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6502_functional_test.asm
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6502_functional_test.asm
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;
; 6 5 0 2 F U N C T I O N A L T E S T
;
; Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Klaus Dormann
;
; This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
; (at your option) any later version.
;
; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
; GNU General Public License for more details.
;
; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
; along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
; This program is designed to test all opcodes of a 6502 emulator using all
; addressing modes with focus on propper setting of the processor status
; register bits.
;
; version 21-oct-2015
; contact info at http://2m5.de or email [email protected]
;
; assembled with AS65 from http://www.kingswood-consulting.co.uk/assemblers/
; command line switches: -l -m -s2 -w -h0
; | | | | no page headers in listing
; | | | wide listing (133 char/col)
; | | write intel hex file instead of binary
; | expand macros in listing
; generate pass2 listing
;
; No IO - should be run from a monitor with access to registers.
; To run load intel hex image with a load command, than alter PC to 400 hex
; (code_segment) and enter a go command.
; Loop on program counter determines error or successful completion of test.
; Check listing for relevant traps (jump/branch *).
; Please note that in early tests some instructions will have to be used before
; they are actually tested!
;
; RESET, NMI or IRQ should not occur and will be trapped if vectors are enabled.
; Tests documented behavior of the original NMOS 6502 only! No unofficial
; opcodes. Additional opcodes of newer versions of the CPU (65C02, 65816) will
; not be tested. Decimal ops will only be tested with valid BCD operands and
; N V Z flags will be ignored.
;
; Debugging hints:
; Most of the code is written sequentially. if you hit a trap, check the
; immediately preceeding code for the instruction to be tested. Results are
; tested first, flags are checked second by pushing them onto the stack and
; pulling them to the accumulator after the result was checked. The "real"
; flags are no longer valid for the tested instruction at this time!
; If the tested instruction was indexed, the relevant index (X or Y) must
; also be checked. Opposed to the flags, X and Y registers are still valid.
;
; versions:
; 28-jul-2012 1st version distributed for testing
; 29-jul-2012 fixed references to location 0, now #0
; added license - GPLv3
; 30-jul-2012 added configuration options
; 01-aug-2012 added trap macro to allow user to change error handling
; 01-dec-2012 fixed trap in branch field must be a branch
; 02-mar-2013 fixed PLA flags not tested
; 19-jul-2013 allowed ROM vectors to be loaded when load_data_direct = 0
; added test sequence check to detect if tests jump their fence
; 23-jul-2013 added RAM integrity check option
; 16-aug-2013 added error report to standard output option
; 13-dec-2014 added binary/decimal opcode table switch test
; 14-dec-2014 improved relative address test
; 23-aug-2015 added option to disable self modifying tests
; 24-aug-2015 all self modifying immediate opcodes now execute in data RAM
; added small branch offset pretest
; 21-oct-2015 added option to disable decimal mode ADC & SBC tests
; C O N F I G U R A T I O N
;ROM_vectors writable (0=no, 1=yes)
;if ROM vectors can not be used interrupts will not be trapped
;as a consequence BRK can not be tested but will be emulated to test RTI
ROM_vectors = 1
;load_data_direct (0=move from code segment, 1=load directly)
;loading directly is preferred but may not be supported by your platform
;0 produces only consecutive object code, 1 is not suitable for a binary image
load_data_direct = 1
;I_flag behavior (0=force enabled, 1=force disabled, 2=prohibit change, 3=allow
;change) 2 requires extra code and is not recommended. SEI & CLI can only be
;tested if you allow changing the interrupt status (I_flag = 3)
I_flag = 3
;configure memory - try to stay away from memory used by the system
;zero_page memory start address, $50 (80) consecutive Bytes required
; add 2 if I_flag = 2
zero_page = $a
;data_segment memory start address, $6A (106) consecutive Bytes required
data_segment = $200
if (data_segment & $ff) != 0
ERROR ERROR ERROR low byte of data_segment MUST be $00 !!
endif
;code_segment memory start address, 13kB of consecutive space required
; add 2.5 kB if I_flag = 2
code_segment = $400
;self modifying code may be disabled to allow running in ROM
;0=part of the code is self modifying and must reside in RAM
;1=tests disabled: branch range
disable_selfmod = 0
;report errors through I/O channel (0=use standard self trap loops, 1=include
;report.i65 as I/O channel, add 3.5 kB)
report = 0
;RAM integrity test option. Checks for undesired RAM writes.
