diff --git a/classes/author/Repository.php b/classes/author/Repository.php
index 3848802bb19..d44522acb9b 100644
--- a/classes/author/Repository.php
+++ b/classes/author/Repository.php
@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@ public function validate($author, $props, Submission $submission, Context $conte
     {
         $schemaService = Services::get('schema');
         $primaryLocale = $submission->getData('locale');
-        $publicationLocales = isset($props['publicationId']) ? Repo::publication()->get($props['publicationId'])?->getLanguages() ?? [$primaryLocale] : [$primaryLocale];
-        $allowedLocales = array_values(array_unique(array_merge($context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales(), $publicationLocales)));
+        $allowedLocales = $submission->getPublicationLanguages($context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales());
 
         $validator = ValidatorFactory::make(
             $props,
diff --git a/classes/author/maps/Schema.php b/classes/author/maps/Schema.php
index 47f9fd25b73..45bda26bee5 100644
--- a/classes/author/maps/Schema.php
+++ b/classes/author/maps/Schema.php
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ protected function mapByProperties(array $props, Author $item): array
             }
         }
 
-        $locales = Repo::publication()->get($item->getData('publicationId'))->getLanguages($this->context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales());
+        $locales = Repo::submission()->get(Repo::publication()->get($item->getData('publicationId'))->getData('submissionId'))->getPublicationLanguages($this->context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales());
 
         $output = $this->schemaService->addMissingMultilingualValues($this->schema, $output, $locales);
 
diff --git a/classes/galley/Galley.php b/classes/galley/Galley.php
index a3b35cec100..0f2bb715d7b 100644
--- a/classes/galley/Galley.php
+++ b/classes/galley/Galley.php
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ public function getLanguages(): array
         return collect([$this->getData('locale')])
             ->concat($locales)
             ->flatten()
+            ->filter()
             ->unique()
             ->values()
             ->toArray();
diff --git a/classes/publication/PKPPublication.php b/classes/publication/PKPPublication.php
index e796f1f7020..c4a4c83e016 100644
--- a/classes/publication/PKPPublication.php
+++ b/classes/publication/PKPPublication.php
@@ -466,6 +466,7 @@ public function getLanguages(array $additionalLocales = []): array
             ->concat($authorsLocales)
             ->concat($additionalLocales)
             ->flatten()
+            ->filter()
             ->unique()
             ->values()
             ->toArray();
diff --git a/classes/publication/Repository.php b/classes/publication/Repository.php
index 450310d1e04..a3bbc80d64f 100644
--- a/classes/publication/Repository.php
+++ b/classes/publication/Repository.php
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public function getDateBoundaries(Collector $query): object
     public function validate(?Publication $publication, array $props, Submission $submission, Context $context): array
     {
         $primaryLocale = $submission->getData('locale');
-        $allowedLocales = array_values(array_unique(array_merge($context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales(), $publication?->getLanguages() ?? [$primaryLocale])));
+        $allowedLocales = $submission->getpublicationLanguages($context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales());
 
         $errors = [];
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ public function add(Publication $publication): int
                 $submissionContext = Services::get('context')->get($submission->getData('contextId'));
             }
 
-            $supportedLocales = $publication->getLanguages($submissionContext->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales());
+            $supportedLocales = $submission->getPublicationLanguages($submissionContext->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales());
             foreach ($supportedLocales as $localeKey) {
                 if (!array_key_exists($localeKey, $publication->getData('coverImage'))) {
                     continue;
diff --git a/classes/submission/PKPSubmission.php b/classes/submission/PKPSubmission.php
index 75a804390e0..fa79cf66381 100644
--- a/classes/submission/PKPSubmission.php
+++ b/classes/submission/PKPSubmission.php
@@ -219,19 +219,22 @@ public function getDAO(): DAO
      */
     public function getPublicationLanguageNames(int $langLocaleStatus = LocaleMetadata::LANGUAGE_LOCALE_WITHOUT): array
     {
-        return collect($this->getData('publications'))
-            ->flatMap(fn (Publication $p): array => $p->getLanguageNames($langLocaleStatus))
-            ->toArray();
+        return ($this->getData('locale') ? Locale::getFormattedDisplayNames([$this->getData('locale')], null, $langLocaleStatus) : [])
+            + collect($this->getData('publications'))
+                ->flatMap(fn (Publication $p): array => $p->getLanguageNames($langLocaleStatus))
+                ->toArray();
     }
 
