02-R-Essentials.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "## Statements and Variables "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a <- 1 \n",
    "b <- 2 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "[1] 1"
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     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "[1] 2"
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     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "[1] 3"
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     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "a + b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "source": [
    "### Arithmetical operators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
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   ],
   "source": [
    "c <- a + 3\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
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     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "c = a + b\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c <- a + b #addition"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "3"
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      "text/latex": [
       "3"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "3"
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       "[1] 3"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "-1"
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      "text/latex": [
       "-1"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "-1"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] -1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a - b # subtraction"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a * b # multipication"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "8"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "8"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "8"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 8"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b ** c # exponentiation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "8 %% 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "2"
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      "text/latex": [
       "2"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "2"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b %% c # modulo operator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "source": [
    "### Relational operators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a < b "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 > 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4 < 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b <= b"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
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      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
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     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   "source": [
    "4 == 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4 != 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4 != 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a > b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a == b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a != b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "source": [
    "### Logical operators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "TRUE || FALSE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "TRUE || TRUE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "( a > b ) || (a < b) # OR "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "TRUE && FALSE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "( a > b ) && (a < b) # AND"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!TRUE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "hidden": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!(( a > b ) && (a < b)) # NOT"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Types"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"character\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name <- \"cusat\"\n",
    "print(class(name)) # type of variable "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"numeric\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "num <- 1.618\n",
    "print(class(num)) # type of variable "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"integer\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "num <- 16L\n",
    "print(class(num)) # type of variable "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "L tells R to store this as an integer."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"logical\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t <- TRUE \n",
    "print(class(t)) # type of variable "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Structure"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Vectors"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- The concatenation function c() job is to combine multiple values into a single vector\n",
    "- A vector is a sequence of similar data elements i.e., integer, double, logical, complex, etc."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 1\n",
       "4. 2\n",
       "5. 1\n",
       "6. 2\n",
       "7. 1\n",
       "8. 2\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "workshop <- c(1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2)\n",
    "workshop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'f'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'f'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'f'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'m'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'m'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'m'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'m'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'f'\n",
       "\\item 'f'\n",
       "\\item 'f'\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 'm'\n",
       "\\item 'm'\n",
       "\\item 'm'\n",
       "\\item 'm'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'f'\n",
       "2. 'f'\n",
       "3. 'f'\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 'm'\n",
       "6. 'm'\n",
       "7. 'm'\n",
       "8. 'm'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"f\" \"f\" \"f\" NA  \"m\" \"m\" \"m\" \"m\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gender <- c(\"f\",\"f\",\"f\",NA,\"m\",\"m\",\"m\",\"m\")\n",
    "gender"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