;set lowest non RAM or RAM mirror address page (-1=disable, 0=64k, $40=16k)
;leave disabled if a monitor, OS or background interrupt is allowed to alter RAM
ram_top = -1
;disable test decimal mode ADC & SBC, 0=enable, 1=disable,
;2=disable including decimal flag in processor status
disable_decimal = 0
noopt ;do not take shortcuts
;macros for error & success traps to allow user modification
;example:
;trap macro
; jsr my_error_handler
; endm
;trap_eq macro
; bne skip\?
; trap ;failed equal (zero)
;skip\?
; endm
;
; my_error_handler should pop the calling address from the stack and report it.
; putting larger portions of code (more than 3 bytes) inside the trap macro
; may lead to branch range problems for some tests.
if report = 0
trap macro
jmp * ;failed anyway
endm
trap_eq macro
beq * ;failed equal (zero)
endm
trap_ne macro
bne * ;failed not equal (non zero)
endm
trap_cs macro
bcs * ;failed carry set
endm
trap_cc macro
bcc * ;failed carry clear
endm
trap_mi macro
bmi * ;failed minus (bit 7 set)
endm
trap_pl macro
bpl * ;failed plus (bit 7 clear)
endm
trap_vs macro
bvs * ;failed overflow set
endm
trap_vc macro
bvc * ;failed overflow clear
endm
; please observe that during the test the stack gets invalidated
; therefore a RTS inside the success macro is not possible
success macro
jmp * ;test passed, no errors
endm
endif
if report = 1
trap macro
jsr report_error
endm
trap_eq macro
bne skip\?
trap ;failed equal (zero)
skip\?
endm
trap_ne macro
beq skip\?
trap ;failed not equal (non zero)
skip\?
endm
trap_cs macro
bcc skip\?
trap ;failed carry set
skip\?
endm
trap_cc macro
bcs skip\?
trap ;failed carry clear
skip\?
endm
trap_mi macro
bpl skip\?
trap ;failed minus (bit 7 set)
skip\?
endm
trap_pl macro
bmi skip\?
trap ;failed plus (bit 7 clear)
skip\?
endm
trap_vs macro
bvc skip\?
trap ;failed overflow set
skip\?
endm
trap_vc macro
bvs skip\?
trap ;failed overflow clear
skip\?
endm
; please observe that during the test the stack gets invalidated
; therefore a RTS inside the success macro is not possible
success macro
jsr report_success
endm
endif
carry equ %00000001 ;flag bits in status
zero equ %00000010
intdis equ %00000100
decmode equ %00001000
break equ %00010000
reserv equ %00100000
overfl equ %01000000
minus equ %10000000
fc equ carry
fz equ zero
fzc equ carry+zero
fv equ overfl
fvz equ overfl+zero
fn equ minus
fnc equ minus+carry
fnz equ minus+zero
fnzc equ minus+zero+carry
fnv equ minus+overfl
fao equ break+reserv ;bits always on after PHP, BRK
fai equ fao+intdis ;+ forced interrupt disable
faod equ fao+decmode ;+ ignore decimal
faid equ fai+decmode ;+ ignore decimal
m8 equ $ff ;8 bit mask
m8i equ $ff&~intdis ;8 bit mask - interrupt disable
;macros to allow masking of status bits.
