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Cloud Foundry Routing [BOSH release]

This repo is a BOSH release that delivers HTTP and TCP routing for Cloud Foundry.

Developer Workflow

When working on individual components of TCP Router, work out of the submodules under src/.

Run the individual component unit tests as you work on them using ginkgo.

Commits to this repo (including Pull Requests) should be made on the Develop branch.

Get the code

  1. Fetch release repo.
mkdir -p ~/workspace
cd ~/workspace
git clone https://github.com/cloudfoundry-incubator/routing-release.git
cd routing-release/
  1. Automate $GOPATH and $PATH setup.

This BOSH release doubles as a $GOPATH. It will automatically be set up for you if you have direnv installed.

direnv allow

If you do not wish to use direnv, you can simply source the .envrc file in the root of the release repo. You may manually need to update your $GOPATH and $PATH variables as you switch in and out of the directory.

  1. Initialize and sync submodules.
./scripts/update

Running Unit Tests

  1. Install ginkgo
go install github.com/onsi/ginkgo/ginkgo
  1. Run unit tests
./scripts/run-unit-tests

Deployment Prerequisites

  1. Deploy BOSH. An easy way to get started using a single VM is BOSH Lite.

  2. Upload the latest Warden Trusty Go-Agent stemcell for your IaaS to the BOSH Director. Stemcells can be found at bosh.io. You can download it first if you prefer.

    bosh upload stemcell https://bosh.io/d/stemcells/bosh-warden-boshlite-ubuntu-trusty-go_agent

  3. Install spiff, a tool for generating BOSH manifests. spiff is required for running the scripts in later steps. Stable binaries can be downloaded from Spiff Releases.

  4. Deploy cf-release, diego-release. For IAAS other than BOSH Lite, this release requires specific configuration for cf-release; see Prerequisite Configuration.

  5. Configure a load balancer providing high availability for the TCP routers to forward a range of ports to the TCP routers. See Load Balancer Requirements.

  6. Choose a domain name for developer to create TCP route from and configure DNS to resolve it to your load balancer; see Domain Names.

CF-Release

If you use the BOSH Lite manifest generation script cf-release, and deploy the latest release of cf-release, the following prerequisites will be configured for you automatically.

  1. UAA must be configured to terminate TLS for internal requests. Set the following properties in your environment stub for cf-release when using the manifest generation scripts, or set it directly in your manifest. The routing-release's manifest generation scripts will set uaa.tls_port to the value of uaa.ssl.port from the cf-release manifest.

    properties:
  uaa:
ssl:
  port: <choose a port for UAA to listen to SSL on; e.g. 8443>
sslCertificate: |
  <insert certificate>
sslPrivateKey: |
  <insert private key>

  2. You must add the routing.router_groups.read and routing.router_groups.write scopes to your admin user.

    properties:
  uaa:
  scim:
  users:
  - admin|PASSWORD|scim.write,scim.read,openid,cloud_controller.admin,clients.read,clients.write,doppler.firehose,routing.router_groups.read,routing.router_groups.write

  3. The following OAuth clients must be configured for UAA. All but the cf client are new; the important change to the cf client is adding the routing.router_groups.read and routing.router_groups.write scopes. If you're using the manifest generation scripts for cf-release, you can skip this step as the necessary clients are in the Spiff templates. If you're handrolling your manifest for cf-release, you'll need to add them.

    properties:
  uaa:
clients:
  cc_routing:
    authorities: routing.router_groups.read
    authorized-grant-types: client_credentials
    secret: <your-secret>
  cf:
    override: true
    authorized-grant-types: password,refresh_token
    scope: cloud_controller.read,cloud_controller.write,openid,password.write,cloud_controller.admin,cloud_controller.admin_read_only,scim.read,scim.write,doppler.firehose,uaa.user,routing.router_groups.read,routing.router_groups.write
    authorities: uaa.none
    access-token-validity: 600
    refresh-token-validity: 2592000
  gorouter:
    authorities: routing.routes.read
    authorized-grant-types: client_credentials,refresh_token
    secret: <your-secret>
  tcp_emitter:
    authorities: routing.routes.write,routing.routes.read
    authorized-grant-types: client_credentials,refresh_token
    secret: <your-secret>
  tcp_router:
    authorities: routing.routes.read
    authorized-grant-types: client_credentials,refresh_token
    secret: <your-secret>

  4. UAA must be configured to accept requests using an internal hostname. The manifest generation scripts for cf-release will do this for you (both BOSH Lite and non). However, if you override the uaa.zones.internal.hostnames property yourself, be sure to include uaa.service.cf.internal in your stub.

    properties:
  uaa:
    zones:
      internal:
        hostnames:
        - uaa.service.cf.internal

Warning!

