diff --git a/.bcachefs_revision b/.bcachefs_revision
index 4649f2ba2..97936a157 100644
--- a/.bcachefs_revision
+++ b/.bcachefs_revision
@@ -1 +1 @@
-783085c3cc440183ba5e987b1aa7791cc1ca42ba
+8c94740b1bf8645d3398170f41c9c88b78332252
diff --git a/libbcachefs/alloc_background.c b/libbcachefs/alloc_background.c
index 1ed8506c3..56a18ace8 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/alloc_background.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/alloc_background.c
@@ -261,10 +261,8 @@ int bch2_alloc_v4_invalid(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
 	case BCH_DATA_free:
 	case BCH_DATA_need_gc_gens:
 	case BCH_DATA_need_discard:
-		bkey_fsck_err_on(a.v->dirty_sectors ||
-				 a.v->cached_sectors ||
-				 a.v->stripe, c, err,
-				 alloc_key_empty_but_have_data,
+		bkey_fsck_err_on(bch2_bucket_sectors(*a.v) || a.v->stripe,
+				 c, err, alloc_key_empty_but_have_data,
 				 "empty data type free but have data");
 		break;
 	case BCH_DATA_sb:
@@ -272,22 +270,21 @@ int bch2_alloc_v4_invalid(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
 	case BCH_DATA_btree:
 	case BCH_DATA_user:
 	case BCH_DATA_parity:
-		bkey_fsck_err_on(!a.v->dirty_sectors, c, err,
-				 alloc_key_dirty_sectors_0,
+		bkey_fsck_err_on(!bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(*a.v),
+				 c, err, alloc_key_dirty_sectors_0,
 				 "data_type %s but dirty_sectors==0",
 				 bch2_data_types[a.v->data_type]);
 		break;
 	case BCH_DATA_cached:
 		bkey_fsck_err_on(!a.v->cached_sectors ||
-				 a.v->dirty_sectors ||
-				 a.v->stripe, c, err,
-				 alloc_key_cached_inconsistency,
+				 bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(*a.v) ||
+				 a.v->stripe,
+				 c, err, alloc_key_cached_inconsistency,
 				 "data type inconsistency");
 
 		bkey_fsck_err_on(!a.v->io_time[READ] &&
 				 c->curr_recovery_pass > BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_alloc_to_lru_refs,
-				 c, err,
-				 alloc_key_cached_but_read_time_zero,
+				 c, err, alloc_key_cached_but_read_time_zero,
 				 "cached bucket with read_time == 0");
 		break;
 	case BCH_DATA_stripe:
@@ -790,8 +787,7 @@ int bch2_trans_mark_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
 	new_a->data_type = alloc_data_type(*new_a, new_a->data_type);
 
-	if (new_a->dirty_sectors > old_a->dirty_sectors ||
-	    new_a->cached_sectors > old_a->cached_sectors) {
+	if (bch2_bucket_sectors(*new_a) > bch2_bucket_sectors(*old_a)) {
 		new_a->io_time[READ] = max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now));
 		new_a->io_time[WRITE]= max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[WRITE].now));
 		SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_NEED_INC_GEN(new_a, true);
@@ -1509,6 +1505,27 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	if (a->data_type != BCH_DATA_cached)
 		return 0;
 
+	if (fsck_err_on(!a->io_time[READ], c,
+			alloc_key_cached_but_read_time_zero,
+			"cached bucket with read_time 0\n"
+			"  %s",
+		(printbuf_reset(&buf),
+		 bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, alloc_k), buf.buf))) {
+		struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a_mut =
+			bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, alloc_k);
+		ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a_mut);
+		if (ret)
+			goto err;
+
+		a_mut->v.io_time[READ] = atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now);
+		ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, alloc_iter,
+					&a_mut->k_i, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+		if (ret)
+			goto err;
+
+		a = &a_mut->v;
+	}
+
 	lru_k = bch2_bkey_get_iter(trans, &lru_iter, BTREE_ID_lru,
 			     lru_pos(alloc_k.k->p.inode,
 				     bucket_to_u64(alloc_k.k->p),
@@ -1517,41 +1534,18 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 
-	if (fsck_err_on(!a->io_time[READ], c,
-			alloc_key_cached_but_read_time_zero,
-			"cached bucket with read_time 0\n"
-			"  %s",
-		(printbuf_reset(&buf),
-		 bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, alloc_k), buf.buf)) ||
-	    fsck_err_on(lru_k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_set, c,
+	if (fsck_err_on(lru_k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_set, c,
 			alloc_key_to_missing_lru_entry,
 			"missing lru entry\n"
 			"  %s",
 			(printbuf_reset(&buf),
 			 bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, alloc_k), buf.buf))) {
-		u64 read_time = a->io_time[READ] ?:
-			atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now);
-
 		ret = bch2_lru_set(trans,
 				   alloc_k.k->p.inode,
 				   bucket_to_u64(alloc_k.k->p),
-				   read_time);
+				   a->io_time[READ]);
 		if (ret)
 			goto err;
-
-		if (a->io_time[READ] != read_time) {
-			struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a_mut =
-				bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, alloc_k);
-			ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a_mut);
-			if (ret)
-				goto err;
-
-			a_mut->v.io_time[READ] = read_time;
-			ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, alloc_iter,
-						&a_mut->k_i, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
-			if (ret)
-				goto err;
-		}
 	}
 err:
 fsck_err:
@@ -1564,15 +1558,13 @@ int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_refs(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
 	struct btree_iter iter;
 	struct bkey_s_c k;
-	int ret = 0;
 
-	ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+	int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
 		for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
 				POS_MIN, BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
 				NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc|BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_lazy_rw,
 			bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(trans, &iter)));
-	if (ret)
-		bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+	bch_err_fn(c, ret);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1734,28 +1726,25 @@ void bch2_do_discards(struct bch_fs *c)
 static int invalidate_one_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
 				 struct btree_iter *lru_iter,
 				 struct bkey_s_c lru_k,
+				 struct bpos *last_flushed_pos,
 				 s64 *nr_to_invalidate)
 {
 	struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-	struct btree_iter alloc_iter = { NULL };
-	struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a = NULL;
-	struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
-	struct bpos bucket = u64_to_bucket(lru_k.k->p.offset);
-	unsigned cached_sectors;
 	int ret = 0;
 
 	if (*nr_to_invalidate <= 0)
 		return 1;
 
-	if (!bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, bucket)) {
-		prt_str(&buf, "lru entry points to invalid bucket");
-		goto err;
-	}
+	ret = bch2_check_lru_key(trans, lru_iter, lru_k, last_flushed_pos);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
 
+	struct bpos bucket = u64_to_bucket(lru_k.k->p.offset);
 	if (bch2_bucket_is_open_safe(c, bucket.inode, bucket.offset))
 		return 0;
 
-	a = bch2_trans_start_alloc_update(trans, &alloc_iter, bucket);
+	struct btree_iter alloc_iter;
+	struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a = bch2_trans_start_alloc_update(trans, &alloc_iter, bucket);
 	ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a);
 	if (ret)
 		goto out;
@@ -1769,7 +1758,7 @@ static int invalidate_one_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	if (!a->v.cached_sectors)
 		bch_err(c, "invalidating empty bucket, confused");
 
-	cached_sectors = a->v.cached_sectors;
+	unsigned cached_sectors = a->v.cached_sectors;
 
 	SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_NEED_INC_GEN(&a->v, false);
 	a->v.gen++;
@@ -1791,28 +1780,7 @@ static int invalidate_one_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	--*nr_to_invalidate;
 out:
 	bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &alloc_iter);
-	printbuf_exit(&buf);
 	return ret;
-err:
-	prt_str(&buf, "\n  lru key: ");
-	bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, lru_k);
-
-	prt_str(&buf, "\n  lru entry: ");
-	bch2_lru_pos_to_text(&buf, lru_iter->pos);
-
-	prt_str(&buf, "\n  alloc key: ");
-	if (!a)
-		bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, bucket);
-	else
-		bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&a->k_i));
-
-	bch_err(c, "%s", buf.buf);
-	if (c->curr_recovery_pass > BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_lrus) {
-		bch2_inconsistent_error(c);
-		ret = -EINVAL;
-	}
-
-	goto out;
 }
 
 static void bch2_do_invalidates_work(struct work_struct *work)
@@ -1822,6 +1790,7 @@ static void bch2_do_invalidates_work(struct work_struct *work)
 	struct btree_trans *trans = bch2_trans_get(c);
 	struct btree_iter iter;
 	struct bkey_s_c k;
+	struct bpos last_flushed_pos = POS_MIN;
 	unsigned i;
 	int ret = 0;
 
@@ -1837,7 +1806,8 @@ static void bch2_do_invalidates_work(struct work_struct *work)
 				lru_pos(ca->dev_idx, 0, 0),
 				lru_pos(ca->dev_idx, U64_MAX, LRU_TIME_MAX),
 				BTREE_ITER_INTENT, k,
-			invalidate_one_bucket(trans, &iter, k, &nr_to_invalidate));
+			invalidate_one_bucket(trans, &iter, k, &last_flushed_pos,
+					      &nr_to_invalidate));
 
 		if (ret < 0) {
 			percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/alloc_background.h b/libbcachefs/alloc_background.h
index 73faf99a2..72bb8491f 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/alloc_background.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/alloc_background.h
@@ -71,6 +71,24 @@ static inline enum bch_data_type bucket_data_type(enum bch_data_type data_type)
 	return data_type == BCH_DATA_stripe ? BCH_DATA_user : data_type;
 }
 