;masking test of decimal bit
;masking of interrupt enable/disable on load and compare
;masking of always on bits after PHP or BRK (unused & break) on compare
if disable_decimal < 2
if I_flag = 0
load_flag macro
lda #\1&m8i ;force enable interrupts (mask I)
endm
cmp_flag macro
cmp #(\1|fao)&m8i ;I_flag is always enabled + always on bits
endm
eor_flag macro
eor #(\1&m8i|fao) ;mask I, invert expected flags + always on bits
endm
endif
if I_flag = 1
load_flag macro
lda #\1|intdis ;force disable interrupts
endm
cmp_flag macro
cmp #(\1|fai)&m8 ;I_flag is always disabled + always on bits
endm
eor_flag macro
eor #(\1|fai) ;invert expected flags + always on bits + I
endm
endif
if I_flag = 2
load_flag macro
lda #\1
ora flag_I_on ;restore I-flag
and flag_I_off
endm
cmp_flag macro
eor flag_I_on ;I_flag is never changed
cmp #(\1|fao)&m8i ;expected flags + always on bits, mask I
endm
eor_flag macro
eor flag_I_on ;I_flag is never changed
eor #(\1&m8i|fao) ;mask I, invert expected flags + always on bits
endm
endif
if I_flag = 3
load_flag macro
lda #\1 ;allow test to change I-flag (no mask)
endm
cmp_flag macro
cmp #(\1|fao)&m8 ;expected flags + always on bits
endm
eor_flag macro
eor #\1|fao ;invert expected flags + always on bits
endm
endif
else
if I_flag = 0
load_flag macro
lda #\1&m8i ;force enable interrupts (mask I)
endm
cmp_flag macro
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
cmp #(\1|faod)&m8i ;I_flag is always enabled + always on bits
endm
eor_flag macro
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
eor #(\1&m8i|faod) ;mask I, invert expected flags + always on bits
endm
endif
if I_flag = 1
load_flag macro
lda #\1|intdis ;force disable interrupts
endm
cmp_flag macro
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
cmp #(\1|faid)&m8 ;I_flag is always disabled + always on bits
endm
eor_flag macro
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
eor #(\1|faid) ;invert expected flags + always on bits + I
endm
endif
if I_flag = 2
load_flag macro
lda #\1
ora flag_I_on ;restore I-flag
and flag_I_off
endm
cmp_flag macro
eor flag_I_on ;I_flag is never changed
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
cmp #(\1|faod)&m8i ;expected flags + always on bits, mask I
endm
eor_flag macro
eor flag_I_on ;I_flag is never changed
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
eor #(\1&m8i|faod) ;mask I, invert expected flags + always on bits
endm
endif
if I_flag = 3
load_flag macro
lda #\1 ;allow test to change I-flag (no mask)
endm
cmp_flag macro
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
cmp #(\1|faod)&m8 ;expected flags + always on bits
endm
eor_flag macro
ora #decmode ;ignore decimal mode bit
eor #\1|faod ;invert expected flags + always on bits
endm
endif
endif
;macros to set (register|memory|zeropage) & status
set_stat macro ;setting flags in the processor status register
load_flag \1
pha ;use stack to load status
plp
endm
set_a macro ;precharging accu & status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda #\1 ;precharge accu
plp
endm
set_x macro ;precharging index & status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
ldx #\1 ;precharge index x
plp
endm
set_y macro ;precharging index & status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
ldy #\1 ;precharge index y
plp
endm
set_ax macro ;precharging indexed accu & immediate status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda \1,x ;precharge accu
plp
endm
set_ay macro ;precharging indexed accu & immediate status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda \1,y ;precharge accu
plp
endm
set_z macro ;precharging indexed zp & immediate status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda \1,x ;load to zeropage
