From b8b5e93d30f9ddc2390b0bd571aaa2968d2b13e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: steffyP <steffyP@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 15:00:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] deploy: 7b81c64555c516ee579a744498b1df1e6552982d

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 <button class="btn btn-primary mb-3 feedback--answer feedback--answer-no">👎</button><p class="feedback--response feedback--response-yes">Thanks for participating in keeping our docs well maintained. Learn more about how you can <a target=_blank href=https://localstack.cloud/community/get-involved/>get involved.</a></p><p class="feedback--response feedback--response-no">Sorry to hear that. Please <a target=_blank href=https://github.com/localstack/docs/issues/new>tell us how we can improve.</a></p></div><script>const yesButton=document.querySelector(".feedback--answer-yes"),noButton=document.querySelector(".feedback--answer-no"),yesResponse=document.querySelector(".feedback--response-yes"),noResponse=document.querySelector(".feedback--response-no"),disableButtons=()=>{yesButton.disabled=!0,noButton.disabled=!0},sendFeedback=e=>{if(typeof ga!="function")return;const t={command:"send",hitType:"event",category:"Helpful",action:"click",label:window.location.pathname,value:e};ga(t.command,t.hitType,t.category,t.action,t.label,t.value)};yesButton.addEventListener("click",()=>{yesResponse.classList.add("feedback--response__visible"),disableButtons(),sendFeedback(1)}),noButton.addEventListener("click",()=>{noResponse.classList.add("feedback--response__visible"),disableButtons(),sendFeedback(0)})</script><div class=toc-title>Improve our documentation</div><a href="https://github.com/localstack/docs/issues/new?title=Configuration" class=td-page-meta--issue target=_blank rel=noopener><i class="fa-solid fa-list-check fa-fw"></i> Create documentation issue</a>
 <a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues/new class="td-page-meta--project-issue mb-3" target=_blank rel=noopener><i class="fa-solid fa-list-check fa-fw"></i> Create project issue</a></div><h5 class=toc-title>Table of Contents</h5><div class=td-toc><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#core>Core</a></li><li><a href=#cli>CLI</a></li><li><a href=#docker>Docker</a></li><li><a href=#local-aws-services>Local AWS Services</a><ul><li><a href=#appsync>AppSync</a></li><li><a href=#batch>Batch</a></li><li><a href=#bigdata-emr-athena-glue>BigData (EMR, Athena, Glue)</a></li><li><a href=#dynamodb>DynamoDB</a></li><li><a href=#ecs>ECS</a></li><li><a href=#ec2>EC2</a></li><li><a href=#eks>EKS</a></li><li><a href=#elasticsearch>Elasticsearch</a></li><li><a href=#iam>IAM</a></li><li><a href=#kinesis>Kinesis</a></li><li><a href=#lambda>Lambda</a></li><li><a href=#lambda-legacy>Lambda (Legacy)</a></li><li><a href=#mwaa>MWAA</a></li><li><a href=#opensearch>OpenSearch</a></li><li><a href=#rds>RDS</a></li><li><a href=#s3>S3</a></li><li><a href=#stepfunctions>StepFunctions</a></li><li><a href=#sqs>SQS</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#security>Security</a></li><li><a href=#emails>Emails</a></li><li><a href=#persistence>Persistence</a></li><li><a href=#miscellaneous>Miscellaneous</a></li><li><a href=#debugging>Debugging</a></li><li><a href=#dns>DNS</a></li><li><a href=#localstack-pro>LocalStack Pro</a></li><li><a href=#deprecated>Deprecated</a></li><li><a href=#profiles>Profiles</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8 pl-md-5" role=main><nav aria-label=breadcrumb class=td-breadcrumbs><ol class=breadcrumb><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/references/>References</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current=page><a href=/references/configuration/ aria-disabled=true class="btn-link disabled">Configuration</a></li></ol></nav><div class=td-content><h1>Configuration</h1><div class=lead>Overview of configuration options in LocalStack</div><header class=article-meta><p class=reading-time><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-hidden=true></i>&nbsp; 19 minute read &nbsp;</p></header><p>LocalStack exposes various configuration options to control its behaviour.</p><p>These options can be passed to LocalStack as environment variables like so:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>DEBUG=1 localstack start</span></span></code></pre></div><p>You can also use <a href=#profiles>Profiles</a>.</p><h2 id=core>Core</h2><p>Options that affect the core LocalStack system.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DEBUG</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default) |<code>1</code></td><td>Flag to increase log level and print more verbose logs (useful for troubleshooting issues)</td></tr><tr><td><code>IMAGE_NAME</code></td><td><code>localstack/localstack</code> (default), <code>localstack/localstack:0.11.0</code></td><td>Specific name and tag of LocalStack Docker image to use.</td></tr><tr><td><code>GATEWAY_LISTEN</code></td><td><code>127.0.0.1:4566</code> (default in host mode), <code>0.0.0.0:4566</code> (default in Docker mode)</td><td>Configures the bind addresses of LocalStack. It has the form <code>&lt;ip address>:&lt;port>(,&lt;ip address>:&lt;port>)*</code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOCALSTACK_HOST</code></td><td><code>localhost.localstack.cloud:4566</code> (default)</td><td>This is interpolated into URLs and addresses that are returned by LocalStack. It has the form <code>&lt;hostname>:&lt;port></code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LEGACY_DIRECTORIES</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Use legacy method of managing internal filesystem layout. See <a href=/references/filesystem/>Filesystem Layout</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PERSISTENCE</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Enable persistence. See <a href=/references/persistence-mechanism/>Persistence Mechanism</a> and <a href=/references/filesystem/>Filesystem Layout</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MAIN_CONTAINER_NAME</code></td><td><code>localstack_main</code> (default)</td><td>Specify the main docker container name</td></tr><tr><td><code>LS_LOG</code></td><td><code>trace</code>, <code>trace-internal</code>, <code>debug</code>, <code>info</code>, <code>warn</code>, <code>error</code>, <code>warning</code></td><td>Specify the log level. Currently overrides the <code>DEBUG</code> configuration. <code>trace</code> for detailed request/response, <code>trace-internal</code> for internal calls, too.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTERNAL_SERVICE_PORTS_START</code></td><td><code>4510</code> (default)</td><td>Start of the <a href=/references/external-ports/>External Service Port Range</a> (inclusive).</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTERNAL_SERVICE_PORTS_END</code></td><td><code>4560</code> (default)</td><td>End of the <a href=/references/external-ports/>External Service Port Range</a> (exclusive).</td></tr><tr><td><code>EAGER_SERVICE_LOADING</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Boolean that toggles lazy loading of services. If eager loading is enabled, services are started at LocalStack startup rather than their first use. Eager loading significantly increases LocalStack startup time.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ALLOW_NONSTANDARD_REGIONS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Allows the use of non-standard AWS regions. By default, LocalStack only accepts <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/rande.html>standard AWS regions</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PARITY_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Enables the use production-like access key IDs. By default, LocalStack issues keys with <code>LSIA...</code> and <code>LKIA...</code> prefix, and will reject keys that start with <code>ASIA...</code> or <code>AKIA...</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=cli>CLI</h2><p>These options are applicable when using the CLI to start LocalStack.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>LOCALSTACK_VOLUME_DIR</code></td><td><code>~/.cache/localstack/volume</code> (on Linux)</td><td>The location on the host of the LocalStack volume directory mount. See <a href=/references/filesystem/#using-the-cli>Filesystem Layout</a></td></tr><tr><td><code>CONFIG_PROFILE</code></td><td></td><td>The configuration profile to load. See <a href=#profiles>Profiles</a></td></tr><tr><td><code>CONFIG_DIR</code></td><td><code>~/.localstack</code></td><td>The path where LocalStack can find configuration profiles and other CLI-specific configuration</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=docker>Docker</h2><p>Options to configure how LocalStack interacts with Docker.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td></td><td>Allows to pass custom flags (e.g., volume mounts) to &ldquo;docker run&rdquo; when running LocalStack in Docker.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DOCKER_SOCK</code></td><td><code>/var/run/docker.sock</code></td><td>Path to local Docker UNIX domain socket</td></tr><tr><td><code>DOCKER_BRIDGE_IP</code></td><td><code>172.17.0.1</code></td><td>IP of the docker bridge used to enable access between containers</td></tr><tr><td><code>LEGACY_DOCKER_CLIENT</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td>Whether LocalStack should use the command-line Docker client and subprocess execution to run Docker commands, rather than the Docker SDK.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DOCKER_CMD</code></td><td><code>docker</code> (default), <code>sudo docker</code></td><td>Shell command used to run Docker containers (only used in combination with <code>LEGACY_DOCKER_CLIENT</code>)</td></tr><tr><td><code>FORCE_NONINTERACTIVE</code></td><td></td><td>When running with Docker, disables the <code>--interactive</code> and <code>--tty</code> flags. Useful when running headless.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=local-aws-services>Local AWS Services</h2><p>This section covers configuration options that are specific to certain AWS services.</p><h3 id=appsync>AppSync</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>legacy</code>|<code>domain</code>|<code>path</code></td><td>Governs how AppSync endpoints are created to access a GraphQL API (see <a href=/tags/appsync/#endpoints>AppSync Endpoints</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=batch>Batch</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>BATCH_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>-e TEST_ENV=1337</code></td><td>Additional flags provided to the batch container. Same restrictions as <code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=bigdata-emr-athena-glue>BigData (EMR, Athena, Glue)</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>BIGDATA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code></td><td></td><td>Network the bigdata should be connected to. The LocalStack container has to be connected to that network as well. Per default, the bigdata container will be connected to a network LocalStack is also connected to.</td></tr><tr><td><code>BIGDATA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td></td><td>Additional flags for the bigdata container. Same restrictions as <code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=dynamodb>DynamoDB</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_ERROR_PROBABILITY</code></td><td>Decimal value between <code>0.0</code>(default) and <code>1.0</code></td><td>Randomly inject <code>ProvisionedThroughputExceededException</code> errors into DynamoDB API responses.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_HEAP_SIZE</code></td><td><code>256m</code> (default), <code>1G</code></td><td>Sets the JAVA EE maximum memory size for DynamoDB; full table scans require more memory</td></tr><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_SHARE_DB</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td>When activated, DynamodDB will use a single database instead of separate databases for each credential and region.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_IN_MEMORY</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default) |<code>1</code></td><td>When activated, DynamodDB will start in in-memory mode, which can have a faster throughput. If you use this options, both persistence and cloud pods will not work for DynamoDB</td></tr><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_OPTIMIZE_DB_BEFORE_STARTUP</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td>Optimize the database tables in the store before starting</td></tr><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_DELAY_TRANSIENT_STATUSES</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td>When activated, DynamoDB will introduce artificial delays in resource creation to simulate the actual cloud service more closely. Currently works only for CREATING and DELETING online index statuses.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DYNAMODB_CORS</code></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>Enable CORS support for specific allow-list list the domains separated by <code>,</code> use <code>*</code> for public access (default is <code>*</code>)</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=ecs>ECS</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ECS_REMOVE_CONTAINERS</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Remove Docker containers associated with ECS tasks after execution. Disabling this and dumping container logs might help with troubleshooting failing ECS tasks.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ECS_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>--privileged</code>, <code>--dns 1.2.3.4</code></td><td>Additional flags passed to Docker when creating ECS task containers. Same restrictions as <code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=ec2>EC2</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>EC2_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>--privileged</code></td><td>Additional flags passed to Docker when launching containerized instances. Same restrictions as <code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EC2_DOWNLOAD_DEFAULT_IMAGES</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code> (default)</td><td>At startup, LocalStack Pro downloads latest Ubuntu images from Docker Hub for use as AMIs. This can be disabled for security reasons.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EC2_MOUNT_BLOCK_DEVICES</code></td><td><code>1</code>|<code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to create and mount user-specified EBS block devices into EC2 container instances.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EC2_EBS_MAX_VOLUME_SIZE</code></td><td><code>1000</code> (default)</td><td>Maximum size (in MBs) of user-specified EBS block devices mounted into EC2 container instances.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=eks>EKS</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>EKS_LOADBALANCER_PORT</code></td><td><code>8081</code> (default)</td><td>Local port on which the Kubernetes load balancer is exposed on the host.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EKS_K3S_IMAGE_TAG</code></td><td><code>v1.22.6-k3s1</code> (default)</td><td>Custom tag of the <code>k8s/rancher</code> image used to spin up Kubernetes clusters locally.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=elasticsearch>Elasticsearch</h3><div class="alert alert-primary" role=alert><h4 class=alert-heading>Note</h4>The OpenSearch configuration variables are used to manage both OpenSearch and ElasticSearch clusters.
