diff --git a/llmfoundry/callbacks/__init__.py b/llmfoundry/callbacks/__init__.py
index 660f282267..fe84efa316 100644
--- a/llmfoundry/callbacks/__init__.py
+++ b/llmfoundry/callbacks/__init__.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 from llmfoundry.callbacks.eval_output_logging_callback import EvalOutputLogging
 from llmfoundry.callbacks.fdiff_callback import FDiffMetrics
 from llmfoundry.callbacks.hf_checkpointer import HuggingFaceCheckpointer
+from llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback import KillLossSpike
 from llmfoundry.callbacks.log_mbmoe_tok_per_expert_callback import (
     MegaBlocksMoE_TokPerExpert,
 )
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@
 callbacks.register('loss_perp_v_len', func=LossPerpVsContextLengthLogger)
 callbacks.register('env_logging', func=EnvironmentLoggingCallback)
 callbacks.register('nan_monitor', func=NaNMonitor)
+callbacks.register('kill_loss_spike', func=KillLossSpike)
 
 callbacks_with_config.register('async_eval', func=AsyncEval)
 callbacks_with_config.register('curriculum_learning', func=CurriculumLearning)
@@ -76,4 +78,5 @@
     'AsyncEval',
     'CurriculumLearning',
     'LossPerpVsContextLengthLogger',
+    'KillLossSpike',
 ]
diff --git a/llmfoundry/callbacks/kill_loss_spike_callback.py b/llmfoundry/callbacks/kill_loss_spike_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0a92c85e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/llmfoundry/callbacks/kill_loss_spike_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# Copyright 2022 MosaicML LLM Foundry authors
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Track training runs for loss spikes or persistently high training loss."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from collections import deque
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from composer.core import Callback, State, TimeUnit
+from composer.loggers import Logger, MosaicMLLogger
+from composer.utils import dist
+
+from llmfoundry.utils.exceptions import HighLossError, LossSpikeError
+from llmfoundry.utils.warnings import experimental_class
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+__all__ = ['KillLossSpike']
+
+_MIN_WINDOW_SIZE = 100
+_MAX_LOSS_CAP = 10
+_WINDOW_FRACTION = 0.05
+
+
+@experimental_class('KillLossSpike')
+class KillLossSpike(Callback):
+    """Detects and handles loss spikes or high losses during training.
+
+    Monitors the training loss at the end of each batch and maintains a rolling window of recent losses.
+    If recent training losses exceed a specified cap or if a significant spike in loss is detected, the callback can either
+    log a warning (displayed as a message on the run event) or raise a LossSpikeError to stop the run without retry.
+
+    Args:
+        log_only (bool): If True, the callback will only log warnings without interrupting training. If False, a
+                         LossSpikeError will be raised to stop training upon detecting a loss spike or persistently
+                         high loss. Default is True.
+        patience (int): The number of consecutive outlier losses tolerated before considering the training loss to be
+                        persistently high. Default is 4 (so 5 consecutive outlier losses will trigger an error).
+        outlier_multiplier (int): The multiplier used to determine if a loss is an outlier. A loss is considered an
+                                  outlier if it is outlier_multiplier times greater than the mean of losses in
+                                  the current window. Default is 2.
+        window_size (int): The size of the rolling window used to track recent losses. This is set to 1/20 of the total training batches, with a minimum of 100 steps.
+        loss_cap (int): The maximum allowable loss. If the training loss consistently exceeds this value,
+                        it is considered a diverging or unstable run. This is set to the maximum loss from the first window of losses, with a maximum of 10.
+
+    Raises:
+        LossSpikeError: If log_only is False and a loss spike or persistently high loss is detected, this error is
+                        raised to stop the run with an error message.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        log_only: bool = True,
+        patience: int = 4,
+        outlier_multiplier: float = 2,
+        window_size: int = _MIN_WINDOW_SIZE,
+        loss_cap: float = _MAX_LOSS_CAP,
+    ):
+        self._enabled = (dist.get_global_rank() == 0)
+        self.log_only = log_only
+        self.patience = patience
+        self.outlier_multiplier = outlier_multiplier
+        self.outlier_counter = 0
+        self.window_size = window_size
+        self.loss_window = deque()
+        self.loss_cap = loss_cap
+        self.window_size_set = (window_size != _MIN_WINDOW_SIZE)
+        self.loss_cap_set = (loss_cap != _MAX_LOSS_CAP)
+
+    def _detect_loss_spike(
+        self,
+        train_loss: float,
+        running_loss_avg: float,
+    ) -> bool:
+        # Train loss is an outlier
+        if train_loss >= running_loss_avg * self.outlier_multiplier:
+            self.outlier_counter += 1
+            log.info(
+                f'Potential loss spike detected. Iteration: {self.outlier_counter}',
+            )
+            if self.outlier_counter > self.patience:
+                log.info(
+                    f'Loss spike detected for {self.outlier_counter} steps. Try lowering the learning rate.',
+                )
+                return True
+        # Previous step loss was an outlier, current step loss is not. Reset outlier counter.