sta zpt
plp
endm
set_zx macro ;precharging zp,x & immediate status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda \1,x ;load to indexed zeropage
sta zpt,x
plp
endm
set_abs macro ;precharging indexed memory & immediate status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda \1,x ;load to memory
sta abst
plp
endm
set_absx macro ;precharging abs,x & immediate status
load_flag \2
pha ;use stack to load status
lda \1,x ;load to indexed memory
sta abst,x
plp
endm
;macros to test (register|memory|zeropage) & status & (mask)
tst_stat macro ;testing flags in the processor status register
php ;save status
pla ;use stack to retrieve status
pha
cmp_flag \1
trap_ne
plp ;restore status
endm
tst_a macro ;testing result in accu & flags
php ;save flags
cmp #\1 ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
pha
cmp_flag \2
trap_ne
plp ;restore status
endm
tst_x macro ;testing result in x index & flags
php ;save flags
cpx #\1 ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
pha
cmp_flag \2
trap_ne
plp ;restore status
endm
tst_y macro ;testing result in y index & flags
php ;save flags
cpy #\1 ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
pha
cmp_flag \2
trap_ne
plp ;restore status
endm
tst_ax macro ;indexed testing result in accu & flags
php ;save flags
cmp \1,x ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
eor_flag \3
cmp \2,x ;test flags
trap_ne ;
endm
tst_ay macro ;indexed testing result in accu & flags
php ;save flags
cmp \1,y ;test result
trap_ne ;
pla ;load status
eor_flag \3
cmp \2,y ;test flags
trap_ne
endm
tst_z macro ;indexed testing result in zp & flags
php ;save flags
lda zpt
cmp \1,x ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
eor_flag \3
cmp \2,x ;test flags
trap_ne
endm
tst_zx macro ;testing result in zp,x & flags
php ;save flags
lda zpt,x
cmp \1,x ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
eor_flag \3
cmp \2,x ;test flags
trap_ne
endm
tst_abs macro ;indexed testing result in memory & flags
php ;save flags
lda abst
cmp \1,x ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
eor_flag \3
cmp \2,x ;test flags
trap_ne
endm
tst_absx macro ;testing result in abs,x & flags
php ;save flags
lda abst,x
cmp \1,x ;test result
trap_ne
pla ;load status
eor_flag \3
cmp \2,x ;test flags
trap_ne
endm
; RAM integrity test
; verifies that none of the previous tests has altered RAM outside of the
; designated write areas.
; uses zpt word as indirect pointer, zpt+2 word as checksum
if ram_top > -1
check_ram macro
cld
lda #0
sta zpt ;set low byte of indirect pointer
sta zpt+3 ;checksum high byte
if disable_selfmod = 0
sta range_adr ;reset self modifying code
endif
clc
ldx #zp_bss-zero_page ;zeropage - write test area
ccs3\? adc zero_page,x
bcc ccs2\?
inc zpt+3 ;carry to high byte
clc
ccs2\? inx
bne ccs3\?
ldx #hi(abs1) ;set high byte of indirect pointer
stx zpt+1
ldy #lo(abs1) ;data after write & execute test area
ccs5\? adc (zpt),y
bcc ccs4\?
inc zpt+3 ;carry to high byte
clc
ccs4\? iny
bne ccs5\?
inx ;advance RAM high address
stx zpt+1
cpx #ram_top
bne ccs5\?
sta zpt+2 ;checksum low is
cmp ram_chksm ;checksum low expected
trap_ne ;checksum mismatch
lda zpt+3 ;checksum high is
cmp ram_chksm+1 ;checksum high expected
trap_ne ;checksum mismatch
endm
else
check_ram macro
;RAM check disabled - RAM size not set
endm
endif
next_test macro ;make sure, tests don't jump the fence
lda test_case ;previous test
cmp #test_num
trap_ne ;test is out of sequence
test_num = test_num + 1
lda #test_num ;*** next tests' number
sta test_case
;check_ram ;uncomment to find altered RAM after each test
endm
if load_data_direct = 1
data
else
bss ;uninitialized segment, copy of data at end of code!