 See <a href=#opensearch>here</a>.</div><h3 id=iam>IAM</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ENFORCE_IAM</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)|<code>1</code></td><td>Enable IAM policy evaluation and enforcement. If this is disabled (the default), IAM policies will have no effect to your requests.</td></tr><tr><td><code>IAM_SOFT_MODE</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)|<code>1</code></td><td>Enable IAM soft mode. This leads to policy evaluation without actually denying access. Needs <code>ENFORCE_IAM</code> enabled as well. For more information, see <a href=/user-guide/aws/iam/>Identity and Access Management</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=kinesis>Kinesis</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>KINESIS_ERROR_PROBABILITY</code></td><td>Decimal value between <code>0.0</code>(default) and <code>1.0</code></td><td>Randomly inject <code>ProvisionedThroughputExceededException</code> errors into Kinesis API responses.</td></tr><tr><td><code>KINESIS_SHARD_LIMIT</code></td><td><code>100</code> (default), <code>Infinity</code> (to disable)</td><td>Integer value , causing the Kinesis API to start throwing exceptions to mimic the default shard limit.</td></tr><tr><td><code>KINESIS_ON_DEMAND_STREAM_COUNT_LIMIT</code></td><td><code>10</code> (default), <code>Infinity</code> (to disable)</td><td>Integer value , causing the Kinesis API to start throwing exceptions to mimic the default on demand stream count limit.</td></tr><tr><td><code>KINESIS_LATENCY</code></td><td><code>500</code> (default), <code>0</code> (to disable)</td><td>Integer value of milliseconds, causing the Kinesis API to delay returning a response in order to mimic latency from a live AWS call.</td></tr><tr><td><code>KINESIS_INITIALIZE_STREAMS</code></td><td><code>"my-first-stream:1,my-other-stream:2:us-west-2,my-last-stream:1"</code></td><td>A comma-delimited string of stream names, its corresponding shard count and an optional region to initialize during startup. If the region is not provided, the default region is used. Only works with the <code>kinesis-mock</code> <code>KINESIS_PROVIDER</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=lambda>Lambda</h3><div class="alert alert-primary" role=alert><h4 class=alert-heading>Note</h4>New <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>Lambda</a> implementation active since LocalStack 2.0 (Docker <code>latest</code> since 2023-03-23).
-Please consult the <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/#migrating-to-lambda-v2>migration guide</a> for more information.</div><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>BUCKET_MARKER_LOCAL</code></td><td><code>hot-reload</code> (default)</td><td>Magic S3 bucket name for <a href=/user-guide/tools/lambda-tools/hot-reloading/>Hot Reloading</a>. The S3Key points to the source code on the local file system.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>-e KEY=VALUE</code>, <code>-v host:container</code>, <code>-p host:container</code>, <code>--add-host domain:ip</code></td><td>Additional flags passed to Docker <code>run</code>|<code>create</code> commands. Supports environment variables, ports, volume mounts, extra hosts, networks, DNS servers, labels, ulimits, user, platform, and privileged mode.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code></td><td><code>bridge</code> (Docker default)</td><td><a href=https://docs.docker.com/network/>Docker network driver</a> for the Lambda and ECS containers. Needs to be set to the network the LocalStack container is connected to. Limitation: <code>host</code> mode currently not supported.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOWNLOAD_AWS_LAYERS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default, pro)</td><td>Whether to download public Lambda layers from AWS through a LocalStack proxy when creating or updating functions.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_IGNORE_ARCHITECTURE</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to ignore the AWS architectures (x86_64 or arm64) configured for the lambda function. Set to <code>1</code> to run cross-platform compatible lambda functions natively (i.e., Docker selects architecture).</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_K8S_IMAGE_PREFIX</code></td><td><code>amazon/aws-lambda-</code> (default, pro)</td><td>Prefix for images that will be used to execute Lambda functions in Kubernetes.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_KEEPALIVE_MS</code></td><td><code>600000</code> (default 10min)</td><td>Time in milliseconds until lambda shuts down the execution environment after the last invocation has been processed. Set to <code>0</code> to immediately shut down the execution environment after an invocation.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_LIMITS_CONCURRENT_EXECUTIONS</code></td><td><code>1000</code> (default)</td><td>The maximum number of events that functions can process simultaneously in the current Region. See <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/lambda-service.html>AWS service quotas</a></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_LIMITS_CREATE_FUNCTION_REQUEST_SIZE</code></td><td><code>69905067</code> (default)</td><td>The maximum HTTP request size in bytes for the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/API_CreateFunction.html>CreateFunction</a> operation. Raising this limit enables the creation of larger Lambda functions without the need to upload the code to an S3 deployment bucket.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_REMOVE_CONTAINERS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to remove any Lambda Docker containers.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_ENVIRONMENT_TIMEOUT</code></td><td><code>10</code> (default)</td><td>How many seconds Lambda will wait for the runtime environment to start up.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_EXECUTOR</code></td><td><code>docker</code> (default)</td><td>Where Lambdas will be executed.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>kubernetes</code> (pro)</td><td>Execute lambdas in a Kubernetes cluster.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_IMAGE_MAPPING</code></td><td><a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-images.html>base images for Lambda</a> (default)</td><td>Customize the Docker image of Lambda runtimes, either by:<br>a) pattern with <code>&lt;runtime></code> placeholder, e.g. <code>custom-repo/lambda-&lt;runtime>:2022</code><br>b) json dict mapping the <code>&lt;runtime></code> to an image, e.g. <code>{"python3.9": "custom-repo/lambda-py:thon3.9"}</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_SYNCHRONOUS_CREATE</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Set to <code>1</code> to create lambda functions synchronously (not recommended).</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_TRUNCATE_STDOUT</code></td><td><code>2000</code> (default)</td><td>Allows increasing the default char limit for truncation of lambda log lines when printed in the console. This does not affect the logs processing in CloudWatch.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_LAMBDA</code></td><td><code>v2</code> (default)</td><td>Currently supported implementation of our <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>local Lambda service</a> active since LocalStack 2.0 (Docker <code>latest</code> since 2023-03-23).</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>legacy</code> (<strong>deprecated</strong>)</td><td>Use the old lambda provider (not recommended).<br><strong>See <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>Lambda providers</a>.</strong></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=lambda-legacy>Lambda (Legacy)</h3><p>The old lambda provider is temporarily available in Localstack v2 using <code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_LAMBDA=legacy</code> but we highly recommend <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>migrating</a> to the new Lambda provider.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_EXECUTOR</code></td><td></td><td>Method to use for executing Lambda functions. For <code>docker</code> and <code>docker-reuse</code>, if LocalStack itself is started inside Docker, then the <code>docker</code> command needs to be available inside the container (usually requires to run the container in privileged mode). More information in Lambda Executor Modes.<br><strong>Removed in new provider. Mount the Docker socket or see <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>migration guide</a>.</strong></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>docker</code> (default)</td><td>Run each function invocation in a separate Docker container.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>local</code> (fallback)</td><td>Run Lambda functions in a temporary directory on the local machine.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>docker-reuse</code></td><td>Create one Docker container per function and reuse it across invocations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_STAY_OPEN_MODE</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Usage of the stay-open mode of Lambda containers. Only applicable if <code>LAMBDA_EXECUTOR=docker-reuse</code>. Set to <code>0</code> if you want to use <a href=/user-guide/tools/lambda-tools/hot-reloading/>Hot Reloading</a>.<br><strong>Removed in new provider because stay-open mode is the default behavior. <code>LAMBDA_KEEPALIVE_MS</code> can be used to configure how long containers should be kept running in-between invocations.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_REMOTE_DOCKER</code></td><td></td><td>determines whether Lambda code is copied or mounted into containers.<br><strong>Removed in new provider because zip file copying is used by default and hot reloading automatically configures mounting.</strong></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>true</code> (default)</td><td>your Lambda function definitions will be passed to the container by copying the zip file (potentially slower). It allows for remote execution, where the host and the client are not on the same machine.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>false</code></td><td>your Lambda function definitions will be passed to the container by mounting a volume (potentially faster). This requires to have the Docker client and the Docker host on the same machine.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_TRUNCATE_STDOUT</code></td><td><code>2000</code> (default)</td><td>Allows increasing the default char value for truncation of lambda logs. This does not affect the logs processing in CloudWatch.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>BUCKET_MARKER_LOCAL</code></td><td><code>__local__</code> (default)</td><td>Optional bucket name for running lambdas locally.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider but default changed to <code>hot-reload</code>.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_CODE_EXTRACT_TIME</code></td><td><code>25</code> (default)</td><td>Time in seconds to wait at max while extracting Lambda code. By default, it is 25 seconds for limiting the execution time to avoid client/network timeout issues.<br><strong>Removed in new provider because function creation happens asynchronously.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code></td><td></td><td>Optional Docker network for the container running your lambda function. This configuration value also applies to ECS containers. Needs to be set to the network the LocalStack container is connected to.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_DNS</code></td><td></td><td>Optional DNS server for the container running your lambda function.<br><strong>Supported in new provider since LocalStack 2.2.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>-e KEY=VALUE</code>, <code>-v host:container</code>, <code>-p host:container</code>, <code>--add-host domain:ip</code></td><td>Additional flags passed to Docker <code>run</code>|<code>create</code> commands. Supports environment variables, ports, volume mounts, extra hosts, networks, labels, user, platform and privileged mode.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_CONTAINER_REGISTRY</code></td><td><code>lambci/lambda</code> (default)</td><td>An alternative docker registry from where to pull lambda execution containers.<br><strong>Replaced by <code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_IMAGE_MAPPING</code> in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_REMOVE_CONTAINERS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to remove any Lambda Docker containers. Only applicable when using docker-reuse executor.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_FALLBACK_URL</code></td><td></td><td>Fallback URL to use when a non-existing Lambda is invoked. Either records invocations in DynamoDB (value <code>dynamodb://&lt;table_name></code>) or forwards invocations as a POST request (value <code>http(s)://...</code>).<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_FORWARD_URL</code></td><td></td><td>URL used to forward all Lambda invocations (useful to run Lambdas via an external service).<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_JAVA_OPTS</code></td><td><code>-Xmx512M</code></td><td>Allow passing custom JVM options to Java Lambdas executed in Docker. Use <code>_debug_port_</code> placeholder to configure the debug port, e.g., <code>-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=_debug_port_</code>.<br><strong>Currently not supported in new provider but possible via custom entrypoint.