasitas datanya saat kompilasi, inilah kenapa error bisa lolos kompilasi."))))),(0,t.kt)("table",null,(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,"Sedangkan pengaksesan elemen array di luar kapastias memunculkan error saat ",(0,t.kt)("b",null,"COMPILE TIME"),". Penjelasannya:")),(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"COMPILE TIME error")," menandakan kode program gagal dikompilasi dan tidak sampai dieksekusi.",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Silakan lihat gambar ke-dua, ada keterangan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Compiling")," diikuti dengan error, dan keterangan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"could not compile"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error ini masuk kategori ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"compile-time-level error")," atau cukup ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"error"),"."))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error muncul saat compiler memproses baris kode ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},'println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);'),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Tipe data array kapasitasnya sudah bisa diketahui oleh compiler saat kompilasi, menyebabkan proses kompilasi gagal."))))),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a542-macro-panic"},"A.54.2. Macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"panic!()")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Telah kita pelajari bahwa panic muncul karena ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"flaw")," atau cacat program, disebabkan oleh bug di kode program. Selain itu, panic bisa dimunculkan dengan sengaja menggunakan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"panic!()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Cara penggunaannya cukup dengan memanggil macro tersebut diikuti dengan argument berisi string keterangan panic errornya."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Bisa dibilang macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"panic!()")," adalah media untuk membuat ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"recoverable error")," menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"unrecoverable error"),".")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pada contoh berikut, program sederhana dibuat untuk menangkap inputan nama user untuk kemudian di-print. Jika user tidak menginputkan apapun, maka panic sengaja dimunculkan via pemanggilan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"panic!()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'use std::io;\nuse std::io::Write;\n\nfn main() {\n print!("enter your name: ");\n let _ = io::stdout().flush();\n\n let name = read_entry();\n if name.is_empty() {\n panic!("unable to continue the program");\n }\n\n println!("hi {}", name);\n}\n\npub fn read_entry() -> String {\n let mut message = String::new();\n let reader_res = io::stdin().read_line(&mut message);\n\n if reader_res.is_err() {\n return message;\n }\n\n message.trim().to_string()\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Output program:"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Error Handling, Panic, Operator ?",src:r(4274).Z,width:"719",height:"284"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Program dieksekusi 2 kali:"),(0,t.kt)("ol",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Eksekusi pertama, inputan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"noval agung")," digunakan. Hasilnya program berjalan sesuai desain."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Pada eksekusi ke-2, tidak ada inputan yang ditulis, dan langsung tekan tombol enter, hasilnya panic sengaja dimunculkan via macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"panic!()")," dengan pesan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"unable to continue the program"),".")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-statement-iostdoutflush"},"\u25c9 Statement ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"io::stdout().flush()")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dibanding dengan beberapa chapter sebelumnya yang juga ada praktek menangkap inputan user, kode program yang ditulis kali ini disisipi statement baru yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"io::stdout().flush()"),". Kode tersebut berguna untuk mem-",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"flush")," output STDOUT yang muncul, karena default output STDOUT adalah di-",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"buffer")," oleh Rust."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jika tidak di-flush, ada kemungkinan text ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"enter your name: ")," muncul setelah user mengisi inputan lalu menekan tombol ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"enter"),"."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Untuk menggunakan stdout flush, path ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::io::Write")," harus di-import terlebih dahulu.")),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a543-kapan-harus-menggunakan-panic-error"},"A.54.3. Kapan harus menggunakan panic error?"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Tidak semua jenis recoverable error harus berakhir dengan panic, ini penting untuk selalu diingat. Adakalanya error perlu di-recover secara gentle, ada kalanya error harus diumumkan via panic agar program terhenti. Contohnya:"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error ketika ada inputan yang tidak valid, maka cukup direspon dengan pesan error saja."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error karena ada operasi pembagian terhadap angka ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"0"),", maka tidak perlu menggunakan panic."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error karena file konfigurasi yang tidak ditemukan saat eksekusi program, ideal menggunakan panic.")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Tergantung tingkat ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"severity")," atau keseriusan error, silakan tentukan prosedur penanganannya seperti apa sesuai kebutuhan, juga jangan lupa pertimbangkan implikasinya."),(0,t.kt)("hr",null),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/unrecoverable_panic_error"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../unrecoverable_panic_error")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"))))}k.isMDXComponent=!0},5767:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Z:()=>n});const n=r.p+"assets/images/unrecoverable-panic-error-1-2a22152a19c4dfb91d4f55885880fc08.png"},5594:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Z:()=>n});const n=r.p+"assets/images/unrecoverable-panic-error-2-1ffea2a5a914b4b95bb2db06c1ac9b53.png"},4274:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Z:()=>n});const n=r.p+"assets/images/unrecoverable-panic-error-3-4d90d454da4c451e1d9b6c9499ba72c6.png"}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/388041ab.66c86ae4.js b/assets/js/388041ab.66c86ae4.js deleted file mode 100644 index 41912f06..00000000 --- a/assets/js/388041ab.66c86ae4.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdasarpemrogramanrust=self.webpackChunkdasarpemrogramanrust||[]).push([[1494],{3905:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Zo:()=>s,kt:()=>d});var n=r(7294);function t(a,e,r){return e in a?Object.defineProperty(a,e,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):a[e]=r,a}function i(a,e){var r=Object.keys(a);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(a);e&&(n=n.filter((function(e){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(a,e).enumerable}))),r.push.apply(r,n)}return r}function l(a){for(var e=1;e=0||(t[r]=a[r]);return t}(a,e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var i=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(a);for(n=0;n=0||Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(a,r)&&(t[r]=a[r])}return t}var p=n.createContext({}),u=function(a){var e=n.useContext(p),r=e;return a&&(r="function"==typeof a?a(e):l(l({},e),a)),r},s=function(a){var e=u(a.components);return n.createElement(p.Provider,{value:e},a.children)},m={inlineCode:"code",wrapper:function(a){var e=a.children;return n.createElement(n.Fragment,{},e)}},k=n.forwardRef((function(a,e){var r=a.components,t=a.mdxType,i=a.originalType,p=a.parentName,s=o(a,["components","mdxType","originalType","parentName"]),k=u(r),d=t,c=k["".concat(p,".").concat(d)]||k[d]||m[d]||i;return r?n.createElement(c,l(l({ref:e},s),{},{components:r})):n.createElement(c,l({ref:e},s))}));function d(a,e){var r=arguments,t=e&&e.mdxType;if("string"==typeof a||t){var i=r.length,l=new Array(i);l[0]=k;var o={};for(var p in e)hasOwnProperty.call(e,p)&&(o[p]=e[p]);o.originalType=a,o.mdxType="string"==typeof a?a:t,l[1]=o;for(var u=2;u{r.r(e),r.d(e,{assets:()=>p,contentTitle:()=>l,default:()=>m,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>u});var n=r(7462),t=(r(7294),r(3905));const i={sidebar_position:54,title:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic",sidebar_label:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic"},l=void 0,o={unversionedId:"basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",id:"basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",title:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic",description:"Error handling atau penanganan error adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam pemrograman selalu umum. Rust mengenal 2 jenis error yaitu unrecoverable error (panic error) dan recoverable error. Pembahasan chapter ini fokus pada unrecoverable error atau panic error.",source:"@site/docs/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error.md",sourceDirName:"basic",slug:"/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",permalink:"/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error",draft:!1,tags:[],version:"current",sidebarPosition:54,frontMatter:{sidebar_position:54,title:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic",sidebar_label:"A.54. Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic"},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"A.53. File, Path, Directory",permalink:"/basic/file-path-directory"}},p={},u=[{value:"A.54.1. Unrecoverable error (RUNTIME error & COMPILE-TIME error)",id:"a541-unrecoverable-error-runtime-error--compile-time-error",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Perbedaan panic saat pengaksesan vector dan error saat pengaksesan array",id:"-perbedaan-panic-saat-pengaksesan-vector-dan-error-saat-pengaksesan-array",level:3},{value:"A.54.2. Macro panic!()",id:"a542-macro-panic",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Statement io::stdout().flush()",id:"-statement-iostdoutflush",level:3},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],s={toc:u};function m(a){let{components:e,...i}=a;return(0,t.kt)("wrapper",(0,n.Z)({},s,i,{components:e,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error handling atau penanganan error adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam pemrograman selalu umum. Rust mengenal 2 jenis error yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"unrecoverable error (panic error)")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"recoverable error"),". Pembahasan chapter ini fokus pada unrecoverable error atau panic error."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a541-unrecoverable-error-runtime-error--compile-time-error"},"A.54.1. Unrecoverable error (RUNTIME error & COMPILE-TIME error)"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"Unrecoverable error")," adalah error yang tidak bisa ditangani, entah itu karena memang disengaja atau karena ada bug fatal yang menyebabkan program mendapati error jenis ini sehingga program ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"crash")," dan berhenti secara paksa."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Salah satu operasi yang menyebabkan panic adalah pengaksesan elemen vector menggunakan index di luar kapasitas vector. Contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let data = vec![10, 11, 23];\n\n println!("data index 1: {}", data[1]);\n println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);\n println!("data index 2: {}", data[2]);\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pengaksesan index ke-6 vector ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"data")," menghasilkan panic karena vector tersebut hanya berisi 3 elemen."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Error Handling, Panic, Operator ?",src:r(5767).Z,width:"727",height:"182"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Apa yang bisa dilakukan ketika panic muncul?"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika panic muncul ketika program sudah di production, program akan crash karena bug pengaksesan error di atas."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika panic muncul saat pengembangan, maka bisa diperbaiki kodenya, bisa dengan menambahkan pengecekan kapasitas index vector atau lainnya.")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-perbedaan-panic-saat-pengaksesan-vector-dan-error-saat-pengaksesan-array"},"\u25c9 Perbedaan panic saat pengaksesan vector dan error saat pengaksesan array"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Coba ubah kode di atas, tipe data variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"data")," ubah dari vector ke array. Lalu jalankan ulang program."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let data = [10, 11, 23];\n\n println!("data index 1: {}", data[1]);\n println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);\n println!("data index 2: {}", data[2]);\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error masih muncul, tapi pesan error-nya berbeda."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Error Handling, Panic, Operator ?",src:r(5594).Z,width:"764",height:"215"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"2 program yang dijalankan keduanya error tapi error-nya sangat berbeda."),(0,t.kt)("table",null,(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,"Pengaksesan elemen vector di luar kapastias memunculkan error saat ",(0,t.kt)("b",null,"RUNTIME"),". Penjelasannya:")),(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"RUNTIME error")," menandakan kode program sudah berhasil dikompilasi dan program juga berhasil di eksekusi.",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Silakan lihat gambar pertama, ada keterangan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Finished")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Running"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error ini masuk kategori ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"panic-level error")," atau ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"panic"),"."))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error muncul ketika baris kode ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},'println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);')," dieksekusi."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kode sebelum baris tersebut masih sempat dieksekusi.",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Silakan lihat gambar pertama, output ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"data index 1: 11")," sempat muncul sebelum error."))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Tipe data vector tidak tidak mampu mengetahui kapasitas datanya saat kompilasi, inilah kenapa error bisa lolos kompilasi."))))),(0,t.kt)("table",null,(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,"Sedangkan pengaksesan elemen array di luar kapastias memunculkan error saat ",(0,t.kt)("b",null,"COMPILE TIME"),". Penjelasannya:")),(0,t.kt)("tr",null,(0,t.kt)("td",null,(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"COMPILE TIME error")," menandakan kode program gagal dikompilasi dan tidak sampai dieksekusi.",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Silakan lihat gambar ke-dua, ada keterangan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Compiling")," diikuti dengan error, dan keterangan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"could not compile"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error ini masuk kategori ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"compile-time-level error")," atau cukup ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"error"),"."))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error muncul saat compiler memproses baris kode ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},'println!("data index 6: {}", data[6]);'),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Tipe data array kapasitasnya sudah bisa diketahui oleh compiler saat kompilasi, menyebabkan proses kompilasi gagal."))))),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a542-macro-panic"},"A.54.2. Macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"panic!()")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Telah kita pelajari bahwa panic muncul karena ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"flaw")," atau cacat program, disebabkan oleh bug di kode program. Selain itu, panic bisa dimunculkan dengan sengaja menggunakan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"panic!()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Cara penggunaannya cukup dengan memanggil macro tersebut diikuti dengan argument berisi string keterangan panic errornya."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pada contoh berikut, program sederhana dibuat untuk menangkap inputan nama user untuk kemudian di-print. Jika user tidak menginputkan apapun, maka panic sengaja dimunculkan via pemanggilan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"panic!()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'use std::io;\nuse std::io::Write;\n\nfn main() {\n print!("enter your name: ");\n let _ = io::stdout().flush();\n\n let name = read_entry();\n if name.is_empty() {\n panic!("unable to continue the program");\n }\n\n println!("hi {}", name);\n}\n\npub fn read_entry() -> String {\n let mut message = String::new();\n let reader_res = io::stdin().read_line(&mut message);\n\n if reader_res.is_err() {\n return message;\n }\n\n message.trim().to_string()\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Output program:"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Error Handling, Panic, Operator ?",src:r(4274).Z,width:"719",height:"284"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Program dieksekusi 2 kali:"),(0,t.kt)("ol",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Eksekusi pertama, inputan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"noval agung")," digunakan. Hasilnya program berjalan sesuai desain."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Pada eksekusi ke-2, tidak ada inputan yang ditulis, dan langsung tekan tombol enter, hasilnya panic sengaja dimunculkan via macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"panic!()")," dengan pesan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"unable to continue the program"),".")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-statement-iostdoutflush"},"\u25c9 Statement ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"io::stdout().flush()")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dibanding dengan beberapa chapter sebelumnya yang juga ada praktek menangkap inputan user, kode program yang ditulis kali ini disisipi statement baru yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"io::stdout().flush()"),". Kode tersebut berguna untuk mem-",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"flush")," output STDOUT yang muncul, karena default output STDOUT adalah di-",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"buffer")," oleh Rust."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jika tidak di-flush, ada kemungkinan text ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"enter your name: ")," muncul setelah user mengisi inputan lalu menekan tombol ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"enter"),"."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Untuk menggunakan stdout flush, path ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::io::Write")," harus di-import terlebih dahulu.")),(0,t.kt)("hr",null),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/unrecoverable_panic_error"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../unrecoverable_panic_error")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"#"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"))))}m.isMDXComponent=!0},5767:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Z:()=>n});const n=r.p+"assets/images/unrecoverable-panic-error-1-2a22152a19c4dfb91d4f55885880fc08.png"},5594:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Z:()=>n});const n=r.p+"assets/images/unrecoverable-panic-error-2-1ffea2a5a914b4b95bb2db06c1ac9b53.png"},4274:(a,e,r)=>{r.d(e,{Z:()=>n});const n=r.p+"assets/images/unrecoverable-panic-error-3-4d90d454da4c451e1d9b6c9499ba72c6.png"}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/3d2f5b0c.1f148699.js b/assets/js/3d2f5b0c.1f148699.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..72d44f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/3d2f5b0c.1f148699.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdasarpemrogramanrust=self.webpackChunkdasarpemrogramanrust||[]).push([[676],{3905:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Zo:()=>u,kt:()=>m});var t=n(7294);function r(e,a,n){return a in e?Object.defineProperty(e,a,{value:n,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[a]=n,e}function i(e,a){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var t=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);a&&(t=t.filter((function(a){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,a).enumerable}))),n.push.apply(n,t)}return n}function l(e){for(var a=1;a=0||(r[n]=e[n]);return r}(e,a);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var i=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);for(t=0;t=0||Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(e,n)&&(r[n]=e[n])}return r}var o=t.createContext({}),d=function(e){var a=t.useContext(o),n=a;return e&&(n="function"==typeof e?e(a):l(l({},a),e)),n},u=function(e){var a=d(e.components);return t.createElement(o.Provider,{value:a},e.children)},s={inlineCode:"code",wrapper:function(e){var a=e.children;return t.createElement(t.Fragment,{},a)}},k=t.forwardRef((function(e,a){var n=e.components,r=e.mdxType,i=e.originalType,o=e.parentName,u=p(e,["components","mdxType","originalType","parentName"]),k=d(n),m=r,g=k["".concat(o,".").concat(m)]||k[m]||s[m]||i;return n?t.createElement(g,l(l({ref:a},u),{},{components:n})):t.createElement(g,l({ref:a},u))}));function m(e,a){var n=arguments,r=a&&a.mdxType;if("string"==typeof e||r){var i=n.length,l=new Array(i);l[0]=k;var p={};for(var o in a)hasOwnProperty.call(a,o)&&(p[o]=a[o]);p.originalType=e,p.mdxType="string"==typeof e?e:r,l[1]=p;for(var d=2;d{n.r(a),n.d(a,{assets:()=>o,contentTitle:()=>l,default:()=>s,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>p,toc:()=>d});var t=n(7462),r=(n(7294),n(3905));const i={sidebar_position:41,title:"A.41. Operator ?",sidebar_label:"A.41. Operator ?"},l=void 0,p={unversionedId:"basic/operator-tanda-tanya",id:"basic/operator-tanda-tanya",title:"A.41. Operator ?",description:"Operator ? (atau question mark operator) adalah operator yang cukup berguna untuk operasi unwrap nilai dari tipe Result atau Option. Pada chapter ini kita akan belajar tentang operator tersebut.",source:"@site/docs/basic/operator-tanda-tanya.md",sourceDirName:"basic",slug:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya",permalink:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya",draft:!1,tags:[],version:"current",sidebarPosition:41,frontMatter:{sidebar_position:41,title:"A.41. Operator ?",sidebar_label:"A.41. Operator ?"},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"A.40. Tipe Data \u279c Result",permalink:"/basic/result-type"},next:{title:"A.42. Pattern Matching",permalink:"/basic/pattern-matching"}},o={},d=[{value:"A.41.1. Operator ?",id:"a411-operator-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Refactor ke-1",id:"-refactor-ke-1",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Refactor ke-2",id:"-refactor-ke-2",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Refactor ke-3",id:"-refactor-ke-3",level:3},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Work in progress",id:"-work-in-progress",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],u={toc:d};function s(e){let{components:a,...i}=e;return(0,r.kt)("wrapper",(0,t.Z)({},u,i,{components:a,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"question mark operator"),") adalah operator yang cukup berguna untuk operasi ",(0,r.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," nilai dari tipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),". Pada chapter ini kita akan belajar tentang operator tersebut."),(0,r.kt)("h2",{id:"a411-operator-"},"A.41.1. Operator ?"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," digunakan untuk operasi ",(0,r.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," value dari tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (dan ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),")."