endif
org 0 ;edited to load from 0x0000 (was: org zero_page)
ds zero_page ;see above (this line added)
;break test interrupt save
irq_a ds 1 ;a register
irq_x ds 1 ;x register
if I_flag = 2
;masking for I bit in status
flag_I_on ds 1 ;or mask to load flags
flag_I_off ds 1 ;and mask to load flags
endif
zpt ;5 bytes store/modify test area
;add/subtract operand generation and result/flag prediction
adfc ds 1 ;carry flag before op
ad1 ds 1 ;operand 1 - accumulator
ad2 ds 1 ;operand 2 - memory / immediate
adrl ds 1 ;expected result bits 0-7
adrh ds 1 ;expected result bit 8 (carry)
adrf ds 1 ;expected flags NV0000ZC (only binary mode)
sb2 ds 1 ;operand 2 complemented for subtract
zp_bss
zp1 db $c3,$82,$41,0 ;test patterns for LDx BIT ROL ROR ASL LSR
zp7f db $7f ;test pattern for compare
;logical zeropage operands
zpOR db 0,$1f,$71,$80 ;test pattern for OR
zpAN db $0f,$ff,$7f,$80 ;test pattern for AND
zpEO db $ff,$0f,$8f,$8f ;test pattern for EOR
;indirect addressing pointers
ind1 dw abs1 ;indirect pointer to pattern in absolute memory
dw abs1+1
dw abs1+2
dw abs1+3
dw abs7f
inw1 dw abs1-$f8 ;indirect pointer for wrap-test pattern
indt dw abst ;indirect pointer to store area in absolute memory
dw abst+1
dw abst+2
dw abst+3
inwt dw abst-$f8 ;indirect pointer for wrap-test store
indAN dw absAN ;indirect pointer to AND pattern in absolute memory
dw absAN+1
dw absAN+2
dw absAN+3
indEO dw absEO ;indirect pointer to EOR pattern in absolute memory
dw absEO+1
dw absEO+2
dw absEO+3
indOR dw absOR ;indirect pointer to OR pattern in absolute memory
dw absOR+1
dw absOR+2
dw absOR+3
;add/subtract indirect pointers
adi2 dw ada2 ;indirect pointer to operand 2 in absolute memory
sbi2 dw sba2 ;indirect pointer to complemented operand 2 (SBC)
adiy2 dw ada2-$ff ;with offset for indirect indexed
sbiy2 dw sba2-$ff
zp_bss_end
org data_segment
test_case ds 1 ;current test number
ram_chksm ds 2 ;checksum for RAM integrity test
;add/subtract operand copy - abs tests write area
abst ;5 bytes store/modify test area
ada2 ds 1 ;operand 2
sba2 ds 1 ;operand 2 complemented for subtract
ds 3 ;fill remaining bytes
data_bss
if load_data_direct = 1
ex_andi and #0 ;execute immediate opcodes
rts
ex_eori eor #0 ;execute immediate opcodes
rts
ex_orai ora #0 ;execute immediate opcodes
rts
ex_adci adc #0 ;execute immediate opcodes
rts
ex_sbci sbc #0 ;execute immediate opcodes
rts
else
ex_andi ds 3
ex_eori ds 3
ex_orai ds 3
ex_adci ds 3
ex_sbci ds 3
endif
abs1 db $c3,$82,$41,0 ;test patterns for LDx BIT ROL ROR ASL LSR
abs7f db $7f ;test pattern for compare
;loads
fLDx db fn,fn,0,fz ;expected flags for load
;shifts
rASL ;expected result ASL & ROL -carry
rROL db $86,$04,$82,0 ; "
rROLc db $87,$05,$83,1 ;expected result ROL +carry
rLSR ;expected result LSR & ROR -carry
rROR db $61,$41,$20,0 ; "
rRORc db $e1,$c1,$a0,$80 ;expected result ROR +carry
fASL ;expected flags for shifts
fROL db fnc,fc,fn,fz ;no carry in
fROLc db fnc,fc,fn,0 ;carry in
fLSR
fROR db fc,0,fc,fz ;no carry in
fRORc db fnc,fn,fnc,fn ;carry in
;increments (decrements)
rINC db $7f,$80,$ff,0,1 ;expected result for INC/DEC
fINC db 0,fn,fn,fz,0 ;expected flags for INC/DEC
;logical memory operand
absOR db 0,$1f,$71,$80 ;test pattern for OR
absAN db $0f,$ff,$7f,$80 ;test pattern for AND
absEO db $ff,$0f,$8f,$8f ;test pattern for EOR
;logical accu operand
absORa db 0,$f1,$1f,0 ;test pattern for OR
