diff --git a/src/controllers/publishController.ts b/src/controllers/publishController.ts
index 9446749f..effd24db 100644
--- a/src/controllers/publishController.ts
+++ b/src/controllers/publishController.ts
@@ -1,41 +1,43 @@
-import { Request, Response } from 'express';
-import mqtt, { MqttClient } from 'mqtt';
-import { v1 as uuidv1 } from 'uuid';
-import dotenv from 'dotenv';
-dotenv.config();
+// TODO: Remove, deprecate, or archive unused commented out code
 
-const options = {
-  username: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_USERNAME,
-  password: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_PASSWORD,
-  clientId: `publish_${uuidv1()}`,
-  port: 1883,
-};
-const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string; // Type assertion
+// import { Request, Response } from 'express';
+// import mqtt, { MqttClient } from 'mqtt';
+// import { v1 as uuidv1 } from 'uuid';
+// import dotenv from 'dotenv';
+// dotenv.config();
 
-// Publish message to MQTT
-export const publishMessage = async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
-  const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options);
+// const options = {
+//   username: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_USERNAME,
+//   password: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_PASSWORD,
+//   clientId: `publish_${uuidv1()}`,
+//   port: 1883,
+// };
+// const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string; // Type assertion
 
-  const event = {
-    id: req.params.id,
-    message: "From Publish Service",
-  };
+// // Publish message to MQTT
+// export const publishMessage = async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+//   const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options);
 
-  client.on('connect', () => {
-    console.log("Broker connected");
-    client.publish(topic, JSON.stringify(event), {}, (err) => {
-      if (err) {
-        console.error(`Error publishing message: ${err}`);
-        res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
-      } else {
-        client.end();
-        res.json(event);
-      }
-    });
-  });
+//   const event = {
+//     id: req.params.id,
+//     message: "From Publish Service",
+//   };
 
-  client.on('error', (error) => {
-    console.log(error);
-    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
-  });
-};
+//   client.on('connect', () => {
+//     console.log("Broker connected");
+//     client.publish(topic, JSON.stringify(event), {}, (err) => {
+//       if (err) {
+//         console.error(`Error publishing message: ${err}`);
+//         res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
+//       } else {
+//         client.end();
+//         res.json(event);
+//       }
+//     });
+//   });
+
+//   client.on('error', (error) => {
+//     console.log(error);
+//     res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
+//   });
+// };
diff --git a/src/controllers/subscribeController.ts b/src/controllers/subscribeController.ts
index 17f9142c..41888378 100644
--- a/src/controllers/subscribeController.ts
+++ b/src/controllers/subscribeController.ts
@@ -1,74 +1,76 @@
-import { Request, Response } from 'express';
-import mqtt, { MqttClient } from 'mqtt';
-import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
-import mongoose, { Schema, Document } from 'mongoose';
-import dotenv from 'dotenv';
-dotenv.config();
+// // TODO: Remove, deprecate, or archive unused commented out code
 
-const options = {
-  username: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_USERNAME,
-  password: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_PASSWORD,
-  clientId: `subscribe_${uuidv4()}`,
-  port: 1883,
-};
+// import { Request, Response } from 'express';
+// import mqtt, { MqttClient } from 'mqtt';
+// import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
+// import mongoose, { Schema, Document } from 'mongoose';
+// import dotenv from 'dotenv';
+// dotenv.config();
 
-const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string; // Type assertion
-const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options); // Type assertion
+// const options = {
+//   username: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_USERNAME,
+//   password: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_PASSWORD,
+//   clientId: `subscribe_${uuidv4()}`,
+//   port: 1883,
+// };
 
-client.on('connect', () => {
-  client.subscribe(topic);
-});
+// const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string; // Type assertion
+// const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options); // Type assertion
 
-let message: string | null = null;
+// client.on('connect', () => {
+//   client.subscribe(topic);
+// });
 
-client.on('message', async (receivedTopic, msg) => {
-  console.log(`Message received on topic ${receivedTopic}`);
-  message = msg.toString();
-  console.log(`Message received: ${message}`);
+// let message: string | null = null;
 
-  // MongoDB logic for handling received message
- try {
-  interface SubscriptionInterface extends Document {
-    id: string;
-    message: string;
-  }
+// client.on('message', async (receivedTopic, msg) => {
+//   console.log(`Message received on topic ${receivedTopic}`);
+//   message = msg.toString();
+//   console.log(`Message received: ${message}`);
 
-  const subscriptionSchema = new Schema<SubscriptionInterface>({
-    id: String,
-    message: String,
-  });
+//   // MongoDB logic for handling received message
+//  try {
+//   interface SubscriptionInterface extends Document {
+//     id: string;
+//     message: string;
+//   }
 