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Penggunaannya terhadap tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," cukup umum untuk keperluan penanganan error (atau ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"error propagation"),"). Ketika suatu object dengan tipe tersebut di-unwrap menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),", maka:"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika nilai object adalah bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T"),", maka yang dikembalikan adalah nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika nilai object adalah bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E"),", maka yang dikembalikan adalah nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E")," atau error.")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Agar lebih mudah memahami kegunaan dari operator ini, pembelajaran lebih baik dimulai dengan praktik kode yang didalamnya ada penerapan tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),"). Di contoh berikut, tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," kita pilih untuk praktek."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Silakan tulis kode berikut, pelajari, kemudian jalankan."),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n do_some_math();\n}\n\nfn do_some_math() {\n let result1 = divider(10.0, 5.0);\n match result1 {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n }\n \n let result2 = divider(10.0, 0.0);\n match result2 {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n }\n \n let result3 = divider(10.0, 2.0);\n match result3 {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n }\n}\n\nfn divider(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result {\n if b == 0.0 {\n return Err("division by zero error");\n }\n\n let result = a / b;\n return Ok(result);\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pada contoh di atas, operasi aritmatika ditempatkan dalam fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," dan tidak langsung dalam fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main()"),". Ini disengaja karena berhubungan dengan contoh berikutnya. ")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()")," dibuat dengan kegunaan sangat spesifik, yaitu melakukan operasi aritmatika pembagian. Fungsi tersebut menghasilkan error jika ditemukan nilai pembagi adalah angka ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"0"),"."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Output program:"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(8889).Z,width:"530",height:"149"})),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Hasil statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"divider(10.0, 5.0)")," memenuhi kriteria ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(r)"),", maka outputnya adalah ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"result: 2.00")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Hasil statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"divider(10.0, 0.0)")," memenuhi kriteria ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(m)"),", maka outputnya adalah ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},'ERROR! "division by zero error"')),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Hasil statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"divider(10.0, 2.0)")," memenuhi kriteria ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(r)"),", maka outputnya adalah ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"result: 5.00"))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sampai sini penulis rasa cukup jelas. Selanjutnya kode tersebut akan di-refactor, beberapa statement disederhanakan menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),"."),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-refactor-ke-1"},"\u25c9 Refactor ke-1"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Ubah fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," menjadi seperti ini:"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn do_some_math() {\n let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;\n println!("result: {r1:.2}");\n \n let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;\n println!("result: {r2:.2}");\n \n let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;\n println!("result: {r3:.2}");\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sekilas perbandingan fungsi sebelum dan setelah dimodifikasi bisa dilihat pada dua gambar berikut."),(0,r.kt)("table",null,(0,r.kt)("tr",null,(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(9692).Z,width:"1292",height:"1402"}))),(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(7725).Z,width:"1032",height:"916"}))))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Implementasi operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," dilakukan dengan cukup menuliskannya setelah memanggil fungsi yang memiliki tipe nilai balik ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),") yang pada contoh ini adalah fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()"),". Operator tersebut meng-unwrap nilai balik fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()")," yang bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," dengan ketentuan:"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Jila nilai balik ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," berisi nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(f64)"),", maka nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"f64")," dikembalikan."),(0,r.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;"),", variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r1")," berisi nilai bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"f64"),"."),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;"),", variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r3")," berisi nilai bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"f64"),"."))),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Jila nilai balik ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," berisi nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err(&'static str)"),", maka nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"&'static str")," dikembalikan."),(0,r.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;"),", variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r2")," berisi nilai bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"&'static str"),".")))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sampai sini semoga cukup jelas."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Namun tunggu, kode baru yang telah ditulis sebenarnya tidak valid. Kode penulis buat untuk mempermudah mempelajari perbedaan cara konvensional vs menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),". Ada beberapa hal lagi yang harus dilakukan sebelum kode benar-benar bisa digunakan."),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-refactor-ke-2"},"\u25c9 Refactor ke-2"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Rust mewajibkan penggunaan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," pada statement untuk diterapkan di dalam fungsi yang mengembalikan nilai balik bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),") tergantung tipe apa yang digunakan pada kode-kode di dalam blok fungsi tersebut. Bahkan meskipun nilai tidak digunakan, aturan tersebut tetap harus dipatuhi. Syarat ini hukumnya wajib."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Kembali ke contoh kode yang telah ditulis, kode tersebut harus dimodifikasi lagi menjadi seperti berikut:"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn do_some_math() -> Result {\n let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;\n println!("result: {r1:.2}");\n \n let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;\n println!("result: {r2:.2}");\n \n let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;\n println!("result: {r3:.2}");\n\n return Ok(0.0)\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," dimodifikasi dengan ditambahi nilai balik bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Karena sebenarnya kita tidak memerlukan fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," untuk menghasilkan nilai balik, maka penulis hardcode saja nilai baliknya dengan nilai apapun yang penting valid, misalnya ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(0.0)"),"."),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Silakan gunakan nilai lainnya seperti ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r1)"),", ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r2)")," atau lainnya, bebas karena nilai ini ditulis di kode hanya agar syarat penerapan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," terpenuhi."),(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Boleh juga menggunakan notasi tipe lainnya seperti ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<(), &'static str>")," dimana dengan tipe tersebut untuk nilai balik bisa menggunakan ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(())"))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Perbandingan terbaru fungsi sebelum dan setelah dimodifikasi bisa dilihat di bawah ini."),(0,r.kt)("table",null,(0,r.kt)("tr",null,(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(9692).Z,width:"1292",height:"1402"}))),(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(456).Z,width:"1358",height:"1024"}))))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang coba jalankan program, dan lihat outputnya."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(7136).Z,width:"618",height:"97"})),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Output yang muncul hanya nilai variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r2"),". Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;")," dan seterusnya tidak menghasilkan output apapun, hal ini karena ketika proses unwrap nilai menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," menghasilkan nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E"),", fungsi langsung terhenti eksekusinya dan nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err(E)")," dikembalikan. Menandai akhir pemanggilan ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," dengan informasi error pemanggilan statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;")," langsung dikembalikan."),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-refactor-ke-3"},"\u25c9 Refactor ke-3"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sebenarnya aturan di atas (kenapa fungsi yang didalamnya ada penerapan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," diwajibkan untuk mengembalikan nilai balik bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),")) bukan hanya sebatas syarat, tapi memang benar-benar diperlukan."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Ketika operasi menghasilkan error, eksekusi blok fungsi menjadi terhenti dan error otomatis dikembalikan sebagai nilai balik fungsi. Hal ini berguna agar kita bisa melakukan pengecekan tambahan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah eksekusi fungsi menghasilkan error atau sukses."),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Inilah bagaimana penanganan error di Rust dilakukan."),(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"error propagation")," atau ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"error propagation")," dibahas pada chapter ",(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"),".")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Coba sekarang ubah lagi kode yang sudah ditulis, kita coba cek error apa yang muncul saat pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()"),". Ubah isi fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main()")," dengan menambahkan keyword ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," untuk mengecek nilai balik eksekusi fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()"),". Kode setelah diubah:"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n match do_some_math() {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(_) => {},\n }\n}\n\nfn do_some_math() -> Result {\n let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;\n println!("result: {r1:.2}");\n \n let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;\n println!("result: {r2:.2}");\n \n let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;\n println!("result: {r3:.2}");\n\n return Ok(0.0)\n}\n\nfn divider(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result {\n if b == 0.0 {\n return Err("division by zero error");\n }\n\n let result = a / b;\n return Ok(result);\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Outputnya bisa dilihat di bawah ini. Pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," memang menghasilkan error, yaitu saat eksekusi statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;"),". Informasi errornya bisa dilihat via blok ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m)'),"."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(2880).Z,width:"534",height:"118"})),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pada kode di atas terdapat penerapan statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(_) => {},"),", pembahasan mengenai statement tersebut dibahas di chapter selanjutnya, yaitu ",(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"))),(0,r.kt)("hr",null),(0,r.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/operator_tanda_tanya"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../operator_tanda_tanya")),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-work-in-progress"},"\u25c9 Work in progress"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Contoh menggunakan tipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Option"))),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#the-question-mark-operator"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#the-question-mark-operator")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"))))}s.isMDXComponent=!0},8889:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/operator-tanda-tanya-1-24d0c7ef806198ea77f652c1267d13e9.png"},9692:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/operator-tanda-tanya-2-edc32921914c938294f2ee9ded7bcd17.png"},7725:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const 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Pada chapter ini kita akan belajar tentang operator tersebut."),(0,r.kt)("h2",{id:"a411-operator-"},"A.41.1. Operator ?"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," digunakan untuk operasi ",(0,r.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," value dari tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (dan ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),")."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Penggunaannya terhadap tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," cukup umum untuk keperluan penanganan error (atau ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"error propagation"),"). Ketika suatu object dengan tipe tersebut di-unwrap menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),", maka:"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika nilai object adalah bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T"),", maka yang dikembalikan adalah nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika nilai object adalah bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E"),", maka yang dikembalikan adalah nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E")," atau error.")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Agar lebih mudah memahami kegunaan dari operator ini, pembelajaran lebih baik dimulai dengan praktik kode yang didalamnya ada penerapan tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),"). Di contoh berikut, tipe data ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," kita pilih untuk praktek."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Silakan tulis kode berikut, pelajari, kemudian jalankan."),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n do_some_math();\n}\n\nfn do_some_math() {\n let result1 = divider(10.0, 5.0);\n match result1 {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n }\n \n let result2 = divider(10.0, 0.0);\n match result2 {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n }\n \n let result3 = divider(10.0, 2.0);\n match result3 {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n }\n}\n\nfn divider(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result {\n if b == 0.0 {\n return Err("division by zero error");\n }\n\n let result = a / b;\n return Ok(result);\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pada contoh di atas, operasi aritmatika ditempatkan dalam fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," dan tidak langsung dalam fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main()"),". Ini disengaja karena berhubungan dengan contoh berikutnya. ")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()")," dibuat dengan kegunaan sangat spesifik, yaitu melakukan operasi aritmatika pembagian. Fungsi tersebut menghasilkan error jika ditemukan nilai pembagi adalah angka ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"0"),"."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Output program:"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(8889).Z,width:"530",height:"149"})),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Hasil statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"divider(10.0, 5.0)")," memenuhi kriteria ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(r)"),", maka outputnya adalah ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"result: 2.00")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Hasil statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"divider(10.0, 0.0)")," memenuhi kriteria ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(m)"),", maka outputnya adalah ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},'ERROR! "division by zero error"')),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Hasil statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"divider(10.0, 2.0)")," memenuhi kriteria ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(r)"),", maka outputnya adalah ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"result: 5.00"))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sampai sini penulis rasa cukup jelas. Selanjutnya kode tersebut akan di-refactor, beberapa statement disederhanakan menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),"."),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-refactor-ke-1"},"\u25c9 Refactor ke-1"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Ubah fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," menjadi seperti ini:"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn do_some_math() {\n let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;\n println!("result: {r1:.2}");\n \n let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;\n println!("result: {r2:.2}");\n \n let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;\n println!("result: {r3:.2}");\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sekilas perbandingan fungsi sebelum dan setelah dimodifikasi bisa dilihat pada dua gambar berikut."),(0,r.kt)("table",null,(0,r.kt)("tr",null,(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(9692).Z,width:"1292",height:"1402"}))),(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(7725).Z,width:"1032",height:"916"}))))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Implementasi operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," dilakukan dengan cukup menuliskannya setelah memanggil fungsi yang memiliki tipe nilai balik ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),") yang pada contoh ini adalah fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()"),". Operator tersebut meng-unwrap nilai balik fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()")," yang bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," dengan ketentuan:"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Jila nilai balik ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," berisi nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(f64)"),", maka nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"f64")," dikembalikan."),(0,r.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;"),", variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r1")," berisi nilai bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"f64"),"."),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;"),", variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r3")," berisi nilai bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"f64"),"."))),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Jila nilai balik ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," berisi nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err(&'static str)"),", maka nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"&'static str")," dikembalikan."),(0,r.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;"),", variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r2")," berisi nilai bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"&'static str"),".")))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sampai sini semoga cukup jelas."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Namun tunggu, kode baru yang telah ditulis sebenarnya tidak valid. Kode penulis buat untuk mempermudah mempelajari perbedaan cara konvensional vs menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),". Ada beberapa hal lagi yang harus dilakukan sebelum kode benar-benar bisa digunakan."),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-refactor-ke-2"},"\u25c9 Refactor ke-2"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Rust mewajibkan penggunaan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," pada statement untuk diterapkan di dalam fungsi yang mengembalikan nilai balik bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),") tergantung tipe apa yang digunakan pada kode-kode di dalam blok fungsi tersebut. Bahkan meskipun nilai tidak digunakan, aturan tersebut tetap harus dipatuhi. Syarat ini hukumnya wajib."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Kembali ke contoh kode yang telah ditulis, kode tersebut harus dimodifikasi lagi menjadi seperti berikut:"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn do_some_math() -> Result {\n let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;\n println!("result: {r1:.2}");\n \n let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;\n println!("result: {r2:.2}");\n \n let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;\n println!("result: {r3:.2}");\n\n return Ok(0.0)\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," dimodifikasi dengan ditambahi nilai balik bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Karena sebenarnya kita tidak memerlukan fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," untuk menghasilkan nilai balik, maka penulis hardcode saja nilai baliknya dengan nilai apapun yang penting valid, misalnya ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(0.0)"),"."),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Silakan gunakan nilai lainnya seperti ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r1)"),", ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r2)")," atau lainnya, bebas karena nilai ini ditulis di kode hanya agar syarat penerapan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," terpenuhi.")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Perbandingan terbaru fungsi sebelum dan setelah dimodifikasi bisa dilihat di bawah ini."),(0,r.kt)("table",null,(0,r.kt)("tr",null,(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(9692).Z,width:"1292",height:"1402"}))),(0,r.kt)("td",null,(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(456).Z,width:"1358",height:"1024"}))))),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang coba jalankan program, dan lihat outputnya."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(7136).Z,width:"618",height:"97"})),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Output yang muncul hanya nilai variabel ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r2"),". Statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;")," dan seterusnya tidak menghasilkan output apapun, hal ini karena ketika proses unwrap nilai menggunakan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," menghasilkan nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E"),", fungsi langsung terhenti eksekusinya dan nilai ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err(E)")," dikembalikan. Menandai akhir pemanggilan ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," dengan informasi error pemanggilan statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;")," langsung dikembalikan."),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-refactor-ke-3"},"\u25c9 Refactor ke-3"),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Sebenarnya aturan di atas (kenapa fungsi yang didalamnya ada penerapan operator ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," diwajibkan untuk mengembalikan nilai balik bertipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," (atau ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Option"),")) bukan hanya sebatas syarat, tapi memang benar-benar diperlukan."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Ketika operasi menghasilkan error, eksekusi blok fungsi menjadi terhenti dan error otomatis dikembalikan sebagai nilai balik fungsi. Hal ini berguna agar kita bisa melakukan pengecekan tambahan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah eksekusi fungsi menghasilkan error atau sukses."),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Inilah bagaimana penanganan error di Rust dilakukan."),(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"error propagation")," atau ",(0,r.