+static inline unsigned bch2_bucket_sectors(struct bch_alloc_v4 a)
+{
+	return a.dirty_sectors + a.cached_sectors;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(struct bch_alloc_v4 a)
+{
+	return a.dirty_sectors;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned bch2_bucket_sectors_fragmented(struct bch_dev *ca,
+						 struct bch_alloc_v4 a)
+{
+	unsigned d = bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(a);
+
+	return d ? max(0U, ca->mi.bucket_size - d) : 0;
+}
+
 static inline u64 alloc_lru_idx_read(struct bch_alloc_v4 a)
 {
 	return a.data_type == BCH_DATA_cached ? a.io_time[READ] : 0;
@@ -90,10 +108,11 @@ static inline u64 alloc_lru_idx_fragmentation(struct bch_alloc_v4 a,
 					      struct bch_dev *ca)
 {
 	if (!data_type_movable(a.data_type) ||
-	    a.dirty_sectors >= ca->mi.bucket_size)
+	    !bch2_bucket_sectors_fragmented(ca, a))
 		return 0;
 
-	return div_u64((u64) a.dirty_sectors * (1ULL << 31), ca->mi.bucket_size);
+	u64 d = bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(a);
+	return div_u64(d * (1ULL << 31), ca->mi.bucket_size);
 }
 
 static inline u64 alloc_freespace_genbits(struct bch_alloc_v4 a)
diff --git a/libbcachefs/alloc_foreground.c b/libbcachefs/alloc_foreground.c
index eef6fa8d0..1ba0eeb75 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/alloc_foreground.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/alloc_foreground.c
@@ -1345,6 +1345,9 @@ int bch2_alloc_sectors_start_trans(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	int ret;
 	int i;
 
+	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_ERASURE_CODING))
+		erasure_code = false;
+
 	BUG_ON(flags & BCH_WRITE_ONLY_SPECIFIED_DEVS);
 
 	BUG_ON(!nr_replicas || !nr_replicas_required);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/bcachefs.h b/libbcachefs/bcachefs.h
index 53f93f03f..295efeda1 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/bcachefs.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/bcachefs.h
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ struct bch_fs {
 	mempool_t		compression_bounce[2];
 	mempool_t		compress_workspace[BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NR];
 	mempool_t		decompress_workspace;
-	ZSTD_parameters		zstd_params;
+	size_t			zstd_workspace_size;
 
 	struct crypto_shash	*sha256;
 	struct crypto_sync_skcipher *chacha20;
diff --git a/libbcachefs/bcachefs_format.h b/libbcachefs/bcachefs_format.h
index ad0f298c8..967780072 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/bcachefs_format.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/bcachefs_format.h
@@ -151,7 +151,11 @@ struct bpos {
 #else
 #error edit for your odd byteorder.
 #endif
-} __packed __aligned(4);
+} __packed
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+__aligned(4)
+#endif
+;
 
 #define KEY_INODE_MAX			((__u64)~0ULL)
 #define KEY_OFFSET_MAX			((__u64)~0ULL)
@@ -2203,8 +2207,8 @@ struct jset_entry_dev_usage {
 	__le32			dev;
 	__u32			pad;
 
-	__le64			buckets_ec;
-	__le64			_buckets_unavailable; /* No longer used */
+	__le64			_buckets_ec;		/* No longer used */
+	__le64			_buckets_unavailable;	/* No longer used */
 
 	struct jset_entry_dev_usage_type d[];
 };
diff --git a/libbcachefs/bcachefs_ioctl.h b/libbcachefs/bcachefs_ioctl.h
index 18eb32540..44ba7a87a 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/bcachefs_ioctl.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/bcachefs_ioctl.h
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ struct bch_ioctl_incremental {
 #define BCH_IOCTL_SUBVOLUME_CREATE _IOW(0xbc,	16,  struct bch_ioctl_subvolume)
 #define BCH_IOCTL_SUBVOLUME_DESTROY _IOW(0xbc,	17,  struct bch_ioctl_subvolume)
 
+#define BCH_IOCTL_DEV_USAGE_V2	_IOWR(0xbc,	18, struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage_v2)
+
 /* ioctl below act on a particular file, not the filesystem as a whole: */
 
 #define BCHFS_IOC_REINHERIT_ATTRS	_IOR(0xbc, 64, const char __user *)
@@ -298,7 +300,20 @@ struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage {
 		__u64		buckets;
 		__u64		sectors;
 		__u64		fragmented;
-	}			d[BCH_DATA_NR];
+	}			d[10];
+};
+
+struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage_v2 {
+	__u64			dev;
+	__u32			flags;
+	__u8			state;
+	__u8			nr_data_types;
+	__u8			pad[6];
+
+	__u32			bucket_size;
+	__u64			nr_buckets;
+
+	struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage_type  d[0];
 };
 
 /*
diff --git a/libbcachefs/btree_gc.c b/libbcachefs/btree_gc.c
index 7e5d52f8f..90f5bcfa3 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/btree_gc.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/btree_gc.c
@@ -1254,9 +1254,6 @@ static int bch2_gc_done(struct bch_fs *c,
 			copy_dev_field(dev_usage_fragmented_wrong,
 				       d[i].fragmented,	"%s fragmented", bch2_data_types[i]);
 		}
-
-		copy_dev_field(dev_usage_buckets_ec_wrong,
-			       buckets_ec,		"buckets_ec");
 	}
 
 	{
diff --git a/libbcachefs/btree_trans_commit.c b/libbcachefs/btree_trans_commit.c
index 09e94cc46..7210d5c22 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/btree_trans_commit.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/btree_trans_commit.c
@@ -361,7 +361,6 @@ noinline static int
 btree_key_can_insert_cached_slowpath(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
 				     struct btree_path *path, unsigned new_u64s)
 {
-	struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
 	struct btree_insert_entry *i;
 	struct bkey_cached *ck = (void *) path->l[0].b;
 	struct bkey_i *new_k;
@@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ btree_key_can_insert_cached_slowpath(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
 
 	new_k = kmalloc(new_u64s * sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!new_k) {
-		bch_err(c, "error allocating memory for key cache key, btree %s u64s %u",
+		bch_err(trans->c, "error allocating memory for key cache key, btree %s u64s %u",
 			bch2_btree_id_str(path->btree_id), new_u64s);
 		return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_btree_key_cache_insert;
 	}
diff --git a/libbcachefs/btree_write_buffer.c b/libbcachefs/btree_write_buffer.c
index 0c2db1fab..d3c38d2c0 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/btree_write_buffer.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/btree_write_buffer.c
@@ -29,14 +29,12 @@ static inline bool wb_key_cmp(const struct wb_key_ref *l, const struct wb_key_re
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
 	int cmp;
 
-	asm(".intel_syntax noprefix;"
-	    "mov rax, [%[l]];"
-	    "sub rax, [%[r]];"
-	    "mov rax, [%[l] + 8];"
-	    "sbb rax, [%[r] + 8];"
-	    "mov rax, [%[l] + 16];"
-	    "sbb rax, [%[r] + 16];"
-	    ".att_syntax prefix;"
+	asm("mov   (%[l]), %%rax;"
+	    "sub   (%[r]), %%rax;"
+	    "mov  8(%[l]), %%rax;"
+	    "sbb  8(%[r]), %%rax;"
+	    "mov 16(%[l]), %%rax;"
+	    "sbb 16(%[r]), %%rax;"
 	    : "=@ccae" (cmp)
 	    : [l] "r" (l), [r] "r" (r)
 	    : "rax", "cc");
@@ -297,7 +295,7 @@ static int bch2_btree_write_buffer_flush_locked(struct btree_trans *trans)
 			struct btree_write_buffered_key *n = &wb->flushing.keys.data[i[1].idx];
 
 			skipped++;
-			n->journal_seq = min_t(u64, n->journal_seq, k->journal_seq);;
+			n->journal_seq = min_t(u64, n->journal_seq, k->journal_seq);
 			k->journal_seq = 0;
 			continue;
 		}
diff --git a/libbcachefs/buckets.c b/libbcachefs/buckets.c
index 5bfa102a0..50eb6ba2f 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/buckets.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/buckets.c
@@ -277,12 +277,28 @@ void bch2_dev_usage_init(struct bch_dev *ca)
 	ca->usage_base->d[BCH_DATA_free].buckets = ca->mi.nbuckets - ca->mi.first_bucket;
 }
 
-static inline int bucket_sectors_fragmented(struct bch_dev *ca,
-					    struct bch_alloc_v4 a)
+void bch2_dev_usage_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_dev_usage *usage)
 {
-	return a.dirty_sectors
-		? max(0, (int) ca->mi.bucket_size - (int) a.dirty_sectors)
-		: 0;
+	prt_tab(out);
+	prt_str(out, "buckets");
+	prt_tab_rjust(out);
+	prt_str(out, "sectors");
+	prt_tab_rjust(out);
+	prt_str(out, "fragmented");
+	prt_tab_rjust(out);
+	prt_newline(out);
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
+		prt_str(out, bch2_data_types[i]);
+		prt_tab(out);
+		prt_u64(out, usage->d[i].buckets);
+		prt_tab_rjust(out);
+		prt_u64(out, usage->d[i].sectors);
+		prt_tab_rjust(out);
+		prt_u64(out, usage->d[i].fragmented);
+		prt_tab_rjust(out);
+		prt_newline(out);
+	}
 }
 
 static void bch2_dev_usage_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
@@ -306,41 +322,37 @@ static void bch2_dev_usage_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
 	u->d[old.data_type].buckets--;
 	u->d[new.data_type].buckets++;
 
-	u->buckets_ec -= (int) !!old.stripe;
-	u->buckets_ec += (int) !!new.stripe;
-
-	u->d[old.data_type].sectors -= old.dirty_sectors;
-	u->d[new.data_type].sectors += new.dirty_sectors;
+	u->d[old.data_type].sectors -= bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(old);
+	u->d[new.data_type].sectors += bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(new);
 
 	u->d[BCH_DATA_cached].sectors += new.cached_sectors;
 	u->d[BCH_DATA_cached].sectors -= old.cached_sectors;
 