Requiring TLS for etcd in cf-release when this release is configured to use etcd as the datastore for routing_api will cause a failure of TCP Routing. Before requiring TLS to etcd, upgrade this release to 0.141.0 or later, and migrate routing_api to a relational database by configuring the properties routing_api.sqldb. Once the datastore for routing_api is on a relational database, you can require TLS for etcd.

Relational Database

This release supports a relational database as a data store for the Routing API; MySQL and PostgreSQL are supported. BOSH Lite deployments will use the PostgreSQL database that comes with cf-release by default. For other IaaS we recommend the CF MySQL Release. For any deployment, you can also provide your own MySQL or PostgreSQL database. Routing API does not create the database on deployment of routing-release; you must create a database schema in advance and then provide the credentials for it in the deployment manifest for this release (see Deploying routing-release).

For the CF MySQL Release, you can seed the required database on deploy using the manifest property cf_mysql.mysql.seeded_databases. We recommend you do not use a deployment of cf-mysql-release that is exposed as a CF marketplace service. Instead, use a deployment intended for internal platform use; for these deployments you should set broker instances to zero. After generating your manifest for cf-mysql-release, update the following manifest properties before deploying.

properties:
  cf_mysql:
    mysql:
      seeded_databases:
      - name: routing-api
        username: <your-username>
        password: <your-password>
...
jobs:
- cf-mysql-broker_z1
  instances: 0
...
- cf-mysql-broker_z2
  instances: 0

Load Balancer requirements for TCP routing

If you are deploying routing-release to an environment that requires high availability, a load balancer is required to front the TCP routers. The HAProxy job that comes with cf-release does not fulfill this requirement. If you are using a load balancer for this purpose, you must configure it to forward a range of ports to the TCP routers, and also to periodically healthcheck them. If high-availability is not required you can skip this section and allocate a public IP to a single TCP router instance.

For more on high availability, see High Availability.

Ports

Choose how many TCP routes you'd like to offer. For each TCP route, a port must be opened on your load balancer. Configure your load balancer to forward the range of ports you choose to the IPs of the TCP Router instances. By default this release assumes 100 ports will be forwarded, in the range 1024-1123.

Healthchecking of TCP Routers

In order to determine whether TCP Router instances are eligible for routing requests to, configure your load balancer to periodically check the health of each instance by attempting a TCP connection. By default the health check port is 80. This port can be configured using the haproxy.health_check_port property in the property-overrides.yml stub file.

For example, to simulate this health check manually:

nc -vz <tcp router IP> 80
Connection to <tcp router IP> port 80 [tcp/http] succeeded!

You can also check the health of each TCP Router instance by making an HTTP request to http://<tcp router IP>:<haproxy.health_check_port>/health.

For example:

curl http://<tcp router IP>:80/health
<html><body><h1>200 OK</h1>
Service ready.
</body></html>

Domain Names

Choose a domain name from which developers will configure TCP routes for their applications. Configure DNS to resolve this domain name to the load balancer. If high-availability is not required configure DNS to resolve the TCP domain directly to a single TCP router instance.

Deploying routing-release

  1. Clone this repo and sync submodules; see Get the code.

  2. Upload routing-release to BOSH

    • Latest final release (master branch)

      cd ~/workspace/routing-release
bosh upload release releases/routing-<lastest_version>.yml

    • The release-candidate branch can be considered "edge" as it has passed tests. The update script handles syncing submodules, among other things.

      cd ~/workspace/routing-release
git checkout release-candidate
./scripts/update
bosh create release
bosh upload release

  3. Generate a Deployment Manifest

    The following scripts can be used to generate manifests for your deployment.

    • For BOSH Lite: ./scripts/generate-bosh-lite-manifest
    • For other IaaS: ./scripts/generate-manifest

    Both scripts support the following options:

    • -c path to cf-release-manifest
    • -d path to diego-release-manifest
    • -l list of stubs

    If no options are provided, the generate-bosh-lite-manifest script expects the cf-release and diego-release manifests to be at ~/workspace/cf-release/bosh-lite/deployments/cf.yml and ~/workspace/diego-release/bosh-lite/deployments/diego.yml; the BOSH Lite manifest generation scripts for those releases will put them there by default.

    Important: Before deploying, consider the following sections on manifest configuration for reservable TCP ports and relational databases, and on upgrading to a relational database from etcd.

  4. Deploy

    bosh deploy

Ports

If you are using the manifest generation script for BOSH Lite, you can skip this step.

If you configured your load balancer to forward a range other than 1024-1123 (see Ports), you must configure this release with the same port range using deployment manifest property routing-api.router_groups.reservable_ports. This is a seeded value only; after deploy, changes to this property will be ignored. To modify the reservable port range after deployment, use the Routing API; (see "To update a Router Group's reservable_ports field with a new port range").

properties:
  routing_api:
	router_groups:
	- name: default-tcp
	  reservable_ports: 1024-1123
	  type: tcp

Relational Database

If you are using the manifest generation script for BOSH Lite, you can skip this step; routing-api will be configured to use the PostgreSQL database that comes with cf-release.