     /**
      * Get metadata languages from publications
      */
-    public function getPublicationLanguages(): array
+    public function getPublicationLanguages(array $additionalLanguages = []): array
     {
-        return $this->getData('publications')
-            ->map(fn (Publication $p): array => $p->getLanguages())
+        return collect([$this->getData('locale')])
+            ->concat($this->getData('publications')->map(fn (Publication $p): array => $p->getLanguages()))
+            ->concat($additionalLanguages)
             ->flatten()
+            ->filter()
             ->unique()
             ->values()
             ->toArray();
diff --git a/classes/submissionFile/SubmissionFile.php b/classes/submissionFile/SubmissionFile.php
index ca640e8bb55..712beecf302 100644
--- a/classes/submissionFile/SubmissionFile.php
+++ b/classes/submissionFile/SubmissionFile.php
@@ -404,6 +404,7 @@ public function getLanguages(): array
         return collect([$this->getData('locale')])
             ->concat($locales)
             ->flatten()
+            ->filter()
             ->unique()
             ->values()
             ->toArray();
diff --git a/classes/submissionFile/maps/Schema.php b/classes/submissionFile/maps/Schema.php
index 9f9fcac10b2..3aee4f9d3aa 100644
--- a/classes/submissionFile/maps/Schema.php
+++ b/classes/submissionFile/maps/Schema.php
@@ -226,14 +226,7 @@ protected function mapByProperties(array $props, SubmissionFile $submissionFile)
             $output[$prop] = $submissionFile->getData($prop);
         }
 
-        $submission = Repo::submission()->get($submissionFile->getData('submissionId'));
-        $publicationLanguages = $submission->getData('publications')
-            ->first(fn ($p) => collect($p->getData(Application::get()->getName() === 'omp' ? 'publicationFormats' : 'galleys') ?? [])
-                ->contains(fn ($item) => $item->getId() === $submissionFile->getData('assocId')))
-            ?->getLanguages()
-            ?? $submission->getPublicationLanguages();
-
-        $locales = array_values(array_unique(array_merge($this->context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales(), $publicationLanguages,  $submissionFile->getLanguages())));
+        $locales = Repo::submission()->get($submissionFile->getData('submissionId'))->getPublicationLanguages(array_merge($this->context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocales(), $submissionFile->getLanguages()));
 
         $output = $this->schemaService->addMissingMultilingualValues(
             $this->schema,
diff --git a/controllers/wizard/fileUpload/form/SubmissionFilesMetadataForm.php b/controllers/wizard/fileUpload/form/SubmissionFilesMetadataForm.php
index 5d39b2b2a72..77c1271dfb1 100644
--- a/controllers/wizard/fileUpload/form/SubmissionFilesMetadataForm.php
+++ b/controllers/wizard/fileUpload/form/SubmissionFilesMetadataForm.php
@@ -51,12 +51,7 @@ public function __construct($submissionFile, $stageId, $reviewRound = null, $tem
         }
 
         $submissionLocale = $submissionFile->getData('locale');
-        $submission = Repo::submission()->get($submissionFile->getData('submissionId'));
-        $publicationLanguageNames = $submission->getData('publications')
-            ->first(fn ($p) => collect($p->getData(Application::get()->getName() === 'omp' ? 'publicationFormats' : 'galleys') ?? [])
-                ->contains(fn ($item) => $item->getId() === $submissionFile->getData('assocId')))
-            ?->getLanguageNames()
-            ?? $submission->getPublicationLanguageNames();
+        $publicationLanguageNames = Repo::submission()->get($submissionFile->getData('submissionId'))->getPublicationLanguageNames();
 
         $localeNames = Application::get()->getRequest()->getContext()->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocaleNames() + $publicationLanguageNames + $submissionFile->getLanguageNames();
         ksort($localeNames);
diff --git a/pages/submission/PKPSubmissionHandler.php b/pages/submission/PKPSubmissionHandler.php
index 1760d3ef7e3..4ecc8d4a743 100644
--- a/pages/submission/PKPSubmissionHandler.php
+++ b/pages/submission/PKPSubmissionHandler.php
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ protected function showWizard(array $args, Request $request, Submission $submiss
         }
 
 
-        $supportedLocales = $context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocaleNames() + $publication->getLanguageNames();
+        $supportedLocales = $context->getSupportedSubmissionMetadataLocaleNames() + $submission->getPublicationLanguageNames();
         $formLocales = collect($supportedLocales)
             ->map(fn (string $name, string $locale) => ['key' => $locale, 'label' => $name])
             ->sortBy('key')