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       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a <- 1:10 #\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 3\n",
       "3. 5\n",
       "4. 7\n",
       "5. 9\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1 3 5 7 9"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "seq(1, 10 ,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 17\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item 19\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "11. 11\n",
       "12. 12\n",
       "13. 13\n",
       "14. 14\n",
       "15. 15\n",
       "16. 16\n",
       "17. 17\n",
       "18. 18\n",
       "19. 19\n",
       "20. 20\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a <- 1:20\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>22</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>24</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28</li>\n",
       "\t<li>29</li>\n",
       "\t<li>30</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 17\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item 19\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 21\n",
       "\\item 22\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item 24\n",
       "\\item 25\n",
       "\\item 26\n",
       "\\item 27\n",
       "\\item 28\n",
       "\\item 29\n",
       "\\item 30\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 11\n",
       "2. 12\n",
       "3. 13\n",
       "4. 14\n",
       "5. 15\n",
       "6. 16\n",
       "7. 17\n",
       "8. 18\n",
       "9. 19\n",
       "10. 20\n",
       "11. 21\n",
       "12. 22\n",
       "13. 23\n",
       "14. 24\n",
       "15. 25\n",
       "16. 26\n",
       "17. 27\n",
       "18. 28\n",
       "19. 29\n",
       "20. 30\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a + 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>-9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item -9\n",
       "\\item -8\n",
       "\\item -7\n",
       "\\item -6\n",
       "\\item -5\n",
       "\\item -4\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item -2\n",
       "\\item -1\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. -9\n",
       "2. -8\n",
       "3. -7\n",
       "4. -6\n",
       "5. -5\n",
       "6. -4\n",
       "7. -3\n",
       "8. -2\n",
       "9. -1\n",
       "10. 0\n",
       "11. 1\n",
       "12. 2\n",
       "13. 3\n",
       "14. 4\n",
       "15. 5\n",
       "16. 6\n",
       "17. 7\n",
       "18. 8\n",
       "19. 9\n",
       "20. 10\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a - 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a <- c(1.5,3.8,6.7)\n",
    "b <- c(2.1,8.9,6.7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. TRUE\n",
       "2. TRUE\n",
       "3. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a < b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. FALSE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE FALSE  TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a == b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1.16958147229601</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1.84656221241074</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.952628991287817</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.468959549408855</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.274540444464782</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.18558661454551</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3.01813632522381</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1.25029920625403</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.364960304427436</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.967707177885345</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.488974416069318</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.248309941715891</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1.16958147229601\n",
       "\\item -1.84656221241074\n",
       "\\item -0.952628991287817\n",
       "\\item 0.468959549408855\n",
       "\\item -0.274540444464782\n",
       "\\item 1.18558661454551\n",
       "\\item 3.01813632522381\n",
       "\\item -1.25029920625403\n",
       "\\item -0.364960304427436\n",
       "\\item 0.967707177885345\n",
       "\\item -0.488974416069318\n",
       "\\item -0.248309941715891\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1.16958147229601\n",
       "2. -1.84656221241074\n",
       "3. -0.952628991287817\n",
       "4. 0.468959549408855\n",
       "5. -0.274540444464782\n",
       "6. 1.18558661454551\n",
       "7. 3.01813632522381\n",
       "8. -1.25029920625403\n",
       "9. -0.364960304427436\n",
       "10. 0.967707177885345\n",
       "11. -0.488974416069318\n",
       "12. -0.248309941715891\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1.1695815 -1.8465622 -0.9526290  0.4689595 -0.2745404  1.1855866\n",
       " [7]  3.0181363 -1.2502992 -0.3649603  0.9677072 -0.4889744 -0.2483099"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rnorm(12)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'aa'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'bb'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cc'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dd'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ee'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'aa'\n",
       "\\item 'bb'\n",
       "\\item 'cc'\n",
       "\\item 'dd'\n",
       "\\item 'ee'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'aa'\n",
       "2. 'bb'\n",
       "3. 'cc'\n",
       "4. 'dd'\n",
       "5. 'ee'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"aa\" \"bb\" \"cc\" \"dd\" \"ee\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s=c(\"aa\",\"bb\",\"cc\",\"dd\",\"ee\")\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'aa'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'aa'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'aa'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"aa\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'bb'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'bb'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'bb'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"bb\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 3\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2 3 4"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2:4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'bb'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cc'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dd'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'bb'\n",
