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src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/14.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="机器学习系列——开篇"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2020/ml-start/" title="机器学习系列——开篇">机器学习系列——开篇</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="article-meta"><i class="fas fa-thumbtack article-meta__icon sticky"></i><span class="sticky">置顶</span><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span></span><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-04-19T13:37:19.802Z" title="更新于 2021-04-19 21:37:19">2021-04-19</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content"> 写在前面
在介绍各个方法时，主要记录其前向过程（预测和输出）和反向过程（学习策略），并且在文章后面总结其优缺点。很多内容都来自参考资料，
前向过程
给定输入，得出输出的过程
反向过程
得到输出之后，结合先验知识，更新模型参数的过程。
目录
机器学习系列——感知机
机器学习系列——K近邻法
机器学习系列——KMeans
机器学习系列—朴素贝叶斯
机器学习系列—决策树
机器学习系列——逻辑斯谛回归
机器学习系列——支持向量机
机器学习系列——EM算法
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论文合集
https://github.com/hongleizhang/RSPapers
https://github.com/lmcRS/AWS-recommendation-papers
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深入理解 AUC
机器学习算法评价指标之group auc（gauc）
推荐常用指标解析
AUC
TPR && FPR
常见的二分类混淆矩阵表如下：
真实值 \ 预测值
1
0
1
TP (真正例)
FN（假反例）
0
FP（假正例）
TN（真反例）
其中，真正例率 (True Positive Rate, TPR) 和 假正例率 (False Positive Rate, FPR) 的定义如下：
TPR=TPTP+FNFPR=FPFP+TN\begin{aligned}
TPR &= \frac{TP}{TP + FN}\\
FPR &= \frac{FP}{FP + TN}
\end{aligned}
TPRFPR=TP+FNTP=FP+TNFP
ROC 曲线 && AUC
按照模型给出的正例预测值对所有样本进行排序，通常，这个值在 0～1 之间，越接近于 1，代表模型认为此样本属于正例的概率越大。然后，按照排序顺序逐个把样本当作正例进行预测，每次计算出当前的 FPR 和 TPR 值 ...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover right_radius"><a href="/2021/ml-em/" title="机器学习系列——EM算法"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/17.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="机器学习系列——EM算法"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/ml-em/" title="机器学习系列——EM算法">机器学习系列——EM算法</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-04-21T02:42:10.030Z" title="更新于 2021-04-21 10:42:10">2021-04-21</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content"> 基本原理
优缺点
优点
缺点
面试点
document.querySelectorAll('.github-emoji')
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if (!el.dataset.src) { return; }
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.style = 'display:none !important;';
img.src = el.dataset.src;
img.addEventListener('error', () => {
img.remove();
el.style.color = 'inherit';
el.style.backgroundImage = 'none';
el.style.background = 'n ...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover left_radius"><a href="/2021/python-vis/" title="Python可视化包汇总"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/3.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="Python可视化包汇总"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/python-vis/" title="Python可视化包汇总">Python可视化包汇总</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-04-18T15:07:44.889Z" title="更新于 2021-04-18 23:07:44">2021-04-18</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content">
Package Name
Tutorial
Matplotlib
matplotlib-tutorial
Seaborn
官方文档
Pyecharts
官方Github
document.querySelectorAll('.github-emoji')
.forEach(el => {
if (!el.dataset.src) { return; }
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.style = 'display:none !important;';
img.src = el.dataset.src;
img.addEventListener('error', () => {
img.remove();
el.style.color = 'inherit';
...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover right_radius"><a href="/2021/use-git/" title="Git使用理解"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/1.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="Git使用理解"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/use-git/" title="Git使用理解">Git使用理解</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-03-01T09:20:07.192Z" title="更新于 2021-03-01 17:20:07">2021-03-01</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content">
撤销提交
12git reset <commit-id> # 撤销到某次提交，保留修改git reset --hard <commit-id> # 撤销到某次提交，不保留修改
新建本地分支并推送到远端
1234git checkout -b <branch-name> # 新建并切换到新的分支git add . & git commit -m "***" # 将当前修改提交到当前分支git push origin <local-branch-name>:<remote-branch-name> # 将本地分支<local-branch-name>推送到远端分支<remote-branch-name>，一般名字是一样的git branch -a # 查看所有分支
.gitignore不生效
若是某文件已经被提交到仓库中了，对其进行修改，此时想通过增加忽略规则，是不会生效的。需要先将此文件从仓库中移除。
document.querySelectorAll('.git ...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover left_radius"><a href="/2021/python-logging/" title="Python中日志模块的简易用法"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/13.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="Python中日志模块的简易用法"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/python-logging/" title="Python中日志模块的简易用法">Python中日志模块的简易用法</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-03-01T09:20:07.186Z" title="更新于 2021-03-01 17:20:07">2021-03-01</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content"> 写在前面