The routing-release now supports a relational database for the Routing API. We recommend this instead of etcd. To opt into this feature you can configure your manifest stub with the following properties. To migrate existing deployments to use a relational database see [Migrating from ETCD](#Migrating from ETCD)

properties:
  routing_api:
	sqldb:
	  type: <mysql || postgres>
	  host: <IP of SQL Host>
	  port: <Port for SQL Host>
	  schema: <Schema name>
	  username: <Username for SQL DB>
	  password: <Password for SQL DB>

If you are using cf-mysql-release, then the values for these properties can be obtained from properties that manifest.

  • type should be mysql
  • host corresponds to the IP address of the proxy_z1 job
  • port is 3306
  • schema corresponds to cf_mysql.mysql.seeded_databases[].name
  • username corresponds to cf_mysql.mysql.seeded_databases[].username
  • password corresponds to cf_mysql.mysql.seeded_databases[].password

Migrating from etcd

For existing deployments that use etcd, there is a two-phase upgrade process to migrate to a relational database.

  1. Deploy the most recent version of routing-release. The migration depends on a recent change to routing-api whereby only one instance is active at a time; this is achieved using a lock in Consul.
  2. Configure your manifest with the routing_api.sqldb property and redeploy routing-release.

This process should ensure a migration with zero downtime to application backends.

Validation of TLS Certificates from Route Services and UAA

If you are using the manifest generation script for BOSH Lite, you can skip this step; certificate validation will be disabled.

The following components communicate with UAA via TLS:

  • Routing API
  • Gorouter
  • TCP Router
  • TCP Emitter

Additionally, gorouter communicates with Route Services via TLS.

In all cases, these components will validate that certs are signed by a known CA and that the cert is for the requested domain. To disable this validation, as when deploying the routing subsystem to an environment with self-signed certs, configure the following property in routing-release:

properties:
  skip_ssl_validation: true
  router:
    ssl_skip_validation: true

To disable validation of certs by Gorouter, configure the following property in the deployment manifest for cf-release:

properties:
  router:
    ssl_skip_validation: true

Post Deploy Steps

  1. Redeploy cf-release to Enable the Routing API

After deploying routing-release, you must update your cf-release deployment to enable the Routing API included in this release.

If you have a stub for overriding manifest properties of cf-release, add the following properties to this file. A default one is provided. When you re-generate the manifest, these values will override the defaults in the manifest.

      cc:
        default_to_diego_backend: true
      routing_api:
        enabled: true

Though not strictly required, we recommend configuring Diego as your default backend (as configured with default_to_diego_backend: true above, as TCP Routing is only supported for Diego).

Note: If changing the default routing_api.port, then you will want to update this property in the cf-release deployment manifest.

Then generate a new manifest for cf-release and re-deploy it.

cd ~/workspace/cf-release
./scripts/generate-bosh-lite-dev-manifest ~/workspace/routing-release/bosh-lite/stubs/cf/routing-and-diego-enabled-overrides.yml  # or <path-to-your-stub>
bosh -n deploy
  1. Create a Shared Domain in CF

After deploying this release you must add the domain you chose (see Domain Names) to CF as a Shared Domain (admin only), associating it with the Router Group.

The CLI commands below require version 6.17+ of the cf CLI, and must be run as admin.

List available router-groups

$ cf router-groups
Getting router groups as admin ...

name          type
default-tcp   tcp

Note: If you receive this error: FAILED This command requires the Routing API. Your targeted endpoint reports it is not enabled. This is due to the CF CLI's ~/.cf/config.json having an old cached RoutingEndpoint value. To fix this, just do a cf login again and this error should go away.

Create a shared-domain for the TCP router group

$ cf create-shared-domain tcp.bosh-lite.com --router-group default-tcp
Creating shared domain tcp.bosh-lite.com as admin...
OK

See Router Groups for details on that concept.

  1. Enable Quotas for TCP Routing

As ports can be a limited resource in some environments, the default quotas in Cloud Foundry for IaaS other than BOSH Lite do not allow reservation of route ports; required for creation of TCP routes. The final step to enabling TCP routing is to modify quotas to set the maximum number of TCP routes that may be created by each organization or space.

Determine whether your default org quota allows TCP Routes:

$ cf quota default
Getting quota default info as admin...
OK

Total Memory           10G
Instance Memory        unlimited
Routes                 -1
Services               100
Paid service plans     allowed
App instance limit     unlimited
Reserved Route Ports   0

If Reserved Route Ports is greater than zero, you can skip the following step, as this attribute determines how many TCP routes can be created within each organization assigned this quota.