       "\\item 'cc'\n",
       "\\item 'dd'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'bb'\n",
       "2. 'cc'\n",
       "3. 'dd'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"bb\" \"cc\" \"dd\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[2:4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mask <- c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'aa'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'bb'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dd'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'aa'\n",
       "\\item 'bb'\n",
       "\\item 'dd'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'aa'\n",
       "2. 'bb'\n",
       "3. 'dd'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"aa\" \"bb\" \"dd\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[mask]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Matrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix <- matrix(1:16, nrow =4, ncol = 4, byrow = TRUE)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 5</td><td> 6</td><td> 7</td><td> 8</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>12</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>13</td><td>14</td><td>15</td><td>16</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       "\t  1 &  2 &  3 &  4\\\\\n",
       "\t  5 &  6 &  7 &  8\\\\\n",
       "\t  9 & 10 & 11 & 12\\\\\n",
       "\t 13 & 14 & 15 & 16\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "|  1 |  2 |  3 |  4 |\n",
       "|  5 |  6 |  7 |  8 |\n",
       "|  9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |\n",
       "| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]\n",
       "[1,]  1    2    3    4  \n",
       "[2,]  5    6    7    8  \n",
       "[3,]  9   10   11   12  \n",
       "[4,] 13   14   15   16  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "help(matrix)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1 </td><td>5 </td><td> 9</td><td>13</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2 </td><td>6 </td><td>10</td><td>14</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>3 </td><td>7 </td><td>11</td><td>15</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>4 </td><td>8 </td><td>12</td><td>16</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       "\t 1  & 5  &  9 & 13\\\\\n",
       "\t 2  & 6  & 10 & 14\\\\\n",
       "\t 3  & 7  & 11 & 15\\\\\n",
       "\t 4  & 8  & 12 & 16\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| 1  | 5  |  9 | 13 |\n",
       "| 2  | 6  | 10 | 14 |\n",
       "| 3  | 7  | 11 | 15 |\n",
       "| 4  | 8  | 12 | 16 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]\n",
       "[1,] 1    5     9   13  \n",
       "[2,] 2    6    10   14  \n",
       "[3,] 3    7    11   15  \n",
       "[4,] 4    8    12   16  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix <- matrix(1:16, nrow =4, ncol = 4)\n",
    "mymatrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1 2 3"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r = 1:3\n",
    "c = 1\n",
    "mymatrix[r,c]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "8"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "8"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "8"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 8"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix[4,2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "16"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "16"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "16"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 16"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix[4,4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 13\n",
       "2. 14\n",
       "3. 15\n",
       "4. 16\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 13 14 15 16"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix[,4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{ll}\n",
       "\t 1 & 5\\\\\n",
       "\t 2 & 6\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| 1 | 5 |\n",
       "| 2 | 6 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     [,1] [,2]\n",
       "[1,] 1    5   \n",
       "[2,] 2    6   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix[1:2,1:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- A list is a special type of vector.\n",
    "- It is used to store combinations of any other objects, even\n",
    "other lists\n",
    "- A list can contain many lists nested inside.\n",
    "- Elements in the list are indexed by double brackets[[]].\n",
    "- Single bracket[] will still return another list.\n",
    "- Although you can use a list to store any R object, they are\n",
    "most often used to store data in various forms, results from\n",
    "functions such as regression equation parameters, and sets\n",
    "of arguments to control functions."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "help(list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_list <- list(1,4,8,9)\n",
    "x = list(1, \"a\", TRUE, c(1:8))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\end{enumerate}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 4\n",
       "3. 8\n",
       "4. 9\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[[1]]\n",
       "[1] 1\n",
       "\n",
       "[[2]]\n",
       "[1] 4\n",
       "\n",
       "[[3]]\n",
       "[1] 8\n",
       "\n",
       "[[4]]\n",
       "[1] 9\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'a'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 'a'\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\end{enumerate}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 'a'\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. 1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[[1]]\n",
       "[1] 1\n",
       "\n",
       "[[2]]\n",
       "[1] \"a\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[3]]\n",
       "[1] TRUE\n",
       "\n",
       "[[4]]\n",
       "[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'a'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 'a'\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\end{enumerate}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 'a'\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. 1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[[1]]\n",
       "[1] 1\n",
       "\n",
       "[[2]]\n",
       "[1] \"a\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[3]]\n",
       "[1] TRUE\n",