-	u->d[old.data_type].fragmented -= bucket_sectors_fragmented(ca, old);
-	u->d[new.data_type].fragmented += bucket_sectors_fragmented(ca, new);
+	u->d[old.data_type].fragmented -= bch2_bucket_sectors_fragmented(ca, old);
+	u->d[new.data_type].fragmented += bch2_bucket_sectors_fragmented(ca, new);
 
 	preempt_enable();
 }
 
+struct bch_alloc_v4 bucket_m_to_alloc(struct bucket b)
+{
+	return (struct bch_alloc_v4) {
+		.gen		= b.gen,
+		.data_type	= b.data_type,
+		.dirty_sectors	= b.dirty_sectors,
+		.cached_sectors	= b.cached_sectors,
+		.stripe		= b.stripe,
+	};
+}
+
 static void bch2_dev_usage_update_m(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
 				    struct bucket old, struct bucket new,
 				    u64 journal_seq, bool gc)
 {
-	struct bch_alloc_v4 old_a = {
-		.gen		= old.gen,
-		.data_type	= old.data_type,
-		.dirty_sectors	= old.dirty_sectors,
-		.cached_sectors	= old.cached_sectors,
-		.stripe		= old.stripe,
-	};
-	struct bch_alloc_v4 new_a = {
-		.gen		= new.gen,
-		.data_type	= new.data_type,
-		.dirty_sectors	= new.dirty_sectors,
-		.cached_sectors	= new.cached_sectors,
-		.stripe		= new.stripe,
-	};
-
-	bch2_dev_usage_update(c, ca, old_a, new_a, journal_seq, gc);
+	bch2_dev_usage_update(c, ca,
+			      bucket_m_to_alloc(old),
+			      bucket_m_to_alloc(new),
+			      journal_seq, gc);
 }
 
 static inline int __update_replicas(struct bch_fs *c,
@@ -640,7 +652,6 @@ int bch2_mark_metadata_bucket(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
 		goto err;
 	}
 
-
 	g->data_type = data_type;
 	g->dirty_sectors += sectors;
 	new = *g;
@@ -657,14 +668,11 @@ static int check_bucket_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
 			    const struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr,
 			    s64 sectors, enum bch_data_type ptr_data_type,
 			    u8 b_gen, u8 bucket_data_type,
-			    u32 dirty_sectors, u32 cached_sectors)
+			    u32 bucket_sectors)
 {
 	struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
 	struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
 	size_t bucket_nr = PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, ptr);
-	u32 bucket_sectors = !ptr->cached
-		? dirty_sectors
-		: cached_sectors;
 	struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
 	int ret = 0;
 
@@ -799,7 +807,7 @@ static int mark_stripe_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
 	ret = check_bucket_ref(trans, k, ptr, sectors, data_type,
 			       g->gen, g->data_type,
-			       g->dirty_sectors, g->cached_sectors);
+			       g->dirty_sectors);
 	if (ret)
 		goto err;
 
@@ -829,8 +837,7 @@ static int __mark_pointer(struct btree_trans *trans,
 		? dirty_sectors
 		: cached_sectors;
 	int ret = check_bucket_ref(trans, k, ptr, sectors, ptr_data_type,
-				   bucket_gen, *bucket_data_type,
-				   *dirty_sectors, *cached_sectors);
+				   bucket_gen, *bucket_data_type, *dst_sectors);
 
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
@@ -1559,7 +1566,7 @@ static int bch2_trans_mark_stripe_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
 	ret = check_bucket_ref(trans, s.s_c, ptr, sectors, data_type,
 			       a->v.gen, a->v.data_type,
-			       a->v.dirty_sectors, a->v.cached_sectors);
+			       a->v.dirty_sectors);
 	if (ret)
 		goto err;
 
@@ -2073,8 +2080,6 @@ int bch2_dev_buckets_resize(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, u64 nbuckets)
 	bucket_gens->first_bucket = ca->mi.first_bucket;
 	bucket_gens->nbuckets	= nbuckets;
 
-	bch2_copygc_stop(c);
-
 	if (resize) {
 		down_write(&c->gc_lock);
 		down_write(&ca->bucket_lock);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/buckets.h b/libbcachefs/buckets.h
index 5574b62e0..bc0886730 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/buckets.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/buckets.h
@@ -203,6 +203,7 @@ static inline struct bch_dev_usage bch2_dev_usage_read(struct bch_dev *ca)
 }
 
 void bch2_dev_usage_init(struct bch_dev *);
+void bch2_dev_usage_to_text(struct printbuf *, struct bch_dev_usage *);
 
 static inline u64 bch2_dev_buckets_reserved(struct bch_dev *ca, enum bch_watermark watermark)
 {
diff --git a/libbcachefs/buckets_types.h b/libbcachefs/buckets_types.h
index 2a9dab900..783f71017 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/buckets_types.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/buckets_types.h
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ struct bucket_gens {
 };
 
 struct bch_dev_usage {
-	u64			buckets_ec;
-
 	struct {
 		u64		buckets;
 		u64		sectors; /* _compressed_ sectors: */
diff --git a/libbcachefs/chardev.c b/libbcachefs/chardev.c
index de3d82de9..118f0c0c4 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/chardev.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/chardev.c
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
 
+__must_check
+static int copy_to_user_errcode(void __user *to, const void *from, unsigned long n)
+{
+	return copy_to_user(to, from, n) ? -EFAULT : 0;
+}
+
 /* returns with ref on ca->ref */
 static struct bch_dev *bch2_device_lookup(struct bch_fs *c, u64 dev,
 					  unsigned flags)
@@ -149,10 +155,8 @@ static long bch2_global_ioctl(unsigned cmd, void __user *arg)
 static long bch2_ioctl_query_uuid(struct bch_fs *c,
 			struct bch_ioctl_query_uuid __user *user_arg)
 {
-	if (copy_to_user(&user_arg->uuid, &c->sb.user_uuid,
-			 sizeof(c->sb.user_uuid)))
-		return -EFAULT;
-	return 0;
+	return copy_to_user_errcode(&user_arg->uuid, &c->sb.user_uuid,
+				    sizeof(c->sb.user_uuid));
 }
 
 #if 0
@@ -341,10 +345,7 @@ static ssize_t bch2_data_job_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
 	if (len < sizeof(e))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
-	if (copy_to_user(buf, &e, sizeof(e)))
-		return -EFAULT;
-
-	return sizeof(e);
+	return copy_to_user_errcode(buf, &e, sizeof(e)) ?: sizeof(e);
 }
 
 static const struct file_operations bcachefs_data_ops = {
@@ -474,14 +475,15 @@ static long bch2_ioctl_fs_usage(struct bch_fs *c,
 
 	if (ret)
 		goto err;
-	if (copy_to_user(user_arg, arg,
-			 sizeof(*arg) + arg->replica_entries_bytes))
-		ret = -EFAULT;
+
+	ret = copy_to_user_errcode(user_arg, arg,
+			sizeof(*arg) + arg->replica_entries_bytes);
 err:
 	kfree(arg);
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/* obsolete, didn't allow for new data types: */
 static long bch2_ioctl_dev_usage(struct bch_fs *c,
 				 struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage __user *user_arg)
 {
@@ -511,7 +513,6 @@ static long bch2_ioctl_dev_usage(struct bch_fs *c,
 	arg.state		= ca->mi.state;
 	arg.bucket_size		= ca->mi.bucket_size;
 	arg.nr_buckets		= ca->mi.nbuckets - ca->mi.first_bucket;
-	arg.buckets_ec		= src.buckets_ec;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
 		arg.d[i].buckets	= src.d[i].buckets;
@@ -521,10 +522,58 @@ static long bch2_ioctl_dev_usage(struct bch_fs *c,
 
 	percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
 
-	if (copy_to_user(user_arg, &arg, sizeof(arg)))
+	return copy_to_user_errcode(user_arg, &arg, sizeof(arg));
+}
+
+static long bch2_ioctl_dev_usage_v2(struct bch_fs *c,
+				 struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage_v2 __user *user_arg)
+{
+	struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage_v2 arg;
+	struct bch_dev_usage src;
+	struct bch_dev *ca;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (copy_from_user(&arg, user_arg, sizeof(arg)))
 		return -EFAULT;
 
-	return 0;
+	if ((arg.flags & ~BCH_BY_INDEX) ||
+	    arg.pad[0] ||
+	    arg.pad[1] ||
+	    arg.pad[2])
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	ca = bch2_device_lookup(c, arg.dev, arg.flags);
+	if (IS_ERR(ca))
+		return PTR_ERR(ca);
+
+	src = bch2_dev_usage_read(ca);
+
+	arg.state		= ca->mi.state;
+	arg.bucket_size		= ca->mi.bucket_size;
+	arg.nr_data_types	= min(arg.nr_data_types, BCH_DATA_NR);
+	arg.nr_buckets		= ca->mi.nbuckets - ca->mi.first_bucket;
+
+	ret = copy_to_user_errcode(user_arg, &arg, sizeof(arg));
+	if (ret)
+		goto err;
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < arg.nr_data_types; i++) {
+		struct bch_ioctl_dev_usage_type t = {
+			.buckets	= src.d[i].buckets,
+			.sectors	= src.d[i].sectors,
+			.fragmented	= src.d[i].fragmented,
+		};
+
+		ret = copy_to_user_errcode(&user_arg->d[i], &t, sizeof(t));
+		if (ret)
+			goto err;
+	}
+err:
+	percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static long bch2_ioctl_read_super(struct bch_fs *c,
@@ -561,9 +610,8 @@ static long bch2_ioctl_read_super(struct bch_fs *c,
 		goto err;
 	}
 