本文仅提供python中logging模块的简易用法，若需更详细的教程，可以参见官方文档。
记录等级
日志重要性级别 DEBUG < INFO < WARNING < ERROR < CRITICAL
默认的记录级别是WARNING，表示仅追踪该级别及以上的事件
基础配置
1234567import logginglogging.basicConfig(filename="example.log", level=logging.DEBUG, filemode='w', format="%(levelname)s:%(message)s")logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')logging.warning("Watch out! %s %d", "you", 100)logging.info("I told you so")
logging.basicConfig是日志的基础配置，参数包括
参数名
描述
filename
日志文件名字
filemod ...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover right_radius"><a href="/2021/python-stl/" title="Python中推荐学习的模块集合"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/22.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="Python中推荐学习的模块集合"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/python-stl/" title="Python中推荐学习的模块集合">Python中推荐学习的模块集合</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-03-01T09:20:07.189Z" title="更新于 2021-03-01 17:20:07">2021-03-01</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content">###写在前面
这篇文章总结了python中必会库的使用教程。若有易读的官方文档，则转官方文档链接；否则，笔者会记录自己的学习笔记。
总结
｜ 模块库 ｜ 模块说明 | 教程链接 |
｜ :—: | :—: | :—: |
| logging | 日志输出和管理库 ｜ 官方文档, 简易用法|
document.querySelectorAll('.github-emoji')
.forEach(el => {
if (!el.dataset.src) { return; }
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.style = 'display:none !important;';
img.src = el.dataset.src;
img.addEventListener('error', () => {
img.remove() ...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover left_radius"><a href="/2021/batch-surv-analysis/" title="R语言-批量生存分析"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/20.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="R语言-批量生存分析"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/batch-surv-analysis/" title="R语言-批量生存分析">R语言-批量生存分析</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-01-17T08:11:08.587Z" title="更新于 2021-01-17 16:11:08">2021-01-17</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content"> 需求
用R语言中的survival包函数，对个体中的所有基因变量进行生存时间分析。下面代码可以支持一次性对所有基因变量进行分析。
输入数据示例
输出结果示例
输出的结果保存形式
生存的单变量生存时间概率图
完整代码
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566library(survival)library(survminer)library(ggplot2)library(ggpubr)library(magrittr)# 设置工作路径(绝对路径)setwd("/path/to/working_dir")# 定义批生存分析函数batchSurvAnalysis = function(data_path, # 待分析文件路径（相对于setwd的工作路径） save_dir="results", # 结果保 ...</div></div></div><div class="recent-post-item"><div class="post_cover right_radius"><a href="/2021/r/" title="R语言知识点小结"> <img class="post_bg" src="data:image/png;base64,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" data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/5.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="R语言知识点小结"></a></div><div class="recent-post-info"><a class="article-title" href="/2021/r/" title="R语言知识点小结">R语言知识点小结</a><div class="article-meta-wrap"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span class="article-meta-label">更新于</span><time datetime="2021-01-26T15:21:45.595Z" title="更新于 2021-01-26 23:21:45">2021-01-26</time></span><span class="article-meta"><span class="article-meta__separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox article-meta__icon"></i><a class="article-meta__categories" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8C%BA/">技术区</a></span></div><div class="content"> 写在前面
之前没接触过R，所以，会稍微记得详细点, 但也不会详细解释每一个概念，更多的是记录与其他语言风格不同的地方。
开发环境
Rstudio的页面布局，看起来还是非常清晰的，用起来也比较方便。
包相关命令
功能齐全的安装包和便捷的包管理机制是R语言的特点之一
安装包
install.packages("***")
更新包
update.packages("***")
载入包
library("***")
常用系统函数
123getwd() # 获取当前工作路径setwd(/path/to/working_dir) # 设置工作路径class(var_name) # 获取变量的数据类型
数据类型
数值型 numerics (整数或者浮点数)
逻辑判断 logical (TRUE or FALSE)
字符型 characters (字符串)
因子 factors
前面三种在其他语言中也比较常见，这里主要记录第四种
factor因子
有序型，无序型
数据对象
与普通数据类型不同的是，数据对象还包含一些对实例对象的操作函数
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data-original="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/iyuge2/iyuge2-cdn/images/covers/article/1.jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="Git使用理解"/></a><div class="content"><a class="title" href="/2021/use-git/" title="Git使用理解">Git使用理解</a><time datetime="2021-01-27T15:46:20.000Z" title="发表于 2021-01-27 23:46:20">2021-01-27</time></div></div></div></div><div class="card-widget" id="card-newest-comments"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-bolt"></i><span>最新评论</span></div><div class="aside-list"><span>正在加载中...</span></div></div><div class="card-widget card-categories"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-folder-open"></i><span>分类</span></div><ul class="card-category-list" id="aside-cat-list">
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