       "\n",
       "[[4]]\n",
       "[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = list(1, \"a\", TRUE, c(1:8))\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<dl>\n",
       "\t<dt>$x</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</dd>\n",
       "\t<dt>$y</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</dd>\n",
       "</dl>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{description}\n",
       "\\item[\\$x] \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item[\\$y] \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\end{description}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "$x\n",
       ":   1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "11. 11\n",
       "12. 12\n",
       "13. 13\n",
       "14. 14\n",
       "15. 15\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       ":   1. TRUE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "$x\n",
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       "[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist = list(x = 1:15, y = c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE,TRUE,FALSE))\n",
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. TRUE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist$y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "11. 11\n",
       "12. 12\n",
       "13. 13\n",
       "14. 14\n",
       "15. 15\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist$x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Factors"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x1 <- c(\"Dec\", \"Apr\", \"Jan\", \"Mar\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "month_levels <- c(\n",
    "  \"Jan\", \"Feb\", \"Mar\", \"Apr\", \"May\", \"Jun\", \n",
    "  \"Jul\", \"Aug\", \"Sep\", \"Oct\", \"Nov\", \"Dec\"\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>Dec</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Apr</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Jan</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Mar</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "\n",
       "<details>\n",
       "\t<summary style=display:list-item;cursor:pointer>\n",
       "\t\t<strong>Levels</strong>:\n",
       "\t</summary>\n",
       "\t<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Jan'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Feb'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Mar'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Apr'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'May'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Jun'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Jul'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Aug'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Sep'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Oct'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Nov'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Dec'</li>\n",
       "\t</ol>\n",
       "</details>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item Dec\n",
       "\\item Apr\n",
       "\\item Jan\n",
       "\\item Mar\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\emph{Levels}: \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'Jan'\n",
       "\\item 'Feb'\n",
       "\\item 'Mar'\n",
       "\\item 'Apr'\n",
       "\\item 'May'\n",
       "\\item 'Jun'\n",
       "\\item 'Jul'\n",
       "\\item 'Aug'\n",
       "\\item 'Sep'\n",
       "\\item 'Oct'\n",
       "\\item 'Nov'\n",
       "\\item 'Dec'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. Dec\n",
       "2. Apr\n",
       "3. Jan\n",
       "4. Mar\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "**Levels**: 1. 'Jan'\n",
       "2. 'Feb'\n",
       "3. 'Mar'\n",
       "4. 'Apr'\n",
       "5. 'May'\n",
       "6. 'Jun'\n",
       "7. 'Jul'\n",
       "8. 'Aug'\n",
       "9. 'Sep'\n",
       "10. 'Oct'\n",
       "11. 'Nov'\n",
       "12. 'Dec'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] Dec Apr Jan Mar\n",
       "Levels: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y1 <- factor(x1, levels = month_levels)\n",
    "y1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>Jan</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Mar</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Apr</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Dec</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "\n",
       "<details>\n",
       "\t<summary style=display:list-item;cursor:pointer>\n",
       "\t\t<strong>Levels</strong>:\n",
       "\t</summary>\n",
       "\t<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Jan'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Feb'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Mar'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Apr'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'May'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Jun'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Jul'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Aug'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Sep'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Oct'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Nov'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Dec'</li>\n",
       "\t</ol>\n",
       "</details>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item Jan\n",
       "\\item Mar\n",
       "\\item Apr\n",
       "\\item Dec\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\emph{Levels}: \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'Jan'\n",
       "\\item 'Feb'\n",
       "\\item 'Mar'\n",
       "\\item 'Apr'\n",
       "\\item 'May'\n",
       "\\item 'Jun'\n",
       "\\item 'Jul'\n",
       "\\item 'Aug'\n",
       "\\item 'Sep'\n",
       "\\item 'Oct'\n",
       "\\item 'Nov'\n",
       "\\item 'Dec'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. Jan\n",
       "2. Mar\n",
       "3. Apr\n",
       "4. Dec\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "**Levels**: 1. 'Jan'\n",
       "2. 'Feb'\n",
       "3. 'Mar'\n",
       "4. 'Apr'\n",
       "5. 'May'\n",
       "6. 'Jun'\n",
       "7. 'Jul'\n",
       "8. 'Aug'\n",
       "9. 'Sep'\n",
       "10. 'Oct'\n",
       "11. 'Nov'\n",
       "12. 'Dec'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] Jan Mar Apr Dec\n",