+        elif self.outlier_counter > 0:
+            log.info(f'Not a persistent loss spike. Resetting outlier counter.')
+            self.outlier_counter = 0
+        return False
+
+    def _detect_high_losses(self, current_step: int) -> bool:
+        if current_step < self.window_size * 2:
+            return False
+
+        # Half of the running losses are greater than our "high loss" threshold, after an initial buffer period
+        high_loss_count = sum(
+            1 for loss in self.loss_window if loss > self.loss_cap
+        )
+        is_high_loss = (high_loss_count >= self.window_size / 2)
+
+        if is_high_loss:
+            log.info(
+                f'High losses detected: {high_loss_count}/{self.window_size} losses above {self.loss_cap}.',
+            )
+
+        return is_high_loss
+
+    def _log_metadata(self, logger: Logger, key: str, message: str) -> None:
+        for destination in logger.destinations:
+            if isinstance(destination, MosaicMLLogger):
+                destination.log_metadata({
+                    key: message,
+                    'loss_window': list(self.loss_window),
+                })
+
+    def _handle_loss_spike(
+        self,
+        logger: Logger,
+        running_loss_avg: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        message = f'Training loss spike detected for {self.outlier_counter} consecutive steps. Consider stopping this run and resubmitting with a lower learning rate.'
+        self._log_metadata(logger, 'loss_spike', message)
+        if not self.log_only:
+            raise LossSpikeError(
+                outlier_multiplier=self.outlier_multiplier,
+                running_loss_avg=round(running_loss_avg),
+                outlier_counter=self.outlier_counter,
+            )
+
+    def _handle_high_losses(self, logger: Logger) -> None:
+        message = f'Persistently high (>{self.loss_cap}) training losses detected. Consider stopping this run and resubmitting with a lower learning rate.'
+        self._log_metadata(logger, 'high_loss', message)
+        if not self.log_only:
+            raise HighLossError(
+                loss_cap=self.loss_cap,
+                window_size=self.window_size,
+            )
+
+    def _set_window_size(self, state: State) -> None:
+        total_training_steps = 0
+        current_step = int(state.timestamp.batch)
+        current_token = int(state.timestamp.token)
+
+        if state.max_duration is not None:
+            if state.max_duration.unit == TimeUnit.EPOCH and state.dataloader_len is not None:
+                total_training_steps = state.dataloader_len * state.max_duration.value
+            elif state.max_duration.unit == TimeUnit.BATCH:
+                total_training_steps = state.max_duration.value
+            elif state.max_duration.unit == TimeUnit.TOKEN:
+                # This is an approximation of the total batches from the total tokens, assuming the ratio of tokens:batch is constant.
+                total_training_steps = current_step * (
+                    state.max_duration.value / current_token
+                )
+            self.window_size = max(
+                self.window_size,
+                round(float(total_training_steps * _WINDOW_FRACTION)),
+            )
+        self.loss_window = deque(self.loss_window, maxlen=self.window_size)
+        log.info(f'Window size set to: {self.window_size}')
+        self.window_size_set = True
+
+    def batch_end(self, state: State, logger: Logger) -> None:
+
+        if not isinstance(state.loss, torch.Tensor):
+            raise NotImplementedError('Multiple losses not supported yet')
+        train_loss = state.loss.item()
+
+        # Only start early stopping once a full window of loss data
+        if len(self.loss_window) == self.window_size:
+
+            current_step = int(state.timestamp.batch)
+
+            # If window size has not yet been set either by user or during run, set window size to a fraction of the total training duration. Minimum 100 batches.
+            if not self.window_size_set:
+                self._set_window_size(state)
+                # Window size has been expanded -- keep adding losses until we reach the window size.
+                if self.window_size > _MIN_WINDOW_SIZE:
+                    self.loss_window.append(train_loss)
+                    return
+
+            # If user does not provide a loss cap, set loss cap to the maximum loss from the first loss window. Hard cap at loss=10.
+            if not self.loss_cap_set and current_step == self.window_size:
+                self.loss_cap = min(max(self.loss_window), self.loss_cap)
+                self.loss_cap_set = True
+
+            running_loss_avg = float(np.mean(self.loss_window))
+
+            if self._detect_loss_spike(train_loss, running_loss_avg):
+                self._handle_loss_spike(logger, running_loss_avg)
+            elif self._detect_high_losses(current_step):
+                self._handle_high_losses(logger)
+
+        self.loss_window.append(train_loss)
diff --git a/llmfoundry/utils/exceptions.py b/llmfoundry/utils/exceptions.py
index 206095f28b..73951ef19e 100644
--- a/llmfoundry/utils/exceptions.py
+++ b/llmfoundry/utils/exceptions.py
@@ -387,3 +387,42 @@ class RunTimeoutError(InternalError):
     def __init__(self, timeout: int) -> None:
         message = f'Run timed out after {timeout} seconds.'
         super().__init__(message, timeout=timeout)
+
+
+class LossSpikeError(UserError):
+    """Error thrown if a severe loss spike occurs."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        outlier_multiplier: float,
+        running_loss_avg: int,
+        outlier_counter: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        message = f'Training stopped due to a loss spike. The training loss was more than {outlier_multiplier} times greater than \
+                    the running average loss (approx. {running_loss_avg}) over {outlier_counter} consecutive training steps. \
+                    Please try submitting the run again with a lower learning rate.'