-  // Check if the model already exists before defining it
-  const SubscriptionModel = mongoose.models.Subscription || mongoose.model<SubscriptionInterface>('Subscription', subscriptionSchema);
+//   const subscriptionSchema = new Schema<SubscriptionInterface>({
+//     id: String,
+//     message: String,
+//   });
 
-  const subscription = {
-    id: uuidv4(),
-    message: message,
-  };
+//   // Check if the model already exists before defining it
+//   const SubscriptionModel = mongoose.models.Subscription || mongoose.model<SubscriptionInterface>('Subscription', subscriptionSchema);
 
-  await SubscriptionModel.create(subscription);
-} catch (error) {
+//   const subscription = {
+//     id: uuidv4(),
+//     message: message,
+//   };
 
-    // Simulate a 404 error
-    if (!message) {
-      throw { status: 404, message: 'Not Found' };
-    }
+//   await SubscriptionModel.create(subscription);
+// } catch (error) {
 
-    // Simulate a 403 error
-    if (message === 'Forbidden') {
-      throw { status: 403, message: 'Forbidden' };
-    }
+//     // Simulate a 404 error
+//     if (!message) {
+//       throw { status: 404, message: 'Not Found' };
+//     }
 
-    // Simulate a 401 error
-    if (message === 'Unauthorized') {
-      throw { status: 401, message: 'Unauthorized' };
-    }
+//     // Simulate a 403 error
+//     if (message === 'Forbidden') {
+//       throw { status: 403, message: 'Forbidden' };
+//     }
+
+//     // Simulate a 401 error
+//     if (message === 'Unauthorized') {
+//       throw { status: 401, message: 'Unauthorized' };
+//     }
     
-    console.error(error);
-  }
-});
+//     console.error(error);
+//   }
+// });
 
-// Check subscription status
-export const checkSubscriptionStatus = (req: Request, res: Response) => {
-  res.status(200).json({ message: 'Subscriber is running' });
-};
+// // Check subscription status
+// export const checkSubscriptionStatus = (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+//   res.status(200).json({ message: 'Subscriber is running' });
+// };
diff --git a/src/db.ts b/src/db.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b0d974e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/db.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import mongoose from 'mongoose';
+import dotenv from 'dotenv';
+
+dotenv.config();
+
+const dbURI = `mongodb+srv://${process.env.MONGO_DB_USER}:${process.env.MONGO_DB_PASS}@luminositycluster-0.cgornhw.mongodb.net/Luminosity`;
+
+let isConnected = false;
+
+export const connectToMongoDB = async () => {
+  if (isConnected) {
+    console.log('MongoDB connection is already established');
+    return;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await mongoose.connect(dbURI, {
+    });
+    isConnected = true;
+    console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`Error connecting to MongoDB: ${error}`);
+    process.exit(1); // Exit process on connection error
+  }
+};
+
+export default {
+  dbURI,
+  connectToMongoDB
+};
diff --git a/src/notification/publish/db.ts b/src/notification/publish/db.ts
index 1d19dd0d..4b0d974e 100644
--- a/src/notification/publish/db.ts
+++ b/src/notification/publish/db.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 import mongoose from 'mongoose';
 import dotenv from 'dotenv';
+
 dotenv.config();
 
-const dbURI = `mongodb+srv://${process.env.MONGO_DB_USER}:${process.env.MONGO_DB_PASS}@luminositycluster-0.cgornhw.mongodb.net/Luminosity`; //MongoDb Connection String
+const dbURI = `mongodb+srv://${process.env.MONGO_DB_USER}:${process.env.MONGO_DB_PASS}@luminositycluster-0.cgornhw.mongodb.net/Luminosity`;
 
-mongoose.connect(dbURI);
+let isConnected = false;
 
-const db = mongoose.connection;
+export const connectToMongoDB = async () => {
+  if (isConnected) {
+    console.log('MongoDB connection is already established');
+    return;
+  }
 
-db.on('error', console.error.bind(console, 'MongoDB connection error:'));
-db.once('open', () => {
-  console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
-});
+  try {
+    await mongoose.connect(dbURI, {
+    });
+    isConnected = true;
+    console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`Error connecting to MongoDB: ${error}`);
+    process.exit(1); // Exit process on connection error
+  }
+};
 
 export default {
-  dbURI
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+  dbURI,
+  connectToMongoDB
+};
diff --git a/src/notification/publish/publish.ts b/src/notification/publish/publish.ts
index 6a284b26..dc4222f6 100644
--- a/src/notification/publish/publish.ts
+++ b/src/notification/publish/publish.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import mqtt, { MqttClient } from 'mqtt';
 import { v1 as uuidv1 } from 'uuid';
 import dotenv from 'dotenv';
 import express from 'express';
-import mongoose, { ConnectOptions } from "mongoose";
-import dbConfig from './db'; // Import MongoDB configuration from db.t
+import { connectToMongoDB } from './db'; // Import the singleton connection function
 
 dotenv.config();
 
@@ -16,21 +15,7 @@ const options = {
   clientId: `publish_${uuidv1()}`,
   port: 1883,
 };
-const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string; // Type assertion
-
-// MongoDB connection setup
-async function connectToMongoDB() {
-  try {
-    await mongoose.connect(dbConfig.dbURI, {
-      useNewUrlParser: true,
-      useUnifiedTopology: true,
-    } as ConnectOptions);
-    console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`Error connecting to MongoDB: ${error}`);
-    process.exit(1); // Exit process on connection error
-  }
-}
+const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string;
 
 // Connect to MongoDB and start the server
 connectToMongoDB().catch(error => {
@@ -39,7 +24,7 @@ connectToMongoDB().catch(error => {
 });
 
 app.get("/publish/:id", async (req, res) => {
-  const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options); // Type assertion
+  const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options);
   const event = {
     id: req.params.id,
     message: "From Publish Service",
@@ -58,7 +43,7 @@ app.get("/publish/:id", async (req, res) => {
     });
   });
 
-  client.on('error', (error) => {
+  client.on('error', (error: Error) => {
     console.log(error);
     res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
   });
diff --git a/src/notification/subscribe/db.ts b/src/notification/subscribe/db.ts
index 1d19dd0d..4b0d974e 100644
--- a/src/notification/subscribe/db.ts
+++ b/src/notification/subscribe/db.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 import mongoose from 'mongoose';
 import dotenv from 'dotenv';
+
 dotenv.config();
 
-const dbURI = `mongodb+srv://${process.env.MONGO_DB_USER}:${process.env.MONGO_DB_PASS}@luminositycluster-0.cgornhw.mongodb.net/Luminosity`; //MongoDb Connection String
+const dbURI = `mongodb+srv://${process.env.MONGO_DB_USER}:${process.env.MONGO_DB_PASS}@luminositycluster-0.cgornhw.mongodb.net/Luminosity`;
 
-mongoose.connect(dbURI);
+let isConnected = false;
 
-const db = mongoose.connection;
+export const connectToMongoDB = async () => {
+  if (isConnected) {
+    console.log('MongoDB connection is already established');
+    return;
+  }
 
-db.on('error', console.error.bind(console, 'MongoDB connection error:'));
-db.once('open', () => {
-  console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
-});
+  try {
+    await mongoose.connect(dbURI, {
+    });
+    isConnected = true;
+    console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`Error connecting to MongoDB: ${error}`);
+    process.exit(1); // Exit process on connection error
+  }
+};
 
 export default {
-  dbURI
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+  dbURI,
+  connectToMongoDB
+};
diff --git a/src/notification/subscribe/subscribe.ts b/src/notification/subscribe/subscribe.ts
index 801addec..e9d78b4c 100644
--- a/src/notification/subscribe/subscribe.ts
+++ b/src/notification/subscribe/subscribe.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import mqtt, { MqttClient } from 'mqtt';
 import dotenv from 'dotenv';
 import express from 'express';
 import { Request, Response } from 'express';
-import mongoose, { ConnectOptions } from "mongoose";
-import dbConfig from './db'; // Import MongoDB configuration from db.ts
+import { connectToMongoDB } from './db'; // Import the singleton connection function
 
 dotenv.config();
 
@@ -13,27 +12,13 @@ const port = process.env.PORT || 7000;
 const options = {
   username: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_USERNAME,
   password: process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_PASSWORD,
-  clientId: `subscribe_${Math.random().toString(16).substr(2, 8)}`, // Generate random client ID
+  clientId: `subscribe_${Math.random().toString(16).substr(2, 8)}`,
   port: 1883,
 };
-const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string; // Type assertion
+const topic = process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_TOPIC as string;
 
 const client: MqttClient = mqtt.connect(process.env.ACTIVE_MQ_ENDPOINT as string, options);
 
-// MongoDB connection setup
-async function connectToMongoDB() {
-  try {
-    await mongoose.connect(dbConfig.dbURI, {
-      useNewUrlParser: true,
-      useUnifiedTopology: true,
-    } as ConnectOptions);
-    console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`Error connecting to MongoDB: ${error}`);
-    process.exit(1); // Exit process on connection error
-  }
-}
-
 // Connect to MongoDB and start the server
 connectToMongoDB().catch(error => {
   console.error(`Error starting Subscribe service: ${error}`);
@@ -53,16 +38,14 @@ client.on('connect', () => {
 
 client.on('message', (topic, message) => {
   console.log(`Received message from topic ${topic}: ${message.toString()}`);
-  // Process the received message as needed
 });
 
-client.on('error', (error) => {
+client.on('error', (error: Error) => {
   console.error(error);
 });
 
 const subscribeRouter = express.Router();
 
-// Check subscription status
 subscribeRouter.get('/status', (req: Request, res: Response) => {
   res.status(200).json({ message: 'Subscriber is running' });
 });
diff --git a/src/routes/publishRoutes.ts b/src/routes/publishRoutes.ts
index fd5ad1ea..e7fc7f21 100644
--- a/src/routes/publishRoutes.ts
+++ b/src/routes/publishRoutes.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-import express from 'express';
-import { publishMessage } from '../controllers/publishController';
+// TODO: Remove, deprecate, or archive unused commented out code
 
-const router = express.Router();
+// import express from 'express';
+// import { publishMessage } from '../controllers/publishController';
 
-router.get('/:id', publishMessage);
+// const router = express.Router();
 
-export default router;
+// router.get('/:id', publishMessage);
+
+// export default router;
diff --git a/src/routes/subscribeRoutes.ts b/src/routes/subscribeRoutes.ts
index d2bfd3c1..5099bc3f 100644
--- a/src/routes/subscribeRoutes.ts
+++ b/src/routes/subscribeRoutes.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-import express from 'express';
-import { checkSubscriptionStatus } from '../controllers/subscribeController';
+// TODO: Remove, deprecate, or archive unused commented out code
 
-const router = express.Router();
+// import express from 'express';
+// import { checkSubscriptionStatus } from '../controllers/subscribeController';
 
-router.get('/status', checkSubscriptionStatus);
+// const router = express.Router();
 
-export default router;
+// router.get('/status', checkSubscriptionStatus);
+
+// export default router;
diff --git a/src/server/server.ts b/src/server/server.ts
index 23615d09..0fee5dc9 100644
--- a/src/server/server.ts
+++ b/src/server/server.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 import express from "express";
-import mongoose, { ConnectOptions } from "mongoose";
 import dotenv from "dotenv";
 import cors from "cors";
 
 // import routeURLs from "../routes/routes"; <- DEPRECATED
 import userRouter from "../routes/userRoutes";
-import publishRouter from "../routes/publishRoutes";
-import subscribeRouter from "../routes/subscribeRoutes";
+// import publishRouter from "../routes/publishRoutes"; <- DEPRECATED
+// import subscribeRouter from "../routes/subscribeRoutes"; <- DEPRECATED
 
-import dbConfig from '../notification/publish/db'; // Import MongoDB configuration from db.ts
+import { connectToMongoDB } from '../db'; // Import the singleton connection function
 
 // TODO: Remove, deprecate, or archive unused commented out code
 // dotenv.config();
@@ -44,20 +43,6 @@ dotenv.config();
 const app = express();
 const port = process.env.PORT || 4000;
 
-// MongoDB connection setup
-async function connectToMongoDB() {
-  try {
-    await mongoose.connect(dbConfig.dbURI, {
-      useNewUrlParser: true,
-      useUnifiedTopology: true,
-    } as ConnectOptions);
-    console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`Error connecting to MongoDB: ${error}`);
-    process.exit(1); // Exit process on connection error
-  }
-}
-
 // Connect to MongoDB and start the server
 connectToMongoDB().catch(error => {
   console.error(`Error starting Server service: ${error}`);
@@ -73,8 +58,8 @@ app.use(cors());
 // app.use("/app", routeURLs); // Existing routes <- DEPRECATED
 
 app.use("/users", userRouter); // User service routes
-app.use("/publish", publishRouter); // Publish service routes
-app.use("/subscribe", subscribeRouter); // Subscribe service routes
+// app.use("/publish", publishRouter); // Publish service routes <- DEPRECATED
+// app.use("/subscribe", subscribeRouter); // Subscribe service routes <- DEPRECATED
 
 // Start the server
 app.listen(port, () => {
diff --git a/src/tsconfig.json b/src/tsconfig.json
index c93d9d18..3557cff5 100644
--- a/src/tsconfig.json
+++ b/src/tsconfig.json
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@
       "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,            /* Ensure that casing is correct in imports. */
   
       /* Type Checking */
-      "strict": true,                                      /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
+      "strict": true,  
+      /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
       // "noImplicitAny": true,                            /* Enable error reporting for expressions and declarations with an implied 'any' type. */
       // "strictNullChecks": true,                         /* When type checking, take into account 'null' and 'undefined'. */
       // "strictFunctionTypes": true,                      /* When assigning functions, check to ensure parameters and the return values are subtype-compatible. */
@@ -99,5 +100,5 @@
       /* Completeness */
       // "skipDefaultLibCheck": true,                      /* Skip type checking .d.ts files that are included with TypeScript. */
       "skipLibCheck": true                                 /* Skip type checking all .d.ts files. */
-    }
+    }   
   }
\ No newline at end of file