       "Levels: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sort(y1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## BuiltIn Functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "is.integer(1L)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "name <- \"nithin\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "is.character(name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "1"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "1"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "as.integer(1.1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "is.matrix(mymatrix)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a <- c(\"aa\",\"bb\",\"cc\",\"dd\",\"ee\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "length(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'character'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'character'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'character'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"character\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mode(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>200</li>\n",
       "\t<li>201</li>\n",
       "\t<li>202</li>\n",
       "\t<li>203</li>\n",
       "\t<li>204</li>\n",
       "\t<li>205</li>\n",
       "\t<li>206</li>\n",
       "\t<li>207</li>\n",
       "\t<li>208</li>\n",
       "\t<li>209</li>\n",
       "\t<li>210</li>\n",
       "\t<li>211</li>\n",
       "\t<li>212</li>\n",
       "\t<li>213</li>\n",
       "\t<li>214</li>\n",
       "\t<li>215</li>\n",
       "\t<li>216</li>\n",
       "\t<li>217</li>\n",
       "\t<li>218</li>\n",
       "\t<li>219</li>\n",
       "\t<li>220</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 200\n",
       "\\item 201\n",
       "\\item 202\n",
       "\\item 203\n",
       "\\item 204\n",
       "\\item 205\n",
       "\\item 206\n",
       "\\item 207\n",
       "\\item 208\n",
       "\\item 209\n",
       "\\item 210\n",
       "\\item 211\n",
       "\\item 212\n",
       "\\item 213\n",
       "\\item 214\n",
       "\\item 215\n",
       "\\item 216\n",
       "\\item 217\n",
       "\\item 218\n",
       "\\item 219\n",
       "\\item 220\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 200\n",
       "2. 201\n",
       "3. 202\n",
       "4. 203\n",
       "5. 204\n",
       "6. 205\n",
       "7. 206\n",
       "8. 207\n",
       "9. 208\n",
       "10. 209\n",
       "11. 210\n",
       "12. 211\n",
       "13. 212\n",
       "14. 213\n",
       "15. 214\n",
       "16. 215\n",
       "17. 216\n",
       "18. 217\n",
       "19. 218\n",
       "20. 219\n",
       "21. 220\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218\n",
       "[20] 219 220"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a <- 200 : 220 \n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 11"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "which(a == 210) #The which() function will return the position of the elements"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x1 <- c(1,5,4,7,2,1,5,3,1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "help(order)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 4\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 7\n",
       "4. 3\n",
       "5. 8\n",
       "6. 5\n",
       "7. 1\n",
       "8. 6\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 4 2 7 3 8 5 1 6 9"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "order(x1, decreasing = TRUE)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "122"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "122"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "122"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 122"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 1\n",
       "3. 1\n",
       "4. 2\n",
       "5. 3\n",
       "6. 4\n",
       "7. 5\n",
       "8. 5\n",
       "9. 7\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 7"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x1[order(x1)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 5\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "4. 7\n",
       "5. 2\n",
       "6. 1\n",
       "7. 5\n",
       "8. 3\n",
       "9. 1\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1 5 4 7 2 1 5 3 1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " num [1:9] 1 5 4 7 2 1 5 3 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str(x1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<dl>\n",
       "\t<dt>$x</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</dd>\n",
       "\t<dt>$y</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</dd>\n",
       "</dl>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{description}\n",
       "\\item[\\$x] \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item[\\$y] \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\end{description}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "$x\n",
       ":   1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "11. 11\n",
       "12. 12\n",
       "13. 13\n",
       "14. 14\n",
       "15. 15\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       ":   1. TRUE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "$x\n",
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       "[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "List of 2\n",
      " $ x: int [1:15] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...\n",
      " $ y: logi [1:5] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str(mylist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Control Structure & Loops"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "These allow you to control the flow of execution of a script typically inside of a function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"jupyter\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if (FALSE){\n",
    "    print(\"cusat FDA\")\n",
    "\n",
    "}else{\n",
    "    print(\"jupyter\")\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"This show is popular!\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "num_views <- 140\n",
    "# Apply ifelse loop to check the number of views greater than 15 #\n",
    "if (nuuviews > 15) {\n",
    "print(\"This show is popular!\")\n",
    "}else{\n",
    "print(\"This show is not popular!\")\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Loops"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In a **for** loop a looping vector is assigned a value which is iterated in a loop for certain\n",
    "number of times. For each iteration the statement is evaluated."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>100</li>\n",
       "\t<li>101</li>\n",
       "\t<li>102</li>\n",
       "\t<li>103</li>\n",
       "\t<li>104</li>\n",
       "\t<li>105</li>\n",