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>HOSTNAME_FROM_LAMBDA</code></td><td><code>localstack</code></td><td>Endpoint host under which APIs are accessible from Lambda containers (optional). This can be useful in docker-compose stacks to use the local container hostname if neither IP address nor container name of the main container are available (e.g., in CI). Often used in combination with <code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code>.<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_XRAY_INIT</code></td><td><code>1</code> / <code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to fully initialize XRay daemon for Lambda containers (may increase Lambda startup times).<br><strong>Removed in new provider because the X-Ray daemon is always initialized.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>SYNCHRONOUS_KINESIS_EVENTS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default) / <code>0</code></td><td>Whether or not to handle Kinesis Lambda event sources as synchronous invocations.<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_LAMBDA</code></td><td><code>asf</code> (optional)</td><td>Opt-in to use the new lambda provider beta. See <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>Lambda providers</a>.<br><strong>Active by default in the new provider.</strong></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=mwaa>MWAA</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>MWAA_PIP_TRUSTED_HOSTS</code></td><td><code>pypi.org,files.pythonhosted.org</code></td><td>Comma-separated list of hosts for which SSL verification is not performed when installing Python dependencies for MWAA environment.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=opensearch>OpenSearch</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>OPENSEARCH_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code></td><td><code>http://opensearch:9200</code></td><td>URL to a custom OpenSearch backend cluster. If this is set to a valid URL, then LocalStack will not create OpenSearch cluster instances, but instead forward all domains to the given backend (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/opensearch/#custom-opensearch-backends>Custom Opensearch Backends</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>OPENSEARCH_MULTI_CLUSTER</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td>When activated, LocalStack will spawn one OpenSearch cluster per domain. Otherwise all domains will share a single cluster instance. This is ignored if <code>OPENSEARCH_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code> is set.</td></tr><tr><td><code>OPENSEARCH_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>path</code>|<code>domain</code>|<code>port</code></td><td>Governs how domain endpoints are created to access a cluster (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/opensearch/#endpoints>Opensearch Endpoints</a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=rds>RDS</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>RDS_PG_CUSTOM_VERSIONS</code></td><td><code>0</code> / <code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to install and use custom Postgres versions for RDS (or alternatively, use default version 11).</td></tr><tr><td><code>RDS_MYSQL_DOCKER</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default) / <code>1</code></td><td>Whether to enable MySQL engines (instead of MariaDB). Will run the MySQL cluster/instances in a new docker container.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MYSQL_IMAGE</code></td><td><code>mysql:8.0</code></td><td>Defines a specific MySQL image that should be used when spinning up the MySQL engine. Only available if <code>RDS_MYSQL_DOCKER</code> is enabled.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MSSQL_IMAGE</code></td><td><code>mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest</code></td><td>Defines a specific image that should be used when spinning up a SQL server engine.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=s3>S3</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>S3_DIR</code></td><td></td><td>Configure a global parent directory that contains all buckets as sub-directories (<code>S3_DIR=/path/to/root</code>) or an individual directory that will get mounted as special bucket names (<code>S3_DIR=/path/to/root/bucket1:bucket1</code>). Only available for Localstack Pro.</td></tr><tr><td><code>S3_SKIP_SIGNATURE_VALIDATION</code></td><td><code>0</code> / <code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle validation of S3 pre-signed URL request signature. Set to <code>0</code> to validate.</td></tr><tr><td><code>S3_SKIP_KMS_KEY_VALIDATION</code></td><td><code>0</code> / <code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle validation of provided KMS key in S3 operations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_S3</code></td><td><code>v3</code></td><td>Activate the new LocalStack-native S3 provider.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=stepfunctions>StepFunctions</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>STEPFUNCTIONS_LAMBDA_ENDPOINT</code></td><td><code>default</code></td><td>URL to use as the Lambda service endpoint in Step Functions. By default this is the LocalStack Lambda endpoint. Use default to select the original AWS Lambda endpoint.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_STEPFUNCTIONS</code></td><td><code>v2</code></td><td>Activate the new LocalStack-native StepFunctions provider.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=sqs>SQS</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SQS_DELAY_PURGE_RETRY</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle PurgeQueueInProgress errors when making more than one PurgeQueue call within 60 seconds.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_DELAY_RECENTLY_DELETED</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle QueueDeletedRecently errors when re-creating a queue within 60 seconds of deleting it.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>domain</code>|<code>path</code>|<code>off</code></td><td>Configures the format of Queue URLs (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/sqs/#queue-urls>SQS Queue URLs</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_DISABLE_CLOUDWATCH_METRICS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Disables the CloudWatch Metrics for SQS when set to <code>1</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_CLOUDWATCH_METRICS_REPORT_INTERVAL</code></td><td><code>60</code> (default)</td><td>Configures the report interval (in seconds) for <code>Approximate*</code> metrics that are sent to CloudWatch periodically. Sending will be disabled if <code>SQS_DISABLE_CLOUDWATCH_METRICS=1</code></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=security>Security</h2><div class="alert alert-warning" role=alert><h4 class=alert-heading>Warning</h4>Please be aware that the following options may have severe security implications.</div><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CORS_HEADERS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable the returning of default CORS headers in API responses (disables access from <a href=https://app.localstack.cloud>https://app.localstack.cloud</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CORS_CHECKS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable all CSRF (server-side) mitigations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CUSTOM_CORS_S3</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable CORS override by S3.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CUSTOM_CORS_APIGATEWAY</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable CORS override by apigateway.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTRA_CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS</code></td><td></td><td>Comma-separated list of origins that are allowed to communicate with localstack.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTRA_CORS_ALLOWED_HEADERS</code></td><td></td><td>Comma-separated list of header names to be be added to Access-Control-Allow-Headers CORS header.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTRA_CORS_EXPOSE_HEADERS</code></td><td></td><td>Comma-separated list of header names to be be added to Access-Control-Expose-Headers CORS header.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ENABLE_CONFIG_UPDATES</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to enable dynamic configuration updates at runtime.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=emails>Emails</h2><p>Please check with your SMTP email service provider for the following settings.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SMTP_HOST</code></td><td><code>localhost:1025</code></td><td>Hostname (and optionally the port) of the SMTP server. The port defaults to 25.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SMTP_USER</code></td><td></td><td>Login username for the SMTP server if required.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SMTP_PASS</code></td><td></td><td>Login password for the SMTP server if required.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SMTP_EMAIL</code></td><td><code>sender@example.com</code></td><td>Origin email address. Required for Cognito only.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=persistence>Persistence</h2><p>To learn more about these configuration options, see <a href=/references/persistence-mechanism/>Persistence</a>.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Valid options</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SNAPSHOT_SAVE_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>ON_SHUTDOWN</code>|<code>ON_REQUEST</code>|<code>SCHEDULED</code>|<code>MANUAL</code></td><td>Strategy that governs when LocalStack should make state snapshots</td></tr><tr><td><code>SNAPSHOT_LOAD_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>ON_STARTUP</code>|<code>ON_REQUEST</code>|<code>MANUAL</code></td><td>Strategy that governs when LocalStack restores state snapshots</td></tr><tr><td><code>SNAPSHOT_FLUSH_INTERVAL</code></td><td>15 (default)</td><td>The interval (in seconds) between persistence snapshots. It only applies to a <code>SCHEDULED</code> save strategy (see <a href=/references/persistence-mechanism/>Persistence Mechanism</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=miscellaneous>Miscellaneous</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SKIP_SSL_CERT_DOWNLOAD</code></td><td></td><td>Whether to skip downloading the SSL certificate for localhost.localstack.cloud</td></tr><tr><td><code>CUSTOM_SSL_CERT_PATH</code></td><td><code>/var/lib/localstack/custom/server.test.pem</code></td><td>Defines the absolute path to a custom SSL certificate for localhost.localstack.cloud</td></tr><tr><td><code>IGNORE_ES_DOWNLOAD_ERRORS</code></td><td></td><td>Whether to ignore errors (e.g., network/SSL) when downloading Elasticsearch plugins</td></tr><tr><td><code>OVERRIDE_IN_DOCKER</code></td><td></td><td>Overrides the check whether LocalStack is executed within a docker container. If set to <code>true</code>, LocalStack assumes it runs in a docker container. Should not be set unless necessary.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_EVENTS</code></td><td><code>1</code></td><td>Whether to disable publishing LocalStack events</td></tr><tr><td><code>OUTBOUND_HTTP_PROXY</code></td><td><code>http://10.10.1.3</code></td><td>HTTP Proxy used for downloads of runtime dependencies and connections outside LocalStack itself</td></tr><tr><td><code>OUTBOUND_HTTPS_PROXY</code></td><td><code>https://10.10.1.3</code></td><td>HTTPS Proxy used for downloads of runtime dependencies and connections outside LocalStack itself</td></tr><tr><td><code>REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE</code></td><td><code>/var/lib/localstack/lib/ca_bundle.pem</code></td><td>CA Bundle to be used to verify HTTPS requests made by LocalStack</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=debugging>Debugging</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DEVELOP</code></td><td></td><td>Starts a debugpy server before starting LocalStack services</td></tr><tr><td><code>DEVELOP_PORT</code></td><td></td><td>Port number for debugpy server</td></tr><tr><td><code>WAIT_FOR_DEBUGGER</code></td><td></td><td>Forces LocalStack to wait for a debugger to start the services</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=dns>DNS</h2><p>To learn more about these configuration options, see <a href=/user-guide/tools/transparent-endpoint-injection/dns-server/>DNS Server</a>.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DNS_ADDRESS</code></td><td>0.0.0.0 (default)</td><td>Address the LocalStack should bind the DNS server on (port 53 tcp/udp). Value <code>0</code> to disable.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DNS_SERVER</code></td><td>8.8.8.8 (default)</td><td>Fallback DNS server for non-modified queries.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DNS_RESOLVE_IP</code></td><td>127.0.0.1</td><td>IP address the DNS integration should return as A record for modified queries. This will override any automatic detection of the proper response IP.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DNS_LOCAL_NAME_PATTERNS</code></td><td></td><td>Names which should be resolved to the LocalStack IP, as python-compatible regex.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=localstack-pro>LocalStack Pro</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ACTIVATE_PRO</code></td><td>1 (default)</td><td>Whether pro should be activated or not. This is set to true by default if using the <code>localstack/localstack-pro</code> container image. If set to <code>1</code>, LocalStack will fail to start if the license key activation did not work. If set to <code>0</code>, an attempt is made to start LocalStack without pro features.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOCALSTACK_API_KEY</code></td><td></td><td>API key to activate LocalStack Pro.