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30_Encryption_configuration.md

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Encryption configuration

:::note You must use this configuration only if you want to use Client Side Field Level Encryption (CSFLE) provided by MongoDB. :::

Starting with version 4.4.0, the crud-service has introduced the support for the Client Side Field Level Encryption (CSFLE).

:::warning Be careful, CSFLE is a Mongo Enterprise feature, and requires at least MongoDB version 4.2. :::

With CSFLE, the CRUD Service can encrypt fields in documents before transmitting the data to Mongo: this allows to store on database already encrypted data and can be used to obfuscate sensible data.

:::caution CSFLE must not be used to store passwords. :::

The keys and the data are stored in different collections and can even be stored in different databases: only with access to the correct encryption keys it's possible to decrypt and read the protected data.

For some data types (Number, String, Date and ObjectId) it is also possible to guarantee their searchability even if encrypted.

:::caution Not all MongoDB operators are supported for encrypted fields. Take a look to the official documentation for more details. :::

Keys relations

The keys used by the CSFLE feature are of two types:

  • data encryption key: used to encrypt and decrypt the values of the fields marked for encryption. Each collection that contains documents with encrypted fields uses its specific data encryption key. Each data encryption key is stored inside a dedicated collection of the MongoDB instance.
  • master key: data encryption keys are not stored as plaintext on MongoDB, but rather encrypted. The master key is used to encrypt and decrypt the data encryption keys. The Key Management Service (KMS) is the system responsible to manage the master key.

:::caution Deleting an encryption key renders all data inside a collection encrypted using that key permanently unreadable, as it won't be possible to decrypt them anymore. :::

Configuration

In order to guarantee a correct data encryption, it is necessary to configure a Key Management Service. Currently, we support two different KMS: Local and Google Cloud Key Management (available from Google Cloud Platform).

To configure the CRUD Service in order to enable CSFLE it is necessary to add some environment variables to the configuration. To add the environment variables, please refer to the dedicated section.

Configure CSFLE with the Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

:::note Keep in mind that a KMS provided by GCP has additional costs. Take a look at the official documentation to find out the cost and the related billing logic. :::

In order to configure the encryption using the Google KMS, you need the KMS service account json configuration and the KMS endpoint.

And here is an example of the KMS endpoint: projects/{project_id}/locations/{location}/keyRings/{keyRingName}/cryptoKeys/{keyName}

With these configurations at hand, you can now configure the environment variables for the CRUD Service:

Variable Type Required Default value Description
KMS_PROVIDER gcp Required - the type of provider used as key Manager Service. It has to be the string gcp to use Google Cloud Platform
KMS_GCP_EMAIL String Required - service account e-mail of the KMS.
KMS_GCP_PROJECT_ID String Required - GCP project id in which is configured the KMS. It corresponds to the project_id in the KMS service account json configuration.
KMS_GCP_LOCATION String Required - Location in which the KMS is running. It corresponds to the location in the KMS endpoint (e.g. if the endpoint is projects/:projectId/locations/:location/keyRings/:keyRing/cryptoKeys/:cryptoKey, you must enter as the value of the variable :location).
KMS_GCP_KEY_RING String Required - GCP keyring used by the KMS. It corresponds to the keyRingName in the KMS endpoint (e.g., if the endpoint is projects/:projectId/locations/:location/keyRings/:keyRing/cryptoKeys/:cryptoKey, you must enter as the value of the variable :keyRing).
KMS_GCP_KEY_NAME String Required - GCP key name. It corresponds to the keyName in the KMS endpoint (e.g., if the endpoint is projects/:projectId/locations/:location/keyRings/:keyRing/cryptoKeys/:cryptoKey, you must enter as the value of the variable :cryptoKey).
KMS_GCP_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH String Required - Path in which is stored the private key, on the console you must mount it as ConfigMap. The content of this private key corresponds to the formatted private_key in the KMS service account json configuration.
KEY_VAULT_NAMESPACE String Required - where the key used for the collection encryption will be stored. The required format is {databaseName}.{collectionName}. (e.g.: if the database name is myDatabase and the collection name is testCollection, you must enter as the value of the variable myDatabase.testCollection.)