If Reserved Route Ports is zero, you can update the quota with the following command:

$ cf update-quota default --reserved-route-ports 2
Updating quota default as admin...
OK

$ cf quota default
Getting quota default info as admin...
OK

Total Memory           10G
Instance Memory        unlimited
Routes                 -1
Services               100
Paid service plans     allowed
App instance limit     unlimited
Reserved Route Ports   2

Configuring Reserved Route Ports to -1 sets the quota attribute to unlimited. For more information on configuring quotas for TCP Routing, see Enabling TCP Routing.

Creating a TCP Route

The CLI commands below require version 6.17+ of the cf CLI, and can be run as a user with the SpaceDeveloper role.

  1. The simplest way to test TCP Routing is by pushing your app. By specifying the TCP domain and including the --random-route option, a TCP route will be created with a reserved port and the route mapped to your app.

    $ cf p myapp -d tcp.bosh-lite.com --random-route

  2. Send a request to your app using the TCP shared domain and the port reserved for your route.

    $ curl tcp.bosh-lite.com:60073
OK!

TCP Router demo

For step by step instructions on TCP router demo done at Cloud Foundry Summit 2016, refer to TCP Router demo

Router Groups

A Router Group represents a horizontally scalable cluster of identically configured routers. Only one router group is currently supported. Shared domains in Cloud Foundry are associated with one router group; see Post Deploy Configuration. To create a TCP route for their application, a developer creates it from a TCP domain; see Create a TCP Route. For each TCP route, Cloud Foundry reserves a port on the CF router. Each port is dedicated to that route; route ports may not be shared by multiple routes. The number of ports available for reservation dictates how many TCP routes can be created.

A router group is limited to maximum port range 1024-65535; defaulting to 1024-1123. As one router group is supported, the maximum number of TCP routes than can be created in CF is 64512 (65535-1024). Though multiple Shared Domains can be assigned to the router group, they share a common pool of ports. E.g. given Shared Domains tcp-1.example.com and tcp-2.example.com are assigned to the default-tcprouter group, and a route for port 1024 is created from domaintcp-1.example.com, the same port could not be reserved for a route from domain tcp-2.example.com`. Eventually we may support multiple router groups and/or TCP routes that share a port.

The same reservable port range must be configured both on the load balancer, and in this release using the manifest property routing-api.router_groups.reservable_ports. The port range can be modified after deploying using the Routing API.

Note: when modifying the port range using the Routing API, consider that the new port range must include those ports that have already been reserved.

High Availability

The TCP Router, TCP Emitter, and Routing API are stateless and horizontally scalable. The TCP Routers must be fronted by a load balancer for high-availability. The Routing API depends on a clustered etcd data store. For high availability, deploy multiple instances of each job, distributed across regions of your infrastructure.

Running Acceptance tests

Using a BOSH errand on BOSH-Lite

Before running the acceptance tests errand, make sure to have the following setup.

  1. bosh is targeted to your local bosh-lite
  2. routing-release deployed on bosh-lite
  3. Endpoints for http routes are not tested by the errand by default. To enable them, set the property properties.acceptance_tests.include_http_routes in your manifest for the errand job.

Run the following commands to execute the acceptance tests as an errand on bosh-lite

bosh run errand routing_acceptance_tests

Manually

See the README for Routing Acceptance Tests

Routing API

For details refer to Routing API.

Metrics Documentation

For documentation on metrics available for streaming from Routing components through the Loggregator Firehose, visit the CloudFoundry Documentation. You can use the NOAA Firehose sample app to quickly consume metrics from the Firehose.

Gorouter Support for PROXY Protocol

Steps for enabling PROXY Protocol on the GoRouter can be found here.

Configure Load Balancer healthchecks for Gorouter

  • On shutdown, the healthcheck endpoint will return 503 for a duration defined by router.drain_wait while Gorouter continues to serve requests. When router.drain_wait expires, Gorouter will stop accepting connections and the process will gracefully stop.

  • On startup:

    • If router.load_balancer_healthy_threshold == router.requested_route_registration_interval_in_seconds, then healthcheck endpoint will return 200 immediately on start and server accept connections after a delay equal to either of these properties
    • If router.load_balancer_healthy_threshold < router.requested_route_registration_interval_in_seconds, then healthcheck will return 200 immediately on start and server will accept connections after a delay equal to load_balancer_healthy_threshold
    • If router.load_balancer_healthy_threshold > router.requested_route_registration_interval_in_seconds, then healthcheck will return 503 on start, then 200 OK after a delay equal to requested_route_registration_interval_in_seconds - load_balancer_healthy_threshold. Server will begin accepting connections after an additional delay equal to load_balancer_healthy_threshold.