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOG_LICENSE_ISSUES</code></td><td>1 (default)</td><td>Whether to log issues with the license activation to the console.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=deprecated>Deprecated</h2><p>These configurations are deprecated and will be removed in the upcoming major version.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>USE_SSL</code></td><td><code>false</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to use https://&mldr; URLs with SSL encryption. Deprecated as of version 0.11.3. Each service endpoint now supports multiplexing HTTP/HTTPS traffic over the same port.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DEFAULT_REGION</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> AWS region to use when talking to the API (needs to be activated via <code>USE_SINGLE_REGION=1</code>). LocalStack now has full multi-region support.</td></tr><tr><td><code>USE_SINGLE_REGION</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to use the legacy single-region mode, defined via <code>DEFAULT_REGION</code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DATA_DIR</code></td><td>blank (disabled/default), <code>/tmp/localstack/data</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Local directory for saving persistent data. This option is deprecated since LocalStack v1 and will be ignored. Please use <code>PERSISTENCE</code>. Using this option will set <code>PERSISTENCE=1</code> as a deprecation path. The state will be stored in your LocalStack volume in the <code>state/</code> directory</td></tr><tr><td><code>HOST_TMP_FOLDER</code></td><td><code>/some/path</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Temporary folder on the host that gets mounted as <code>$TMPDIR/localstack</code> into the LocalStack container. Required only for Lambda volume mounts when using <code>LAMBDA_REMOTE_DOCKER=false.</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>TMPDIR</code></td><td><code>/tmp</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Temporary folder on the host running the CLI and inside the LocalStack container .</td></tr><tr><td><code>&lt;SERVICE>_BACKEND</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Custom endpoint URL to use for a specific service, where <code>&lt;SERVICE></code> is the uppercase service name.</td></tr><tr><td><code>&lt;SERVICE>_PORT_EXTERNAL</code></td><td><code>4567</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Port number to expose a specific service externally . <code>SQS_PORT_EXTERNAL</code>, e.g. , is used when returning queue URLs from the SQS service to the client.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOCALSTACK_HOSTNAME</code></td><td><code>http://${LOCALSTACK_HOSTNAME}:4566</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Name of the host where LocalStack services are available. Use this hostname as endpoint in order to access the services from within your Lambda functions (e.g., to store an item to DynamoDB or S3 from a Lambda). This option is read-only. Use <code>LOCALSTACK_HOST</code> instead.</td></tr><tr><td><code>HOSTNAME_EXTERNAL</code></td><td><code>localhost</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Name of the host to expose the services externally. This host is used, e.g., when returning queue URLs from the SQS service to the client. Use <code>LOCALSTACK_HOST</code> instead.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EDGE_BIND_HOST</code></td><td><code>127.0.0.1</code> (default), <code>0.0.0.0</code> (docker)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Address the edge service binds to. Use <code>GATEWAY_LISTEN</code> instead.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EDGE_PORT</code></td><td><code>4566</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Port number for the edge service, the main entry point for all API invocations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EDGE_FORWARD_URL</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Optional target URL to forward all edge requests to (e.g., for distributed deployments)</td></tr><tr><td><code>INIT_SCRIPTS_PATH</code></td><td><code>/some/path</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Before 1.0, this was used to configure the path to the initializing files with extensions <code>.sh</code> that were found in <code>/docker-entrypoint-initaws.d</code>. This has been replaced by the <a href=https://docs.localstack.cloud/references/init-hooks/>init-hook system</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>KMS_PROVIDER</code></td><td><code>moto</code> (default), <code>local-kms</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> <code>local-kms</code> provider is deprecated and marked for removal.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ES_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code></td><td><code>http://elasticsearch:9200</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Use <a href=#opensearch><code>OPENSEARCH_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code></a> instead. URL to a custom elasticsearch backend cluster. If this is set to a valid URL, then localstack will not create elasticsearch cluster instances, but instead forward all domains to the given backend (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/elasticsearch/#custom-elasticsearch-backends>Custom Elasticsearch Backends</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>ES_MULTI_CLUSTER</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Use <a href=#opensearch><code>OPENSEARCH_MULTI_CLUSTER</code></a> instead. When activated, LocalStack will spawn one Elasticsearch cluster per domain. Otherwise all domains will share a single cluster instance. This is ignored if <code>ES_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code> is set.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ES_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>path</code>|<code>domain</code>|<code>port</code> (formerly <code>off</code>)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Use <a href=#opensearch><code>OPENSEARCH_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></a> instead. Governs how domain endpoints are created to access a cluster (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/elasticsearch/#endpoints>Elasticsearch Endpoints</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><code>SKIP_INFRA_DOWNLOADS</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to skip downloading additional infrastructure components (e.g., specific Elasticsearch versions)</td></tr><tr><td><code>MOCK_UNIMPLEMENTED</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to return mocked success responses (instead of 501 errors) for currently unimplemented API methods</td></tr><tr><td><code>ACTIVATE_NEW_POD_CLIENT</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to use the new Cloud Pods client leveraging LocalStack container&rsquo;s APIs.</td></tr><tr><td><code>BIGDATA_MONO_CONTAINER</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to spin Big Data services inside the LocalStack main container. Glue jobs breaks when using <code>BIGDATA_MONO_CONTAINER=0</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=profiles>Profiles</h2><p>LocalStack supports configuration profiles which are stored in the <code>~/.localstack</code> config directory.
+Please consult the <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/#migrating-to-lambda-v2>migration guide</a> for more information.</div><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>BUCKET_MARKER_LOCAL</code></td><td><code>hot-reload</code> (default)</td><td>Magic S3 bucket name for <a href=/user-guide/tools/lambda-tools/hot-reloading/>Hot Reloading</a>. The S3Key points to the source code on the local file system.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>-e KEY=VALUE</code>, <code>-v host:container</code>, <code>-p host:container</code>, <code>--add-host domain:ip</code></td><td>Additional flags passed to Docker <code>run</code>|<code>create</code> commands. Supports environment variables, ports, volume mounts, extra hosts, networks, DNS servers, labels, ulimits, user, platform, and privileged mode.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code></td><td><code>bridge</code> (Docker default)</td><td><a href=https://docs.docker.com/network/>Docker network driver</a> for the Lambda and ECS containers. Needs to be set to the network the LocalStack container is connected to. Limitation: <code>host</code> mode currently not supported.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOWNLOAD_AWS_LAYERS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default, pro)</td><td>Whether to download public Lambda layers from AWS through a LocalStack proxy when creating or updating functions.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_IGNORE_ARCHITECTURE</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to ignore the AWS architectures (x86_64 or arm64) configured for the lambda function. Set to <code>1</code> to run cross-platform compatible lambda functions natively (i.e., Docker selects architecture).</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_K8S_IMAGE_PREFIX</code></td><td><code>amazon/aws-lambda-</code> (default, pro)</td><td>Prefix for images that will be used to execute Lambda functions in Kubernetes.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_KEEPALIVE_MS</code></td><td><code>600000</code> (default 10min)</td><td>Time in milliseconds until lambda shuts down the execution environment after the last invocation has been processed. Set to <code>0</code> to immediately shut down the execution environment after an invocation.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_LIMITS_CONCURRENT_EXECUTIONS</code></td><td><code>1000</code> (default)</td><td>The maximum number of events that functions can process simultaneously in the current Region. See <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/lambda-service.html>AWS service quotas</a></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_LIMITS_CREATE_FUNCTION_REQUEST_SIZE</code></td><td><code>69905067</code> (default)</td><td>The maximum HTTP request size in bytes for the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/API_CreateFunction.html>CreateFunction</a> operation. Raising this limit enables the creation of larger Lambda functions without the need to upload the code to an S3 deployment bucket.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_REMOVE_CONTAINERS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to remove any Lambda Docker containers.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_ENVIRONMENT_TIMEOUT</code></td><td><code>10</code> (default)</td><td>How many seconds Lambda will wait for the runtime environment to start up.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_EXECUTOR</code></td><td><code>docker</code> (default)</td><td>Where Lambdas will be executed.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>kubernetes</code> (pro)</td><td>Execute lambdas in a Kubernetes cluster.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_IMAGE_MAPPING</code></td><td><a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-images.html>base images for Lambda</a> (default)</td><td>Customize the Docker image of Lambda runtimes, either by:<br>a) pattern with <code>&lt;runtime></code> placeholder, e.g. <code>custom-repo/lambda-&lt;runtime>:2022</code><br>b) json dict mapping the <code>&lt;runtime></code> to an image, e.g. <code>{"python3.9": "custom-repo/lambda-py:thon3.9"}</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_SYNCHRONOUS_CREATE</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Set to <code>1</code> to create lambda functions synchronously (not recommended).</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_TRUNCATE_STDOUT</code></td><td><code>2000</code> (default)</td><td>Allows increasing the default char limit for truncation of lambda log lines when printed in the console. This does not affect the logs processing in CloudWatch.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_LAMBDA</code></td><td><code>v2</code> (default)</td><td>Currently supported implementation of our <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>local Lambda service</a> active since LocalStack 2.0 (Docker <code>latest</code> since 2023-03-23).</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>legacy</code> (<strong>deprecated</strong>)</td><td>Use the old lambda provider (not recommended).<br><strong>See <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>Lambda providers</a>.</strong></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=lambda-legacy>Lambda (Legacy)</h3><p>The old lambda provider is temporarily available in Localstack v2 using <code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_LAMBDA=legacy</code> but we highly recommend <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>migrating</a> to the new Lambda provider.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_EXECUTOR</code></td><td></td><td>Method to use for executing Lambda functions. For <code>docker</code> and <code>docker-reuse</code>, if LocalStack itself is started inside Docker, then the <code>docker</code> command needs to be available inside the container (usually requires to run the container in privileged mode). More information in Lambda Executor Modes.<br><strong>Removed in new provider. Mount the Docker socket or see <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>migration guide</a>.</strong></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>docker</code> (default)</td><td>Run each function invocation in a separate Docker container.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>local</code> (fallback)</td><td>Run Lambda functions in a temporary directory on the local machine.