-	if (copy_to_user((void __user *)(unsigned long)arg.sb, sb,
-			 vstruct_bytes(sb)))
-		ret = -EFAULT;
+	ret = copy_to_user_errcode((void __user *)(unsigned long)arg.sb, sb,
+				   vstruct_bytes(sb));
 err:
 	if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(ca))
 		percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
@@ -663,6 +711,8 @@ long bch2_fs_ioctl(struct bch_fs *c, unsigned cmd, void __user *arg)
 		return bch2_ioctl_fs_usage(c, arg);
 	case BCH_IOCTL_DEV_USAGE:
 		return bch2_ioctl_dev_usage(c, arg);
+	case BCH_IOCTL_DEV_USAGE_V2:
+		return bch2_ioctl_dev_usage_v2(c, arg);
 #if 0
 	case BCH_IOCTL_START:
 		BCH_IOCTL(start, struct bch_ioctl_start);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/compress.c b/libbcachefs/compress.c
index a8b148ec2..64bdafe31 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/compress.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/compress.c
@@ -354,8 +354,7 @@ static int attempt_compress(struct bch_fs *c,
 		 */
 		unsigned level = min((compression.level * 3) / 2, zstd_max_clevel());
 		ZSTD_parameters params = zstd_get_params(level, c->opts.encoded_extent_max);
-		ZSTD_CCtx *ctx = zstd_init_cctx(workspace,
-			zstd_cctx_workspace_bound(&params.cParams));
+		ZSTD_CCtx *ctx = zstd_init_cctx(workspace, c->zstd_workspace_size);
 
 		/*
 		 * ZSTD requires that when we decompress we pass in the exact
@@ -371,7 +370,7 @@ static int attempt_compress(struct bch_fs *c,
 		size_t len = zstd_compress_cctx(ctx,
 				dst + 4,	dst_len - 4 - 7,
 				src,		src_len,
-				&c->zstd_params);
+				&params);
 		if (zstd_is_error(len))
 			return 0;
 
@@ -572,6 +571,13 @@ static int __bch2_fs_compress_init(struct bch_fs *c, u64 features)
 	size_t decompress_workspace_size = 0;
 	ZSTD_parameters params = zstd_get_params(zstd_max_clevel(),
 						 c->opts.encoded_extent_max);
+
+	/*
+	 * ZSTD is lying: if we allocate the size of the workspace it says it
+	 * requires, it returns memory allocation errors
+	 */
+	c->zstd_workspace_size = zstd_cctx_workspace_bound(&params.cParams) * 2;
+
 	struct {
 		unsigned			feature;
 		enum bch_compression_type	type;
@@ -585,13 +591,11 @@ static int __bch2_fs_compress_init(struct bch_fs *c, u64 features)
 			zlib_deflate_workspacesize(MAX_WBITS, DEF_MEM_LEVEL),
 			zlib_inflate_workspacesize(), },
 		{ BCH_FEATURE_zstd, BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_zstd,
-			zstd_cctx_workspace_bound(&params.cParams),
+			c->zstd_workspace_size,
 			zstd_dctx_workspace_bound() },
 	}, *i;
 	bool have_compressed = false;
 
-	c->zstd_params = params;
-
 	for (i = compression_types;
 	     i < compression_types + ARRAY_SIZE(compression_types);
 	     i++)
diff --git a/libbcachefs/data_update.c b/libbcachefs/data_update.c
index 55769d77e..31090796c 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/data_update.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/data_update.c
@@ -267,6 +267,20 @@ static int __bch2_data_update_index_update(struct btree_trans *trans,
 			goto out;
 		}
 
+		if (trace_data_update_enabled()) {
+			struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+			prt_str(&buf, "\nold: ");
+			bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, old);
+			prt_str(&buf, "\nk:   ");
+			bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k);
+			prt_str(&buf, "\nnew: ");
+			bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert));
+
+			trace_data_update(c, buf.buf);
+			printbuf_exit(&buf);
+		}
+
 		ret =   bch2_insert_snapshot_whiteouts(trans, m->btree_id,
 						k.k->p, bkey_start_pos(&insert->k)) ?:
 			bch2_insert_snapshot_whiteouts(trans, m->btree_id,
@@ -356,7 +370,7 @@ void bch2_data_update_exit(struct data_update *update)
 	bch2_bio_free_pages_pool(c, &update->op.wbio.bio);
 }
 
-void bch2_update_unwritten_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
+static void bch2_update_unwritten_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
 				  struct data_update *update)
 {
 	struct bch_fs *c = update->op.c;
@@ -436,7 +450,51 @@ void bch2_update_unwritten_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	}
 }
 
+int bch2_extent_drop_ptrs(struct btree_trans *trans,
+			  struct btree_iter *iter,
+			  struct bkey_s_c k,
+			  struct data_update_opts data_opts)
+{
+	struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+	struct bkey_i *n;
+	int ret;
+
+	n = bch2_bkey_make_mut_noupdate(trans, k);
+	ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(n);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	while (data_opts.kill_ptrs) {
+		unsigned i = 0, drop = __fls(data_opts.kill_ptrs);
+		struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
+
+		bch2_bkey_drop_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(n), ptr, i++ == drop);
+		data_opts.kill_ptrs ^= 1U << drop;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the new extent no longer has any pointers, bch2_extent_normalize()
+	 * will do the appropriate thing with it (turning it into a
+	 * KEY_TYPE_error key, or just a discard if it was a cached extent)
+	 */
+	bch2_extent_normalize(c, bkey_i_to_s(n));
+
+	/*
+	 * Since we're not inserting through an extent iterator
+	 * (BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS iterators aren't extent iterators),
+	 * we aren't using the extent overwrite path to delete, we're
+	 * just using the normal key deletion path:
+	 */
+	if (bkey_deleted(&n->k))
+		n->k.size = 0;
+
+	return bch2_trans_relock(trans) ?:
+		bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, n, BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE) ?:
+		bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc);
+}
+
 int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
+			  struct btree_iter *iter,
 			  struct moving_context *ctxt,
 			  struct data_update *m,
 			  struct write_point_specifier wp,
@@ -452,7 +510,7 @@ int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	const struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
 	unsigned i, reserve_sectors = k.k->size * data_opts.extra_replicas;
 	unsigned ptrs_locked = 0;
-	int ret;
+	int ret = 0;
 
 	bch2_bkey_buf_init(&m->k);
 	bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&m->k, c, k);
@@ -478,6 +536,8 @@ int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr)
 		percpu_ref_get(&bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev)->ref);
 
+	unsigned durability_have = 0, durability_removing = 0;
+
 	i = 0;
 	bkey_for_each_ptr_decode(k.k, ptrs, p, entry) {
 		bool locked;
@@ -489,8 +549,11 @@ int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 				reserve_sectors += k.k->size;
 
 			m->op.nr_replicas += bch2_extent_ptr_desired_durability(c, &p);
-		} else if (!p.ptr.cached) {
+			durability_removing += bch2_extent_ptr_desired_durability(c, &p);
+		} else if (!p.ptr.cached &&
+			   !((1U << i) & m->data_opts.kill_ptrs)) {
 			bch2_dev_list_add_dev(&m->op.devs_have, p.ptr.dev);
+			durability_have += bch2_extent_ptr_durability(c, &p);
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -529,6 +592,29 @@ int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 		i++;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * If current extent durability is less than io_opts.data_replicas,
+	 * we're not trying to rereplicate the extent up to data_replicas here -
+	 * unless extra_replicas was specified
+	 *
+	 * Increasing replication is an explicit operation triggered by
+	 * rereplicate, currently, so that users don't get an unexpected -ENOSPC
+	 */
+	if (durability_have >= io_opts.data_replicas) {
+		m->data_opts.kill_ptrs |= m->data_opts.rewrite_ptrs;
+		m->data_opts.rewrite_ptrs = 0;
+		/* if iter == NULL, it's just a promote */
+		if (iter)
+			ret = bch2_extent_drop_ptrs(trans, iter, k, data_opts);
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	m->op.nr_replicas = min(durability_removing, io_opts.data_replicas - durability_have) +
+		m->data_opts.extra_replicas;
+	m->op.nr_replicas_required = m->op.nr_replicas;
+
+	BUG_ON(!m->op.nr_replicas);
+
 	if (reserve_sectors) {
 		ret = bch2_disk_reservation_add(c, &m->op.res, reserve_sectors,
 				m->data_opts.extra_replicas
@@ -538,14 +624,11 @@ int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 			goto err;
 	}
 
-	m->op.nr_replicas += m->data_opts.extra_replicas;
-	m->op.nr_replicas_required = m->op.nr_replicas;
-
-	BUG_ON(!m->op.nr_replicas);
+	if (bkey_extent_is_unwritten(k)) {
+		bch2_update_unwritten_extent(trans, m);
+		goto done;
+	}
 
-	/* Special handling required: */
-	if (bkey_extent_is_unwritten(k))
-		return -BCH_ERR_unwritten_extent_update;
 	return 0;
 err:
 	i = 0;
@@ -560,6 +643,9 @@ int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&m->k, c);
 	bch2_bio_free_pages_pool(c, &m->op.wbio.bio);
 	return ret;
+done:
+	bch2_data_update_exit(m);
+	return ret ?: -BCH_ERR_data_update_done;
 }
 
 void bch2_data_update_opts_normalize(struct bkey_s_c k, struct data_update_opts *opts)
diff --git a/libbcachefs/data_update.h b/libbcachefs/data_update.h
index 9dc17b9d8..991095bbd 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/data_update.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/data_update.h
@@ -32,9 +32,14 @@ int bch2_data_update_index_update(struct bch_write_op *);
 void bch2_data_update_read_done(struct data_update *,
 				struct bch_extent_crc_unpacked);
 
