docs: add buck2 docs

Signed-off-by: Austin Seipp <[email protected]>

docs/buck2.md

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+# Buck2 builds
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> This document is primarily of interest to developers. See also [Contributing]
+> for more information on how to contribute in general.
+
+There is experimental support for building `jj` with [Buck2], a hermetic and
+reproducible build system, an alternative to Cargo.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Buck2 support is a work in progress, and is not yet complete. It is not
+> recommended for primary development use.
+
+## Step 0: Installing Dotslash
+
+We use [Dotslash] to manage Buck2 build tooling in a way that's consistent
+across all developers and amenable to version control. This helps ensure every
+developer gets consistent results (which is a big part of the selling point of
+hermetic build tools.)
+
+You can install Dotslash binaries by following the instructions at:
+
+- <https://dotslash-cli.com/docs/installation/>
+
+Or, if you have Rust installed, you can install Dotslash by running:
+
+```sh
+cargo install dotslash
+```
+
+Or, if you have Nix, you can install Dotslash with Nix by running:
+
+```sh
+nix profile install 'nixpkgs#dotslash'
+```
+
+## Building `jj` with Buck2
+
+Assuming `dotslash` exists somewhere in your `$PATH`, you can now build `jj`
+with the included `buck2` dotslash file that exists under `./tools/bin`:
+
+```sh
+./tools/bin/buck2 run //:jj -- version
+```
+
+Dotslash will transparently run the correct version of `buck2`, and `buck2` will
+build everything needed to run `jj`.
+
+## Buck2 crash course
+
+The following is an extremely minimal crash course in Buck2 concepts and how to
+use it.
+
+### Targets
+
+Buck2 is used to build **targets**, that exists in **packages**, which are part
+of a **cell**. The most explicit syntax for referring to a target is the
+following:
+
+```text
+cell//path/to/package:target-name
+```
+
+You normally use a so-called "fully qualified" name like the above as an
+argument to `buck2 build`.
+
+A cell is a short name that maps to a directory in the code repository. A
+package is a subdirectory underneath the cell that contains the build rules for
+the targets. A target is a buildable unit of code, like a binary or a library,
+named in the `BUILD` file inside that package.
+
+A fully-qualified reference to a target works anywhere in the source code tree,
+so you can build or test any component no matter what directory you're in.
+
+So, given a cell named `foobar//` located underneath `code/foobar`, and a
+package `bar/baz` in that cell, leads to a file
+
+```text
+code/foobar/bar/baz/BUILD
+```
+
+Which contains the targets that can be built.
+
+There are several shorthands for a target:
+
+- NIH.
+
+### Graphs: Target & Action
+
+NIH.
+
+### Package files
+
+NIH.
+
+### Mode files
+
+In order to support concepts like debug and release builds, we use the concept
+of "mode files" in Buck2. These are files that contain a list of command line
+options to apply to a build to achieve the desired effect.
+
+For example, to build in debug mode, you can simply include the contents of the
+file `mode//debug` (using cell syntax) onto the command line. This can
+conveniently be done with "at-file" syntax when invoking `buck2`:
+
+```sh
+buck2 build //:jj @mode//debug
+buck2 build //:jj @mode//release
+```
+
+Where `@path/to/file` is the at-file syntax for including the contents of a file
+on the command line. This syntax supports `cell//` references to Buck cells, as
+well.
+
+In short, `buck2 build @mode//file` will apply the contents of `file` to your
+invocation. We keep a convenient set of these files maintained under the
+`mode//` cell, located under [`./buck/mode`](../buck/mode).
+
+#### At-file syntax
+
+The `buck2` CLI supports a convenient modern feature called "at-file" syntax,
+where the invocation `buck2 @path/to/file` is effectively equivalent to the
+bash-ism `buck2 $(cat path/to/file)`, where each line of the file is a single
+command line entry, in a consistent and portable way that doesn't have any limit
+to the size of the underlying file.
+
+For example, assuming the file `foo/bar` contained the contents
+
+```text
+--foo=1
+--bar=false
+```
+
+Then `buck2 --test @foo/bar` and `buck2 --test --foo=1 --bar=false` are
+equivalent.
+
+### Buck Extension Language (BXL)
+
+NIH.
+
+## Examples
+
+Some examples are included below.
+
+### Run BoringSSL speed tests
+
+```sh
+buck2 run third-party//bssl:bssl @mode//release -- speed
+```
+
+### Build all third-party Rust dependencies
+
+```sh
+buck2 build third-party//rust
+```
+
+### Build all `http_archive` dependencies
+
+```sh
+buck2 build $(buck2 uquery "kind('http_archive', deps('//...'))" | grep third-party//)
+```
+
+## Development notes
+
+Notes for `jj` developers using Buck2.
+
+### Build mode reference
+
+- `@mode//debug`
+- `@mode//release`
+
+### Cargo dependency management
+
+Although Buck2 downloads and runs `rustc` on its own to build crate
+dependencies, our `Cargo.toml` build files act as the source of truth for
+dependency information in both Cargo and Buck2.
+
+Updating the dependency graph for Cargo-based projects typically comes in one of
+two forms:
+
+- Updating a dependency version in the top-level workspace `Cargo.toml` file
+- Adding a newly required dependency to `[dependencies]` in the `Cargo.toml`
+  file for a crate
+
+After doing either of these actions, you can synchronize the Buck2 dependencies
+with the Cargo dependencies with the following script:
+
+```bash
+./buck/third-party/rust/synchronize.py
+```
+
+This must be run from the root of the repository.
+
+This will re-synchronize all `third-party//rust` crates with the versions in the
+workspace Cargo file, and then also update the `BUILD` files in the source code
+with any newly added build dependencies that were added or removed (not just
+updated).
+
+### `rust-analyzer` support
+
+Coming soon.
+
+<!-- References -->
+
+[Contributing]: https://martinvonz.github.io/jj/latest/contributing/
+[Buck2]: https://buck2.build/
+[Dotslash]: https://dotslash-cli.com/