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>docker-reuse</code></td><td>Create one Docker container per function and reuse it across invocations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_STAY_OPEN_MODE</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Usage of the stay-open mode of Lambda containers. Only applicable if <code>LAMBDA_EXECUTOR=docker-reuse</code>. Set to <code>0</code> if you want to use <a href=/user-guide/tools/lambda-tools/hot-reloading/>Hot Reloading</a>.<br><strong>Removed in new provider because stay-open mode is the default behavior. <code>LAMBDA_KEEPALIVE_MS</code> can be used to configure how long containers should be kept running in-between invocations.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_REMOTE_DOCKER</code></td><td></td><td>determines whether Lambda code is copied or mounted into containers.<br><strong>Removed in new provider because zip file copying is used by default and hot reloading automatically configures mounting.</strong></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>true</code> (default)</td><td>your Lambda function definitions will be passed to the container by copying the zip file (potentially slower). It allows for remote execution, where the host and the client are not on the same machine.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>false</code></td><td>your Lambda function definitions will be passed to the container by mounting a volume (potentially faster). This requires to have the Docker client and the Docker host on the same machine.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_TRUNCATE_STDOUT</code></td><td><code>2000</code> (default)</td><td>Allows increasing the default char value for truncation of lambda logs. This does not affect the logs processing in CloudWatch.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>BUCKET_MARKER_LOCAL</code></td><td><code>__local__</code> (default)</td><td>Optional bucket name for running lambdas locally.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider but default changed to <code>hot-reload</code>.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_CODE_EXTRACT_TIME</code></td><td><code>25</code> (default)</td><td>Time in seconds to wait at max while extracting Lambda code. By default, it is 25 seconds for limiting the execution time to avoid client/network timeout issues.<br><strong>Removed in new provider because function creation happens asynchronously.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code></td><td></td><td>Optional Docker network for the container running your lambda function. This configuration value also applies to ECS containers. Needs to be set to the network the LocalStack container is connected to.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_DNS</code></td><td></td><td>Optional DNS server for the container running your lambda function.<br><strong>Supported in new provider since LocalStack 2.2.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_FLAGS</code></td><td><code>-e KEY=VALUE</code>, <code>-v host:container</code>, <code>-p host:container</code>, <code>--add-host domain:ip</code></td><td>Additional flags passed to Docker <code>run</code>|<code>create</code> commands. Supports environment variables, ports, volume mounts, extra hosts, networks, labels, user, platform and privileged mode.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_CONTAINER_REGISTRY</code></td><td><code>lambci/lambda</code> (default)</td><td>An alternative docker registry from where to pull lambda execution containers.<br><strong>Replaced by <code>LAMBDA_RUNTIME_IMAGE_MAPPING</code> in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_REMOVE_CONTAINERS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to remove any Lambda Docker containers. Only applicable when using docker-reuse executor.<br><strong>Still supported in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_FALLBACK_URL</code></td><td></td><td>Fallback URL to use when a non-existing Lambda is invoked. Either records invocations in DynamoDB (value <code>dynamodb://&lt;table_name></code>) or forwards invocations as a POST request (value <code>http(s)://...</code>).<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_FORWARD_URL</code></td><td></td><td>URL used to forward all Lambda invocations (useful to run Lambdas via an external service).<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_JAVA_OPTS</code></td><td><code>-Xmx512M</code></td><td>Allow passing custom JVM options to Java Lambdas executed in Docker. Use <code>_debug_port_</code> placeholder to configure the debug port, e.g., <code>-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=_debug_port_</code>.<br><strong>Currently not supported in new provider but possible via custom entrypoint.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>HOSTNAME_FROM_LAMBDA</code></td><td><code>localstack</code></td><td>Endpoint host under which APIs are accessible from Lambda containers (optional). This can be useful in docker-compose stacks to use the local container hostname if neither IP address nor container name of the main container are available (e.g., in CI). Often used in combination with <code>LAMBDA_DOCKER_NETWORK</code>.<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>LAMBDA_XRAY_INIT</code></td><td><code>1</code> / <code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to fully initialize XRay daemon for Lambda containers (may increase Lambda startup times).<br><strong>Removed in new provider because the X-Ray daemon is always initialized.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>SYNCHRONOUS_KINESIS_EVENTS</code></td><td><code>1</code> (default) / <code>0</code></td><td>Whether or not to handle Kinesis Lambda event sources as synchronous invocations.<br><strong>Removed in new provider.</strong></td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_LAMBDA</code></td><td><code>asf</code> (optional)</td><td>Opt-in to use the new lambda provider beta. See <a href=/user-guide/aws/lambda/>Lambda providers</a>.<br><strong>Active by default in the new provider.</strong></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=mwaa>MWAA</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>MWAA_PIP_TRUSTED_HOSTS</code></td><td><code>pypi.org,files.pythonhosted.org</code></td><td>Comma-separated list of hosts for which SSL verification is not performed when installing Python dependencies for MWAA environment.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=opensearch>OpenSearch</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>OPENSEARCH_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code></td><td><code>http://opensearch:9200</code></td><td>URL to a custom OpenSearch backend cluster. If this is set to a valid URL, then LocalStack will not create OpenSearch cluster instances, but instead forward all domains to the given backend (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/opensearch/#custom-opensearch-backends>Custom Opensearch Backends</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>OPENSEARCH_MULTI_CLUSTER</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td>When activated, LocalStack will spawn one OpenSearch cluster per domain. Otherwise all domains will share a single cluster instance. This is ignored if <code>OPENSEARCH_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code> is set.</td></tr><tr><td><code>OPENSEARCH_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>path</code>|<code>domain</code>|<code>port</code></td><td>Governs how domain endpoints are created to access a cluster (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/opensearch/#endpoints>Opensearch Endpoints</a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=rds>RDS</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>RDS_CLUSTER_ENDPOINT_HOST_ONLY</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default) / <code>1</code></td><td>Whether the cluster endpoint returns the host only (which is AWS parity). If set to <code>0</code> it will return <code>&lt;host>:&lt;port></code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>RDS_PG_CUSTOM_VERSIONS</code></td><td><code>0</code> / <code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to install and use custom Postgres versions for RDS (or alternatively, use default version 11).</td></tr><tr><td><code>RDS_MYSQL_DOCKER</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default) / <code>1</code></td><td>Whether to enable MySQL engines (instead of MariaDB). Will run the MySQL cluster/instances in a new docker container.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MYSQL_IMAGE</code></td><td><code>mysql:8.0</code></td><td>Defines a specific MySQL image that should be used when spinning up the MySQL engine. Only available if <code>RDS_MYSQL_DOCKER</code> is enabled.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MSSQL_IMAGE</code></td><td><code>mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest</code></td><td>Defines a specific image that should be used when spinning up a SQL server engine.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=s3>S3</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>S3_DIR</code></td><td></td><td>Configure a global parent directory that contains all buckets as sub-directories (<code>S3_DIR=/path/to/root</code>) or an individual directory that will get mounted as special bucket names (<code>S3_DIR=/path/to/root/bucket1:bucket1</code>). Only available for Localstack Pro.</td></tr><tr><td><code>S3_SKIP_SIGNATURE_VALIDATION</code></td><td><code>0</code> / <code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle validation of S3 pre-signed URL request signature. Set to <code>0</code> to validate.</td></tr><tr><td><code>S3_SKIP_KMS_KEY_VALIDATION</code></td><td><code>0</code> / <code>1</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle validation of provided KMS key in S3 operations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_S3</code></td><td><code>v3</code></td><td>Activate the new LocalStack-native S3 provider.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=stepfunctions>StepFunctions</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>STEPFUNCTIONS_LAMBDA_ENDPOINT</code></td><td><code>default</code></td><td>URL to use as the Lambda service endpoint in Step Functions. By default this is the LocalStack Lambda endpoint. Use default to select the original AWS Lambda endpoint.</td></tr><tr><td><code>PROVIDER_OVERRIDE_STEPFUNCTIONS</code></td><td><code>v2</code></td><td>Activate the new LocalStack-native StepFunctions provider.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=sqs>SQS</h3><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SQS_DELAY_PURGE_RETRY</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle PurgeQueueInProgress errors when making more than one PurgeQueue call within 60 seconds.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_DELAY_RECENTLY_DELETED</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Used to toggle QueueDeletedRecently errors when re-creating a queue within 60 seconds of deleting it.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>domain</code>|<code>path</code>|<code>off</code></td><td>Configures the format of Queue URLs (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/sqs/#queue-urls>SQS Queue URLs</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_DISABLE_CLOUDWATCH_METRICS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Disables the CloudWatch Metrics for SQS when set to <code>1</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>SQS_CLOUDWATCH_METRICS_REPORT_INTERVAL</code></td><td><code>60</code> (default)</td><td>Configures the report interval (in seconds) for <code>Approximate*</code> metrics that are sent to CloudWatch periodically. Sending will be disabled if <code>SQS_DISABLE_CLOUDWATCH_METRICS=1</code></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=security>Security</h2><div class="alert alert-warning" role=alert><h4 class=alert-heading>Warning</h4>Please be aware that the following options may have severe security implications.</div><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CORS_HEADERS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable the returning of default CORS headers in API responses (disables access from <a href=https://app.localstack.cloud>https://app.localstack.cloud</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CORS_CHECKS</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable all CSRF (server-side) mitigations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CUSTOM_CORS_S3</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable CORS override by S3.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_CUSTOM_CORS_APIGATEWAY</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to disable CORS override by apigateway.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTRA_CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS</code></td><td></td><td>Comma-separated list of origins that are allowed to communicate with localstack.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTRA_CORS_ALLOWED_HEADERS</code></td><td></td><td>Comma-separated list of header names to be be added to Access-Control-Allow-Headers CORS header.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EXTRA_CORS_EXPOSE_HEADERS</code></td><td></td><td>Comma-separated list of header names to be be added to Access-Control-Expose-Headers CORS header.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ENABLE_CONFIG_UPDATES</code></td><td><code>0</code> (default)</td><td>Whether to enable dynamic configuration updates at runtime.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=emails>Emails</h2><p>Please check with your SMTP email service provider for the following settings.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SMTP_HOST</code></td><td><code>localhost:1025</code></td><td>Hostname (and optionally the port) of the SMTP server. The port defaults to 25.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SMTP_USER</code></td><td></td><td>Login username for the SMTP server if required.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SMTP_PASS</code></td><td></td><td>Login password for the SMTP server if required.</td></tr><tr><td><code>SMTP_EMAIL</code></td><td><code>sender@example.com</code></td><td>Origin email address. Required for Cognito only.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=persistence>Persistence</h2><p>To learn more about these configuration options, see <a href=/references/persistence-mechanism/>Persistence</a>.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Valid options</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SNAPSHOT_SAVE_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>ON_SHUTDOWN</code>|<code>ON_REQUEST</code>|<code>SCHEDULED</code>|<code>MANUAL</code></td><td>Strategy that governs when LocalStack should make state snapshots</td></tr><tr><td><code>SNAPSHOT_LOAD_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>ON_STARTUP</code>|<code>ON_REQUEST</code>|<code>MANUAL</code></td><td>Strategy that governs when LocalStack restores state snapshots</td></tr><tr><td><code>SNAPSHOT_FLUSH_INTERVAL</code></td><td>15 (default)</td><td>The interval (in seconds) between persistence snapshots. It only applies to a <code>SCHEDULED</code> save strategy (see <a href=/references/persistence-mechanism/>Persistence Mechanism</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=miscellaneous>Miscellaneous</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SKIP_SSL_CERT_DOWNLOAD</code></td><td></td><td>Whether to skip downloading the SSL certificate for localhost.localstack.cloud</td></tr><tr><td><code>CUSTOM_SSL_CERT_PATH</code></td><td><code>/var/lib/localstack/custom/server.test.pem</code></td><td>Defines the absolute path to a custom SSL certificate for localhost.localstack.cloud</td></tr><tr><td><code>IGNORE_ES_DOWNLOAD_ERRORS</code></td><td></td><td>Whether to ignore errors (e.g., network/SSL) when downloading Elasticsearch plugins</td></tr><tr><td><code>OVERRIDE_IN_DOCKER</code></td><td></td><td>Overrides the check whether LocalStack is executed within a docker container. If set to <code>true</code>, LocalStack assumes it runs in a docker container. Should not be set unless necessary.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DISABLE_EVENTS</code></td><td><code>1</code></td><td>Whether to disable publishing LocalStack events</td></tr><tr><td><code>OUTBOUND_HTTP_PROXY</code></td><td><code>http://10.10.1.3</code></td><td>HTTP Proxy used for downloads of runtime dependencies and connections outside LocalStack itself</td></tr><tr><td><code>OUTBOUND_HTTPS_PROXY</code></td><td><code>https://10.10.1.3</code></td><td>HTTPS Proxy used for downloads of runtime dependencies and connections outside LocalStack itself</td></tr><tr><td><code>REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE</code></td><td><code>/var/lib/localstack/lib/ca_bundle.pem</code></td><td>CA Bundle to be used to verify HTTPS requests made by LocalStack</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=debugging>Debugging</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DEVELOP</code></td><td></td><td>Starts a debugpy server before starting LocalStack services</td></tr><tr><td><code>DEVELOP_PORT</code></td><td></td><td>Port number for debugpy server</td></tr><tr><td><code>WAIT_FOR_DEBUGGER</code></td><td></td><td>Forces LocalStack to wait for a debugger to start the services</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=dns>DNS</h2><p>To learn more about these configuration options, see <a href=/user-guide/tools/transparent-endpoint-injection/dns-server/>DNS Server</a>.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>DNS_ADDRESS</code></td><td>0.0.0.0 (default)</td><td>Address the LocalStack should bind the DNS server on (port 53 tcp/udp). Value <code>0</code> to disable.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DNS_SERVER</code></td><td>8.8.8.8 (default)</td><td>Fallback DNS server for non-modified queries.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DNS_RESOLVE_IP</code></td><td>127.0.0.1</td><td>IP address the DNS integration should return as A record for modified queries. This will override any automatic detection of the proper response IP.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DNS_LOCAL_NAME_PATTERNS</code></td><td></td><td>Names which should be resolved to the LocalStack IP, as python-compatible regex.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=localstack-pro>LocalStack Pro</h2><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ACTIVATE_PRO</code></td><td>1 (default)</td><td>Whether pro should be activated or not. This is set to true by default if using the <code>localstack/localstack-pro</code> container image. If set to <code>1</code>, LocalStack will fail to start if the license key activation did not work. If set to <code>0</code>, an attempt is made to start LocalStack without pro features.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOCALSTACK_API_KEY</code></td><td></td><td>API key to activate LocalStack Pro.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOG_LICENSE_ISSUES</code></td><td>1 (default)</td><td>Whether to log issues with the license activation to the console.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=deprecated>Deprecated</h2><p>These configurations are deprecated and will be removed in the upcoming major version.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Example Values</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>USE_SSL</code></td><td><code>false</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to use https://&mldr; URLs with SSL encryption. Deprecated as of version 0.11.3. Each service endpoint now supports multiplexing HTTP/HTTPS traffic over the same port.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DEFAULT_REGION</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> AWS region to use when talking to the API (needs to be activated via <code>USE_SINGLE_REGION=1</code>). LocalStack now has full multi-region support.</td></tr><tr><td><code>USE_SINGLE_REGION</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to use the legacy single-region mode, defined via <code>DEFAULT_REGION</code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>DATA_DIR</code></td><td>blank (disabled/default), <code>/tmp/localstack/data</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Local directory for saving persistent data. This option is deprecated since LocalStack v1 and will be ignored. Please use <code>PERSISTENCE</code>. Using this option will set <code>PERSISTENCE=1</code> as a deprecation path. The state will be stored in your LocalStack volume in the <code>state/</code> directory</td></tr><tr><td><code>HOST_TMP_FOLDER</code></td><td><code>/some/path</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Temporary folder on the host that gets mounted as <code>$TMPDIR/localstack</code> into the LocalStack container. Required only for Lambda volume mounts when using <code>LAMBDA_REMOTE_DOCKER=false.</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>TMPDIR</code></td><td><code>/tmp</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Temporary folder on the host running the CLI and inside the LocalStack container .</td></tr><tr><td><code>&lt;SERVICE>_BACKEND</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Custom endpoint URL to use for a specific service, where <code>&lt;SERVICE></code> is the uppercase service name.</td></tr><tr><td><code>&lt;SERVICE>_PORT_EXTERNAL</code></td><td><code>4567</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Port number to expose a specific service externally . <code>SQS_PORT_EXTERNAL</code>, e.g. , is used when returning queue URLs from the SQS service to the client.</td></tr><tr><td><code>LOCALSTACK_HOSTNAME</code></td><td><code>http://${LOCALSTACK_HOSTNAME}:4566</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Name of the host where LocalStack services are available. Use this hostname as endpoint in order to access the services from within your Lambda functions (e.g., to store an item to DynamoDB or S3 from a Lambda). This option is read-only. Use <code>LOCALSTACK_HOST</code> instead.</td></tr><tr><td><code>HOSTNAME_EXTERNAL</code></td><td><code>localhost</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Name of the host to expose the services externally. This host is used, e.g., when returning queue URLs from the SQS service to the client. Use <code>LOCALSTACK_HOST</code> instead.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EDGE_BIND_HOST</code></td><td><code>127.0.0.1</code> (default), <code>0.0.0.0</code> (docker)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Address the edge service binds to. Use <code>GATEWAY_LISTEN</code> instead.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EDGE_PORT</code></td><td><code>4566</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Port number for the edge service, the main entry point for all API invocations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>EDGE_FORWARD_URL</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Optional target URL to forward all edge requests to (e.g., for distributed deployments)</td></tr><tr><td><code>INIT_SCRIPTS_PATH</code></td><td><code>/some/path</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Before 1.0, this was used to configure the path to the initializing files with extensions <code>.sh</code> that were found in <code>/docker-entrypoint-initaws.d</code>. This has been replaced by the <a href=https://docs.localstack.cloud/references/init-hooks/>init-hook system</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>KMS_PROVIDER</code></td><td><code>moto</code> (default), <code>local-kms</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> <code>local-kms</code> provider is deprecated and marked for removal.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ES_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code></td><td><code>http://elasticsearch:9200</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Use <a href=#opensearch><code>OPENSEARCH_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code></a> instead. URL to a custom elasticsearch backend cluster. If this is set to a valid URL, then localstack will not create elasticsearch cluster instances, but instead forward all domains to the given backend (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/elasticsearch/#custom-elasticsearch-backends>Custom Elasticsearch Backends</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>ES_MULTI_CLUSTER</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Use <a href=#opensearch><code>OPENSEARCH_MULTI_CLUSTER</code></a> instead. When activated, LocalStack will spawn one Elasticsearch cluster per domain. Otherwise all domains will share a single cluster instance. This is ignored if <code>ES_CUSTOM_BACKEND</code> is set.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ES_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></td><td><code>path</code>|<code>domain</code>|<code>port</code> (formerly <code>off</code>)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Use <a href=#opensearch><code>OPENSEARCH_ENDPOINT_STRATEGY</code></a> instead. Governs how domain endpoints are created to access a cluster (see <a href=/user-guide/aws/elasticsearch/#endpoints>Elasticsearch Endpoints</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><code>SKIP_INFRA_DOWNLOADS</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to skip downloading additional infrastructure components (e.g., specific Elasticsearch versions)</td></tr><tr><td><code>MOCK_UNIMPLEMENTED</code></td><td></td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to return mocked success responses (instead of 501 errors) for currently unimplemented API methods</td></tr><tr><td><code>ACTIVATE_NEW_POD_CLIENT</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to use the new Cloud Pods client leveraging LocalStack container&rsquo;s APIs.</td></tr><tr><td><code>BIGDATA_MONO_CONTAINER</code></td><td><code>0</code>|<code>1</code> (default)</td><td><strong>Deprecated.</strong> Whether to spin Big Data services inside the LocalStack main container. Glue jobs breaks when using <code>BIGDATA_MONO_CONTAINER=0</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=profiles>Profiles</h2><p>LocalStack supports configuration profiles which are stored in the <code>~/.localstack</code> config directory.
 A configuration profile is a set of environment variables stored in an <code>.env</code> file in the LocalStack config directory.</p><p>Here is an example of what configuration profiles might look like:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>tree ~/.localstack
 </span></span><span style=display:flex><span>/home/username/.localstack
 </span></span><span style=display:flex><span>├── default.env
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
 Let&rsquo;s take an example to load the <code>dev.env</code> profile file if it exists:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>python -m localstack.cli.main --profile=dev start</span></span></code></pre></div><p>If no profile is specified, the <code>default.env</code> profile will be loaded.
 While explicitly specified, the environment variables will always overwrite the profile.</p><p>To display the config environment variables, you can use the following command:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>python -m localstack.cli.main --profile=dev config show</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="alert alert-primary" role=alert><h4 class=alert-heading>Note</h4>The <code>CONFIG_PROFILE</code> is a CLI feature and cannot be used with a Docker/Docker Compose setup.
 You can look at <a href=https://docs.docker.com/compose/environment-variables/set-environment-variables/>alternative means of setting environment variables</a> for your Docker Compose setups.