+int bch2_extent_drop_ptrs(struct btree_trans *,
+			  struct btree_iter *,
+			  struct bkey_s_c,
+			  struct data_update_opts);
+
 void bch2_data_update_exit(struct data_update *);
-void bch2_update_unwritten_extent(struct btree_trans *, struct data_update *);
-int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *, struct moving_context *,
+int bch2_data_update_init(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_iter *,
+			  struct moving_context *,
 			  struct data_update *,
 			  struct write_point_specifier,
 			  struct bch_io_opts, struct data_update_opts,
diff --git a/libbcachefs/errcode.h b/libbcachefs/errcode.h
index e42b45293..4d35e5c6c 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/errcode.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/errcode.h
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 	x(BCH_ERR_fsck,			fsck_repair_unimplemented)		\
 	x(BCH_ERR_fsck,			fsck_repair_impossible)			\
 	x(0,				restart_recovery)			\
-	x(0,				unwritten_extent_update)		\
+	x(0,				data_update_done)			\
 	x(EINVAL,			device_state_not_allowed)		\
 	x(EINVAL,			member_info_missing)			\
 	x(EINVAL,			mismatched_block_size)			\
@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@
 	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_sb_members)			\
 	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_sb_disk_groups)			\
 	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_sb_replicas)			\
+	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_replicas_entry)			\
 	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_sb_journal)			\
 	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_sb_journal_seq_blacklist)	\
 	x(BCH_ERR_invalid_sb,		invalid_sb_crypt)			\
diff --git a/libbcachefs/extents.c b/libbcachefs/extents.c
index a864de231..f6c92df55 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/extents.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/extents.c
@@ -649,37 +649,31 @@ unsigned bch2_bkey_replicas(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
 	return replicas;
 }
 
-unsigned bch2_extent_ptr_desired_durability(struct bch_fs *c, struct extent_ptr_decoded *p)
+static inline unsigned __extent_ptr_durability(struct bch_dev *ca, struct extent_ptr_decoded *p)
 {
-	struct bch_dev *ca;
-
 	if (p->ptr.cached)
 		return 0;
 
-	ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, p->ptr.dev);
-
-	return ca->mi.durability +
-		(p->has_ec
-		 ? p->ec.redundancy
-		 : 0);
+	return p->has_ec
+		? p->ec.redundancy + 1
+		: ca->mi.durability;
 }
 
-unsigned bch2_extent_ptr_durability(struct bch_fs *c, struct extent_ptr_decoded *p)
+unsigned bch2_extent_ptr_desired_durability(struct bch_fs *c, struct extent_ptr_decoded *p)
 {
-	struct bch_dev *ca;
+	struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, p->ptr.dev);
 
-	if (p->ptr.cached)
-		return 0;
+	return __extent_ptr_durability(ca, p);
+}
 
-	ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, p->ptr.dev);
+unsigned bch2_extent_ptr_durability(struct bch_fs *c, struct extent_ptr_decoded *p)
+{
+	struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, p->ptr.dev);
 
 	if (ca->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_failed)
 		return 0;
 
-	return ca->mi.durability +
-		(p->has_ec
-		 ? p->ec.redundancy
-		 : 0);
+	return __extent_ptr_durability(ca, p);
 }
 
 unsigned bch2_bkey_durability(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
diff --git a/libbcachefs/io_read.c b/libbcachefs/io_read.c
index b833409c7..3281c4dd1 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/io_read.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/io_read.c
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ static struct promote_op *__promote_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	bio = &op->write.op.wbio.bio;
 	bio_init(bio, NULL, bio->bi_inline_vecs, pages, 0);
 
-	ret = bch2_data_update_init(trans, NULL, &op->write,
+	ret = bch2_data_update_init(trans, NULL, NULL, &op->write,
 			writepoint_hashed((unsigned long) current),
 			opts,
 			(struct data_update_opts) {
diff --git a/libbcachefs/journal_io.c b/libbcachefs/journal_io.c
index 4ec5d5d38..c2a655235 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/journal_io.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/journal_io.c
@@ -548,6 +548,7 @@ static int journal_entry_data_usage_validate(struct bch_fs *c,
 	struct jset_entry_data_usage *u =
 		container_of(entry, struct jset_entry_data_usage, entry);
 	unsigned bytes = jset_u64s(le16_to_cpu(entry->u64s)) * sizeof(u64);
+	struct printbuf err = PRINTBUF;
 	int ret = 0;
 
 	if (journal_entry_err_on(bytes < sizeof(*u) ||
@@ -556,10 +557,19 @@ static int journal_entry_data_usage_validate(struct bch_fs *c,
 				 journal_entry_data_usage_bad_size,
 				 "invalid journal entry usage: bad size")) {
 		journal_entry_null_range(entry, vstruct_next(entry));
-		return ret;
+		goto out;
 	}
 
+	if (journal_entry_err_on(bch2_replicas_entry_validate(&u->r, c->disk_sb.sb, &err),
+				 c, version, jset, entry,
+				 journal_entry_data_usage_bad_size,
+				 "invalid journal entry usage: %s", err.buf)) {
+		journal_entry_null_range(entry, vstruct_next(entry));
+		goto out;
+	}
+out:
 fsck_err:
+	printbuf_exit(&err);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -676,8 +686,6 @@ static void journal_entry_dev_usage_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs
 		       le64_to_cpu(u->d[i].sectors),
 		       le64_to_cpu(u->d[i].fragmented));
 	}
-
-	prt_printf(out, " buckets_ec: %llu", le64_to_cpu(u->buckets_ec));
 }
 
 static int journal_entry_log_validate(struct bch_fs *c,
diff --git a/libbcachefs/lru.c b/libbcachefs/lru.c
index e6d081c05..5340f2d0e 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/lru.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/lru.c
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ void bch2_lru_pos_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bpos lru)
 		   u64_to_bucket(lru.offset).offset);
 }
 
-static int __bch2_lru_set(struct btree_trans *trans, u16 lru_id,
-			  u64 dev_bucket, u64 time, bool set)
+static inline int __bch2_lru_set(struct btree_trans *trans, u16 lru_id,
+				 u64 dev_bucket, u64 time, bool set)
 {
 	return time
 		? bch2_btree_bit_mod(trans, BTREE_ID_lru,
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ static int __bch2_lru_set(struct btree_trans *trans, u16 lru_id,
 
 int bch2_lru_del(struct btree_trans *trans, u16 lru_id, u64 dev_bucket, u64 time)
 {
-	return __bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, time, KEY_TYPE_deleted);
+	return __bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, time, false);
 }
 
 int bch2_lru_set(struct btree_trans *trans, u16 lru_id, u64 dev_bucket, u64 time)
 {
-	return __bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, time, KEY_TYPE_set);
+	return __bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, time, true);
 }
 
 int bch2_lru_change(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ int bch2_lru_change(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	if (old_time == new_time)
 		return 0;
 
-	return  bch2_lru_del(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, old_time) ?:
-		bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, new_time);
+	return  __bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, old_time, false) ?:
+		__bch2_lru_set(trans, lru_id, dev_bucket, new_time, true);
 }
 
 static const char * const bch2_lru_types[] = {
@@ -77,10 +77,11 @@ static const char * const bch2_lru_types[] = {
 	NULL
 };
 
-static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
-			      struct btree_iter *lru_iter,
-			      struct bkey_s_c lru_k,
-			      struct bpos *last_flushed_pos)
+/* Returns 1 if key has been deleted */
+int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+		       struct btree_iter *lru_iter,
+		       struct bkey_s_c lru_k,
+		       struct bpos *last_flushed_pos)
 {
 	struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
 	struct btree_iter iter;
@@ -89,7 +90,6 @@ static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a;
 	struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF;
 	struct printbuf buf2 = PRINTBUF;
-	enum bch_lru_type type = lru_type(lru_k);
 	struct bpos alloc_pos = u64_to_bucket(lru_k.k->p.offset);
 	u64 idx;
 	int ret;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 			lru_entry_to_invalid_bucket,
 			"lru key points to nonexistent device:bucket %llu:%llu",
 			alloc_pos.inode, alloc_pos.offset))
-		return bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, lru_iter, 0);
+		goto delete;
 
 	k = bch2_bkey_get_iter(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, alloc_pos, 0);
 	ret = bkey_err(k);
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
 	a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
 
+	enum bch_lru_type type = lru_type(lru_k);
 	switch (type) {
 	case BCH_LRU_read:
 		idx = alloc_lru_idx_read(*a);
@@ -114,6 +115,9 @@ static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	case BCH_LRU_fragmentation:
 		idx = a->fragmentation_lru;
 		break;
+	default:
+		/* unknown LRU type, don't check: */
+		goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (lru_k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_set ||
@@ -125,16 +129,18 @@ static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 			goto out;
 		}
 
-		if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+		if ((c->opts.reconstruct_alloc &&
+		     c->curr_recovery_pass <= BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_lrus) ||
 		    fsck_err(c, lru_entry_bad,
 			     "incorrect lru entry: lru %s time %llu\n"
 			     "  %s\n"
-			     "  for %s",
+			     "for\n"
+			     "  %s",
 			     bch2_lru_types[type],
 			     lru_pos_time(lru_k.k->p),
 			     (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, lru_k), buf1.buf),
 			     (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, k), buf2.buf)))
-			ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, lru_iter, 0);
+			goto delete;
 	}
 out:
 err:
@@ -143,6 +149,14 @@ static int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 	printbuf_exit(&buf2);
 	printbuf_exit(&buf1);
 	return ret;
+delete:
+	ret =   bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, lru_iter, 0) ?:
+		bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL,
+				  BCH_WATERMARK_btree|
+				  BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_lazy_rw|
+				  BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc) ?:
+		1;
+	goto out;
 }
 
 int bch2_check_lrus(struct bch_fs *c)
@@ -150,15 +164,14 @@ int bch2_check_lrus(struct bch_fs *c)
 	struct btree_iter iter;
 	struct bkey_s_c k;
 	struct bpos last_flushed_pos = POS_MIN;
-	int ret = 0;
 
-	ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
-		for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter,
-				BTREE_ID_lru, POS_MIN, BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
-				NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc|BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_lazy_rw,
-			bch2_check_lru_key(trans, &iter, k, &last_flushed_pos)));
-	if (ret)
-		bch_err_fn(c, ret);
-	return ret;
+	int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+		for_each_btree_key2(trans, iter,
+				BTREE_ID_lru, POS_MIN, BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ({
+			int ret2 = bch2_check_lru_key(trans, &iter, k, &last_flushed_pos);
 
+			ret2 < 0 ? ret2 : 0;
+		})));
+	bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/libbcachefs/lru.h b/libbcachefs/lru.h
index 429dca816..014dba7cd 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/lru.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/lru.h
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ int bch2_lru_del(struct btree_trans *, u16, u64, u64);
 int bch2_lru_set(struct btree_trans *, u16, u64, u64);
 int bch2_lru_change(struct btree_trans *, u16, u64, u64, u64);
 
+int bch2_check_lru_key(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_iter *,
+		       struct bkey_s_c, struct bpos *);
 int bch2_check_lrus(struct bch_fs *);
 
 #endif /* _BCACHEFS_LRU_H */
diff --git a/libbcachefs/move.c b/libbcachefs/move.c
index cf36f2b07..c5518a866 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/move.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/move.c
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ void bch2_move_ctxt_wait_for_io(struct moving_context *ctxt)
 static void bch2_moving_ctxt_flush_all(struct moving_context *ctxt)
 {
 	move_ctxt_wait_event(ctxt, list_empty(&ctxt->reads));
+	bch2_trans_unlock_long(ctxt->trans);
 	closure_sync(&ctxt->cl);
 }
 
@@ -235,49 +236,6 @@ void bch2_move_stats_init(struct bch_move_stats *stats, const char *name)
 	scnprintf(stats->name, sizeof(stats->name), "%s", name);
 }
 
-static int bch2_extent_drop_ptrs(struct btree_trans *trans,
-				 struct btree_iter *iter,
-				 struct bkey_s_c k,
-				 struct data_update_opts data_opts)
-{
-	struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-	struct bkey_i *n;
-	int ret;
-
-	n = bch2_bkey_make_mut_noupdate(trans, k);
-	ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(n);
-	if (ret)
-		return ret;
-
-	while (data_opts.kill_ptrs) {
-		unsigned i = 0, drop = __fls(data_opts.kill_ptrs);
-		struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
-
-		bch2_bkey_drop_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(n), ptr, i++ == drop);
-		data_opts.kill_ptrs ^= 1U << drop;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * If the new extent no longer has any pointers, bch2_extent_normalize()
-	 * will do the appropriate thing with it (turning it into a
-	 * KEY_TYPE_error key, or just a discard if it was a cached extent)
-	 */
-	bch2_extent_normalize(c, bkey_i_to_s(n));
-
-	/*
-	 * Since we're not inserting through an extent iterator
-	 * (BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS iterators aren't extent iterators),
-	 * we aren't using the extent overwrite path to delete, we're
-	 * just using the normal key deletion path:
-	 */
-	if (bkey_deleted(&n->k))
-		n->k.size = 0;
-
-	return bch2_trans_relock(trans) ?:
-		bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, n, BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE) ?:
-		bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc);
-}
-
 int bch2_move_extent(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 		     struct move_bucket_in_flight *bucket_in_flight,
 		     struct btree_iter *iter,
@@ -347,19 +305,11 @@ int bch2_move_extent(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 	io->rbio.bio.bi_iter.bi_sector	= bkey_start_offset(k.k);
 	io->rbio.bio.bi_end_io		= move_read_endio;
 
-	ret = bch2_data_update_init(trans, ctxt, &io->write, ctxt->wp,
+	ret = bch2_data_update_init(trans, iter, ctxt, &io->write, ctxt->wp,
 				    io_opts, data_opts, iter->btree_id, k);
-	if (ret && ret != -BCH_ERR_unwritten_extent_update)
+	if (ret)
 		goto err_free_pages;
 
-	if (ret == -BCH_ERR_unwritten_extent_update) {
-		bch2_update_unwritten_extent(trans, &io->write);
-		move_free(io);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	BUG_ON(ret);
-
 	io->write.op.end_io = move_write_done;
 
 	if (ctxt->rate)
@@ -403,6 +353,9 @@ int bch2_move_extent(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 err_free:
 	kfree(io);
 err:
+	if (ret == -BCH_ERR_data_update_done)
+		return 0;
+
 	this_cpu_inc(c->counters[BCH_COUNTER_move_extent_alloc_mem_fail]);
 	trace_move_extent_alloc_mem_fail2(c, k);
 	return ret;
@@ -506,22 +459,13 @@ int bch2_move_ratelimit(struct moving_context *ctxt)
 	do {
 		delay = ctxt->rate ? bch2_ratelimit_delay(ctxt->rate) : 0;
 
-
-		if (delay) {
-			if (delay > HZ / 10)
-				bch2_trans_unlock_long(ctxt->trans);
-			else
-				bch2_trans_unlock(ctxt->trans);
-			set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
-		}
-
-		if (kthread_should_stop()) {
-			__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
+		if (kthread_should_stop())
 			return 1;
-		}
 
 		if (delay)
-			schedule_timeout(delay);
+			move_ctxt_wait_event_timeout(ctxt,
+					freezing(current) || kthread_should_stop(),
+					delay);
 
 		if (unlikely(freezing(current))) {
 			bch2_moving_ctxt_flush_all(ctxt);
@@ -729,7 +673,7 @@ int __bch2_evacuate_bucket(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 	}
 
 	a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
-	dirty_sectors = a->dirty_sectors;
+	dirty_sectors = bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(*a);
 	bucket_size = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, bucket.inode)->mi.bucket_size;
 	fragmentation = a->fragmentation_lru;
 
diff --git a/libbcachefs/move.h b/libbcachefs/move.h
index cedde6ee9..531965674 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/move.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/move.h
@@ -38,6 +38,25 @@ struct moving_context {
 	wait_queue_head_t	wait;
 };
 
+#define move_ctxt_wait_event_timeout(_ctxt, _cond, _timeout)			\
+({										\
+	int _ret = 0;								\
+	while (true) {								\
+		bool cond_finished = false;					\
+		bch2_moving_ctxt_do_pending_writes(_ctxt);			\
+										\
+		if (_cond)							\
+			break;							\
+		bch2_trans_unlock_long((_ctxt)->trans);				\
+		_ret = __wait_event_timeout((_ctxt)->wait,			\
+			     bch2_moving_ctxt_next_pending_write(_ctxt) ||	\
+			     (cond_finished = (_cond)), _timeout);		\
+		if (_ret || ( cond_finished))					\
+			break;							\
+	}									\
+	_ret;									\
+})
+
 #define move_ctxt_wait_event(_ctxt, _cond)				\
 do {									\
 	bool cond_finished = false;					\
diff --git a/libbcachefs/movinggc.c b/libbcachefs/movinggc.c
index e884324bd..d079ba7aa 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/movinggc.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/movinggc.c
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ static int bch2_bucket_is_movable(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
 	a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &_a);
 	b->k.gen	= a->gen;
-	b->sectors	= a->dirty_sectors;
+	b->sectors	= bch2_bucket_sectors_dirty(*a);
 
 	ret = data_type_movable(a->data_type) &&
 		a->fragmentation_lru &&
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ static int bch2_copygc_get_buckets(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 	struct bkey_s_c k;
 	size_t nr_to_get = max_t(size_t, 16U, buckets_in_flight->nr / 4);
 	size_t saw = 0, in_flight = 0, not_movable = 0, sectors = 0;
+	struct bpos last_flushed_pos = POS_MIN;
 	int ret;
 
 	move_buckets_wait(ctxt, buckets_in_flight, false);
@@ -165,11 +166,16 @@ static int bch2_copygc_get_buckets(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 				  lru_pos(BCH_LRU_FRAGMENTATION_START, 0, 0),
 				  lru_pos(BCH_LRU_FRAGMENTATION_START, U64_MAX, LRU_TIME_MAX),
 				  0, k, ({
-		struct move_bucket b = { .k.bucket = u64_to_bucket(k.k->p.offset) };
-		int ret2 = 0;
+		int ret2 = bch2_check_lru_key(trans, &iter, k, &last_flushed_pos);
+		if (ret2) {
+			ret2 = ret2 < 0 ? ret2 : 0;
+			goto next;
+		}
 
 		saw++;
 
+		struct move_bucket b = { .k.bucket = u64_to_bucket(k.k->p.offset) };
+
 		if (!bch2_bucket_is_movable(trans, &b, lru_pos_time(k.k->p)))
 			not_movable++;
 		else if (bucket_in_flight(buckets_in_flight, b.k))
@@ -179,6 +185,7 @@ static int bch2_copygc_get_buckets(struct moving_context *ctxt,
 			if (ret2 >= 0)
 				sectors += b.sectors;
 		}
+next:
 		ret2;
 	}));
 
diff --git a/libbcachefs/rebalance.c b/libbcachefs/rebalance.c
index db2139c05..fefa4395f 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/rebalance.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/rebalance.c
@@ -171,6 +171,20 @@ static struct bkey_s_c next_rebalance_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
 		return bkey_s_c_null;
 	}
 
+	if (trace_rebalance_extent_enabled()) {
+		struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+		prt_str(&buf, "target=");
+		bch2_target_to_text(&buf, c, r->target);
+		prt_str(&buf, " compression=");
+		prt_str(&buf, bch2_compression_opts[r->compression]);
+		prt_str(&buf, " ");
+		bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k);
+
+		trace_rebalance_extent(c, buf.buf);
+		printbuf_exit(&buf);
+	}
+
 	return k;
 }
 
diff --git a/libbcachefs/recovery.c b/libbcachefs/recovery.c
index a94f2b5ed..5f4f76e67 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/recovery.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/recovery.c
@@ -302,8 +302,6 @@ static int journal_replay_entry_early(struct bch_fs *c,
 		struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, le32_to_cpu(u->dev));
 		unsigned i, nr_types = jset_entry_dev_usage_nr_types(u);
 