:::warning To ensure that encryption keys are stored correctly, verify that CRUD service has the permissions to create and access the database and collection specified in KEY_VAULT_NAMESPACE variable. :::

Configure CSFLE with Local Key

:::caution The local KMS is not recommended for production. :::

In order to configure the encryption using the Local KMS it's necessary to add these new variables:

Variable Type Required Default value Description
KMS_PROVIDER local Required - the type of provider used as key Manager Service. It has to be the string local to use a local KMS
LOCAL_MASTER_KEY_PATH String Required - Path where the master key is stored. This path must be mounted as ConfigMap. To generate it, please read the following guide.
KEY_VAULT_NAMESPACE String Required - where the key used for the collection encryption will be stored. The required format is {databaseName}.{collectionName}. (e.g.: if the database name is myDatabase and the collection name is testCollection, you must enter as the value of the variable myDatabase.testCollection.)
  • KMS_PROVIDER (enum: local): the key is managed using a local master key.
  • LOCAL_MASTER_KEY_PATH: Path where the master key is stored. This path must be mounted as ConfigMap on the console. To generate it, please read the following guide.
  • KEY_VAULT_NAMESPACE: where the key used for the collection encryption will be stored. The required format is {databaseName}.{collectionName}.

:::warning To ensure that encryption keys are stored correctly, verify that CRUD service has the permissions to create and access the database and collection specified in KEY_VAULT_NAMESPACE variable. :::

Local master key generation

The local master key must have the exact size of 96 bytes.

You can generate it randomly with a NodeJS script or with a shell command.

Alternatively, you can create your own string of length 96 characters.

How to generate a local master key using NodeJS

const fs = require('fs')
const characters ='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'

function generateString(length) {
  let result = ''
  const charactersLength = characters.length
  for ( let i = 0; i < length; i++ ) {
    result += characters.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * charactersLength))
  }
  return result
}

try {
  fs.writeFileSync('YOUR_KEY_PATH', generateString(96))
} catch (err) {
  console.error(err)
}

How to generate a local master key using Shell Command

LC_ALL=C tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' < /dev/urandom | fold -w 96 | head -1

Migration and change of the configurations

:::note We recommend activating the encryption only for new fields. :::

It is possible to enable or disable the encryption of an already existing field, although this operation requires a manual action on the data. Such action is necessary to keep applications relying on those field correctly up and running. This manual action involves both physically update stored data and CRUD configuration.

In order to achieve this goal please follow these instructions:

  • extract through CRUD all the records from the collection of concern, so that values are available
  • open in the Console the CRUD section of your project and select the interested CRUD collection
  • export existing CRUD collection configuration (to potentially use it later)
  • delete existing fields that should become encrypted/unencrypted
  • recreate those field enabling or disabling the Client Side Encryption depending on the use case (it is possible to import the previously downloaded config to simplify fields creation)
  • commit and deploy the new configuration
  • import through CRUD the records that were previously exported, so that they are store using the correct encryption level

Nested objects

Besides plain fields, it is also possible to encrypt objects and their content; however, doing this we have some limitations:

  • objects are encryptable but not searchable while encrypted
  • to encrypt an object, all of its properties must not be encrypted

Activate object encryption

In order to activate object encryption, you must insert the encryption object in your JSON schema, at same level of the properties or type key.

For example, if you have the following schema:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "testProperty": {
      "type": "string"
    }
  }
}

And you want to activate the encryption for the entire object (that is not searchable), you must add:

"encryption": {"enabled": true, "searchable": false}

So your final schema would be:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "testProperty": {
      "type": "string"
    }
  },
  "encryption": {
    "enabled": true,
    "searchable": false
  }
}

Instead, if you want to activate encryption only for the property testProperty, and make it searchable, you must add:

"encryption": {
  "enabled": true, 
  "searchable": true
}

inside the property definition.

So your final schema would be:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "testProperty": {
      "type": "string",
      "encryption": {
        "enabled": true,
        "searchable": true
      }
    }
  }
}