-For Docker setups, we recommend passing the environment variables directly to the <code>docker run</code> command.</div><br><div class="text-muted mt-5 pt-3 border-top">Last modified October 6, 2023: <a href=https://github.com/localstack/docs/commit/48ceac70539ab5edcc738ac95fee1d929a9c9337>Add Lambda limits configuration (#845) (48ceac705)</a></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer-localstack d-print-none"><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=col><div class=mb-3><a href=https://localstack.cloud><img class=footer-logo src=/images/logo.svg></a></div></div><div class=col><div class="text-right link-lists"><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Twitter aria-label=Twitter><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://twitter.com/localstack aria-label=Twitter><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Discussion aria-label=Discussion><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://discuss.localstack.cloud/ aria-label=Discussion><i class="fa fa-comments"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Stack Overflow" aria-label="Stack Overflow"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/localstack aria-label="Stack Overflow"><i class="fab fa-stack-overflow"></i></a></li></ul><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=GitHub aria-label=GitHub><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/ aria-label=GitHub><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Issue tracker" aria-label="Issue tracker"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues aria-label="Issue tracker"><i class="fa fa-bug"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Slack aria-label=Slack><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://localstack-community.slack.com/ aria-label=Slack><i class="fab fa-slack"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=row><div class=col><hr><div class=row><div class=col><small>Copyright &copy; 2023 LocalStack All Rights Reserved</small></div><div class="col text-right"><small class=ml-1><a href=https://localstack.cloud/privacy-policy/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Privacy Policy</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div><script src=/js/main.min.1171c0d4dbac2c311ddef7a93d7145f6a82ce227d12106ba66debb77d44b9eef.js integrity="sha256-EXHA1NusLDEd3vepPXFF9qgs4ifRIQa6Zt67d9RLnu8=" crossorigin=anonymous></script>
+For Docker setups, we recommend passing the environment variables directly to the <code>docker run</code> command.</div><br><div class="text-muted mt-5 pt-3 border-top">Last modified October 11, 2023: <a href=https://github.com/localstack/docs/commit/7b81c64555c516ee579a744498b1df1e6552982d>add docs for RDS_CLUSTER_ENDPOINT_HOST_ONLY configuration (#852) (7b81c6455)</a></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer-localstack d-print-none"><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=col><div class=mb-3><a href=https://localstack.cloud><img class=footer-logo src=/images/logo.svg></a></div></div><div class=col><div class="text-right link-lists"><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Twitter aria-label=Twitter><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://twitter.com/localstack aria-label=Twitter><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Discussion aria-label=Discussion><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://discuss.localstack.cloud/ aria-label=Discussion><i class="fa fa-comments"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Stack Overflow" aria-label="Stack Overflow"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/localstack aria-label="Stack Overflow"><i class="fab fa-stack-overflow"></i></a></li></ul><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=GitHub aria-label=GitHub><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/ aria-label=GitHub><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Issue tracker" aria-label="Issue tracker"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues aria-label="Issue tracker"><i class="fa fa-bug"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Slack aria-label=Slack><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://localstack-community.slack.com/ aria-label=Slack><i class="fab fa-slack"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=row><div class=col><hr><div class=row><div class=col><small>Copyright &copy; 2023 LocalStack All Rights Reserved</small></div><div class="col text-right"><small class=ml-1><a href=https://localstack.cloud/privacy-policy/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Privacy Policy</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div><script src=/js/main.min.1171c0d4dbac2c311ddef7a93d7145f6a82ce227d12106ba66debb77d44b9eef.js integrity="sha256-EXHA1NusLDEd3vepPXFF9qgs4ifRIQa6Zt67d9RLnu8=" crossorigin=anonymous></script>
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diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml
index 1a88dfeb1b..403856f015 100644
--- a/sitemap.xml
+++ b/sitemap.xml
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 <button class="btn btn-primary mb-3 feedback--answer feedback--answer-no">👎</button><p class="feedback--response feedback--response-yes">Thanks for participating in keeping our docs well maintained. Learn more about how you can <a target=_blank href=https://localstack.cloud/community/get-involved/>get involved.</a></p><p class="feedback--response feedback--response-no">Sorry to hear that. Please <a target=_blank href=https://github.com/localstack/docs/issues/new>tell us how we can improve.</a></p></div><script>const yesButton=document.querySelector(".feedback--answer-yes"),noButton=document.querySelector(".feedback--answer-no"),yesResponse=document.querySelector(".feedback--response-yes"),noResponse=document.querySelector(".feedback--response-no"),disableButtons=()=>{yesButton.disabled=!0,noButton.disabled=!0},sendFeedback=e=>{if(typeof ga!="function")return;const t={command:"send",hitType:"event",category:"Helpful",action:"click",label:window.location.pathname,value:e};ga(t.command,t.hitType,t.category,t.action,t.label,t.value)};yesButton.addEventListener("click",()=>{yesResponse.classList.add("feedback--response__visible"),disableButtons(),sendFeedback(1)}),noButton.addEventListener("click",()=>{noResponse.classList.add("feedback--response__visible"),disableButtons(),sendFeedback(0)})</script><div class=toc-title>Improve our documentation</div><a href="https://github.com/localstack/docs/issues/new?title=Relational%20Database%20Service%20%28RDS%29" class=td-page-meta--issue target=_blank rel=noopener><i class="fa-solid fa-list-check fa-fw"></i> Create documentation issue</a>
-<a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues/new class="td-page-meta--project-issue mb-3" target=_blank rel=noopener><i class="fa-solid fa-list-check fa-fw"></i> Create project issue</a></div><h5 class=toc-title>Table of Contents</h5><div class=td-toc><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li><li><a href=#getting-started>Getting started</a><ul><li><a href=#create-an-rds-cluster>Create an RDS cluster</a></li><li><a href=#create-a-secretsmanager-secret>Create a SecretsManager secret</a></li><li><a href=#execute-a-query>Execute a query</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#supported-db-engines>Supported DB engines</a><ul><li><a href=#postgresql-engine>PostgreSQL Engine</a></li><li><a href=#mariadb-engine>MariaDB Engine</a></li><li><a href=#mysql-engine>MySQL Engine</a></li><li><a href=#microsoft-sql-server-engine>Microsoft SQL Server Engine</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#default-usernames-and-passwords>Default Usernames and Passwords</a></li><li><a href=#iam-authentication-support>IAM Authentication Support</a><ul><li><a href=#create-a-database-instance>Create a database instance</a></li><li><a href=#connect-to-the-database>Connect to the database</a></li><li><a href=#create-a-token>Create a token</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#global-database-support>Global Database Support</a></li><li><a href=#resource-browser>Resource Browser</a></li><li><a href=#examples>Examples</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8 pl-md-5" role=main><nav aria-label=breadcrumb class=td-breadcrumbs><ol class=breadcrumb><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/user-guide/>User Guides</a></li><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/user-guide/aws/>Local AWS Services</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current=page><a href=/user-guide/aws/rds/ aria-disabled=true class="btn-link disabled">Relational Database Service (RDS)</a></li></ol></nav><div class=td-content><h1>Relational Database Service (RDS)</h1><div class=lead>Get started with Relational Database Service (RDS) on LocalStack</div><header class=article-meta><p class=reading-time><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-hidden=true></i>&nbsp; 9 minute read &nbsp;</p></header><h2 id=introduction>Introduction</h2><p>RDS (Relational Database Service) is a managed database service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that allows users to setup, operate, and scale relational databases in the cloud. RDS allows you to deploy and manage various relational database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, and Microsoft SQL Server. RDS handles routine database tasks such as provisioning, patching, backup, recovery, and scaling.</p><p>LocalStack supports RDS via the Pro/Team offering, allowing you to use the RDS APIs in your local environment to create and manage RDS clusters and instances for testing & integration purposes. The supported APIs are available on our <a href=https://docs.localstack.cloud/references/coverage/coverage_rds/>API coverage page</a>, which provides information on the extent of RDS&rsquo;s integration with LocalStack.</p><h2 id=getting-started>Getting started</h2><p>This guide is designed for users new to RDS and assumes basic knowledge of the AWS CLI and our <a href=https://github.com/localstack/awscli-local><code>awslocal</code></a> wrapper script.</p><p>Start your LocalStack container using your preferred method. We will demonstrate the following with the AWS CLI:</p><ol><li>Creating an RDS cluster.</li><li>Generating a <code>SecretsManager</code> secret containing the database password.</li><li>Executing a basic <code>SELECT 123 query</code> through the RDS Data API.</li></ol><p>LocalStack&rsquo;s RDS implementation also supports the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/data-api.html>RDS Data API</a>, which allows executing data queries against RDS clusters over a JSON/REST interface.</p><h3 id=create-an-rds-cluster>Create an RDS cluster</h3><p>To create an RDS cluster, you can use the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_CreateDBCluster.html><code>CreateDBCluster</code></a> API.
+<a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues/new class="td-page-meta--project-issue mb-3" target=_blank rel=noopener><i class="fa-solid fa-list-check fa-fw"></i> Create project issue</a></div><h5 class=toc-title>Table of Contents</h5><div class=td-toc><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li><li><a href=#getting-started>Getting started</a><ul><li><a href=#create-an-rds-cluster>Create an RDS cluster</a></li><li><a href=#create-a-secretsmanager-secret>Create a SecretsManager secret</a></li><li><a href=#execute-a-query>Execute a query</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#supported-db-engines>Supported DB engines</a><ul><li><a href=#postgresql-engine>PostgreSQL Engine</a></li><li><a href=#mariadb-engine>MariaDB Engine</a></li><li><a href=#mysql-engine>MySQL Engine</a></li><li><a href=#microsoft-sql-server-engine>Microsoft SQL Server Engine</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#default-usernames-and-passwords>Default Usernames and Passwords</a></li><li><a href=#iam-authentication-support>IAM Authentication Support</a><ul><li><a href=#create-a-database-instance>Create a database instance</a></li><li><a href=#connect-to-the-database>Connect to the database</a></li><li><a href=#create-a-token>Create a token</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#global-database-support>Global Database Support</a></li><li><a href=#resource-browser>Resource Browser</a></li><li><a href=#examples>Examples</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8 pl-md-5" role=main><nav aria-label=breadcrumb class=td-breadcrumbs><ol class=breadcrumb><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/user-guide/>User Guides</a></li><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/user-guide/aws/>Local AWS Services</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current=page><a href=/user-guide/aws/rds/ aria-disabled=true class="btn-link disabled">Relational Database Service (RDS)</a></li></ol></nav><div class=td-content><h1>Relational Database Service (RDS)</h1><div class=lead>Get started with Relational Database Service (RDS) on LocalStack</div><header class=article-meta><p class=reading-time><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-hidden=true></i>&nbsp; 10 minute read &nbsp;</p></header><h2 id=introduction>Introduction</h2><p>RDS (Relational Database Service) is a managed database service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that allows users to setup, operate, and scale relational databases in the cloud. RDS allows you to deploy and manage various relational database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, and Microsoft SQL Server. RDS handles routine database tasks such as provisioning, patching, backup, recovery, and scaling.</p><p>LocalStack supports RDS via the Pro/Team offering, allowing you to use the RDS APIs in your local environment to create and manage RDS clusters and instances for testing & integration purposes. The supported APIs are available on our <a href=https://docs.localstack.cloud/references/coverage/coverage_rds/>API coverage page</a>, which provides information on the extent of RDS&rsquo;s integration with LocalStack.</p><h2 id=getting-started>Getting started</h2><p>This guide is designed for users new to RDS and assumes basic knowledge of the AWS CLI and our <a href=https://github.com/localstack/awscli-local><code>awslocal</code></a> wrapper script.</p><p>Start your LocalStack container using your preferred method. We will demonstrate the following with the AWS CLI:</p><ol><li>Creating an RDS cluster.</li><li>Generating a <code>SecretsManager</code> secret containing the database password.</li><li>Executing a basic <code>SELECT 123 query</code> through the RDS Data API.</li></ol><p>LocalStack&rsquo;s RDS implementation also supports the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/data-api.html>RDS Data API</a>, which allows executing data queries against RDS clusters over a JSON/REST interface.</p><h3 id=create-an-rds-cluster>Create an RDS cluster</h3><div class="alert alert-primary" role=alert><h4 class=alert-heading>Note</h4>The <code>Endpoint</code> for cluster on Localstack currently follows the pattern <code>&lt;host>:&lt;port></code> for legacy reasons, which is not in parity in AWS.
+To force the correct pattern (e.g. returning only the host for the <code>Endpoint</code>) you can use the configuration <code>RDS_CLUSTER_ENDPOINT_HOST_ONLY=1</code> to start LocalStack.</div><p>To create an RDS cluster, you can use the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_CreateDBCluster.html><code>CreateDBCluster</code></a> API.
 The following command creates a new cluster with the name <code>db1</code> and the engine <code>aurora-postgresql</code>.