       "\t<li>106</li>\n",
       "\t<li>107</li>\n",
       "\t<li>108</li>\n",
       "\t<li>109</li>\n",
       "\t<li>110</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 100\n",
       "\\item 101\n",
       "\\item 102\n",
       "\\item 103\n",
       "\\item 104\n",
       "\\item 105\n",
       "\\item 106\n",
       "\\item 107\n",
       "\\item 108\n",
       "\\item 109\n",
       "\\item 110\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 100\n",
       "2. 101\n",
       "3. 102\n",
       "4. 103\n",
       "5. 104\n",
       "6. 105\n",
       "7. 106\n",
       "8. 107\n",
       "9. 108\n",
       "10. 109\n",
       "11. 110\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x <- 100:110\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 200\n",
      "[1] 201\n",
      "[1] 202\n",
      "[1] 203\n",
      "[1] 204\n",
      "[1] 205\n",
      "[1] 206\n",
      "[1] 207\n",
      "[1] 208\n",
      "[1] 209\n",
      "[1] 210\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for (i in x){\n",
    "    print(i + 100)\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x <- c(2,5,3,9,8,11,6, 4,8,9,1,3,4,6,7,5,21,12,13,14,10)\n",
    "# initiate count with 0 #\n",
    "count <- 0\n",
    "\n",
    "for (i in x){\n",
    "    if(i %% 2 == 0)\n",
    "        count = count+1\n",
    "}\n",
    "print(count)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The **while** continues executing a block of codes until a specific condition\n",
    "\n",
    "is met."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/While-loop-diagram.svg\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 10\n",
      "[1] 30\n",
      "[1] 50\n",
      "[1] 70\n",
      "[1] 90\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "x = 10\n",
    "while(x < 100){\n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    x <- x +20\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- While is a condition based \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"Slow down!\"\n",
      "[1] \"Slow down!\"\n",
      "[1] \"Slow down!\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "speed <- 84\n",
    "\n",
    "while (speed > 30 ) {\n",
    "    print(\"Slow down!\")\n",
    "    speed = speed-20\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Apply Functuions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://www.guru99.com/images/r_programming/032918_0401_applysapply1.png\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1 </td><td>5 </td><td> 9</td><td>13</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2 </td><td>6 </td><td>10</td><td>14</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>3 </td><td>7 </td><td>11</td><td>15</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>4 </td><td>8 </td><td>12</td><td>16</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       "\t 1  & 5  &  9 & 13\\\\\n",
       "\t 2  & 6  & 10 & 14\\\\\n",
       "\t 3  & 7  & 11 & 15\\\\\n",
       "\t 4  & 8  & 12 & 16\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| 1  | 5  |  9 | 13 |\n",
       "| 2  | 6  | 10 | 14 |\n",
       "| 3  | 7  | 11 | 15 |\n",
       "| 4  | 8  | 12 | 16 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]\n",
       "[1,] 1    5     9   13  \n",
       "[2,] 2    6    10   14  \n",
       "[3,] 3    7    11   15  \n",
       "[4,] 4    8    12   16  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mymatrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>28</li>\n",
       "\t<li>32</li>\n",
       "\t<li>36</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 28\n",
       "\\item 32\n",
       "\\item 36\n",
       "\\item 40\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 28\n",
       "2. 32\n",
       "3. 36\n",
       "4. 40\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 28 32 36 40"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum_vec<-apply(mymatrix, 1, sum)\n",
    "sum_vec"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "10"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "10"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "10"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 10"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum_vec[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "4"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "4"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "4"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 4"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(c(1,1,1,1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "5.5"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "5.5"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "5.5"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 5.5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mean(1:10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "55"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "55"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "55"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 55"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(1:10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26</li>\n",
       "\t<li>42</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 26\n",
       "\\item 42\n",
       "\\item 58\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 10\n",
       "2. 26\n",
       "3. 42\n",
       "4. 58\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 10 26 42 58"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "apply(mymatrix,2,sum)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<dl>\n",
       "\t<dt>$x</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</dd>\n",
       "\t<dt>$y</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</dd>\n",
       "</dl>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{description}\n",
       "\\item[\\$x] \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item[\\$y] \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\end{description}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "$x\n",
       ":   1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "11. 11\n",
       "12. 12\n",
       "13. 13\n",
       "14. 14\n",
       "15. 15\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       ":   1. TRUE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "$x\n",
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       "[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<dl>\n",
       "\t<dt>$x</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd>8</dd>\n",