-		ca->usage_base->buckets_ec		= le64_to_cpu(u->buckets_ec);
-
 		for (i = 0; i < min_t(unsigned, nr_types, BCH_DATA_NR); i++) {
 			ca->usage_base->d[i].buckets	= le64_to_cpu(u->d[i].buckets);
 			ca->usage_base->d[i].sectors	= le64_to_cpu(u->d[i].sectors);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/replicas.c b/libbcachefs/replicas.c
index 820f99898..ccb776e04 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/replicas.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/replicas.c
@@ -68,6 +68,33 @@ void bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
 	prt_printf(out, "]");
 }
 
+int bch2_replicas_entry_validate(struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *r,
+				 struct bch_sb *sb,
+				 struct printbuf *err)
+{
+	if (!r->nr_devs) {
+		prt_printf(err, "no devices in entry ");
+		goto bad;
+	}
+
+	if (r->nr_required > 1 &&
+	    r->nr_required >= r->nr_devs) {
+		prt_printf(err, "bad nr_required in entry ");
+		goto bad;
+	}
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < r->nr_devs; i++)
+		if (!bch2_dev_exists(sb, r->devs[i])) {
+			prt_printf(err, "invalid device %u in entry ", r->devs[i]);
+			goto bad;
+		}
+
+	return 0;
+bad:
+	bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(err, r);
+	return -BCH_ERR_invalid_replicas_entry;
+}
+
 void bch2_cpu_replicas_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
 			       struct bch_replicas_cpu *r)
 {
@@ -163,7 +190,8 @@ void bch2_devlist_to_replicas(struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *e,
 }
 
 static struct bch_replicas_cpu
-cpu_replicas_add_entry(struct bch_replicas_cpu *old,
+cpu_replicas_add_entry(struct bch_fs *c,
+		       struct bch_replicas_cpu *old,
 		       struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *new_entry)
 {
 	unsigned i;
@@ -173,6 +201,9 @@ cpu_replicas_add_entry(struct bch_replicas_cpu *old,
 					replicas_entry_bytes(new_entry)),
 	};
 
+	for (i = 0; i < new_entry->nr_devs; i++)
+		BUG_ON(!bch2_dev_exists2(c, new_entry->devs[i]));
+
 	BUG_ON(!new_entry->data_type);
 	verify_replicas_entry(new_entry);
 
@@ -382,7 +413,7 @@ static int bch2_mark_replicas_slowpath(struct bch_fs *c,
 
 	if (c->replicas_gc.entries &&
 	    !__replicas_has_entry(&c->replicas_gc, new_entry)) {
-		new_gc = cpu_replicas_add_entry(&c->replicas_gc, new_entry);
+		new_gc = cpu_replicas_add_entry(c, &c->replicas_gc, new_entry);
 		if (!new_gc.entries) {
 			ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_cpu_replicas;
 			goto err;
@@ -390,7 +421,7 @@ static int bch2_mark_replicas_slowpath(struct bch_fs *c,
 	}
 
 	if (!__replicas_has_entry(&c->replicas, new_entry)) {
-		new_r = cpu_replicas_add_entry(&c->replicas, new_entry);
+		new_r = cpu_replicas_add_entry(c, &c->replicas, new_entry);
 		if (!new_r.entries) {
 			ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_cpu_replicas;
 			goto err;
@@ -598,7 +629,7 @@ int bch2_replicas_set_usage(struct bch_fs *c,
 	if (idx < 0) {
 		struct bch_replicas_cpu n;
 
-		n = cpu_replicas_add_entry(&c->replicas, r);
+		n = cpu_replicas_add_entry(c, &c->replicas, r);
 		if (!n.entries)
 			return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_cpu_replicas;
 
@@ -797,7 +828,7 @@ static int bch2_cpu_replicas_validate(struct bch_replicas_cpu *cpu_r,
 				      struct bch_sb *sb,
 				      struct printbuf *err)
 {
-	unsigned i, j;
+	unsigned i;
 
 	sort_cmp_size(cpu_r->entries,
 		      cpu_r->nr,
@@ -808,31 +839,9 @@ static int bch2_cpu_replicas_validate(struct bch_replicas_cpu *cpu_r,
 		struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *e =
 			cpu_replicas_entry(cpu_r, i);
 
-		if (e->data_type >= BCH_DATA_NR) {
-			prt_printf(err, "invalid data type in entry ");
-			bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(err, e);
-			return -BCH_ERR_invalid_sb_replicas;
-		}
-
-		if (!e->nr_devs) {
-			prt_printf(err, "no devices in entry ");
-			bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(err, e);
-			return -BCH_ERR_invalid_sb_replicas;
-		}
-
-		if (e->nr_required > 1 &&
-		    e->nr_required >= e->nr_devs) {
-			prt_printf(err, "bad nr_required in entry ");
-			bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(err, e);
-			return -BCH_ERR_invalid_sb_replicas;
-		}
-
-		for (j = 0; j < e->nr_devs; j++)
-			if (!bch2_dev_exists(sb, e->devs[j])) {
-				prt_printf(err, "invalid device %u in entry ", e->devs[j]);
-				bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(err, e);
-				return -BCH_ERR_invalid_sb_replicas;
-			}
+		int ret = bch2_replicas_entry_validate(e, sb, err);
+		if (ret)
+			return ret;
 
 		if (i + 1 < cpu_r->nr) {
 			struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *n =
diff --git a/libbcachefs/replicas.h b/libbcachefs/replicas.h
index b2bb12a9b..654a4b26d 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/replicas.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/replicas.h
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 void bch2_replicas_entry_sort(struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *);
 void bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(struct printbuf *,
 				 struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *);
+int bch2_replicas_entry_validate(struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *,
+				 struct bch_sb *, struct printbuf *);
 void bch2_cpu_replicas_to_text(struct printbuf *, struct bch_replicas_cpu *);
 
 static inline struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *
diff --git a/libbcachefs/sb-clean.c b/libbcachefs/sb-clean.c
index fedc9e102..8dc0e3db1 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/sb-clean.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/sb-clean.c
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ void bch2_journal_super_entries_add_common(struct bch_fs *c,
 
 		u->entry.type = BCH_JSET_ENTRY_dev_usage;
 		u->dev = cpu_to_le32(dev);
-		u->buckets_ec		= cpu_to_le64(ca->usage_base->buckets_ec);
 
 		for (i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
 			u->d[i].buckets = cpu_to_le64(ca->usage_base->d[i].buckets);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/sb-members.c b/libbcachefs/sb-members.c
index bed0f857f..259af07f4 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/sb-members.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/sb-members.c
@@ -259,6 +259,11 @@ static void member_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
 		prt_printf(out, "(none)");
 	prt_newline(out);
 
+	prt_str(out, "Durability:");
+	prt_tab(out);
+	prt_printf(out, "%llu", BCH_MEMBER_DURABILITY(&m));
+	prt_newline(out);
+
 	prt_printf(out, "Discard:");
 	prt_tab(out);
 	prt_printf(out, "%llu", BCH_MEMBER_DISCARD(&m));
diff --git a/libbcachefs/super-io.c b/libbcachefs/super-io.c
index fa8534782..512d56657 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/super-io.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/super-io.c
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ static int read_one_super(struct bch_sb_handle *sb, u64 offset, struct printbuf
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int __bch2_read_super(const char *path, struct bch_opts *opts,
+static int __bch2_read_super(const char *path, struct bch_opts *opts,
 		    struct bch_sb_handle *sb, bool ignore_notbchfs_msg)
 {
 	u64 offset = opt_get(*opts, sb);
diff --git a/libbcachefs/super.c b/libbcachefs/super.c
index 91f757173..552d55dd9 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/super.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/super.c
@@ -270,6 +270,8 @@ void bch2_fs_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 	BUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags));
 
+	bch_verbose(c, "going read-only");
+
 	/*
 	 * Block new foreground-end write operations from starting - any new
 	 * writes will return -EROFS:
@@ -297,13 +299,21 @@ void bch2_fs_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 		   test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags) ||
 		   test_bit(BCH_FS_EMERGENCY_RO, &c->flags));
 
+	bool writes_disabled = test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags);
+	if (writes_disabled)
+		bch_verbose(c, "finished waiting for writes to stop");
+
 	__bch2_fs_read_only(c);
 
 	wait_event(bch2_read_only_wait,
 		   test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags));
 
+	if (!writes_disabled)
+		bch_verbose(c, "finished waiting for writes to stop");
+
 	clear_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags);
 	clear_bit(BCH_FS_GOING_RO, &c->flags);
+	clear_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags);
 
 	if (!bch2_journal_error(&c->journal) &&
 	    !test_bit(BCH_FS_ERROR, &c->flags) &&
@@ -319,9 +329,9 @@ void bch2_fs_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 		bch_verbose(c, "marking filesystem clean");
 		bch2_fs_mark_clean(c);
+	} else {
+		bch_verbose(c, "done going read-only, filesystem not clean");
 	}
-
-	clear_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags);
 }
 
 static void bch2_fs_read_only_work(struct work_struct *work)
@@ -424,6 +434,18 @@ static int __bch2_fs_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, bool early)
 		bch2_dev_allocator_add(c, ca);
 	bch2_recalc_capacity(c);
 
+	set_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags);
+	set_bit(BCH_FS_WAS_RW, &c->flags);
+
+#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
+	percpu_ref_reinit(&c->writes);
+#else
+	for (i = 0; i < BCH_WRITE_REF_NR; i++) {
+		BUG_ON(atomic_long_read(&c->writes[i]));
+		atomic_long_inc(&c->writes[i]);
+	}
+#endif
+
 	ret = bch2_gc_thread_start(c);
 	if (ret) {
 		bch_err(c, "error starting gc thread");
@@ -440,24 +462,16 @@ static int __bch2_fs_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, bool early)
 			goto err;
 	}
 