 Instances for the cluster must be added manually.</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>awslocal rds create-db-cluster \
 </span></span><span style=display:flex><span>    --db-cluster-identifier db1 \
@@ -365,7 +366,7 @@
 </span></span><span style=display:flex><span>    --enable-iam-database-authentication \
 </span></span><span style=display:flex><span>    --db-instance-class db.t3.small</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id=connect-to-the-database>Connect to the database</h3><p>You can retrieve the hostname and port of your created instance either from the preceding output or by using the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeDBInstances.html><code>DescribeDbInstances</code></a> API. Run the following command to retrieve the host and port of the instance:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>PORT=$(awslocal rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier mydb | jq -r &#34;.DBInstances[0].Endpoint.Port&#34;)
 </span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>HOST=$(awslocal rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier mydb | jq -r &#34;.DBInstances[0].Endpoint.Address&#34;)</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Next, you can connect to the database using the master username and password:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>PGPASSWORD=$MASTER_PW psql -d $DB_NAME -U $MASTER_USER -p $PORT -h $HOST -w -c &#39;CREATE USER myiam WITH LOGIN&#39;
-</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>PGPASSWORD=$MASTER_PW psql -d $DB_NAME -U $MASTER_USER -p $PORT -h $HOST -w -c &#39;GRANT rds_iam TO myiam&#39;</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id=create-a-token>Create a token</h3><p>You can create a token for the user you generated using the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/generate-db-auth-token.html><code>generate-db-auth-token</code></a> command:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>TOKEN=$(awslocal rds generate-db-auth-token --username myiam --hostname $HOST --port $PORT)</span></span></code></pre></div><p>You can now connect to the database utilizing the user you generated and the token obtained in the previous step as the password:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>PGPASSWORD=$TOKEN psql -d $DB_NAME -U myiam -w -p $PORT -h $HOST</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id=global-database-support>Global Database Support</h2><p>LocalStack extends support for <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-global-database.html>Aurora Global Database</a> with certain limitations:</p><ul><li>Creating a global database will result in the generation of a single local database. All clusters and instances associated with the global database will share a common endpoint.</li><li>It&rsquo;s important to note that clusters removed from a global database lose their ability to function as standalone clusters, differing from their intended behavior on AWS.</li><li>At present, the capability for persistence within global databases is not available.</li></ul><h2 id=resource-browser>Resource Browser</h2><p>The LocalStack Web Application provides a Resource Browser for managing RDS instances and clusters. You can access the Resource Browser by opening the LocalStack Web Application in your browser, navigating to the <strong>Resources</strong> section, and then clicking on <strong>RDS</strong> under the <strong>Database</strong> section.</p><img src=rds-resource-browser.png alt="RDS Resource Browser" title="RDS Resource Browser" width=900><br><br><p>The Resource Browser allows you to perform the following actions:</p><ul><li><strong>Create Instance</strong>: Create a new RDS instance by specifying the instance name, engine, DBInstance Class & Identifier, and other parameters.</li><li><strong>Create Cluster</strong>: Create a new RDS cluster by specifying the database name, engine, DBCluster Identifier, and other parameters.</li><li><strong>View Instance & Cluster</strong>: View an existing RDS instance or cluster by clicking the instance/cluster name.</li><li><strong>Edit Instance & Cluster</strong>: Edit an existing RDS instance or cluster by clicking the instance/cluster name and clicking the <strong>EDIT INSTANCE</strong> or <strong>EDIT CLUSTER</strong> button.</li><li><strong>Remove Instance & Cluster</strong>: Remove an existing RDS instance or cluster by clicking the instance/cluster name and clicking the <strong>ACTIONS</strong> followed by <strong>Remove Selected</strong> button.</li></ul><h2 id=examples>Examples</h2><p>The following code snippets and sample applications provide practical examples of how to use RDS in LocalStack for various use cases:</p><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/appsync-graphql-api-sample>AppSync GraphQL APIs for DynamoDB and RDS Aurora PostgreSQL</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/amazon-rds-init-cdk>Amazon RDS initialization using CDK, Lambda, ECR, and Secrets Manager</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack-samples/sample-serverless-rds-proxy-demo/>Serverless RDS Proxy with API Gateway, Lambda, and Aurora RDS</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack-pro-samples/tree/master/rds-db-queries>Running queries against an RDS database</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack-pro-samples/tree/master/testcontainers-java-sample>Running cloud integration tests against LocalStack&rsquo;s RDS with Testcontainers</a></li></ul><br><div class="text-muted mt-5 pt-3 border-top">Last modified September 2, 2023: <a href=https://github.com/localstack/docs/commit/a37fa7353421b56cd8de7f75d76cc26c8cec9df6>enhance RDS docs (#801) (a37fa7353)</a></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer-localstack d-print-none"><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=col><div class=mb-3><a href=https://localstack.cloud><img class=footer-logo src=/images/logo.svg></a></div></div><div class=col><div class="text-right link-lists"><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Twitter aria-label=Twitter><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://twitter.com/localstack aria-label=Twitter><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Discussion aria-label=Discussion><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://discuss.localstack.cloud/ aria-label=Discussion><i class="fa fa-comments"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Stack Overflow" aria-label="Stack Overflow"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/localstack aria-label="Stack Overflow"><i class="fab fa-stack-overflow"></i></a></li></ul><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=GitHub aria-label=GitHub><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/ aria-label=GitHub><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Issue tracker" aria-label="Issue tracker"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues aria-label="Issue tracker"><i class="fa fa-bug"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Slack aria-label=Slack><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://localstack-community.slack.com/ aria-label=Slack><i class="fab fa-slack"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=row><div class=col><hr><div class=row><div class=col><small>Copyright &copy; 2023 LocalStack All Rights Reserved</small></div><div class="col text-right"><small class=ml-1><a href=https://localstack.cloud/privacy-policy/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Privacy Policy</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div><script src=/js/main.min.1171c0d4dbac2c311ddef7a93d7145f6a82ce227d12106ba66debb77d44b9eef.js integrity="sha256-EXHA1NusLDEd3vepPXFF9qgs4ifRIQa6Zt67d9RLnu8=" crossorigin=anonymous></script>
+</span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>PGPASSWORD=$MASTER_PW psql -d $DB_NAME -U $MASTER_USER -p $PORT -h $HOST -w -c &#39;GRANT rds_iam TO myiam&#39;</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id=create-a-token>Create a token</h3><p>You can create a token for the user you generated using the <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/rds/generate-db-auth-token.html><code>generate-db-auth-token</code></a> command:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>TOKEN=$(awslocal rds generate-db-auth-token --username myiam --hostname $HOST --port $PORT)</span></span></code></pre></div><p>You can now connect to the database utilizing the user you generated and the token obtained in the previous step as the password:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-text data-lang=text><span style=display:flex><span><span class=command-prefix>$ </span>PGPASSWORD=$TOKEN psql -d $DB_NAME -U myiam -w -p $PORT -h $HOST</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id=global-database-support>Global Database Support</h2><p>LocalStack extends support for <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-global-database.html>Aurora Global Database</a> with certain limitations:</p><ul><li>Creating a global database will result in the generation of a single local database. All clusters and instances associated with the global database will share a common endpoint.</li><li>It&rsquo;s important to note that clusters removed from a global database lose their ability to function as standalone clusters, differing from their intended behavior on AWS.</li><li>At present, the capability for persistence within global databases is not available.</li></ul><h2 id=resource-browser>Resource Browser</h2><p>The LocalStack Web Application provides a Resource Browser for managing RDS instances and clusters. You can access the Resource Browser by opening the LocalStack Web Application in your browser, navigating to the <strong>Resources</strong> section, and then clicking on <strong>RDS</strong> under the <strong>Database</strong> section.</p><img src=rds-resource-browser.png alt="RDS Resource Browser" title="RDS Resource Browser" width=900><br><br><p>The Resource Browser allows you to perform the following actions:</p><ul><li><strong>Create Instance</strong>: Create a new RDS instance by specifying the instance name, engine, DBInstance Class & Identifier, and other parameters.</li><li><strong>Create Cluster</strong>: Create a new RDS cluster by specifying the database name, engine, DBCluster Identifier, and other parameters.</li><li><strong>View Instance & Cluster</strong>: View an existing RDS instance or cluster by clicking the instance/cluster name.</li><li><strong>Edit Instance & Cluster</strong>: Edit an existing RDS instance or cluster by clicking the instance/cluster name and clicking the <strong>EDIT INSTANCE</strong> or <strong>EDIT CLUSTER</strong> button.</li><li><strong>Remove Instance & Cluster</strong>: Remove an existing RDS instance or cluster by clicking the instance/cluster name and clicking the <strong>ACTIONS</strong> followed by <strong>Remove Selected</strong> button.</li></ul><h2 id=examples>Examples</h2><p>The following code snippets and sample applications provide practical examples of how to use RDS in LocalStack for various use cases:</p><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/appsync-graphql-api-sample>AppSync GraphQL APIs for DynamoDB and RDS Aurora PostgreSQL</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/amazon-rds-init-cdk>Amazon RDS initialization using CDK, Lambda, ECR, and Secrets Manager</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack-samples/sample-serverless-rds-proxy-demo/>Serverless RDS Proxy with API Gateway, Lambda, and Aurora RDS</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack-pro-samples/tree/master/rds-db-queries>Running queries against an RDS database</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack-pro-samples/tree/master/testcontainers-java-sample>Running cloud integration tests against LocalStack&rsquo;s RDS with Testcontainers</a></li></ul><br><div class="text-muted mt-5 pt-3 border-top">Last modified October 11, 2023: <a href=https://github.com/localstack/docs/commit/7b81c64555c516ee579a744498b1df1e6552982d>add docs for RDS_CLUSTER_ENDPOINT_HOST_ONLY configuration (#852) (7b81c6455)</a></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer-localstack d-print-none"><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=col><div class=mb-3><a href=https://localstack.cloud><img class=footer-logo src=/images/logo.svg></a></div></div><div class=col><div class="text-right link-lists"><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Twitter aria-label=Twitter><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://twitter.com/localstack aria-label=Twitter><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Discussion aria-label=Discussion><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://discuss.localstack.cloud/ aria-label=Discussion><i class="fa fa-comments"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Stack Overflow" aria-label="Stack Overflow"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/localstack aria-label="Stack Overflow"><i class="fab fa-stack-overflow"></i></a></li></ul><ul class="list-inline mb-0"><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=GitHub aria-label=GitHub><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/ aria-label=GitHub><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title="Issue tracker" aria-label="Issue tracker"><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://github.com/localstack/localstack/issues aria-label="Issue tracker"><i class="fa fa-bug"></i></a></li><li class="list-inline-item mx-2 h3" data-toggle=tooltip data-placement=top title=Slack aria-label=Slack><a target=_blank rel=noopener href=https://localstack-community.slack.com/ aria-label=Slack><i class="fab fa-slack"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=row><div class=col><hr><div class=row><div class=col><small>Copyright &copy; 2023 LocalStack All Rights Reserved</small></div><div class="col text-right"><small class=ml-1><a href=https://localstack.cloud/privacy-policy/ target=_blank rel=noopener>Privacy Policy</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div><script src=/js/main.min.1171c0d4dbac2c311ddef7a93d7145f6a82ce227d12106ba66debb77d44b9eef.js integrity="sha256-EXHA1NusLDEd3vepPXFF9qgs4ifRIQa6Zt67d9RLnu8=" crossorigin=anonymous></script>
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