       "\t<dt>$y</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd>0.6</dd>\n",
       "</dl>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{description}\n",
       "\\item[\\$x] 8\n",
       "\\item[\\$y] 0.6\n",
       "\\end{description}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "$x\n",
       ":   8\n",
       "$y\n",
       ":   0.6\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "$x\n",
       "[1] 8\n",
       "\n",
       "$y\n",
       "[1] 0.6\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lapply(mylist, mean)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<dl class=dl-horizontal>\n",
       "\t<dt>x</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd>8</dd>\n",
       "\t<dt>y</dt>\n",
       "\t\t<dd>0.6</dd>\n",
       "</dl>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{description*}\n",
       "\\item[x] 8\n",
       "\\item[y] 0.6\n",
       "\\end{description*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "x\n",
       ":   8y\n",
       ":   0.6\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  x   y \n",
       "8.0 0.6 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sapply(mylist, mean)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functions "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Function_machine2.svg/220px-Function_machine2.svg.png\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tfunc <- function(a){\n",
    "    v <- 1 : 10\n",
    "    if(a > 10){\n",
    "    return(v + a)\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    else{\n",
    "    return(v + a + 10)       \n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tfunc(-10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fib <- function(n){\n",
    "    if(n <= 2)\n",
    "        return(1)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    return(fib(n-1) + fib(n-2))\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "#return (fib(2) + fib(1))\n",
    "#(1+1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "1,1,2,3,5,8...."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 5\n",
      "[1] 8\n",
      "[1] 13\n",
      "[1] 21\n",
      "[1] 34\n",
      "[1] 55\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for (i in 5:10){\n",
    "    x <- fib(i)\n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    }"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is.prime(n) TRUE or FALSE\n",
    "nth_prime()\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 3\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "4. 5\n",
       "5. 6\n",
       "6. 7\n",
       "7. 8\n",
       "8. 9\n",
       "9. 10\n",
       "10. 11\n",
       "11. 12\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2:12"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 3\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "4. 5\n",
       "5. 6\n",
       "6. 7\n",
       "7. 8\n",
       "8. 9\n",
       "9. 10\n",
       "10. 11\n",
       "11. 12\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n <-12 \n",
    "seq(2,n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "5"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "12 %% 7"
   ]
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       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
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       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
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       "\\item 6\n",
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       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
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       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
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       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 4\n",
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       "[1]  1  4  7 10"
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   "source": [
    "start <- 1\n",
    "stop <- 10\n",
    "step <- 3\n",
    "seq(start,stop, step)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "solution": "hidden"
   },
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   "source": [
    "is.prime <- function(n){\n",
    "    for (i in seq(2,n-1)){\n",
    "        if( n %% i == 0){\n",
    "            return( FALSE)\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    return(TRUE)\n",
    "}\n",
    "is.prime(11)"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "**Exercise 2**\n",
    "\n",
    "- find the 100001'th prime number"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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   "source": [
    "100 ** .5 "
   ]
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   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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   "source": [
    "ceiling(1.1)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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   "source": [
    "floor(1.1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "[1] 316.2278"
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   "source": [
    "100000 ** .5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {
    "solution": "shown"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is_prime <- function(n){\n",
    "    if(n <= 1)\n",
    "        return(FALSE)\n",
    "    last <- ceiling(n ^ .5) # sqrt(n)\n",
    "    for (i in 2:last){\n",
    "        if(n %% i == 0)\n",
    "            return(FALSE)\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    return(TRUE)\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "nth_prime_number <- function(number){\n",
    "    count = 2\n",
    "    nth_number = 3\n",
    "    while(TRUE){\n",
    "        nth_number = nth_number + 2\n",
    "        if(is_prime(nth_number)){\n",
    "            count = count +1\n",
    "            if(count == number)\n",
    "                return(nth_number)\n",
    "}}}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {
    "solution": "shown"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "104743"
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       "104743"
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       "[1] 104743"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "nth_prime_number(10001)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Implement Ackerman function\n",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann_function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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