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"error propagation")," dibahas pada chapter ",(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"#"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"),".")),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Coba sekarang ubah lagi kode yang sudah ditulis, kita coba cek error apa yang muncul saat pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()"),". Ubah isi fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main()")," dengan menambahkan keyword ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," untuk mengecek nilai balik eksekusi fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()"),". Kode setelah diubah:"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n match do_some_math() {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(_) => {},\n }\n}\n\nfn do_some_math() -> Result {\n let r1 = divider(10.0, 5.0)?;\n println!("result: {r1:.2}");\n \n let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;\n println!("result: {r2:.2}");\n \n let r3 = divider(10.0, 2.0)?;\n println!("result: {r3:.2}");\n\n return Ok(0.0)\n}\n\nfn divider(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result {\n if b == 0.0 {\n return Err("division by zero error");\n }\n\n let result = a / b;\n return Ok(result);\n}\n')),(0,r.kt)("p",null,"Outputnya bisa dilihat di bawah ini. Pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"do_some_math()")," memang menghasilkan error, yaitu saat eksekusi statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let r2 = divider(10.0, 0.0)?;"),". Informasi errornya bisa dilihat via blok ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m)'),"."),(0,r.kt)("p",null,(0,r.kt)("img",{alt:"Operator ? / tanda tanya / question mark",src:n(2880).Z,width:"534",height:"118"})),(0,r.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,r.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pada kode di atas terdapat penerapan statement ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(_) => {},"),", pembahasan mengenai statement tersebut dibahas di chapter selanjutnya, yaitu ",(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"))),(0,r.kt)("hr",null),(0,r.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,r.kt)("pre",null,(0,r.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/operator_tanda_tanya"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../operator_tanda_tanya")),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"#"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-work-in-progress"},"\u25c9 Work in progress"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Contoh menggunakan tipe ",(0,r.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Option"))),(0,r.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,r.kt)("ul",null,(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#the-question-mark-operator"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#the-question-mark-operator")),(0,r.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,r.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"))))}s.isMDXComponent=!0},8889:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/operator-tanda-tanya-1-24d0c7ef806198ea77f652c1267d13e9.png"},9692:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/operator-tanda-tanya-2-edc32921914c938294f2ee9ded7bcd17.png"},7725:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const 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Error handling",id:"a405-error-handling",level:2},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],u={toc:o};function k(e){let{components:a,...r}=e;return(0,i.kt)("wrapper",(0,t.Z)({},u,r,{components:a,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Chapter ini membahas tentang tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),", yaitu tipe data yang digunakan untuk menampung nilai yang isinya bisa berupa penanda operasi sukses (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),") dan data, atau error (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err"),") beserta keterangan errornya."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Rust menyediakan panic-level error, tapi penggunaannya untuk menandai operasi error sangat tidak dianjurkan. Selain itu, Rust tidak mengenal konsep ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"exception"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," ini adalah tipe yang paling umum dan direkomendasikan untuk digunakan dalam penanganan error."),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai penanganan error dibahas di chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"#"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a401-konsep-result"},"A.40.1. Konsep ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," adalah enum dengan isi 2 buah enum value:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result::Ok")," (atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok"),"), digunakan untuk menandai bahwa data isinya adalah kabar baik (oke / mantab / jos / sukses)."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result::Err")," (atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err"),"), digunakan untuk menandai bawah data berisi kabar buruk.")),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E")," merupakan parameter generic. Lebih jelasnya mengenai generic dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/generics"},"Generics"),"."))),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," memiliki notasi penulisan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," yang mana ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," digunakan pada enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E")," digunakan enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Cara penerapan tipe data ini bisa dilihat pada kode berikut:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'#[derive(Debug)]\nenum MathError {\n DivisionByZero,\n InfinityNumber,\n OtherError,\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let result1 = divider(10.0, 5.0);\n println!("result: {:?}", result1);\n\n let result2: Result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\n println!("result: {:?}", result2);\n}\n\nfn divider(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result {\n if b == 0.0 {\n return Err(MathError::DivisionByZero);\n }\n\n let result = a / b;\n return Ok(result);\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider")," di atas tugasnya adalah melakukan operasi aritmatika pembagian angka numerik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"f64"),", parameter ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"a")," dibagi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"b"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pada fungsi tersebut terdapat pengecekan apabila nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"b")," adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"0"),", maka yang dikembalikan adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," dengan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E")," berisi pesan error, selainnya maka hasil operasi pembagian dikembalikan dibungkus dalam enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider")," nilai baliknya bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Dari tipe data yang digunakan nantinya bisa diprediksi pasti akan ada 2 potensi value:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Return value adalah enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err"),", muncul ketika nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"b")," adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"0")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Return value adalah nilai hasil numerik yang dibungkus oleh enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok"))),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Output program di atas saat di-run:"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"Result type",src:n(1463).Z,width:"454",height:"112"})),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a402-pattern-matching-pada-tipe-result"},"A.40.2. Pattern matching pada tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Dalam penerapannya, ketika ada data bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," artinya data tersebut berpotensi untuk berisi nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", pasti antara 2 nilai tersebut."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Umumnya penggunaan tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," selalu diikuti dengan pattern matching menggunakan keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match"),". Selain itu keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"if")," sebenarnya juga bisa diterapkan pada pattern matching tipe data ini, namun kurang dianjurkan."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Mari kita praktikkan. Ubah isi fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main")," dengan kode berikut:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nmatch result {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"Option type",src:n(2565).Z,width:"450",height:"89"})),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Bisa dilihat pada kode di atas mudahnya pengambilan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"m")," dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err(m)")," dan juga ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r")," dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r)"),". Penerapan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," untuk seleksi kondisi biasa disebut dengan ",(0,i.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"pattern matching")," dan teknik ini sangat fleksibel dan advance."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh, dengan penerapan match yang seperti ini kita bisa meng-handle 5 skenario seleksi kondisi:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nmatch result {\n Err(MathError::DivisionByZero) => println!("ERROR! unable to divide number by 0"),\n Err(MathError::InfinityNumber) => println!("ERROR! result is infinity number (\u221e)"),\n Err(_) => println!("ERROR! unknown error"),\n Ok(2.0) => println!("the result is 2"),\n Ok(x) => println!("result: {x:.2}"),\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-1: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::DivisionByZero)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ERROR! unable to divide number by 0"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-2: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::InfinityNumber)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ERROR! result is infinity number (\u221e)"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-3: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err")," selain dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::DivisionByZero)")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::InfinityNumber)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ERROR! unknown error"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-4: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(2.0)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"the result is 2"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-5: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok")," selain dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(2.0)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"result: {x:.2}"),".")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-tips-pattern-matching"},"\u25c9 Tips pattern matching"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Silakan perhatikan kode yang sudah kita praktikkan berikut ini:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nmatch result {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Penerapan pattern matching seperti contoh di atas memiliki konsekuensi, yaitu variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r")," hanya bisa diakses pada block ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r)")," saja."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Adakalanya kita butuh untuk mengeluarkan variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r")," ke luar block. Hal seperti ini mudah untuk dilakukan, dan ada beberapa cara yang bisa dipilih, namun menurut penulis yang paling elegan adalah cara berikut ini:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let result: f64 = match divider(10.0, 5.0) {\n Err(m) => {\n println!("ERROR! {:?}", m);\n 0.0\n },\n Ok(r) => r,\n };\n\n println!("result: {:?}", result);\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider(10.0, 5.0)")," mengembalikan data bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Data tersebut digunakan pada keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," seperti biasa. Namun pada contoh di atas ada yang berbeda, yaitu return value dari statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," ditampung ke variabel (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"result"),")."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Isi dari pattern matching ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," sendiri ada dua:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ketika block ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(m)")," match, error di-print kemudian nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"0.0")," dijadikan return statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"match"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ketika block ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok")," match, data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r")," dijadikan return value statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"match"),".")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Dengan penerapan pattern matching seperti di atas, maka variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"result")," akan selalu berisi data hasil operasi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider(10.0, 5.0)"),". Dengan pengecualian ketika ada error, pesan errornya dimunculkan kemudian hasil operasi pembagian di-set sebagai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"0.0"),"."),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih jelasnya mengenai pattern matching dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a403-method-tipe-data-result"},"A.40.3. Method tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_ok--unwrap"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_ok")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Isi dari enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok")," bisa diakses tanpa menggunakan keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," dengan cara memanfaatkan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Sebelum mengakses method tersebut sangat dianjurkan untuk mengecek apakah data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok atau tidak"),", karena jika data adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," pengaksesan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," menghasilkan error."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pengecekan nilai ok atau tidak bisa dilakukan menggunakan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_ok"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nif result.is_ok() {\n let number = result.unwrap();\n println!("result: {}", number);\n // result: 2\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"Result type",src:n(5086).Z,width:"447",height:"88"})),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-as_ref"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"as_ref")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," digunakan untuk mengakses reference ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E")," pada ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Method ini sering kali dibutuhkan untuk menghindari terjadinya ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics")," pada owner data bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," mengembalikan data dalam tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<&T, &E>"),". Jadi reference yang dipinjam bukan milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),"-nya melainkan milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"let result: Result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet result_borrow: Result<&f64, &MathError> = result.as_ref();\n")),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih jelasnya mengenai ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics")," dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/ownership#a334-copy-semantics-vs-move-semantics"},"Ownership"))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_err--err"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_err")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"err")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"err")," mengembalikan data dalam tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err"),". Pada pengaksesan method ini, pastikan untuk mengecek apakah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," berisi data error atau ok dengan via method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_err"),". Selain itu, wajib untuk menggunakan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," sebelum method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"err")," agar ownership data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," tidak berpindah (",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics"),")."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nif result.is_err() {\n let err = result.as_ref().err();\n let message = err.unwrap();\n println!("error: {:?}", message);\n // error: DivisionByZero\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-ok"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"ok")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Aturan yang sama juga berlaku pada pengaksesan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ok")," yang mengembalikan data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),". Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," harus diakses terlebih dahulu sebelum memanggil method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ok")," agar tidak terjadi ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nif result.is_ok() {\n let data = result.as_ref().ok();\n let number = data.unwrap();\n println!("result: {:?}", number);\n // result: 2\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-unwrap_or_default"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap_or_default")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap_or_default")," milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," mengembalikan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," ketika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", namun jika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," maka yang dikembalikan adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"default value")," dari tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet number = result.unwrap_or_default();\nprintln!("result: {}", number);\n// result: 0\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-unwrap_or"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap_or")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap_or")," milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," mengembalikan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," ketika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", namun jika data ternyata isinya adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," maka yang dikembalikan adalah argument pemanggilan method tersebut."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet number = result.unwrap_or(0.0);\nprintln!("result: {}", number);\n// result: 0\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-unwrap_or_else"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap_or_else")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ini mengembalikan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," ketika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", namun jika data isinya adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," maka yang dikembalikan adalah hasil eksekusi closure yang disisipkan saat memanggil method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap_or_else"),". Contoh pengaplikasiannya:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet number = result.unwrap_or_else(|_| 0.0);\nprintln!("result: {}", number);\n// result: 0\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Closure harus dalam notasi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"FnOnce(E) -> T")," yang mana ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," pada konteks ini adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"f64"),"."),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih jelasnya mengenai closure dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/closures"},"Closures"),".")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a404-operator--pada-tipe-result"},"A.40.4. Operator ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"?")," pada tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," bisa digunakan pada operator ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),". Penjelasannya ada di chapter terpisah di ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya"},"Operator ?"),"."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a405-error-handling"},"A.40.5. Error handling"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," banyak digunakan pada fungsi-fungsi yang disediakan Rust standard library, selain itu tipe tersebut juga akan sering kita gunakan dalam ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"real life")," project."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe ini dimanfaatkan untuk error handling di Rust. Lebih jelasnya mengenai topik tersebut dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"#"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"),"."),(0,i.kt)("hr",null),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/result_type"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../result_type")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/generics"},"Generics")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/closures"},"Closures")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya"},"Operator ?")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"#"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html"))))}k.isMDXComponent=!0},1463:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const 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t="data:image/png;base64,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Pattern matching pada tipe Result",id:"a402-pattern-matching-pada-tipe-result",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Tips pattern matching",id:"-tips-pattern-matching",level:3},{value:"A.40.3. Method tipe data Result",id:"a403-method-tipe-data-result",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Method is_ok & unwrap",id:"-method-is_ok--unwrap",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Method as_ref",id:"-method-as_ref",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Method is_err & err",id:"-method-is_err--err",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Method ok",id:"-method-ok",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Method unwrap_or_default",id:"-method-unwrap_or_default",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Method unwrap_or",id:"-method-unwrap_or",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Method unwrap_or_else",id:"-method-unwrap_or_else",level:3},{value:"A.40.4. Operator ? pada tipe Result",id:"a404-operator--pada-tipe-result",level:2},{value:"A.40.5. Error handling",id:"a405-error-handling",level:2},{value:"A.40.6. Tipe Result<(), E>",id:"a406-tipe-result-e",level:2},{value:"A.40.7. Tipe Result<T>",id:"a407-tipe-resultt",level:2},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],o={toc:u};function k(e){let{components:a,...r}=e;return(0,i.kt)("wrapper",(0,t.Z)({},o,r,{components:a,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Chapter ini membahas tentang tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),", yaitu tipe data yang digunakan untuk menampung nilai yang isinya bisa berupa penanda operasi sukses (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),") dan data, atau error (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err"),") beserta keterangan errornya."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Rust menyediakan panic-level error, tapi penggunaannya untuk menandai operasi error sangat tidak dianjurkan. Selain itu, Rust tidak mengenal konsep ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"exception"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," ini adalah tipe yang paling umum dan direkomendasikan untuk digunakan dalam penanganan error."),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai penanganan error dibahas di chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a401-konsep-result"},"A.40.1. Konsep ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," adalah enum dengan isi 2 buah enum value:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result::Ok")," (atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok"),"), digunakan untuk menandai bahwa data isinya adalah kabar baik (oke / mantab / jos / sukses)."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result::Err")," (atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err"),"), digunakan untuk menandai bawah data berisi kabar buruk (error).")),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E")," merupakan parameter generic. Lebih jelasnya mengenai generic dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/generics"},"Generics"),"."))),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," memiliki notasi penulisan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," yang mana ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," digunakan pada enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E")," digunakan enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Cara penerapan tipe data ini bisa dilihat pada kode berikut:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'#[derive(Debug)]\nenum MathError {\n DivisionByZero,\n InfinityNumber,\n OtherError,\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let result1 = divider(10.0, 5.0);\n println!("result: {:?}", result1);\n\n let result2: Result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\n println!("result: {:?}", result2);\n}\n\nfn divider(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result {\n if b == 0.0 {\n return Err(MathError::DivisionByZero);\n }\n\n let result = a / b;\n return Ok(result);\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider")," di atas tugasnya adalah melakukan operasi aritmatika pembagian angka numerik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"f64"),", parameter ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"a")," dibagi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"b"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pada fungsi tersebut terdapat pengecekan apabila nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"b")," adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"0"),", maka yang dikembalikan adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," dengan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E")," berisi pesan error, selainnya maka hasil operasi pembagian dikembalikan dibungkus dalam enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider")," nilai baliknya bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Dari tipe data yang digunakan nantinya bisa diprediksi pasti akan ada 2 potensi value:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Return value adalah enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err"),", muncul ketika nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"b")," adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"0")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Return value adalah nilai hasil numerik yang dibungkus oleh enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok"))),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Output program di atas saat di-run:"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"Result type",src:n(1463).Z,width:"454",height:"112"})),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a402-pattern-matching-pada-tipe-result"},"A.40.2. Pattern matching pada tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Dalam penerapannya, ketika ada data bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," artinya data tersebut berpotensi untuk berisi nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", pasti antara 2 nilai tersebut."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Umumnya penggunaan tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," selalu diikuti dengan pattern matching menggunakan keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match"),". Selain itu keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"if")," sebenarnya juga bisa diterapkan pada pattern matching tipe data ini, namun kurang dianjurkan."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Mari kita praktikkan. Ubah isi fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main")," dengan kode berikut:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nmatch result {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"Option type",src:n(2565).Z,width:"450",height:"89"})),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Bisa dilihat pada kode di atas mudahnya pengambilan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"m")," dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err(m)")," dan juga ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r")," dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r)"),". Penerapan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," untuk seleksi kondisi biasa disebut dengan ",(0,i.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"pattern matching")," dan teknik ini sangat fleksibel dan advance."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh, dengan penerapan match yang seperti ini kita bisa meng-handle 5 skenario seleksi kondisi:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nmatch result {\n Err(MathError::DivisionByZero) => println!("ERROR! unable to divide number by 0"),\n Err(MathError::InfinityNumber) => println!("ERROR! result is infinity number (\u221e)"),\n Err(_) => println!("ERROR! unknown error"),\n Ok(2.0) => println!("the result is 2"),\n Ok(x) => println!("result: {x:.2}"),\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-1: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::DivisionByZero)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ERROR! unable to divide number by 0"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-2: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::InfinityNumber)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ERROR! result is infinity number (\u221e)"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-3: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err")," selain dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::DivisionByZero)")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(MathError::InfinityNumber)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ERROR! unknown error"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-4: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(2.0)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"the result is 2"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Kondisi ke-5: jika nilai adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok")," selain dari ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok(2.0)"),", maka munculkan pesan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"result: {x:.2}"),".")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-tips-pattern-matching"},"\u25c9 Tips pattern matching"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Silakan perhatikan kode yang sudah kita praktikkan berikut ini:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nmatch result {\n Err(m) => println!("ERROR! {:?}", m),\n Ok(r) => println!("result: {r:.2}"),\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Penerapan pattern matching seperti contoh di atas memiliki konsekuensi, yaitu variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r")," hanya bisa diakses pada block ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok(r)")," saja."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Adakalanya kita butuh untuk mengeluarkan variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"r")," ke luar block. Hal seperti ini mudah untuk dilakukan, dan ada beberapa cara yang bisa dipilih, namun menurut penulis yang paling elegan adalah cara berikut ini:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let result: f64 = match divider(10.0, 5.0) {\n Err(m) => {\n println!("ERROR! {:?}", m);\n 0.0\n },\n Ok(r) => r,\n };\n\n println!("result: {:?}", result);\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider(10.0, 5.0)")," mengembalikan data bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Data tersebut digunakan pada keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," seperti biasa. Namun pada contoh di atas ada yang berbeda, yaitu return value dari statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," ditampung ke variabel (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"result"),")."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Isi dari pattern matching ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," sendiri ada dua:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ketika block ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Err(m)")," match, error di-print kemudian nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"0.0")," dijadikan return statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"match"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ketika block ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Ok")," match, data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"r")," dijadikan return value statement ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"match"),".")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Dengan penerapan pattern matching seperti di atas, maka variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"result")," akan selalu berisi data hasil operasi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider(10.0, 5.0)"),". Dengan pengecualian ketika ada error, pesan errornya dimunculkan kemudian hasil operasi pembagian di-set sebagai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"0.0"),"."),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih jelasnya mengenai pattern matching dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a403-method-tipe-data-result"},"A.40.3. Method tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_ok--unwrap"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_ok")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Isi dari enum value ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok")," bisa diakses tanpa menggunakan keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," dengan cara memanfaatkan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Sebelum mengakses method tersebut sangat dianjurkan untuk mengecek apakah data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok atau tidak"),", karena jika data adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," pengaksesan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap")," menghasilkan error."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pengecekan nilai ok atau tidak bisa dilakukan menggunakan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_ok"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nif result.is_ok() {\n let number = result.unwrap();\n println!("result: {}", number);\n // result: 2\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"Result type",src:n(5086).Z,width:"447",height:"88"})),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-as_ref"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"as_ref")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," digunakan untuk mengakses reference ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E")," pada ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Method ini sering kali dibutuhkan untuk menghindari terjadinya ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics")," pada owner data bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," mengembalikan data dalam tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<&T, &E>"),". Jadi reference yang dipinjam bukan milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),"-nya melainkan milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"E"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"let result: Result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet result_borrow: Result<&f64, &MathError> = result.as_ref();\n")),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih jelasnya mengenai ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics")," dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/ownership#a334-copy-semantics-vs-move-semantics"},"Ownership"))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_err--err"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_err")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"err")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"err")," mengembalikan data dalam tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err"),". Pada pengaksesan method ini, pastikan untuk mengecek apakah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," berisi data error atau ok dengan via method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_err"),". Selain itu, wajib untuk menggunakan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," sebelum method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"err")," agar ownership data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," tidak berpindah (",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics"),")."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nif result.is_err() {\n let err = result.as_ref().err();\n let message = err.unwrap();\n println!("error: {:?}", message);\n // error: DivisionByZero\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-ok"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"ok")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Aturan yang sama juga berlaku pada pengaksesan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ok")," yang mengembalikan data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),". Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"as_ref")," harus diakses terlebih dahulu sebelum memanggil method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ok")," agar tidak terjadi ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"move semantics"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 5.0);\nif result.is_ok() {\n let data = result.as_ref().ok();\n let number = data.unwrap();\n println!("result: {:?}", number);\n // result: 2\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-unwrap_or_default"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap_or_default")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap_or_default")," milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," mengembalikan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," ketika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", namun jika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," maka yang dikembalikan adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"default value")," dari tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet number = result.unwrap_or_default();\nprintln!("result: {}", number);\n// result: 0\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-unwrap_or"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap_or")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap_or")," milik ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," mengembalikan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," ketika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", namun jika data ternyata isinya adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," maka yang dikembalikan adalah argument pemanggilan method tersebut."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet number = result.unwrap_or(0.0);\nprintln!("result: {}", number);\n// result: 0\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-unwrap_or_else"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"unwrap_or_else")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ini mengembalikan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," ketika data berisi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok"),", namun jika data isinya adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err")," maka yang dikembalikan adalah hasil eksekusi closure yang disisipkan saat memanggil method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap_or_else"),". Contoh pengaplikasiannya:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let result = divider(10.0, 0.0);\nlet number = result.unwrap_or_else(|_| 0.0);\nprintln!("result: {}", number);\n// result: 0\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Closure harus dalam notasi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"FnOnce(E) -> T")," yang mana ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," pada konteks ini adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"f64"),"."),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Lebih jelasnya mengenai closure dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/closures"},"Closures"),".")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a404-operator--pada-tipe-result"},"A.40.4. Operator ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"?")," pada tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," bisa digunakan pada operator ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),". Penjelasannya ada di chapter terpisah di ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya"},"Operator ?"),"."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a405-error-handling"},"A.40.5. Error handling"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," banyak digunakan pada fungsi-fungsi yang disediakan Rust standard library, selain itu tipe tersebut juga akan sering kita gunakan dalam ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"real life")," project."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe ini dimanfaatkan untuk error handling di Rust. Lebih jelasnya mengenai topik tersebut dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"),"."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a406-tipe-result-e"},"A.40.6. Tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result<(), E>")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Di atas kita telah mempelajari dan mempraktekan fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divider()")," yang fungsi tersebut mengembalikan 2 informasi, yaitu:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T")," berisi nilai hasil pembagian"),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E")," berisi error saat operasi pembagian")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Bentuk lain penerapan tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," adalah dengan menggunakan notasi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," dengan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"T")," diisi tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"()"),". Tipe ini cukup sering digunakan pada fungsi yang memiliki potensi error tapi kita hanya butuh informasi errornya saja tanpa nilai balik lainnya."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh, pada kode berikut dibuat fungsi baru bernama ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"divide_and_print()"),". Dalam fungsi tersebut, operasi pembagian dilakukan. Jika sukses, nilainya langsung di-print; jika error, nilai errornya dikembalikan. Dari sini terlihat bahwa kita tidak membutuhkan fungsi tersebut untuk mengembalikan informasi selain error."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn divide_and_print(a: f64, b: f64) -> Result<(), MathError> {\n let res = divider(a, b);\n match res {\n Err(m) => {\n println!("ERROR! {:?}", m);\n Err(m)\n },\n Ok(n) => {\n println!("result: {}", n);\n Ok(())\n },\n }\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let result = divide_and_print(10.0, 1.0);\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pada pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok()")," gunakan nilai ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"()")," untuk memenuhi kriteria tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<(), MathError>"),"."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a407-tipe-resultt"},"A.40.7. Tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"Result")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Notasi tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," bawaan Rust Standard Library adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Namun, pada pengembangan software yang melibatkan banyak sekali library/dependency, adakalanya pembaca akan menemui notasi tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Notasi tersebut dibuat oleh pengembang library/dependency untuk memperingkas tipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Jadi tidak usah bingung."),(0,i.kt)("hr",null),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/result_type"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../result_type")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/generics"},"Generics")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/closures"},"Closures")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya"},"Operator ?")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Error \u279c Recoverable Error & Error Handling"))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/index.html"))))}k.isMDXComponent=!0},1463:(e,a,n)=>{n.d(a,{Z:()=>t});const 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t="data:image/png;base64,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Variable Shadowing",id:"a48-variable-shadowing",level:2},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Work in progress",id:"-work-in-progress",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],s={toc:d};function u(a){let{components:e,...l}=a;return(0,t.kt)("wrapper",(0,i.Z)({},s,l,{components:e,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Rust merupakan bahasa yang kalau dikategorikan berdasarkan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"type system"),"-nya adalah ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"statically typed"),", yang artinya semua tipe data harus diketahui saat kompilasi (compile time)."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pada chapter ini kita akan belajar mengenai variabel pada Rust, cara deklarasinya, dan juga mengenai ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"immutability")," variabel."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a41-deklarasi-variabel-menggunakan-let"},"A.4.1. Deklarasi variabel menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"let")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let")," digunakan untuk deklarasi variabel. Notasinya kurang lebih seperti berikut. Di contoh ini sebuah variabel bernama ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"nama_variabel")," didefinisikan dan diisi nilainya dengan sebuah string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"predefined value"'),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let nama_variabel = "predefined value";\n println!(nama_variabel);\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, sekarang coba jalankan, dan lanjut ke pembahasan di bawah."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-aturan-penamaan-variabel-naming-convention"},"\u25c9 Aturan penamaan variabel (naming convention)"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/naming.html"},(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"a"},"Naming convention"))," variabel di Rust adalah ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"snake case"),". Nama variabel dituliskan dalam huruf kecil dengan separator tanda garis bawah atau underscore (",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"_"),"). Contohnya seperti: ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"nama_variabel"),", ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"hasil_operasi_pembagian"),", ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"kota_kelahiran"),", dll."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-macro-println-untuk-print-string"},"\u25c9 Macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"println")," untuk print string"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"variabel rust",src:n(7281).Z,width:"455",height:"228"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error? kok bisa?"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Perlu diketahui bahwa pada penggunaan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println"),", parameter pertama wajib diisi dengan sebuah ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"string literal"),". Contohnya seperti ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"Hello, world!"'),". String literal yang ditampung terlebih dahulu dalam variabel, kemudian variabel-nya di print, akan menghasilkan error, contohnya seperti di atas."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Solusinya bagaimana? ya tetap menggunakan string literal, tapi dengan menerapkan teknik ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"formatted print"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang ubah kode menjadi seperti ini:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let nama_variabel = "predefined value";\nprintln!("{}", nama_variabel);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Bisa dilihat argument pertama statement macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println")," adalah string literal ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"{}"'),". String ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}")," pada macro tersebut akan di-replace dengan isi argument setelahnya, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"nama_variabel"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jika dijalankan, maka hasilnya tidak ada error dan menampilkan output sesuai harapan."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"string literal println",src:n(3283).Z,width:"473",height:"137"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok sekarang kembali ke topik, yaitu perihal variabel."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a42-immutability-pada-variabel"},"A.4.2. ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Immutability")," pada variabel"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Tulis kode berikut. Ada 2 variabel yang dideklarasikan, ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number")," yang isinya numerik, dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message1")," yang isinya string."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jalankan, hasilnya tidak ada error, aman."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"var immutability",src:n(5394).Z,width:"467",height:"119"})),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"O iya, jika ingin menampilkan banyak variabel via macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println"),", manfaatkan string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Tulis ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}")," sejumlah variabel yang ingin ditampilkan, pada output string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}")," akan di-replace oleh variabel yang disisipkan pada argument saat pemanggilan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println")," secara berurutan."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pada contoh di atas, string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"message number {}: {}"'),(0,t.kt)("br",null)," ... akan menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"message number {message_number}: {message1}"'),(0,t.kt)("br",null)," ... kemudian menghasilkan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"message number 1: hello"'))),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang ubah isi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number")," menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"2")," lalu siapkan juga variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message2"),", kurang lebih kodenya menjadi seperti berikut, kemudian jalankan."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n\nmessage_number = 2;\nlet message2 = "world";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message2);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"var immutability",src:n(6204).Z,width:"585",height:"308"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error? kok bisa?"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Perlu diketahui, bahwa ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"by default")," semua variabel adalah ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"immutable"),". Immutable itu artinya gak bisa diubah nilai/value-nya. Jadi mirip seperti konstanta."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Variabel immutable mirip seperti konstanta, tapi sebenarnya berbeda. Akan kita bahas lebih detail di beberapa chapter berbeda perihal perbedaannya.")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Lalu bagaimana cara agar nilai variabel bisa diubah? Caranya dengan menambahkan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"mut")," (yang merupakan kependekan dari ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"mutable"),") saat pendefinisian variabel tersebut."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Catatan tambahan:"),(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Operasi assignment pada variabel immutable hanya boleh dilakukan sekali. Dan pada kode di atas telah dicontohkan caranya bagaimana. Variabel dideklarasikan sekaligus diisi nilainya.")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Perlu diketahui bahwa sebenarnya diperbolehkan untuk memecah statement deklarasi variable dan assignment nilai sebagai 2 statement terpisah. Lebih jelasnya dibahas setelah ini pada section ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/variabel#a45-deklarasi-variabel-tanpa-predefined-value"},"section A.4.5"),".")))),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a43-keyword-mut"},"A.4.3. Keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"mut")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, mari kita coba, ubah statement deklarasi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number"),", tambahkan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"mut"),". Lalu jalankan ulang program."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let mut message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n\nmessage_number = 2;\nlet message2 = "world";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message2);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"mut keyword",src:n(3264).Z,width:"470",height:"132"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, sekarang tidak muncul error."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dengan menggunakan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let mut")," pada pendefinisian ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number"),", membuat variabel tersebut menjadi mutable atau bisa diubah nilainya."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-argument-parameter-macro-println"},"\u25c9 Argument parameter macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"println")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Selanjutnya, coba tambahkan lagi 1 message baru pada program yang sudah dibuat, lalu run."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let mut message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n\nmessage_number = 2;\nlet message2 = "world";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message2);\n\nmessage_number = 3;\nlet message3: i8 = 24;\nprintln!("message number {1}: {0}", message3, message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"formatted print macro `println`",src:n(4247).Z,width:"470",height:"154"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jika dilihat ada yg berbeda pada cara deklarasi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," dan juga pada statement ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println")," untuk ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," yang di situ digunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{1}")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{0}"),", tidak seperti sebelumnya yg menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}"),". Kita akan bahas yg ke-2 terlebih dahulu."),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{}"),", maka string akan di-replace sesuai urutan argument pada pemanggilan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{0}"),", maka string akan di-replace dengan data pada argument ke ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"1")," pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),", yang pada contoh di atas adalah ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"message3"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{1}"),", maka string akan di-replace dengan data pada argument ke ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"2")," pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),", yang pada contoh di atas adalah ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"message_number"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{n}"),", maka string akan di-replace dengan data pada argument ke ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"n+1")," pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),".")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dengan ini maka 3 statement berbeda berikut akan menghasilkan output yang sama:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'println!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message3);\nprintln!("message number {0}: {1}", message_number, message3);\nprintln!("message number {1}: {0}", message3, message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang perihal perbedaan cara deklarasi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," akan kita bahas di bawah ini."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a44-type-inference-vs-manifest-typing"},"A.4.4. ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Type Inference")," vs ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Manifest Typing")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Rust mendukung dua metode deklarasi variabel, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"type inference")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"manifest typing"),"."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-metode-type-inference"},"\u25c9 Metode ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h3"},"Type Inference")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Penulisan variabel dengan metode ini ditandai dengan tidak menuliskan tipe data secara jelas/eksplisit. Contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let var1 = "hello" // compiler akan secara cerdas mendeteksi var1 tipe data nya string\nlet var2 = 12 // compiler akan secara cerdas mendeteksi var2 tipe data nya numerik\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Metode deklarasi yang selama ini sudah kita terapkan adalah ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"type inference"),"."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-metode-manifest-typing"},"\u25c9 Metode ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h3"},"Manifest Typing")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Metode ini mewajibkan programmer untuk menuliskan secara jelas/eksplisit tipe data variabel. Contoh penerapannya bisa dilihat di praktik sebelumnya, pada definisi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3"),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"let message3: i8 = 24;\n")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Notasi penulisan tipe data adalah ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"namavariabel: tipedata"),". Contoh seperti di atas, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let message3: i8 = 24")," artinya variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," didefinisikan memiliki tipe data ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"i8"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"i8")," merupakan salah satu tipe data dari sekian banyak tipe data yang ada di Rust. Lebih jelasnya kita akan bahas pada chapter selanjutnya."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a45-deklarasi-variabel-tanpa-predefined-value"},"A.4.5. Deklarasi variabel tanpa ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"predefined value")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sesuai dengan penjelasan di ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/error-index.html#E0381"},"dokumentasi spesifikasi Rust"),", variable yang tidak ada value-nya akan memunculkan error saat program di-run."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Meski demikian, diperbolehkan untuk memisahkan variable statement untuk deklarasi variable dan pengisian value. Sebagai contoh, statement ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number")," pada kode berikut ..."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number = 1;\nprintln!("message number {}", message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"... boleh dituliskan dalam 2 statement terpisah seperti ini:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number: i32;\nmessage_number = 1;\nprintln!("message number {}", message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Intinya, operasi assignment hanya diperbolehkan 1x saja pada variabel ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"immutable"),", baik itu saat deklarasi variable atau setelahnya."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a46-deklarasi-banyak-variabel-dalam-satu-statement"},"A.4.6. Deklarasi banyak variabel dalam satu statement"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di Rust memungkinkan untuk mendefinisikan banyak variabel dalam 1 baris statement. Notasi penulisannya seperti berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let (var1, var2) = (24, "hello");\nprintln!("var1: {0}", var1); // hasilnya => var1: 24\nprintln!("var2: {0}", var2); // hasilnya => var2: hello\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pendefinisian banyak variabel dalam 1 statement dilakukan dengan menuliskan semua variabelnya dengan separator tanda ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},",")," dan diapit tanda kurung ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh di atas 2 variabel didefinisikan, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"var1")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"var2"),", dan keduanya memiliki value yang berbeda tipe-datanya."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Bisa juga saat definisi variabel sekaligus ditentukan tipe data variabel, notasi penulisan bisa dilihat pada contoh kode berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let (var3, var4): (i8, i8) = (32, 12);\nprintln!("var3: {0}", var3); // hasilnya => var3: 32\nprintln!("var4: {0}", var4); // hasilnya => var4: 12\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dengan notasi ini bisa juga untuk definisi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"mutable"),". Cukup tambahkan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"mut")," pada variabel yang ingin bisa diubah nilainya."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let (var5, mut var6, var7): (i8, i8, i8) = (64, 12, 4);\nprintln!("var5: {0}", var5); // hasilnya => var5: 64\nprintln!("var6: {0}", var6); // hasilnya => var6: 12\nvar6 = 24;\nprintln!("var6: {0}", var6); // hasilnya => var6: 24\nprintln!("var7: {0}", var7); // hasilnya => var7: 4\n')),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a47-deklarasi-variabel-dengan-tipe-data-ditentukan-dari-value"},"A.4.7. Deklarasi variabel dengan tipe data ditentukan dari value"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ini merupakan salah satu alternatif cara penulisan untuk men-specify tipe data variabel, caranya dengan menuliskan tipe data tepat setelah value, contohnya seperti berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let data1 = 24i8;\nprintln!("data1: {0}", data1); // hasilnya => data1: 24\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"data")," didefinisikan dengan predefined value adalah numerik ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"24")," dengan tipe data ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"i8"),", penulisan value nya menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"24i8"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Boleh juga menggunakan separator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"_")," dalam penulisan value-nya sebagai pembatas antara nilai dan tipe data, contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let data1 = 24_i8;\nprintln!("data1: {0}", data1); // hasilnya => data1: 24\n')),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a48-variable-shadowing"},"A.4.8. Variable ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Shadowing")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di Rust ada konsep bernama ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"variable shadowing"),". Shadowing sendiri adalah pendefinisan ulang variabel yang sebelumnya sudah didefinisikan. Biasanya teknik ini dipakai untuk isolasi variabel dalam sebuah blok kode."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Contoh shadowing bisa dilihat pada kode berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let x = 5;\nprintln!("x: {}", x); // hasilnya => x: 5\n\nlet x = x + 1;\nprintln!("x: {}", x); // hasilnya => x: 6\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Lebih jelasnya akan kita bahas pada chapter terpisah, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/shadowing"},"Shadowing"),"."),(0,t.kt)("hr",null),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-work-in-progress"},"\u25c9 Work in progress"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"_"))),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code 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3VXt5C0Nlyg8fQP1+1O9vh8YQU54vQaDnLvjDD1yj/aLndXx4CuCZGeWuN2+t75l8ZS84hFrm1PDKkAt57lup13kmmYpAuVyHdupdBsoEIB0+gPr9clC/n46Ot+n21gWfPOUc7YeNJ+LKt/ndMwAAGHZMjwth6c3GrRW4fMEJm40hrxN2Gi93nKNegM29W/9yTI87Xr5qjo44AQB2GrkfmqvSpe5m49aK9tqWeOUwqUxFkwD0FuyoZd4OUuMzS9thX728xKXlV8rhmF9rtcUkw9tLmUVIsEH9ikIJ6jK5gomHDwAA6vejfr/WwGli8HwJnt4+jvMfcwA032zJU4cd0+PO3Vd7t+7v3XrSAK/z01MAAEP9kHvU2O13Dr/Zy71qAq9F6xgdgcf39249auz2O/9wio853HrU2G1bveaVQplPGtDvfG8YYNDxqdCk3KsmQPPlI62ACWqZt4fUePAPtA424cRiNBVq8wuU6yQDZQK0Mznq92t1E+c8mY7Ol+itC/aSRPXOv+0EaDx9BgAA682XO9DnAwDYrTZXAQCa62uy6/lF9BbUAPp8jpNmNEyyMAfPcYBB6BPqXf1VP2SMWuYUkBvf6n0ECplClV6aXx/aMtuJ8KF+Pw/q91POeUPnS/D0NhCxuQOjKi9M9MsUNN/swFD7yzpiC3bBcWwQYIv/hdjc0rwWtcwpIDTez61bqoVMho+9Qm2t+5iggTLbHT6A+v3i9ajfD1RznuZ8CQW9dcGVN03w8q5NA8exfoAdmsIcx/oBNmHVvOYpGBp3TY8DyNfISlDLnA514yvbdahXloQyaZT522KszDaHD6B+v7Q61O+noYNZ3NtAxOqz5gbA0LjjPPd50HH5FHz3vAHgPH0KAACGYQhg43n7ok6ecgwBbPxrXzaWnQw4+qDx+P7erft7t+7v3W1zRgxqmVOgajx3xCofiuMrKgnVspRH/imu1CmT1CS920bU75eD+v0UdHK+RK83pTXv3m9cvuA8cwHOALf9AACauePN+IhregQAYOPJ3t11x+VxzSIki9O9u+vyrQte5/QF2H2199WvykRhQ4X6SkIVq8+a740IjQRJXWpQy1xZJnXjS1yZ3AN43dthaeODsVQqpnk1fZkA5MMHUL8f9fs7nfMdnS9xsJTShh3T405Nb2ge56OuM97WLrQPP3CNgrBZjQbUMj8omHT4AOr345zvdBb0NhBxUJA/IXQcw9MRDysmHT5wRITtj0g3O6Lj8yWseEHZ/nz3gyRaApL3NXoAapn3ll4cPoDocwjmfOfnSxysQASCIMihAgMRCIIgloEuGEEQxDLQBSMIgliGzSXb6eXVaa4cdkyfdY3tNH/Wftu4qzaYqW/NJFOJyYmJiYmJNmrT+wSN0LXRK9uUYro0uG6ZBlS6dWug7jvViLYuOhia7+2HzZCWuTlz6WBhhx0RSmH15stHje8kXpJeXt02QuymQPPyfvcckS2tVsMkFVKXZLjXhqleu+3ZwGlWJFW716RzLXODGJfqjwXd4nesCynWLrGDC+YgSv0eVCH2gw+90LW9ZOB7C3XfQ14PGH5vyt6o1e7JGNn11/lc6kCqv1at+jziR3+FexmSJrep2McFK6CXV9eSbJe+uCzd2Hvc8em4s0+aKClh99XeV89U2fWRvXApqCmpflU19acpIWpvVzQksSUbLbUVtbVUuglC10wyFdgue4JBd71cqPgj/PIB1Fcqdahkp1DoyZa3F6KifJONbjh4FCrdWgLnio2r9fJSthgm9l1DoZwgyqYeI1pCGgNHLQMPxB4tlpRW0q6IqHavlIEXrUyjZU6SV6eWqzco1c//eqwNxMJcgkT0KL9WjYhiZ5o9MhHbumDNw98coyPNx/f3/jHsmB53vje8t7pOulLQXOf9qYShEZBl33J8etbZx/nuYcf0uOvyr3t3gVeR/+pZW18s+fkFJpkKKxPFs1nWqpGIqPdn3qrIHYyFy0uZTCmUYGPhRCi/CNz9YUZ4Hz+WZEoLFcmVwCRTkSSTWciWSLeZ5NOxfMGBQqYQSEUi3L/hcAgWCVdKZjOTTAXWBB+uNkiJaLouoR4OAABfRGaQ/AJZ46oVRAgl2FiwxgnLlohniCmHoyL4PuA1BcSfP/UY0U4HzsTqgePFyAXfIS48Rf1OcYr4ST0iWYlcEfBi60tyBzwpWl7V4raanlpnsqmnN8mvqqX6QVt+TVy++5Mxzea065F52GdHhNc5fcE1fcE1fUHQUdNAKa+uTd8IoShF9pMBRx80X642AQDWYQNg6G25irwuoUTYJ5HT4iGKPWvLlneHUs+biQbdohB2afFBue4LyK+UimdTU+fbW6dtN5OMgGAEgkE0TNcd1MPB/UGl0k3uSMAHvJpXqVhpc5CGcji4gxsyhSpAtSCeRkEao25k6IAviErLvETukSGFcg1JMM1edKJlzmFArp5Oqp+JBkH7RWImGfFJp7gZ46KPfVbB+se+GWWr+b+vmvERqSQb+Q1j/zEHAIyedU1LEjtVkefREHsm60/vBzSSpW6DytIGYZIRKIinNHal+C6LLAQpRdCk+Slq15MOrmzXIcgt4UJhv1tX/5Ke7sWR1VDLwBN6FAobGSNCYEVfBr4DLXNjUEr1M0mdJ4ihBBvxtYTjjArbd4Z9XLDZrD5rrD4D4M9sdr43vEd0wZU3TfCCYg/Ghx90XT0pckTQn94fpO5V62iI/XABIjIHzKEySEjzZDMFQmijG1Uz9XDI10gtlW5C/Zu1WFDwTnWKB1BU0IyRMei1zEk9CoGRcCf5J0tHBt4URX7d5lBJ9TMBH7jFwDYAQCyVirZCMlBeklnAmLB9R9gnELFvFKt6i+vVteYuOEZPOlRZnCPDAOC4rPtQrrRZE+5VQgmWf8ChKfZM1p+mR1d7WyC/VgXxkEfuOcWK/AqZeLaOSneHhBJsKwQBABoGIZquS4wNh6TF4ZbEuNLIXHBDOOrSnC8haYyMRmSIA0elZU7skbaVSBXpBxZkMvBclR1omRuAWv4/v5BpIRxWKvG/WsOr7pFp2HYVTBZip79S9gxt9xUn7k7KvtX86kljetw5fYFP2Hiyd/dZI+xzjY67psdh40ljY9zp0WpnfqEQ4O9VqoWlcngSQBQOl4s9l4CgP00PUXtbo0kZSKYkj7A1xbMV5ao2Soii1GuEamQP0Fvy1RXu29+6pdWWLSeZrkvohwOIBiEYmRszyR26tnQ3/SqPOEbGUMur02qZk3ukM2kJOu4qtXtNGXgAGi1z8lwyYAwjUv0qmGjQDWKUCwDq5Uy2qNcj80ClNJti9sb7oyWebSYKy5kk8m6kyn0uvsMeGciGr//ocAQCEQjSDfJALdWZnjbHnB7Rqt13rGV+RLBtIAIBd5C/I8b1g5VIYhsAsM/vr7bemKjuVxXm9YjqvbfOtcyPCBiIQBAEsQwMRCAIglgGumAEQRDLQBeMIAhiGTaXbN8PDEiw08CJbNtKYLutjva+apnvh/h6b6ERDjdgpVCC/fhP7/dAht2GUxFpi113RJw85YyPtN5YI2qedYN54u75BU6BKpUE2XNlCxW18yvl8KSeWN++sh+1S6UVD9LR5gCgqQFmPlpTEbEzdnXBHBtP9u6uw/mo68yI6/Kve3fXzSh0H8TdJQKNtqBUrEy202c9ULW3pLxbUpemFa5T28HDblMRaYe9XTDHP/7VOON1AvDvInN+mfu/8C6ySsedXtydeCWoZYIbj++3VC51sYGidmmxGE0p1VV7pGW+WGpXu7aKfL6tSndpsxbTVizU1MWntTxJOJzYeKKVdOxJiSq7XLyASaZkQr+WnLSDmIpdY8E+nyN03LG90fx5C86fdA33NzdeNJ+5HWd/xyfCoOPs7xx7teZPu46zv3P+9njz8f3G/+zA2bedv91p/gykxF/gpxfNRxvw7ojDtdN8xK2pB8nZPz3j3Hu1l1lubrodoePw8lFziVao45fVleXl5b6xCW916au//HV5eZkLzoUSfxr66eu//HV5efn1cDT6+8DrldVf/uP3E4Hhd97595PM19+8Hn73P0cDr1dWTycTJ7YLma+/WX49/O47x18Xvvr2/4BJfnyyXsh8/c3y8uvhcx/8V+D13xb/RqwIAKDsHXt/9LeScKYk+3Lf2MTQv5+vrP6iLnNlFU5F3xkO8EX2jU1Gft+3/OTNqeg7v6nyxb8lfGBI7STWTuo7nIqeDJ5UV6ROlIQ2mXOT3teP/qYRpS17xyZOeIQcoXfPvfPvF988KdNbvrS6sry8/Hr43VZvNRuvtlKZZE++pW9JLagBIfs//7nSN/b+yVPDrWnB/fRpVoQcLOy9I2Jo3DV9wXWmv5G7LxOTVEPUcacXd1deOQh90FxfAwBY/dUsFeMeKmoDQH6lDMGoIHzVay1zee3afVeoyBMTefkrNpVKpVIRX1VPZY6si09pea3VNVXjfQHjY6RAI3t+YakMwWhCMoRdVoTYCHsHIjae8GcI/eHUHif+2yO2YBccxwYBtvgTNDYNnXuvQe8UtQFoDovZTy1zZe0afZfhJlXE6+qKMc5Qgk2xXs3nnGRdfFrLa9C28ZyVulOm18nOaZUFa4IEc5cVIXbC3i4YAGC9+XIMRkcc559RhmJNY2jcNT0OIF8jd04vFbW5YkghWSX7pmUuq52u78SKlNrbpWJlMqhz/gJBF5/e8kQosres1GVclpydScb8lULZLz3aFwPAhwR7ByI4JALqAHxIoY2SepecDDj6oPH4/t6t+3u37ne2E8NSRW2e/Jpwi2qFlnmr9vZ951XkiYnycplo0M1HP8iQdfGpLK+NbnbBSu3tqcwnVRPXzM4kI75qcTHfUiYzWhFiY+y/CgZYXWv+YcQxNOY4+UPz8dtwZsQ1PdJOSZ0ItQz86rPme+K5cwAgbI8zgrWK2jyt08N7pmVeItau1XdVRURpeVkgoO3yT6WLT215snA4feOBaE9imeSGq7NvRrk9EHmxY9wBOhqTATl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Deklarasi variabel menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"let")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let")," digunakan untuk deklarasi variabel. Notasinya kurang lebih seperti berikut. Di contoh ini sebuah variabel bernama ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"nama_variabel")," didefinisikan dan diisi nilainya dengan sebuah string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"predefined value"'),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'fn main() {\n let nama_variabel = "predefined value";\n println!(nama_variabel);\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, sekarang coba jalankan, dan lanjut ke pembahasan di bawah."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-aturan-penamaan-variabel-naming-convention"},"\u25c9 Aturan penamaan variabel (naming convention)"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/naming.html"},(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"a"},"Naming convention"))," variabel di Rust adalah ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"snake case"),". Nama variabel dituliskan dalam huruf kecil dengan separator tanda garis bawah atau underscore (",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"_"),"). Contohnya seperti: ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"nama_variabel"),", ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"hasil_operasi_pembagian"),", ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"kota_kelahiran"),", dll."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-macro-println-untuk-print-string"},"\u25c9 Macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"println")," untuk print string"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"variabel rust",src:n(7281).Z,width:"455",height:"228"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error? kok bisa?"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Perlu diketahui bahwa pada penggunaan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println"),", parameter pertama wajib diisi dengan sebuah ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"string literal"),". Contohnya seperti ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"Hello, world!"'),". String literal yang ditampung terlebih dahulu dalam variabel, kemudian variabel-nya di print, akan menghasilkan error, contohnya seperti di atas."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Solusinya bagaimana? ya tetap menggunakan string literal, tapi dengan menerapkan teknik ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"formatted print"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang ubah kode menjadi seperti ini:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let nama_variabel = "predefined value";\nprintln!("{}", nama_variabel);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Bisa dilihat argument pertama statement macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println")," adalah string literal ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"{}"'),". String ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}")," pada macro tersebut akan di-replace dengan isi argument setelahnya, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"nama_variabel"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jika dijalankan, maka hasilnya tidak ada error dan menampilkan output sesuai harapan."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"string literal println",src:n(3283).Z,width:"473",height:"137"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok sekarang kembali ke topik, yaitu perihal variabel."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a42-immutability-pada-variabel"},"A.4.2. ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Immutability")," pada variabel"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Tulis kode berikut. Ada 2 variabel yang dideklarasikan, ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number")," yang isinya numerik, dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message1")," yang isinya string."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jalankan, hasilnya tidak ada error, aman."