+
+        super().__init__(
+            message,
+            outlier_multiplier=outlier_multiplier,
+            running_loss_avg=running_loss_avg,
+            outlier_counter=outlier_counter,
+        )
+
+
+class HighLossError(UserError):
+    """Error thrown if training loss plateaus or is unstable at a high level."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        loss_cap: float,
+        window_size: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        message = f'Training stopped due to consistently high losses. The training loss exceeded the threshold of {loss_cap} \
+                        for more than half of the {window_size} most recent training steps. Please try submitting the run again with a lower learning rate.'
+
+        super().__init__(
+            message,
+            loss_cap=loss_cap,
+            window_size=window_size,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/callbacks/test_kill_loss_spike_callback.py b/tests/callbacks/test_kill_loss_spike_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..577dbd33cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/callbacks/test_kill_loss_spike_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Copyright 2024 MosaicML LLM Foundry authors
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+import unittest
+from collections import deque
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+from composer.core.time import TimeUnit
+
+from llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback import KillLossSpike
+from llmfoundry.utils.exceptions import LossSpikeError
+
+
+class TestKillLossSpike(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: str, **kwargs: dict):
+        super(TestKillLossSpike, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.callback = KillLossSpike(
+            log_only=True,
+            patience=4,
+            outlier_multiplier=2,
+        )
+        self.callback.window_size = 10
+        self.callback.loss_cap = 10
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_detect_loss_spike_no_spike(self, _):
+        self.callback.outlier_counter = 0
+        train_loss = 4
+        running_loss_avg = 2
+        result = self.callback._detect_loss_spike(train_loss, running_loss_avg)
+        self.assertFalse(result)
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_detect_loss_spike_with_spike(self, _):
+        self.callback.outlier_counter = 4  # Simulating previous spikes
+        train_loss = 4
+        running_loss_avg = 2
+        result = self.callback._detect_loss_spike(train_loss, running_loss_avg)
+        self.assertTrue(result)
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_handle_loss_spike_logs_only_when_log_only_true(self, _):
+        logger = MagicMock()
+        running_loss_avg = 2
+        self.callback.log_only = True
+        self.callback.outlier_counter = 5
+
+        try:
+            self.callback._handle_loss_spike(logger, running_loss_avg)
+        except LossSpikeError:
+            self.fail('LossSpikeError was raised unexpectedly')
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_handle_loss_spike_raises_error_log_only_false(self, _):
+        logger = MagicMock()
+        running_loss_avg = 2
+        self.callback.log_only = False
+        self.callback.outlier_counter = 5
+
+        # LossSpikeError is raised
+        with self.assertRaises(LossSpikeError):
+            self.callback._handle_loss_spike(logger, running_loss_avg)
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_detect_high_losses_no_high_losses(self, _):
+        self.callback.loss_window = deque([2] * 10, maxlen=10)
+        current_step = 21
+        result = self.callback._detect_high_losses(current_step)
+        self.assertFalse(result)
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_detect_high_losses_with_high_losses(self, _):
+        self.callback.loss_window = deque(
+            [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
+            maxlen=10,
+        )  # Simulate mix of losses in loss window
+        current_step = 21
+        result = self.callback._detect_high_losses(current_step)
+        self.assertTrue(result)
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_set_window_size_from_token(self, _):
+        state = MagicMock()
+        state.max_duration.unit = TimeUnit.TOKEN
+        state.max_duration.value = 100000
+        state.timestamp.batch = 100
+        state.timestamp.token = 4000
+
+        self.callback._set_window_size(state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.callback.window_size, 125)
+        self.assertTrue(self.callback.window_size_set)
+
+    @patch('llmfoundry.callbacks.kill_loss_spike_callback.log')
+    def test_set_window_size_from_epoch(self, _):
+        state = MagicMock()
+        state.max_duration.unit = TimeUnit.EPOCH
+        state.dataloader_len = 1000
+        state.max_duration.value = 3
+        state.timestamp.batch = 100
+
+        self.callback._set_window_size(state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.callback.window_size, 150)
+        self.assertTrue(self.callback.window_size_set)
diff --git a/tests/utils/test_exceptions.py b/tests/utils/test_exceptions.py
index 097bdf77fb..75c50511dd 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_exceptions.py
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ def get_default_value(arg_type: Optional[type] = None):
             return 'string'
         elif arg_type == int:
             return 1
+        elif arg_type == float:
+            return 1.0
         elif arg_type == set[str]:
             return {'set'}
         elif arg_type == list[str]: