diff --git a/blockchain.py b/blockchain.py index aa0d9ff..3e6ea4f 100644 --- a/blockchain.py +++ b/blockchain.py @@ -1,53 +1,105 @@ import hashlib import json - from time import time +from urllib.parse import urlparse from uuid import uuid4 -from flask import Flask +from flask import Flask, jsonify, request + -class Blockchain(object): +class Blockchain: def __init__(self): - self.chain = [] self.current_transactions = [] + self.chain = [] + self.nodes = set() # Create the genesis block - self.new_block(previous_hash=1, proof=100) + self.new_block(previous_hash='1', proof=100) - def proof_of_work(self, last_proof): + def register_node(self, address): """ - Simple Proof of Work Algorithm: - - Find a number p' such that hash(pp') contains leading 4 zeroes, where p is the previous p' - - p is the previous proof, and p' is the new proof - :param last_proof: - :return: + Add a new node to the list of nodes + :param address: Address of node. Eg. 'http://192.168.0.5:5000' """ - proof = 0 - while self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof) is False: - proof += 1 + parsed_url = urlparse(address) + if parsed_url.netloc: + self.nodes.add(parsed_url.netloc) + elif parsed_url.path: + # Accepts an URL without scheme like '192.168.0.5:5000'. + self.nodes.add(parsed_url.path) + else: + raise ValueError('Invalid URL') - return proof - @staticmethod - def valid_proof(last_proof, proof): + def valid_chain(self, chain): """ - Validates the Proof: Does hash(last_proof, proof) contain 4 leading zeroes? - :param last_proof: Previous Proof - :param proof: Current Proof - :return: True if correct, False if not. + Determine if a given blockchain is valid + :param chain: A blockchain + :return: True if valid, False if not """ - guess = f'{last_proof}{proof}'.encode() - guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest() - return guess_hash[:4] == "0000" + last_block = chain[0] + current_index = 1 + + while current_index < len(chain): + block = chain[current_index] + print(f'{last_block}') + print(f'{block}') + print("\n-----------\n") + # Check that the hash of the block is correct + last_block_hash = self.hash(last_block) + if block['previous_hash'] != last_block_hash: + return False - def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None): + # Check that the Proof of Work is correct + if not self.valid_proof(last_block['proof'], block['proof'], last_block_hash): + return False + + last_block = block + current_index += 1 + + return True + + def resolve_conflicts(self): + """ + This is our consensus algorithm, it resolves conflicts + by replacing our chain with the longest one in the network. + :return: True if our chain was replaced, False if not + """ + + neighbours = self.nodes + new_chain = None + + # We're only looking for chains longer than ours + max_length = len(self.chain) + + # Grab and verify the chains from all the nodes in our network + for node in neighbours: + response = requests.get(f'http://{node}/chain') + + if response.status_code == 200: + length = response.json()['length'] + chain = response.json()['chain'] + + # Check if the length is longer and the chain is valid + if length > max_length and self.valid_chain(chain): + max_length = length + new_chain = chain + + # Replace our chain if we discovered a new, valid chain longer than ours + if new_chain: + self.chain = new_chain + return True + + return False + + def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash): """ Create a new Block in the Blockchain - :param proof: The proof given by the Proof of Work algorithm - :param previous_hash: (Optional) Hash of previous Block - :return: New Block + :param proof: The proof given by the Proof of Work algorithm + :param previous_hash: Hash of previous Block + :return: New Block """ block = { @@ -67,10 +119,10 @@ def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None): def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount): """ Creates a new transaction to go into the next mined Block - :param sender: Address of the Sender - :param recipient: Address of the Recipient - :param amount: Amount - :return: The index of the Block that will hold this transaction + :param sender: Address of the Sender + :param recipient: Address of the Recipient + :param amount: Amount + :return: The index of the Block that will hold this transaction """ self.current_transactions.append({ 'sender': sender, @@ -88,32 +140,48 @@ def last_block(self): def hash(block): """ Creates a SHA-256 hash of a Block - :param block: Block - :return: + :param block: Block """ # We must make sure that the Dictionary is Ordered, or we'll have inconsistent hashes block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode() return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest() - def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount): + def proof_of_work(self, last_block): """ - Creates a new transaction to go into the next mined Block - :param sender: Address of the Sender - :param recipient: Address of the Recipient - :param amount: Amount - :return: The index of the Block that will hold this transaction + Simple Proof of Work Algorithm: + - Find a number p' such that hash(pp') contains leading 4 zeroes + - Where p is the previous proof, and p' is the new proof + + :param last_block: last Block + :return: """ - self.current_transactions.append({ - 'sender': sender, - 'recipient': recipient, - 'amount': amount, - }) + last_proof = last_block['proof'] + last_hash = self.hash(last_block) + + proof = 0 + while self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof, last_hash) is False: + proof += 1 + + return proof + + @staticmethod + def valid_proof(last_proof, proof, last_hash): + """ + Validates the Proof + :param last_proof: Previous Proof + :param proof: Current Proof + :param last_hash: The hash of the Previous Block + :return: True if correct, False if not. + """ - return self.last_block['index'] + 1 + guess = f'{last_proof}{proof}{last_hash}'.encode() + guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest() + return guess_hash[:4] == "0000" -# Instantiate our Node + +# Instantiate the Node app = Flask(__name__) # Generate a globally unique address for this node @@ -125,22 +193,31 @@ def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount): @app.route('/mine', methods=['GET']) def mine(): - return "We'll mine a new Block" - -@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST']) -def new_transaction(): - return "We'll add a new transaction" + # We run the proof of work algorithm to get the next proof... + last_block = blockchain.last_block + proof = blockchain.proof_of_work(last_block) + + # We must receive a reward for finding the proof. + # The sender is "0" to signify that this node has mined a new coin. + blockchain.new_transaction( + sender="0", + recipient=node_identifier, + amount=1, + ) + + # Forge the new Block by adding it to the chain + previous_hash = blockchain.hash(last_block) + block = blockchain.new_block(proof, previous_hash) -@app.route('/chain', methods=['GET']) -def full_chain(): response = { - 'chain': blockchain.chain, - 'length': len(blockchain.chain), + 'message': "New Block Forged", + 'index': block['index'], + 'transactions': block['transactions'], + 'proof': block['proof'], + 'previous_hash': block['previous_hash'], } return jsonify(response), 200 -if __name__ == '__main__': - app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000) @app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST']) def new_transaction(): @@ -155,33 +232,60 @@ def new_transaction(): index = blockchain.new_transaction(values['sender'], values['recipient'], values['amount']) response = {'message': f'Transaction will be added to Block {index}'} - return jsonify(response), 201 - -@app.route('/mine', methods=['GET']) -def mine(): - # We run the proof of work algorithm to get the next proof... - last_block = blockchain.last_block - last_proof = last_block['proof'] - proof = blockchain.proof_of_work(last_proof) + return jsonify(response), 201 - # We must receive a reward for finding the proof. - # The sender is "0" to signify that this node has mined a new coin. - blockchain.new_transaction( - sender="0", - recipient=node_identifier, - amount=1, - ) - # Forge the new Block by adding it to the chain - previous_hash = blockchain.hash(last_block) - block = blockchain.new_block(proof, previous_hash) +@app.route('/chain', methods=['GET']) +def full_chain(): + response = { + 'chain': blockchain.chain, + 'length': len(blockchain.chain), + } + return jsonify(response), 200 + + +@app.route('/nodes/register', methods=['POST']) +def register_nodes(): + values = request.get_json() + + nodes = values.get('nodes') + if nodes is None: + return "Error: Please supply a valid list of nodes", 400 + + for node in nodes: + blockchain.register_node(node) response = { - 'message': "New Block Forged", - 'index': block['index'], - 'transactions': block['transactions'], - 'proof': block['proof'], - 'previous_hash': block['previous_hash'], + 'message': 'New nodes have been added', + 'total_nodes': list(blockchain.nodes), } + return jsonify(response), 201 + + +@app.route('/nodes/resolve', methods=['GET']) +def consensus(): + replaced = blockchain.resolve_conflicts() + + if replaced: + response = { + 'message': 'Our chain was replaced', + 'new_chain': blockchain.chain + } + else: + response = { + 'message': 'Our chain is authoritative', + 'chain': blockchain.chain + } + + return jsonify(response), 200 + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + from argparse import ArgumentParser + + parser = ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', default=5000, type=int, help='port to listen on') + args = parser.parse_args() + port = args.port - return jsonify(response), 200 \ No newline at end of file + app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=port) \ No newline at end of file