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"var immutability",src:n(5394).Z,width:"467",height:"119"})),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"O iya, jika ingin menampilkan banyak variabel via macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println"),", manfaatkan string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Tulis ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}")," sejumlah variabel yang ingin ditampilkan, pada output string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}")," akan di-replace oleh variabel yang disisipkan pada argument saat pemanggilan macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println")," secara berurutan."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pada contoh di atas, string ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"message number {}: {}"'),(0,t.kt)("br",null)," ... akan menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"message number {message_number}: {message1}"'),(0,t.kt)("br",null)," ... kemudian menghasilkan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"message number 1: hello"'))),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang ubah isi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number")," menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"2")," lalu siapkan juga variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message2"),", kurang lebih kodenya menjadi seperti berikut, kemudian jalankan."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n\nmessage_number = 2;\nlet message2 = "world";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message2);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"var immutability",src:n(6204).Z,width:"585",height:"308"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error? kok bisa?"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Perlu diketahui, bahwa ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"by default")," semua variabel adalah ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"immutable"),". Immutable itu artinya gak bisa diubah nilai/value-nya. Jadi mirip seperti konstanta."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Variabel immutable mirip seperti konstanta, tapi sebenarnya berbeda. Akan kita bahas lebih detail di beberapa chapter berbeda perihal perbedaannya.")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Lalu bagaimana cara agar nilai variabel bisa diubah? Caranya dengan menambahkan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"mut")," (yang merupakan kependekan dari ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"mutable"),") saat pendefinisian variabel tersebut."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Catatan tambahan:"),(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Operasi assignment pada variabel immutable hanya boleh dilakukan sekali. Dan pada kode di atas telah dicontohkan caranya bagaimana. Variabel dideklarasikan sekaligus diisi nilainya.")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Perlu diketahui bahwa sebenarnya diperbolehkan untuk memecah statement deklarasi variable dan assignment nilai sebagai 2 statement terpisah. Lebih jelasnya dibahas setelah ini pada section ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/variabel#a45-deklarasi-variabel-tanpa-predefined-value"},"section A.4.5"),".")))),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a43-keyword-mut"},"A.4.3. Keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"mut")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, mari kita coba, ubah statement deklarasi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number"),", tambahkan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"mut"),". Lalu jalankan ulang program."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let mut message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n\nmessage_number = 2;\nlet message2 = "world";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message2);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"mut keyword",src:n(3264).Z,width:"470",height:"132"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, sekarang tidak muncul error."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dengan menggunakan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let mut")," pada pendefinisian ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number"),", membuat variabel tersebut menjadi mutable atau bisa diubah nilainya."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-argument-parameter-macro-println"},"\u25c9 Argument parameter macro ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"println")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Selanjutnya, coba tambahkan lagi 1 message baru pada program yang sudah dibuat, lalu run."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let mut message_number = 1;\nlet message1 = "hello";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message1);\n\nmessage_number = 2;\nlet message2 = "world";\nprintln!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message2);\n\nmessage_number = 3;\nlet message3: i8 = 24;\nprintln!("message number {1}: {0}", message3, message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"formatted print macro `println`",src:n(4247).Z,width:"470",height:"154"})),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Jika dilihat ada yg berbeda pada cara deklarasi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," dan juga pada statement ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"println")," untuk ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," yang di situ digunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{1}")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{0}"),", tidak seperti sebelumnya yg menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"{}"),". Kita akan bahas yg ke-2 terlebih dahulu."),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{}"),", maka string akan di-replace sesuai urutan argument pada pemanggilan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{0}"),", maka string akan di-replace dengan data pada argument ke ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"1")," pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),", yang pada contoh di atas adalah ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"message3"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{1}"),", maka string akan di-replace dengan data pada argument ke ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"2")," pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),", yang pada contoh di atas adalah ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"message_number"),"."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Jika menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"{n}"),", maka string akan di-replace dengan data pada argument ke ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"n+1")," pemanggilan fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"println"),".")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dengan ini maka 3 statement berbeda berikut akan menghasilkan output yang sama:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'println!("message number {}: {}", message_number, message3);\nprintln!("message number {0}: {1}", message_number, message3);\nprintln!("message number {1}: {0}", message3, message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sekarang perihal perbedaan cara deklarasi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," akan kita bahas di bawah ini."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a44-type-inference-vs-manifest-typing"},"A.4.4. ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Type Inference")," vs ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Manifest Typing")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Rust mendukung dua metode deklarasi variabel, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"type inference")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"manifest typing"),"."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-metode-type-inference"},"\u25c9 Metode ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h3"},"Type Inference")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Penulisan variabel dengan metode ini ditandai dengan tidak menuliskan tipe data secara jelas/eksplisit. Contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let var1 = "hello" // compiler akan secara cerdas mendeteksi var1 tipe data nya string\nlet var2 = 12 // compiler akan secara cerdas mendeteksi var2 tipe data nya numerik\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Metode deklarasi yang selama ini sudah kita terapkan adalah ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"type inference"),"."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-metode-manifest-typing"},"\u25c9 Metode ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h3"},"Manifest Typing")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Metode ini mewajibkan programmer untuk menuliskan secara jelas/eksplisit tipe data variabel. Contoh penerapannya bisa dilihat di praktik sebelumnya, pada definisi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3"),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"let message3: i8 = 24;\n")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Notasi penulisan tipe data adalah ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"namavariabel: tipedata"),". Contoh seperti di atas, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"let message3: i8 = 24")," artinya variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message3")," didefinisikan memiliki tipe data ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"i8"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"i8")," merupakan salah satu tipe data dari sekian banyak tipe data yang ada di Rust. Lebih jelasnya kita akan bahas pada chapter selanjutnya."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a45-deklarasi-variabel-tanpa-predefined-value"},"A.4.5. Deklarasi variabel tanpa ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"predefined value")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sesuai dengan penjelasan di ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/error-index.html#E0381"},"dokumentasi spesifikasi Rust"),", variable yang tidak ada value-nya akan memunculkan error saat program di-run."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Meski demikian, diperbolehkan untuk memisahkan variable statement untuk deklarasi variable dan pengisian value. Sebagai contoh, statement ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"message_number")," pada kode berikut ..."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number = 1;\nprintln!("message number {}", message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"... boleh dituliskan dalam 2 statement terpisah seperti ini:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let message_number: i32;\nmessage_number = 1;\nprintln!("message number {}", message_number);\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Intinya, operasi assignment hanya diperbolehkan 1x saja pada variabel ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"immutable"),", baik itu saat deklarasi variable atau setelahnya."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a46-deklarasi-banyak-variabel-dalam-satu-statement"},"A.4.6. Deklarasi banyak variabel dalam satu statement"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di Rust memungkinkan untuk mendefinisikan banyak variabel dalam 1 baris statement. Notasi penulisannya seperti berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let (var1, var2) = (24, "hello");\nprintln!("var1: {0}", var1); // hasilnya => var1: 24\nprintln!("var2: {0}", var2); // hasilnya => var2: hello\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pendefinisian banyak variabel dalam 1 statement dilakukan dengan menuliskan semua variabelnya dengan separator tanda ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},",")," dan diapit tanda kurung ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh di atas 2 variabel didefinisikan, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"var1")," dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"var2"),", dan keduanya memiliki value yang berbeda tipe-datanya."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Bisa juga saat definisi variabel sekaligus ditentukan tipe data variabel, notasi penulisan bisa dilihat pada contoh kode berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let (var3, var4): (i8, i8) = (32, 12);\nprintln!("var3: {0}", var3); // hasilnya => var3: 32\nprintln!("var4: {0}", var4); // hasilnya => var4: 12\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dengan notasi ini bisa juga untuk definisi variabel ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"mutable"),". Cukup tambahkan keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"mut")," pada variabel yang ingin bisa diubah nilainya."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let (var5, mut var6, var7): (i8, i8, i8) = (64, 12, 4);\nprintln!("var5: {0}", var5); // hasilnya => var5: 64\nprintln!("var6: {0}", var6); // hasilnya => var6: 12\nvar6 = 24;\nprintln!("var6: {0}", var6); // hasilnya => var6: 24\nprintln!("var7: {0}", var7); // hasilnya => var7: 4\n')),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a47-deklarasi-variabel-dengan-tipe-data-ditentukan-dari-value"},"A.4.7. Deklarasi variabel dengan tipe data ditentukan dari value"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ini merupakan salah satu alternatif cara penulisan untuk men-specify tipe data variabel, caranya dengan menuliskan tipe data tepat setelah value, contohnya seperti berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let data1 = 24i8;\nprintln!("data1: {0}", data1); // hasilnya => data1: 24\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"data")," didefinisikan dengan predefined value adalah numerik ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"24")," dengan tipe data ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"i8"),", penulisan value nya menjadi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"24i8"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Boleh juga menggunakan separator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"_")," dalam penulisan value-nya sebagai pembatas antara nilai dan tipe data, contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let data1 = 24_i8;\nprintln!("data1: {0}", data1); // hasilnya => data1: 24\n')),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a48-variable-shadowing"},"A.4.8. Variable ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"h2"},"Shadowing")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di Rust ada konsep bernama ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"variable shadowing"),". Shadowing sendiri adalah pendefinisan ulang variabel yang sebelumnya sudah didefinisikan. Biasanya teknik ini dipakai untuk isolasi variabel dalam sebuah blok kode."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Contoh shadowing bisa dilihat pada kode berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let x = 5;\nprintln!("x: {}", x); // hasilnya => x: 5\n\nlet x = x + 1;\nprintln!("x: {}", x); // hasilnya => x: 6\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Lebih jelasnya akan kita bahas pada chapter terpisah, yaitu ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/shadowing"},"Shadowing"),"."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a49-variabel-_"},"A.4.9. Variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"_")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di Rust, jika ada variabel yang dideklarasikan tapi tidak digunakan, maka muncul warning saat ekesekusi program."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pada praktiknya, tidak semua variabel memang perlu untuk digunakan. Pada kasus tertentu suatu variabel harus tetap dideklarasikan untuk menampung suatu nilai meski tidak digunakan. Misalnya pada case dimana ada pemanggilan fungsi yang nilai baliknya tidak digunakan."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Untuk case seperti yang dijelaskan di atas, gunakan variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"_"),". Variabel ini berguna untuk menampung nilai yang tidak digunakan, untuk menghindari warning. Contoh:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"fn main() {\n let _ = run_something();\n}\n")),(0,t.kt)("hr",null),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-work-in-progress"},"\u25c9 Work in progress"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Variabel ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"_"))),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/variabel"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../variabel")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan 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Referensi"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/hello/print.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/hello/print.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/variable_bindings/scope.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/variable_bindings/scope.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/variables.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/variables.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/naming.html"},"https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/naming.html")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38045700/how-do-i-declare-multiple-mutable-variables-at-the-same-time"},"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38045700/how-do-i-declare-multiple-mutable-variables-at-the-same-time"))))}s.isMDXComponent=!0},7281:(a,e,n)=>{n.d(e,{Z:()=>i});const 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lLQyVqT58APr90O9vhcYQc54vocIkF/zu2yNnxmqe1/LueaJH3Sh3t3pr97jLV/aDE6hlzo2kDLmWFr+Vep0XwlEf5fNlaqXeZaBMItbhA9DvVwP9fj7a2KZrhgs+d956Zoz2HtZWvtUvHxER0ZRlcVYOTu9Xbm3R+5ettF+ZcFjpqPL9kfWMg2j/+Na/LIuzlu+fVs9MW4mIjiqpv1W3lUvd/cqtLe21LfPKKVaZDU0i0luwQ8u8FazGJzYOvc5yfkNMS2/lvYFJrdWWEPYebiTWKRRx61fkCXGXKRbMPHyAiKDfD/1+rYHTxOD5EqY8jps8ZSGqPj9Qp05ZFmetL54e37p3fOthhRzWD88TEU2MUepB5cWYder5cepplSQtWsuZafr23vGtB5UXY9ZfnpdiDrceVF60rF7zSrnMhxUas741RXTa8qHcpNTTKlH1+wdaARNombeG1XiaHK8fbCKKxWgq1KbXONdJBsokamVy6PdrdRNzno3B8yXMcMEOlqjeO69ZiSrfPSIiot3q90c06iQielGsbhMRVXd3VNdLi+gDKhGNOi3nutEwxcKc7K8QnaZRud7tH/VDxtAy54Dd+HrvfZRJZIr80vz68JbZSoQP+v0S0O/nnPOGzpcwJRCxf0Rnmrww0y9zUH1+RBOtL2uLA3pBllOniQ6kX4j9A81roWXOAaPxk+K6pZhJJKTYK5V2Oo8JGiiz1eED0O+vXQ/9fuKa8zznS9QwwwUXnlfJIbk2DSynxoiOeAqznBoj2qft7jWvgYnZkcVZIvUauRFomfPR3PjCYZnKhQ25TB5l/pYYK7PF4QPQ71dWB/1+HgzNYjMCEduPqntEE7OWd8TPpy3vn6cvH1eIrG+cJyKiKZog2nvcuqhz5y0TRHv/6snGsnMuyyhVvr13fOve8a17x5+3OCMGWuYcNDVePGJVCsVJFeXkaiOcR/41XKlTJqtJereN0O9XA/1+DoydL2HOprTq5/cq71+2XrhMF0jcfkBE1dQr1eD0yOI0EdHew+PPdy3vz2oWoVicHn++q9664LAuXqYXT48/+7ExUd5Q0Xwlo4rtR9W3puVGkqKuZqBl3lgmd+NzYpniA3jd22Fl492BaDSgeTV/mUTswweg3w/9/nbnvMHzJYZRKW3Ksjhr1fSG3eMd/8gFR30X2rtvj5whebMaD9AyHxa6dPgA9Psx543PAjMCEcOC+gmh5RRORzypdOnwgZdE2P4l6WZbtHG+hHkvKA8+X/5NES0hxfsafQBa5v2lH4cPAH1OwJxv53yJYQxEAADACQGBCAAAMA24YAAAMA24YAAAMI2hkGznl1fnuXLKsnhxZOao+k/tt407akM39a2FcDQ0Pzc3NzfXQm26R/AIXRu9skUpXZcG1y3TgEq3bg3cfeca0fpFw6H53nrYDGmZd2cuDQuDsyOiUVi9+v2DypcKL8kvrz4wQuxdgefl/c55Sba0mo0QbpC6ZCO+Nsz12m3fBk6zIqXavSbtaJm3hXGp/oDbVvuOdSDF2jaD44JFmFK/wyrEPvzwC10Plgx8f+Huu8dhJwPvTQ0DzWr3bIzs+mt/LrUh1V8qFp322sfJgvgyJE/uLjFoLrgBfnl1Lcl25YvLyo29r1g+nLWOKhMVJbx4evzZo6bs+qheuJTVlJp+VTX1pzlham8XNCSxFRsttRW1tVS6GULXQjjqOszb3W5bOZ8pTPqk5QM1X9moQ6U6hUJPtry1EBXnm2x8wyHRoNKtJXDesHG1nN9IZr3MvmsolDNE2ZrHiBePxsBxy8ATs0fruUYraVfEVLtvlIGvWZlHy5wlr84tV29Qql/69dgZD3jFBIXoUXqn6KuJnWn2qCsMuAvWPPzNcma6+u29479OWRZnrW9NHW/vsq6UNdclf6pgYppU2Q8sH160joq+e8qyODvy/o/Hn5OkIv/Zo5a+WPHzS0I46m1MrJ3NslP0+Wp6f91bFdncAW9+I5HIeUKRgDfkSa+TeH+YkN/HD4SF3FpBcSUJ4agvLCTWkjnWbSb7dCynezyTyLiiPp/4r9froXXGlYrZLISjrh3ZhzcbJMc0XYdwDwcRkdOnMkh6ja1xVQ8ieEKRgLskCsvmmGeINQ5HQfZ9JGkK1H7+mseIdzqIJm4eOEmMXPYdtYVnTb+zNkUmWT1iWYldEUli6xtqBzxfs3xTi1tqemqdydY8vVl+tVmqn7Tl12rL98lwQLM5rXrUDQZtR4TDunh5ZPHyyOJlWUdNg0Z5dW1GpxlFNWQ/57KMUvX77SoR0S7tEU28plaR18UT8joVcloSTLFnbdnyzmjU8xb8bltNCDu3/nW+7HSpr1SKZ3NTltpb5m23EPaRbASGQTRM1xncwyH+oUmlm90Rl5MkNa9cttDiII3G4RAPbkhkikTFTO00CtYYdSJDR1JBXFrmOXaPDCmUa0iCafbCmJa5EgNy9XxS/YLfTdovEgthn1M5xbsxLloM2ipY/9g3oxxU//dpNTitlGRjv2E8ecpCRGcujiwqEttVkZfQEHtm60/3Ah7JUhu3snRbCGEfZWqnNHak+K6KLLg5RdCU+Tlq15MOLhyWyS0u4TzeSZuu/iU/nYsjN8MtA8/okcdrZIwYgRV9GXhDWubtwCnVL4R1niB6QhGfsy4cZ1TY3iiD5oK7zfajyvYjIunMZutbU8dMF1x4XiUHNezBePftjqtnRY4Y+tO9QeletY6G6IULqKFywCJNBvFonmzWgBza6ETVrHk41Gukuko3o/79UsAte6cyxwMoLnjGyBj8WuasHnnISLiT/ZOlIwPfFUV+3eZwSfULLifZaoFtIqJANOqvh2Qov6GygDFhe4MMWiCiZ2SLeovr7Z3qC7KcOWdpymKdniIiy/u6D+Vy+yX5XsUTikgPODTFntn60/zoam/LpHeKVDvkUXxOsaW+QiWeraPS3SaeUKQegiAiDYMwTdchxoZD0WJvXWK80chicEM+6rI7X0LWGBmNyDAHjkvLnNkjbSuxKtIPLKhk4MUqDWmZG4Zb/j+9lqgjH1aq8L9aw9vcoy4w4KtgthA7/5WqZ2gvnori7qzsB9XPHlYWZ62Ll6WEvYfHnz+qeJ0jZ2ZHFmdp72Flb9Zq12pnei3jku5VipmNvHeeqCYcrhZ7zhFDf5ofpva2RpMSFI4qHmFrimc3lNu0UaImSr3DqEb1AL0uX10Qv/31W1pt2XKW6TqEfziIaRCGkcUxU9yha0t386/ymGNkjGZ5dV4tc3aPdCYtQ8e9Se1eUwaeiEfLnD2XDBjDiFR/E4LfbaNalIuIyvlEMqvXo24ApbSBptsb718u8exu0mC5Lom8G6myx8W32SMD2fD6D5OXJhABQCeoA7VcZ3oOON3pEa/afRta5i8JAx6IAGRzS3fEWD+YiSK2QUQ9fn+1/sZEsVdVdK9HXO+9taNl/pKAQAQAAJgGAhEAAGAacMEAAGAacMEAAGAaQyHZ3gsMSLDzIIpsD5TAdksd7Z5qmfdCfL2/8AiHG7CSJxT5za9/0QcZ9gGcikCHwd4Rce68NThdf2ONqXnWCd0Td0+viQpU0TCpniubqKid3sp75/XE+npKL2pXSisO09HmRKSpAdZ9tKYiGEwG2wWL7D08/nyX3vGPXJgeef/H4893u1FoD8TdFQKNA0EuW5hvpc86VLXXpbzrUpddK1yntuFj0KYi0GYYXLDIX/9VueCwEknvIot+Wfy//C5yk447v7g780pqlgmufHuvrnKpywAoaufWs/5oo7pqn7TM13OtatdWkU+3VOnO7ZcC2oqFmrr4vJZnCYczG8+0ko49OWnKrhYvEMJRldBvn0/aAV1lsGPBTqfF84rlcK/6zwN659zI1Fh170n1kc1y8WdSIp22XPyZ5bhU/ccLy8WfWX/6SvXbe5X/OaKLr1l/elT9J7ESf6B/PKk+2KM3py0jR9UH4pr6NDv7hxesx0+PE5vVfZvF8wp9/6C6wSvU8cP21ubm5ujMnKO48dkf/rS5uSkG5zyhX0/84/d/+NPm5uazKb//565nW9s//MfP51xTr7/+74eJ3//x2dSb/3nG9Wxr+41w6OxhJvH7P24+m3rz9VeeZT774v9ICP/mXDmT+P0fNzefTV16+79cz/68/mdmRUREecfML878VBHOVGTfHJ2Zm/j3463tH5rL3Nqm8/7Xp1xSkaMz876fj24+fH7e//pPilLxr8ofBFY7mbWz+k7n/efc55orak5UhDaFS/OOZw/+rBGlzTtm5s7a5RyeNy+9/u8nf3yY57d8bntrc3Pz2dSb9d5qNr7ZSnmWPaWWvqq0oAaM7H//+9bozC/OnZ+qTwvxp0+zIjAsDMOOiInZkcXLIxfGKql7KjHJZpg67vzi7o1XnqZRqu7uEBFt/9gtFeM+KmoTUXorT26/LHzVby1zde3afW9QkWcmSvJXkWg0Go36nEU9lTm2Lj6n5bVW11yNd7qMj1EDGtnTaxt5cvtDiiHssCIwEAxDIGLvoXSG0C/PH4viv33igF6Q5dRpogPpBI19Q+fea9A/RW0insNieqll3li7Rt9V2FgVSbq6tRinJxSJRhyazznZuvi8ltegZeNFK3WmTK+TXdQqc5dkCeYOKwKDwTC4YCKi3er3M3Rm2vLOI85QbNeYmB1ZnCVSr5Hbp5+K2mIxrJBsIz3TMlfVztd3ZkWN2tu5bGHerXP+AkMXn9/yTDiy163UYVyWnV0IByYLmfyk8mhfBICHnmEIRIgoBNSJpJBCCyX1DjnnsoxS5dt7x7fuHd+6195ODFMVtSXSO/Itqhla5vXaW/ddUpFnJqrLFfxumxT9YMPWxeeyvDa62WUrtbZnYz6lmrhmdiHscxaz6+m6MpnRisBAMiyrYKLtneovpy0TM5Zzf6t++xpdmB5ZnG6lpM6EWwZ++1H1rdq5c0Qkb48zgrmK2hL108P7pmWeY9au1femipjS8qpAQMvlX5MuPrfl2cLh/I0npj2ZZbI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Manajemen file system",id:"a534-manajemen-file-system",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Pembuatan folder (fs::create_dir)",id:"-pembuatan-folder-fscreate_dir",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Menulis konten file (fs::write)",id:"-menulis-konten-file-fswrite",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Membaca isi file ke bentuk string (fs::read_to_string)",id:"-membaca-isi-file-ke-bentuk-string-fsread_to_string",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Membaca isi file ke bentuk vector (fs::read)",id:"-membaca-isi-file-ke-bentuk-vector-fsread",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Menghapus file (fs::remove_file)",id:"-menghapus-file-fsremove_file",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Menghapus folder (fs::remove_dir)",id:"-menghapus-folder-fsremove_dir",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 List items dalam folder",id:"-list-items-dalam-folder",level:3},{value:"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1",id:"catatan-chapter-",level:2},{value:"\u25c9 Source code praktik",id:"-source-code-praktik",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Work in progress",id:"-work-in-progress",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya",id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya",level:3},{value:"\u25c9 Referensi",id:"-referensi",level:3}],u={toc:o};function d(e){let{components:t,...r}=e;return(0,i.kt)("wrapper",(0,n.Z)({},u,r,{components:t,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pada chapter ini kita akan belajar tentang beberapa API milik Rust yang disediakan untuk manajemen path dan file system."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a531-file-path-stdpathpath"},"A.53.1. File path (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"std::path::Path"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt"')," adalah salah satu contoh file path. Di Rust, file path bisa direpresentasikan sebagai string (seperti yang sudah dicontohkan), atau menggunakan tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Path"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Path")," tersedia dalam module ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::path"),". Cara penggunaannya cukup mudah, sebagai contoh, beberapa filepath berikut menghasilkan path yang sama:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'use std::path::Path;\n\nlet filepath_1 = "/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt";\nlet filepath_2 = Path::new("/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt");\nlet filepath_3 = Path::new("/home/novalagung/Desktop").join("my text.txt");\nlet filepath_4 = Path::new("/home/novalagung").join("Desktop").join("my text.txt");\nlet filepath_5 = Path::new("/home").join("novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt");\n\nprintln!("{:?}", filepath_1);\n// output => "/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt"\n\nprintln!("{:?}", filepath_2);\n// output => "/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt"\n')),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a532-method-filepath"},"A.53.2. Method filepath"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-associated-function-pathnew"},"\u25c9 Associated function ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Path::new()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Digunakan untuk membuat object ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Path")," dari suatu string. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'Path::new("/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt");\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-join"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"join()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Digunakan untuk menggabungkan segment filepath. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'Path::new("/home/novalagung").join("Desktop").join("my text.txt");\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Hasil dari operasi di atas adalah path:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre"},"/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt\n")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-exists"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"exists()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath ada atau tidak."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).exists() {\n // path exists\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_file--is_dir"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_file()")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_dir()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_file()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath berisi file."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_file() {\n // path is a file\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sedangkan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_dir()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath adalah folder/directory."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_dir() {\n // path contains directory\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_absolute--is_relative"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_absolute()")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_relative()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_absolute()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"absolute path"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_absolute() {\n // path is an absolute path\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sedangkan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_relative()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"relative path"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_relative() {\n // path is a relative path\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a533-module-stdfs-file-system"},"A.53.3. Module ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"std::fs")," (file system)"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::fs")," merupakan module yang disediakan Rust untuk pengolahan file system. Di dalamnya berisinya banyak sekali fungsi untuk keperluan seperti pembuatan file, modifikasi konten file, dan lainnya."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh, untuk membuat suatu directory bisa menggunakan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::create_dir"),". Isi argument pemanggilan fungsi dengan path dalam bentuk string (atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::path::Path")," juga boleh)."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'use std::fs;\n\nfn main() {\n let path = "./files";\n let res = fs::create_dir(&path);\n println!("{:?}", res);\n // output => Ok(())\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::create_dir")," mengembalikan value bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<(), Error>"),". Gunakan pattern matching ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," untuk mengecek hasil operasi apakah sukses atau tidak."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'match fs::create_dir("./files") {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on creating directory! {}", err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("directory created");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result")," dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai pattern matching dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"),"."))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a534-manajemen-file-system"},"A.53.4. Manajemen file system"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-pembuatan-folder-fscreate_dir"},"\u25c9 Pembuatan folder (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::create_dir"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::create_dir")," digunakan untuk membuat folder. Contoh penerapannya sudah dibahas di sesi ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/file-path-directory#a523-module-stdfs-file-system"},"A.53.3. Module std::fs (file system)")," di atas."),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-menulis-konten-file-fswrite"},"\u25c9 Menulis konten file (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::write"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::write")," digunakan untuk membuat folder. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet content = "hello rust!";\nlet res = fs::write(&path, &content);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on writing file {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("file created");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::write")," melakukan penulisan konten pada variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"content")," ke path ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"path"),". Mode penulisannya adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"overwrite")," (bukan ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"append"),"), yang artinya konten lama pada filepath akan di-",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"replace")," total dengan konten baru."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Jika file tidak ada pada ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"path")," tujuan, maka otomatis dibuatkan file baru. Namun jika folder/directory di mana file akan dibuat/ditulis tidak ada, maka muncul error."),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-membaca-isi-file-ke-bentuk-string-fsread_to_string"},"\u25c9 Membaca isi file ke bentuk string (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::read_to_string"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::read_to_string()")," digunakan untuk membaca isi file dalam bentuk string. Contoh penerapannya:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet res = fs::read_to_string(&path);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on reading file {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n Ok(content) => {\n println!("file {:?} content is: {:?}", path, content);\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-membaca-isi-file-ke-bentuk-vector-fsread"},"\u25c9 Membaca isi file ke bentuk vector (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::read"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::read()")," melakukan operasi baca file dan mengembalikan nilainya dalam bentuk vector ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Vec"),". Umumnya, fungsi ini dikombinasikan dengan fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::str::from_utf8()")," agar konten file bisa dimunculkan dalam format encoding tertentu (misalnya UTF-8)."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet res = fs::read(&path);\n\nif res.is_err() {\n println!("error on reading file");\n return;\n}\n\nlet content = res.unwrap_or_default();\nmatch std::str::from_utf8(&content) {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on reading file! Invalid UTF-8 sequence. {}", err);\n },\n Ok(content) => {\n println!("file {:?} content is: {:?}", path, content);\n },\n};\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-menghapus-file-fsremove_file"},"\u25c9 Menghapus file (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::remove_file"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::remove_file")," digunakan untuk menghapus file pada suatu path. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet res = fs::remove_file(&path);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on deleting file {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("file deleted");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-menghapus-folder-fsremove_dir"},"\u25c9 Menghapus folder (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::remove_dir"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::remove_dir")," digunakan untuk menghapus folder/directory. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files");\nlet res = fs::remove_dir(&path);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on deleting directory {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("directory deleted");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-list-items-dalam-folder"},"\u25c9 List items dalam folder"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::read_dir")," digunakan untuk menampilkan list items suatu folder (baik subfolder ataupun file). Fungsi ini mengmbalikan nilai bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),", untuk mengakses list items bisa menggunakan teknik pattern matching, atau boleh juga langsung di ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap()")," (dengan resiko program bisa panic ketika ada error)."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("D:\\\\Labs\\\\Adam Studio\\\\Ebook\\\\dasarpemrogramanrust\\\\file_path_directory_1");\nlet paths = fs::read_dir(&path).unwrap();\n\nfor path in paths {\n let item = &path.unwrap();\n println!("file name: {:?}, file path: {:?}", item.file_name(), item.path().display())\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pada contoh di atas, penulis menggunakan testing path yang isinya 4 buah item:"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"File, Path, Directory",src:a(2944).Z,width:"595",height:"176"})),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Output program bisa dilihat pada gambar berikut:"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"File, Path, Directory",src:a(214).Z,width:"887",height:"149"})),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"paths")," di atas adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ReadDir")," yang merupakan tipe data iterator. Jika digunakan pada keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"for"),", maka variabel element perulangan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"path")," akan bertipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Dari tipe ini kita bisa mengakses file name maupun file path."),(0,i.kt)("hr",null),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/file_path_directory"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../file_path_directory")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-work-in-progress"},"\u25c9 Work in progress"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Pembahasan tentang append content file (",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30684624/what-is-the-best-variant-for-appending-a-new-line-in-a-text-file"},"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30684624/what-is-the-best-variant-for-appending-a-new-line-in-a-text-file"),")")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan 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Nantinya pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/recoverable-error-handling"},"Recoverable Error & Error Handling")," kita akan banyak menerapkan API yang dipelajari di chapter ini.")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a531-file-path-stdpathpath"},"A.53.1. File path (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"std::path::Path"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},'"/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt"')," adalah salah satu contoh file path. Di Rust, file path bisa direpresentasikan sebagai string (seperti yang sudah dicontohkan), atau menggunakan tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Path"),"."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Path")," tersedia dalam module ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::path"),". Cara penggunaannya cukup mudah, sebagai contoh, beberapa filepath berikut menghasilkan path yang sama:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'use std::path::Path;\n\nlet filepath_1 = "/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt";\nlet filepath_2 = Path::new("/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt");\nlet filepath_3 = Path::new("/home/novalagung/Desktop").join("my text.txt");\nlet filepath_4 = Path::new("/home/novalagung").join("Desktop").join("my text.txt");\nlet filepath_5 = Path::new("/home").join("novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt");\n\nprintln!("{:?}", filepath_1);\n// output => "/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt"\n\nprintln!("{:?}", filepath_2);\n// output => "/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt"\n')),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Ketika path di-print, yang muncul adalah sesuai dengan string yang ditulis. Dengan pengecualian jika method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},".join()")," digunakan disitu, maka separator file yang digunakan relatif terhadap OS. Jika Windows maka ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"\\"),", dan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"/")," untuk non-Windows.")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a532-method-filepath"},"A.53.2. Method filepath"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-associated-function-pathnew"},"\u25c9 Associated function ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Path::new()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Digunakan untuk membuat object ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Path")," dari suatu string. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'Path::new("/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt");\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-join"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"join()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Digunakan untuk menggabungkan segment filepath. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'Path::new("/home/novalagung").join("Desktop").join("my text.txt");\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Hasil dari operasi di atas adalah path:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre"},"/home/novalagung/Desktop/my text.txt\n")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-exists"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"exists()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath ada atau tidak."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).exists() {\n // path exists\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_file--is_dir"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_file()")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_dir()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_file()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath berisi file."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_file() {\n // path is a file\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sedangkan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_dir()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath adalah folder/directory."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_dir() {\n // path contains directory\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-method-is_absolute--is_relative"},"\u25c9 Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_absolute()")," & ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"is_relative()")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_absolute()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"absolute path"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_absolute() {\n // path is an absolute path\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sedangkan method ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"is_relative()")," digunakan untuk mengecek apakah suatu filepath adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"relative path"),"."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"if Path::new(&path).is_relative() {\n // path is a relative path\n}\n")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a533-module-stdfs-file-system"},"A.53.3. Module ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h2"},"std::fs")," (file system)"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::fs")," merupakan module yang disediakan Rust untuk pengolahan file system. Di dalamnya berisinya banyak sekali fungsi untuk keperluan seperti pembuatan file, modifikasi konten file, dan lainnya."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Sebagai contoh, untuk membuat suatu directory bisa menggunakan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::create_dir"),". Isi argument pemanggilan fungsi dengan path dalam bentuk string (atau ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::path::Path")," juga boleh)."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'use std::fs;\n\nfn main() {\n let path = "./files";\n let res = fs::create_dir(&path);\n println!("{:?}", res);\n // output => Ok(())\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::create_dir")," mengembalikan value bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<(), Error>"),". Gunakan pattern matching ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match")," untuk mengecek hasil operasi apakah sukses atau tidak."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'match fs::create_dir("./files") {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on creating directory! {}", err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("directory created");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,i.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai tipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result")," dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result"),"."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Lebih detailnya mengenai pattern matching dibahas pada chapter ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"),"."))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"a534-manajemen-file-system"},"A.53.4. Manajemen file system"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-pembuatan-folder-fscreate_dir"},"\u25c9 Pembuatan folder (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::create_dir"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::create_dir")," digunakan untuk membuat folder. Contoh penerapannya sudah dibahas di sesi ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/file-path-directory#a523-module-stdfs-file-system"},"A.53.3. Module std::fs (file system)")," di atas."),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-menulis-konten-file-fswrite"},"\u25c9 Menulis konten file (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::write"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::write")," digunakan untuk membuat folder. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet content = "hello rust!";\nlet res = fs::write(&path, &content);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on writing file {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("file created");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::write")," melakukan penulisan konten pada variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"content")," ke path ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"path"),". Mode penulisannya adalah ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"overwrite")," (bukan ",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"append"),"), yang artinya konten lama pada filepath akan di-",(0,i.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"replace")," total dengan konten baru."),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Jika file tidak ada pada ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"path")," tujuan, maka otomatis dibuatkan file baru. Namun jika folder/directory di mana file akan dibuat/ditulis tidak ada, maka muncul error."),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-membaca-isi-file-ke-bentuk-string-fsread_to_string"},"\u25c9 Membaca isi file ke bentuk string (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::read_to_string"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::read_to_string()")," digunakan untuk membaca isi file dalam bentuk string. Contoh penerapannya:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet res = fs::read_to_string(&path);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on reading file {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n Ok(content) => {\n println!("file {:?} content is: {:?}", path, content);\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-membaca-isi-file-ke-bentuk-vector-fsread"},"\u25c9 Membaca isi file ke bentuk vector (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::read"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::read()")," melakukan operasi baca file dan mengembalikan nilainya dalam bentuk vector ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Vec"),". Umumnya, fungsi ini dikombinasikan dengan fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"std::str::from_utf8()")," agar konten file bisa dimunculkan dalam format encoding tertentu (misalnya UTF-8)."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet res = fs::read(&path);\n\nif res.is_err() {\n println!("error on reading file");\n return;\n}\n\nlet content = res.unwrap_or_default();\nmatch std::str::from_utf8(&content) {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on reading file! Invalid UTF-8 sequence. {}", err);\n },\n Ok(content) => {\n println!("file {:?} content is: {:?}", path, content);\n },\n};\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-menghapus-file-fsremove_file"},"\u25c9 Menghapus file (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::remove_file"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::remove_file")," digunakan untuk menghapus file pada suatu path. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files").join("target.txt");\nlet res = fs::remove_file(&path);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on deleting file {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("file deleted");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-menghapus-folder-fsremove_dir"},"\u25c9 Menghapus folder (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"fs::remove_dir"),")"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::remove_dir")," digunakan untuk menghapus folder/directory. Contoh penerapan:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("./files");\nlet res = fs::remove_dir(&path);\n\nmatch res {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("error on deleting directory {}! {}", path.to_str().unwrap_or_default(), err);\n },\n _ => {\n println!("directory deleted");\n },\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-list-items-dalam-folder"},"\u25c9 List items dalam folder"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Fungsi ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"fs::read_dir")," digunakan untuk menampilkan list items suatu folder (baik subfolder ataupun file). Fungsi ini mengmbalikan nilai bertipe ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),", untuk mengakses list items bisa menggunakan teknik pattern matching, atau boleh juga langsung di ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"unwrap()")," (dengan resiko program bisa panic ketika ada error)."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},'let path = Path::new("D:\\\\Labs\\\\Adam Studio\\\\Ebook\\\\dasarpemrogramanrust\\\\file_path_directory_1");\nlet paths = fs::read_dir(&path).unwrap();\n\nfor path in paths {\n let item = &path.unwrap();\n println!("file name: {:?}, file path: {:?}", item.file_name(), item.path().display())\n}\n')),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Pada contoh di atas, penulis menggunakan testing path yang isinya 4 buah item:"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"File, Path, Directory",src:a(2944).Z,width:"595",height:"176"})),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Output program bisa dilihat pada gambar berikut:"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,(0,i.kt)("img",{alt:"File, Path, Directory",src:a(214).Z,width:"887",height:"149"})),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Tipe data variabel ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"paths")," di atas adalah ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ReadDir")," yang merupakan tipe data iterator. Jika digunakan pada keyword ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"for"),", maka variabel element perulangan ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"path")," akan bertipe data ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result"),". Dari tipe ini kita bisa mengakses file name maupun file path."),(0,i.kt)("hr",null),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/file_path_directory"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../file_path_directory")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-work-in-progress"},"\u25c9 Work in progress"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Pembahasan tentang append content file (",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30684624/what-is-the-best-variant-for-appending-a-new-line-in-a-text-file"},"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30684624/what-is-the-best-variant-for-appending-a-new-line-in-a-text-file"),")")),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching"))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 Referensi"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/path/struct.Path.