absANa db $f0,$ff,$ff,$ff ;test pattern for AND
absEOa db $ff,$f0,$f0,$0f ;test pattern for EOR
;logical results
absrlo db 0,$ff,$7f,$80
absflo db fz,fn,0,fn
data_bss_end
code
org code_segment
start cld
ldx #$ff
txs
lda #0 ;*** test 0 = initialize
sta test_case
test_num = 0
;stop interrupts before initializing BSS
if I_flag = 1
sei
endif
;initialize I/O for report channel
if report = 1
jsr report_init
endif
;pretest small branch offset
ldx #5
jmp psb_test
psb_bwok
ldy #5
bne psb_forw
trap ;branch should be taken
dey ;forward landing zone
dey
dey
dey
dey
psb_forw
dey
dey
dey
dey
dey
beq psb_fwok
trap ;forward offset
dex ;backward landing zone
dex
dex
dex
dex
psb_back
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
beq psb_bwok
trap ;backward offset
psb_test
bne psb_back
trap ;branch should be taken
psb_fwok
;initialize BSS segment
if load_data_direct != 1
ldx #zp_end-zp_init-1
ld_zp lda zp_init,x
sta zp_bss,x
dex
bpl ld_zp
ldx #data_end-data_init-1
ld_data lda data_init,x
sta data_bss,x
dex
bpl ld_data
if ROM_vectors = 1
ldx #5
ld_vect lda vec_init,x
sta vec_bss,x
dex
bpl ld_vect
endif
endif
;retain status of interrupt flag
if I_flag = 2
php
pla
and #4 ;isolate flag
sta flag_I_on ;or mask
eor #lo(~4) ;reverse
sta flag_I_off ;and mask
endif
;generate checksum for RAM integrity test
if ram_top > -1
lda #0
sta zpt ;set low byte of indirect pointer
sta ram_chksm+1 ;checksum high byte
if disable_selfmod = 0
sta range_adr ;reset self modifying code
endif
clc
ldx #zp_bss-zero_page ;zeropage - write test area
gcs3 adc zero_page,x
bcc gcs2
inc ram_chksm+1 ;carry to high byte
clc
gcs2 inx
bne gcs3
ldx #hi(abs1) ;set high byte of indirect pointer
stx zpt+1
ldy #lo(abs1) ;data after write & execute test area
gcs5 adc (zpt),y
bcc gcs4
inc ram_chksm+1 ;carry to high byte
clc
gcs4 iny
bne gcs5
inx ;advance RAM high address
stx zpt+1
cpx #ram_top
bne gcs5
sta ram_chksm ;checksum complete
endif
next_test
if disable_selfmod = 0
;testing relative addressing with BEQ
ldy #$fe ;testing maximum range, not -1/-2 (invalid/self adr)
range_loop
dey ;next relative address
tya
tax ;precharge count to end of loop
bpl range_fw ;calculate relative address
clc ;avoid branch self or to relative address of branch
adc #2
nop ;offset landing zone - tolerate +/-5 offset to branch
nop
nop
nop
nop
range_fw
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
eor #$7f ;complement except sign
sta range_adr ;load into test target
lda #0 ;should set zero flag in status register
jmp range_op
dex ; offset landing zone - backward branch too far
dex
dex
dex
dex
;relative address target field with branch under test in the middle
dex ;-128 - max backward
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-120
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-110
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-100
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-90
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-80
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-70
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-60
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-50
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-40
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-30
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex ;-20
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex
dex