-#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
-	percpu_ref_reinit(&c->writes);
-#else
-	for (i = 0; i < BCH_WRITE_REF_NR; i++) {
-		BUG_ON(atomic_long_read(&c->writes[i]));
-		atomic_long_inc(&c->writes[i]);
-	}
-#endif
-	set_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags);
-	set_bit(BCH_FS_WAS_RW, &c->flags);
-
 	bch2_do_discards(c);
 	bch2_do_invalidates(c);
 	bch2_do_stripe_deletes(c);
 	bch2_do_pending_node_rewrites(c);
 	return 0;
 err:
-	__bch2_fs_read_only(c);
+	if (test_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags))
+		bch2_fs_read_only(c);
+	else
+		__bch2_fs_read_only(c);
 	return ret;
 }
 
diff --git a/libbcachefs/sysfs.c b/libbcachefs/sysfs.c
index 264c46b45..7223418d3 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/sysfs.c
+++ b/libbcachefs/sysfs.c
@@ -258,15 +258,16 @@ static int bch2_compression_stats_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c
 	struct btree_iter iter;
 	struct bkey_s_c k;
 	enum btree_id id;
-	u64 nr_uncompressed_extents = 0,
-	    nr_compressed_extents = 0,
-	    nr_incompressible_extents = 0,
-	    uncompressed_sectors = 0,
-	    incompressible_sectors = 0,
-	    compressed_sectors_compressed = 0,
-	    compressed_sectors_uncompressed = 0;
+	struct compression_type_stats {
+		u64		nr_extents;
+		u64		sectors_compressed;
+		u64		sectors_uncompressed;
+	} s[BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NR];
+	u64 compressed_incompressible = 0;
 	int ret = 0;
 
+	memset(s, 0, sizeof(s));
+
 	if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags))
 		return -EPERM;
 
@@ -279,36 +280,30 @@ static int bch2_compression_stats_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c
 		for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, id, POS_MIN,
 				   BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
 			struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(k);
+			struct bch_extent_crc_unpacked crc;
 			const union bch_extent_entry *entry;
-			struct extent_ptr_decoded p;
-			bool compressed = false, uncompressed = false, incompressible = false;
-
-			bkey_for_each_ptr_decode(k.k, ptrs, p, entry) {
-				switch (p.crc.compression_type) {
-				case BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_none:
-					uncompressed = true;
-					uncompressed_sectors += k.k->size;
-					break;
-				case BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_incompressible:
-					incompressible = true;
-					incompressible_sectors += k.k->size;
-					break;
-				default:
-					compressed_sectors_compressed +=
-						p.crc.compressed_size;
-					compressed_sectors_uncompressed +=
-						p.crc.uncompressed_size;
-					compressed = true;
-					break;
+			bool compressed = false, incompressible = false;
+
+			bkey_for_each_crc(k.k, ptrs, crc, entry) {
+				incompressible	|= crc.compression_type == BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_incompressible;
+				compressed	|= crc_is_compressed(crc);
+
+				if (crc_is_compressed(crc)) {
+					s[crc.compression_type].nr_extents++;
+					s[crc.compression_type].sectors_compressed += crc.compressed_size;
+					s[crc.compression_type].sectors_uncompressed += crc.uncompressed_size;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (incompressible)
-				nr_incompressible_extents++;
-			else if (uncompressed)
-				nr_uncompressed_extents++;
-			else if (compressed)
-				nr_compressed_extents++;
+			compressed_incompressible += compressed && incompressible;
+
+			if (!compressed) {
+				unsigned t = incompressible ? BCH_COMPRESSION_TYPE_incompressible : 0;
+
+				s[t].nr_extents++;
+				s[t].sectors_compressed += k.k->size;
+				s[t].sectors_uncompressed += k.k->size;
+			}
 		}
 		bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 	}
@@ -318,26 +313,45 @@ static int bch2_compression_stats_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 
-	prt_printf(out, "uncompressed:\n");
-	prt_printf(out, "	nr extents:		%llu\n", nr_uncompressed_extents);
-	prt_printf(out, "	size:			");
-	prt_human_readable_u64(out, uncompressed_sectors << 9);
-	prt_printf(out, "\n");
+	prt_str(out, "type");
+	printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 12);
+	prt_tab(out);
 
-	prt_printf(out, "compressed:\n");
-	prt_printf(out, "	nr extents:		%llu\n", nr_compressed_extents);
-	prt_printf(out, "	compressed size:	");
-	prt_human_readable_u64(out, compressed_sectors_compressed << 9);
-	prt_printf(out, "\n");
-	prt_printf(out, "	uncompressed size:	");
-	prt_human_readable_u64(out, compressed_sectors_uncompressed << 9);
-	prt_printf(out, "\n");
+	prt_str(out, "compressed");
+	printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 16);
+	prt_tab_rjust(out);
+
+	prt_str(out, "uncompressed");
+	printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 16);
+	prt_tab_rjust(out);
+
+	prt_str(out, "average extent size");
+	printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 24);
+	prt_tab_rjust(out);
+	prt_newline(out);
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(s); i++) {
+		prt_str(out, bch2_compression_types[i]);
+		prt_tab(out);
+
+		prt_human_readable_u64(out, s[i].sectors_compressed << 9);
+		prt_tab_rjust(out);
+
+		prt_human_readable_u64(out, s[i].sectors_uncompressed << 9);
+		prt_tab_rjust(out);
+
+		prt_human_readable_u64(out, s[i].nr_extents
+				       ? div_u64(s[i].sectors_uncompressed << 9, s[i].nr_extents)
+				       : 0);
+		prt_tab_rjust(out);
+		prt_newline(out);
+	}
+
+	if (compressed_incompressible) {
+		prt_printf(out, "%llu compressed & incompressible extents", compressed_incompressible);
+		prt_newline(out);
+	}
 
-	prt_printf(out, "incompressible:\n");
-	prt_printf(out, "	nr extents:		%llu\n", nr_incompressible_extents);
-	prt_printf(out, "	size:			");
-	prt_human_readable_u64(out, incompressible_sectors << 9);
-	prt_printf(out, "\n");
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -786,32 +800,7 @@ static void dev_alloc_debug_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_dev *ca)
 	printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 16);
 	printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 16);
 
-	prt_tab(out);
-	prt_str(out, "buckets");
-	prt_tab_rjust(out);
-	prt_str(out, "sectors");
-	prt_tab_rjust(out);
-	prt_str(out, "fragmented");
-	prt_tab_rjust(out);
-	prt_newline(out);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
-		prt_str(out, bch2_data_types[i]);
-		prt_tab(out);
-		prt_u64(out, stats.d[i].buckets);
-		prt_tab_rjust(out);
-		prt_u64(out, stats.d[i].sectors);
-		prt_tab_rjust(out);
-		prt_u64(out, stats.d[i].fragmented);
-		prt_tab_rjust(out);
-		prt_newline(out);
-	}
-
-	prt_str(out, "ec");
-	prt_tab(out);
-	prt_u64(out, stats.buckets_ec);
-	prt_tab_rjust(out);
-	prt_newline(out);
+	bch2_dev_usage_to_text(out, &stats);
 
 	prt_newline(out);
 
diff --git a/libbcachefs/trace.h b/libbcachefs/trace.h
index 7b24e7fe3..4980cfdd1 100644
--- a/libbcachefs/trace.h
+++ b/libbcachefs/trace.h
@@ -32,19 +32,21 @@ DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(bpos,
 	TP_printk("%llu:%llu:%u", __entry->p_inode, __entry->p_offset, __entry->p_snapshot)
 );
 
-DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(bkey,
-	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *k),
-	TP_ARGS(c, k),
+DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(str,
+	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *str),
+	TP_ARGS(c, str),
 
 	TP_STRUCT__entry(
-		__string(k,	k				)
+		__field(dev_t,		dev			)
+		__string(str,		str			)
 	),
 
 	TP_fast_assign(
-		__assign_str(k, k);
+		__entry->dev		= c->dev;
+		__assign_str(str, str);
 	),
 
-	TP_printk("%s", __get_str(k))
+	TP_printk("%d,%d %s", MAJOR(__entry->dev), MINOR(__entry->dev), __get_str(str))
 );
 
 DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(btree_node,
@@ -736,22 +738,22 @@ TRACE_EVENT(bucket_evacuate,
 		  __entry->dev_idx, __entry->bucket)
 );
 
-DEFINE_EVENT(bkey, move_extent,
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, move_extent,
 	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *k),
 	TP_ARGS(c, k)
 );
 
-DEFINE_EVENT(bkey, move_extent_read,
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, move_extent_read,
 	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *k),
 	TP_ARGS(c, k)
 );
 
-DEFINE_EVENT(bkey, move_extent_write,
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, move_extent_write,
 	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *k),
 	TP_ARGS(c, k)
 );
 
-DEFINE_EVENT(bkey, move_extent_finish,
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, move_extent_finish,
 	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *k),
 	TP_ARGS(c, k)
 );
@@ -773,7 +775,7 @@ TRACE_EVENT(move_extent_fail,
 	TP_printk("%d:%d %s", MAJOR(__entry->dev), MINOR(__entry->dev), __get_str(msg))
 );
 
-DEFINE_EVENT(bkey, move_extent_alloc_mem_fail,
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, move_extent_alloc_mem_fail,
 	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *k),
 	TP_ARGS(c, k)
 );
@@ -1366,6 +1368,16 @@ TRACE_EVENT(write_buffer_flush_slowpath,
 	TP_printk("%zu/%zu", __entry->slowpath, __entry->total)
 );
 
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, rebalance_extent,
+	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *str),
+	TP_ARGS(c, str)
+);
+
+DEFINE_EVENT(str, data_update,
+	TP_PROTO(struct bch_fs *c, const char *str),
+	TP_ARGS(c, str)
+);
+
 #endif /* _TRACE_BCACHEFS_H */
 
 /* This part must be outside protection */