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/path/struct.Path.html")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/std_misc/path.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/std_misc/path.html")),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/std_misc/fs.html"},"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/std_misc/fs.html"))))}d.isMDXComponent=!0},2944:(e,t,a)=>{a.d(t,{Z:()=>n});const 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Untuk penerapannya sendiri sebenarnya sudah cukup sering dipraktikan di chapter-chapter sebelumnya."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Pada chapter ini pembelajaran dilakukan dengan lebih banyak menulis kode (",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"coding"),"), dengan ini penulis harapkan pembaca bisa terbiasa dan nyaman dengan gaya penanganan error di Rust."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a551-praktik-membuat-program-file-manager"},"A.55.1. Praktik membuat program ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"h2"},"file manager")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Program yang akan dibuat skalanya lebih besar dibanding program pada praktik-praktik sebelumnya. Program ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"file manager")," ini kita akan buat dari 0, kegunaannya adalah untuk mempermudah manajemen file seperti pembuatan file, pembacaan file, dan operasi file lainnya."),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Pastikan untuk mempelajari beberapa chapter berikut sebelum memulai pembelajaran"),(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"blockquote"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/module-basic"},"Module System \u279c Module")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/file-path-directory"},"File, Path, Directory")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error"},"Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic")))),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, sekarang siapkan sebuah package atau project terlebih dahulu, dengan struktur seperti ini:"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-bash",metastring:'title="package source code structure"',title:'"package',source:!0,code:!0,'structure"':!0},"file_manager\n\u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500 Cargo.toml\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500 src\n \u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500 file_action_constant.rs\n \u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500 file_manager.rs\n \u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500 file_utility.rs\n \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500 main.rs\n")),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"File ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"file_action_constant.rs")," akan diisi dengan deklarasi konstanta base path, enum action/command, dan fungsi validasi command."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"File ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"file_manager.rs")," akan diisi dengan ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"business process")," program file manager."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"File ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"file_utility.rs")," akan diisi dengan beberapa fungsi utilitas seperti operasi baca inputan user."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"File ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"main.rs")," berisi kontrol alur eksekusi program.")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-deklarasi-konstanta-command-dan-validasi-command"},"\u25c9 Deklarasi konstanta, command, dan validasi command"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Deklarasikan beberapa hal berikut pada file ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"file_action_constant.rs"),":"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Konstanta ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"FOLDER_BASEPATH"),". Nantinya digunakan sebagai basepath operasi program file manager ini."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Enum ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Command"),", berisi action yang tersedia seperti ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"PrintFiles"),", ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"CreateFile"),", dan lainnya."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Fungsi validasi command.")),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/file_action_constant.rs"',title:'"./src/file_action_constant.rs"'},'pub const FOLDER_BASEPATH: &str = "./files";\n\npub enum Command {\n PrintFiles,\n CreateFile,\n ReadFile,\n DeleteFile,\n ExitProgram,\n}\n\npub fn validate_command(cmd: &str) -> Result {\n match cmd {\n "1" => Ok(Command::PrintFiles),\n "2" => Ok(Command::CreateFile),\n "3" => Ok(Command::ReadFile),\n "4" => Ok(Command::DeleteFile),\n "9" => Ok(Command::ExitProgram),\n _ => Err("unrecognized command")\n }\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dari kode di atas terlihat bahwa program akan berisi setidaknya 5 buah action (termasuk ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ExitProgram"),")."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-fungsi-utilitas-pembacaan-inputan-user--flush-stdout"},"\u25c9 Fungsi utilitas pembacaan inputan user & flush stdout"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Siapkan 2 fungsi I/O berikut:"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"read_entry()")," untuk membaca inputan user, lalu mengembalikannya dalam bentuk ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result")," dimana ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"T")," berisi inputan user dan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"E")," berisi informasi error dalam bentuk ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"String")," (jika ada error)."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"stdout_flush()")," untuk mem-flush output ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"stdout"),". Ini penting karena ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"default"),"-nya Rust mem-",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"li"},"buffer")," stdout.")),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/file_utility.rs"',title:'"./src/file_utility.rs"'},"use std::io;\nuse std::io::Write;\n\npub fn read_entry() -> Result {\n let mut message = String::new();\n let reader_res = io::stdin().read_line(&mut message);\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let content = match reader_res {\n Ok(_) => message.trim().to_string(),\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string())\n }\n };\n\n return Ok(content)\n}\n\npub fn stdout_flush() -> Result<(), String> {\n\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n match io::stdout().flush() {\n Err(err) => Err(err.to_string()),\n Ok(()) => Ok(())\n }\n}\n")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di kode di atas kita sudah mulai mengimplementasikan operasi ",(0,t.kt)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"error handling")," di Rust, caranya cukup mudah bukan? Tinggal masukan saja data bertipe ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result")," ke keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"match"),". Untuk penerapan keyword tersebut bisa dilakukan dengan cara konvensional, metode guard, atau lainnya."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-kontrol-flow-program"},"\u25c9 Kontrol flow program"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Lanjut ke bagian kontrol eksekusi alur program. Program didesain berjalan secara kontinyu (non-stop) sampai user memilih command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"ExitProgram"),". Di setiap perulangan, nantinya user bisa menentukan action apa yang dipilih."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Buka file ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main.rs"),", buat fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"run_program()"),". Fungsi ini mengembalikan tipe data bernotasi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Result<(), String>"),". Notasi ini penulis jadikan sebagai notasi utama untuk fungsi-fungsi yang berpotensi mengembalikan error."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Di dalam fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"run_program()"),", terdapat perulangan dengan isi beberapa hal berikut secara berurutan."),(0,t.kt)("ol",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Memunculkan output pilihan command"),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Flush stdout"),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Baca inputan user"),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Validasi inputan user"),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Eksekusi action/command",(0,t.kt)("ul",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"PrintFiles"),": munculkan semua file yang sudah dibuat."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"CreateFile"),": program meminta inputan nama file dan kontennya, untuk kemudian dibuatkan filenya."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ReadFile"),": baca file sesuai inputan nama file."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"DeleteFile"),": operasi hapus file."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"ExitProgram"),": keluar program.")))),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Source code lengkap ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"main.rs"),":"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/main.rs"',title:'"./src/main.rs"'},'mod file_action_constant;\nmod file_manager;\nmod file_utility;\n\nfn run_program() -> Result<(), String> {\n println!("Welcome to file maker app!");\n\n loop {\n println!();\n println!("Available command:");\n println!("1. Print files");\n println!("2. Create file");\n println!("3. Read file");\n println!("4. Delete file");\n println!("9. Exit");\n\n println!();\n print!("Enter your command: ");\n\n // error handling using operator ?\n let _ = file_utility::stdout_flush()?;\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let user_entry = match file_utility::read_entry() {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("ERROR. unable to continue the program. {}", err);\n continue;\n },\n Ok(txt) => txt,\n };\n\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n let cmd_result = file_action_constant::validate_command(&user_entry);\n match cmd_result {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("ERROR. {}", err);\n continue;\n },\n _ => {}\n };\n let cmd = cmd_result.unwrap();\n\n // check command\n match cmd {\n file_action_constant::Command::PrintFiles => {\n // error handling using operator ?\n file_manager::print_files()?;\n },\n file_action_constant::Command::CreateFile => {\n // error handling using operator ?\n file_manager::create_file()?;\n },\n file_action_constant::Command::ReadFile => {\n // error handling using operator ?\n file_manager::read_file()?;\n },\n file_action_constant::Command::DeleteFile => {\n // error handling using operator ?\n file_manager::delete_file()?;\n },\n file_action_constant::Command::ExitProgram => {\n println!("Exiting program ...");\n return Ok(());\n },\n }\n }\n}\n\nfn main() {\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n match run_program() {\n Err(err) => panic!("ERRROR {:?}", err),\n Ok(_) => {}\n }\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Bisa dilihat di kode di atas, ada beberapa metode error handling yang diterapkan."),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error handling menggunakan metode guard diterapkan saat pembacaan inputan user."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error handling menggunakan implementasi standar keyword ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"match")," dan tipe ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"Result")," digunakan saat validasi command."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Error handling menggunakan operator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"?")," digunakan saat flush stdout dan eksekusi command.")),(0,t.kt)("blockquote",null,(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Silakan mengintip kembali chapter ",(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya"},"Operator ?")," jika diperlukan untuk mengingat kembali cara kerja operator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),".")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Metode error handling menggunakan operator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," sengaja diterapkan pada bagian flush stdout dan eksekusi command. Karena di dalam domain tersebut, ketika ada error maka error-nya pasti berhubungan dengan I/O dan permission di level sistim operasi (OS) yang dimana kita tidak bisa menangani error tersebut dari level program yang sedang dibuat. Oleh karena itu operator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?")," digunakan. Dengannya, maka error-error tersebut akan membuat eksekusi program terhenti secara total dan error dimunculkan sebelum program terhenti karena oleh panic error."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-action-commandprintfiles"},"\u25c9 Action ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Command::PrintFiles")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Action ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"PrintFiles")," melakukan pengecekan pembuatan folder ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"FOLDER_BASEPATH")," (jika belum ada), dan menampilkan list file di dalam folder tersebut. Jika tidak ada file, pesan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"No files")," dimunculkan ke layar."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Tulis kode berikut di file ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"file_manager.rs"),"."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/file_manager.rs"',title:'"./src/file_manager.rs"'},'use crate::file_action_constant;\nuse crate::file_utility;\n\nuse std::path::Path;\nuse std::fs;\n\npub fn print_files() -> Result<(), String> {\n let path = Path::new(file_action_constant::FOLDER_BASEPATH);\n\n // if files folder not exists, create it\n if !path.is_dir() {\n\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n match fs::create_dir(path) {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(_) => {},\n }\n }\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let dir = match fs::read_dir(path) {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(entry) => entry,\n };\n\n let mut count = 0;\n for file in dir {\n count = count + 1;\n\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n match file {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(entry) => {\n println!(" -> {:?}", entry.path());\n }\n }\n };\n\n if count == 0 {\n println!("No files");\n }\n\n Ok(())\n}\n\n// ...\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Dari kode di atas terlihat operasi error propagation dilakukan 3 kali yaitu ketika:"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Pembuatan folder ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"FOLDER_BASEPATH")," (ketika folder belum ada)."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Pembacaan isi folder."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Menampilkan nama file dalam folder.")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-action-commandcreatefile"},"\u25c9 Action ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Command::CreateFile")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Masih di file yang sama (",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"file_manager.rs"),") tambahkan kode untuk handle action pembuatan file berikut."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/file_manager.rs"',title:'"./src/file_manager.rs"'},'// ...\n\npub fn create_file() -> Result<(), String> {\n let path = Path::new(file_action_constant::FOLDER_BASEPATH);\n\n print!("Enter filename: ");\n \n // error handling using operator ?\n let _ = file_utility::stdout_flush()?;\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let filename = match file_utility::read_entry() {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(txt) => txt,\n };\n\n print!("Enter file content: ");\n \n // error handling using operator ?\n let _ = file_utility::stdout_flush()?;\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let content = match file_utility::read_entry() {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(txt) => txt,\n };\n\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n match fs::write(path.join(filename), content) {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(()) => {},\n }\n \n Ok(())\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Handler ini berisi interaksi I/O dengan user 2 kali:"),(0,t.kt)("ol",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Program meminta inputan user untuk dijadikan nama file."),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Program meminta lagi inputan untuk isi konten file.")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Perihal error handler-nya sendiri juga ada beberapa:"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Karena terdapat operasi I/O, maka flush stdout perlu dipanggil. Dalam pemanggilannya, metode error handler menggunakan operator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"?")," dipakai.",(0,t.kt)("pre",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"let _ = file_utility::stdout_flush()?;\n"))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ketika baca inputan user untuk nama file dan konten file",(0,t.kt)("pre",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"let filename = match file_utility::read_entry() { ... };\nlet content = match file_utility::read_entry() { ... };\n"))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ketika file dibuat (operasi write file)",(0,t.kt)("pre",{parentName:"li"},(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust"},"match fs::write(path.join(filename), content) { ... }\n")))),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-action-commandreadfile"},"\u25c9 Action ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Command::ReadFile")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Operasi baca file dilakukan dengan melibatkan I/O dengan user. User dimintai inputan nama file, kemudian file tersebut ditampilkan isinya. Jika ada error saat baca file (yang besar kemungkinan disebabkan oleh file yang dicari tidak ditemukan), pesan errornya kemudian dimunculkan."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/file_manager.rs"',title:'"./src/file_manager.rs"'},'// ...\n\npub fn read_file() -> Result<(), String> {\n let path = Path::new(file_action_constant::FOLDER_BASEPATH);\n\n print!("Enter filename: ");\n \n // error handling using operator ?\n let _ = file_utility::stdout_flush()?;\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let filename = match file_utility::read_entry() {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(txt) => txt,\n };\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let content = match fs::read_to_string(path.join(filename)) {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("ERROR. {:?}", err.to_string());\n return Ok(());\n },\n Ok(txt) => txt,\n };\n\n println!("File content: {:?}", content);\n\n Ok(())\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Bisa dilihat pada statement baca file, ketika terjadi error, ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err()")," tidak dikembalikan, melainkan menggunakan ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Ok()"),". Ini penting karena jika ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"Err()")," digunakan di situ, membuat eksekusi fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"run_program()")," terhenti secara paksa karena fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"read_file()")," (dan fungsi handler command lainnya) dipanggil dengan disertai operator ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"?"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Yang kita lakukan disini adalah memunculkan pesan errornya ke layar secara ",(0,t.kt)("em",{parentName:"p"},"friendly"),", agar program tetap bisa running sesuai flow."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-action-commanddeletefile"},"\u25c9 Action ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Command::DeleteFile")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Operasi baca file juga melibatkan 1 kali interaksi I/O dengan user. File yang namanya di-input oleh user akan dihapus."),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre",className:"language-rust",metastring:'title="./src/file_manager.rs"',title:'"./src/file_manager.rs"'},'// ...\n\npub fn delete_file() -> Result<(), String> {\n let path = Path::new(file_action_constant::FOLDER_BASEPATH);\n\n print!("Enter filename: ");\n \n // error handling using operator ?\n let _ = file_utility::stdout_flush()?;\n\n // error handling using guard method\n let filename = match file_utility::read_entry() {\n Err(err) => {\n return Err(err.to_string());\n },\n Ok(txt) => txt,\n };\n\n // error handling using basic implementation of keyword match\n match fs::remove_file(path.join(filename)) {\n Err(err) => {\n println!("ERROR. {:?}", err.to_string());\n return Ok(());\n },\n Ok(_) => {\n println!("File deleted");\n },\n };\n\n Ok(())\n}\n')),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Error yang berpotensi muncul saat penghapusan file dimunculkan ke layar tanpa menandai pemanggilan fungsi sebagai error, agar flow program tetap berjalan."),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-action-commandexitprogram"},"\u25c9 Action ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"h3"},"Command::ExitProgram")),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Handler command exit program sudah ditulis di blok fungsi ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"run_program()"),"."),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"a552-test-program"},"A.55.2. Test program"),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Ok, bagian tulis menulis kode sudah selesai. Lanjut ke fase testing. Jalankan program, pilih beberapa command, test keseluruhan fungsinya."),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Testing pertama, munculkan files menggunakan command ",(0,t.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"1 Print files"),"."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"}," ",(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Recoverable Error & Error Handling",src:n(7201).Z,width:"637",height:"291"}))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Testing ke-2, buat file baru, cek keberadaan filenya, lalu munculkan isinya."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"}," ",(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Recoverable Error & Error Handling",src:n(6993).Z,width:"637",height:"673"}))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Testing ke-3, hapus file yang telah dibuat, lalu cek lagi file yang ada."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"}," ",(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Recoverable Error & Error Handling",src:n(8669).Z,width:"637",height:"243"}))),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"},"Testing ke-4, exit program."),(0,t.kt)("p",{parentName:"li"}," ",(0,t.kt)("img",{alt:"Recoverable Error & Error Handling",src:n(3610).Z,width:"637",height:"181"})))),(0,t.kt)("p",null,"Hasilnya, mantab."),(0,t.kt)("hr",null),(0,t.kt)("h2",{id:"catatan-chapter-"},"Catatan chapter \ud83d\udcd1"),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-source-code-praktik"},"\u25c9 Source code praktik"),(0,t.kt)("pre",null,(0,t.kt)("a",{href:"https://github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/tree/master/recoverable_error_handling"},"github.com/novalagung/dasarpemrogramanrust-example/../recoverable_error_handling")),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-chapter-relevan-lainnya"},"\u25c9 Chapter relevan lainnya"),(0,t.kt)("ul",null,(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/module-basic"},"Module System \u279c Module")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/result-type"},"Tipe Data \u279c Result")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/operator-tanda-tanya"},"Operator ?")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/pattern-matching"},"Pattern Matching")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/file-path-directory"},"File, Path, Directory")),(0,t.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},(0,t.kt)("a",{parentName:"li",href:"/basic/unrecoverable-panic-error"},"Error \u279c Unrecoverable Error / Panic"))),(0,t.kt)("h3",{id:"-referensi"},"\u25c9 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