diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index 9d362cf7..cea3e66b 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ lazy val lsp = module("lsp")
       "org.http4s" %% "http4s-ember-client" % "0.23.23",
       "org.http4s" %% "http4s-ember-server" % "0.23.23" % Test,
       "io.get-coursier" %% "coursier" % "2.1.7",
-      "org.typelevel" %% "cats-tagless-macros" % "0.15.0",
+      "org.typelevel" %% "cats-tagless-core" % "0.15.0",
     ),
     buildInfoPackage := "playground.lsp.buildinfo",
     buildInfoKeys ++= Seq(version, scalaBinaryVersion),
diff --git a/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageClient.scala b/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageClient.scala
index f22f9811..06a86299 100644
--- a/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageClient.scala
+++ b/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageClient.scala
@@ -3,16 +3,12 @@ package playground.lsp
 import cats.FlatMap
 import cats.effect.kernel.Async
 import cats.implicits._
-import cats.tagless.Derive
-import cats.tagless.FunctorK
-import cats.tagless.implicits._
 import com.google.gson.JsonElement
 import org.eclipse.lsp4j.ConfigurationItem
 import org.eclipse.lsp4j.ConfigurationParams
 import org.eclipse.lsp4j.MessageParams
 import org.eclipse.lsp4j.MessageType
 import playground.language.Feedback
-import playground.lsp.util.KleisliOps
 
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
 import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
@@ -52,8 +48,6 @@ object LanguageClient {
     implicit F: LanguageClient[F]
   ): LanguageClient[F] = F
 
-  implicit val functorK: FunctorK[LanguageClient] = Derive.functorK
-
   def adapt[F[_]: Async](
     client: PlaygroundLanguageClient
   ): LanguageClient[F] =
@@ -107,9 +101,33 @@ object LanguageClient {
       def refreshDiagnostics: F[Unit] = withClientF(_.refreshDiagnostics()).void
     }
 
+  // courtesy of github copilot
+  // workaround for https://github.com/typelevel/cats-tagless/pull/401
   def defer[F[_]: FlatMap](
     fa: F[LanguageClient[F]]
-  ): LanguageClient[F] = Derive.readerT[LanguageClient, F].mapK(KleisliOps.applyEffectK(fa))
+  ): LanguageClient[F] =
+    new LanguageClient[F] {
+
+      override def configuration[A](
+        v: ConfigurationValue[A]
+      ): F[A] = fa.flatMap(_.configuration(v))
+
+      override def showMessage(
+        tpe: MessageType,
+        msg: String,
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.showMessage(tpe, msg))
+
+      override def refreshDiagnostics: F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.refreshDiagnostics)
+
+      override def refreshCodeLenses: F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.refreshCodeLenses)
+
+      override def showOutputPanel: F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.showOutputPanel)
+
+      override def logOutput(
+        msg: String
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.logOutput(msg))
+
+    }
 
   val NoChangeDetected: String = "No change detected, not rebuilding server"
 }
diff --git a/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageServer.scala b/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageServer.scala
index add0d3bc..4a5b7d37 100644
--- a/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageServer.scala
+++ b/modules/lsp/src/main/scala/playground/lsp/LanguageServer.scala
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ import cats.effect.implicits._
 import cats.effect.kernel.Async
 import cats.implicits._
 import cats.parse.LocationMap
-import cats.tagless.Derive
-import cats.tagless.FunctorK
-import cats.tagless.implicits._
 import cats.~>
 import com.google.gson.JsonElement
 import com.google.gson.JsonPrimitive
@@ -35,7 +32,6 @@ import playground.language.FormattingProvider
 import playground.language.TextDocumentProvider
 import playground.language.Uri
 import playground.lsp.buildinfo.BuildInfo
-import playground.lsp.util.KleisliOps
 import playground.types._
 import smithy4s.dynamic.DynamicSchemaIndex
 
@@ -108,8 +104,6 @@ trait LanguageServer[F[_]] {
 
 object LanguageServer {
 
-  implicit val functorK: FunctorK[LanguageServer] = Derive.functorK
-
   def notAvailable[F[_]: MonadThrow]: LanguageServer[F] = defer(
     new Throwable("Server not available").raiseError[F, LanguageServer[F]]
   )
@@ -358,8 +352,72 @@ object LanguageServer {
       def exit: F[Unit] = Applicative[F].unit
     }
 
+  // courtesy of github copilot
+  // workaround for https://github.com/typelevel/cats-tagless/pull/401
   def defer[F[_]: FlatMap](
     fa: F[LanguageServer[F]]
-  ): LanguageServer[F] = Derive.readerT[LanguageServer, F].mapK(KleisliOps.applyEffectK(fa))
+  ): LanguageServer[F] =
+    new LanguageServer[F] {
+
+      override def initialize(
+        params: InitializeParams
+      ): F[InitializeResult] = fa.flatMap(_.initialize(params));
+
+      override def initialized(
+        params: InitializedParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.initialized(params));
+
+      override def didChange(
+        params: DidChangeTextDocumentParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.didChange(params));
+
+      override def didOpen(
+        params: DidOpenTextDocumentParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.didOpen(params));
+
+      override def didSave(
+        params: DidSaveTextDocumentParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.didSave(params));
+
+      override def didClose(
+        params: DidCloseTextDocumentParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.didClose(params));
+
+      override def formatting(
+        params: DocumentFormattingParams
+      ): F[List[TextEdit]] = fa.flatMap(_.formatting(params));
+
+      override def completion(
+        position: CompletionParams
+      ): F[Either[List[CompletionItem], CompletionList]] = fa.flatMap(_.completion(position));
+
+      override def diagnostic(
+        params: DocumentDiagnosticParams
+      ): F[DocumentDiagnosticReport] = fa.flatMap(_.diagnostic(params));
+
+      override def codeLens(
+        params: CodeLensParams
+      ): F[List[CodeLens]] = fa.flatMap(_.codeLens(params));
+
+      override def documentSymbol(
+        params: DocumentSymbolParams
+      ): F[List[DocumentSymbol]] = fa.flatMap(_.documentSymbol(params));
+
+      override def didChangeWatchedFiles(
+        params: DidChangeWatchedFilesParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.didChangeWatchedFiles(params));
+
+      override def executeCommand(
+        params: ExecuteCommandParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.executeCommand(params));
+
+      override def runFile(
+        params: RunFileParams
+      ): F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.runFile(params));
+
+      override def shutdown: F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.shutdown);
+
+      override def exit: F[Unit] = fa.flatMap(_.exit)
+    }
 
 }
diff --git a/modules/plugin-core/src/main/scala/playground/plugins/PlaygroundPlugin.scala b/modules/plugin-core/src/main/scala/playground/plugins/PlaygroundPlugin.scala
index 03541224..9fa54bc2 100644
--- a/modules/plugin-core/src/main/scala/playground/plugins/PlaygroundPlugin.scala
+++ b/modules/plugin-core/src/main/scala/playground/plugins/PlaygroundPlugin.scala
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ object SimpleHttpBuilder {
         service: Service[Alg],
         backend: Client[F],
       ): Either[UnsupportedProtocolError, FunctorAlgebra[Alg, F]] =
-        builder(service).client(backend).use
+        builder(service).client(backend).make
 
     }