diff --git a/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntime.kt b/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntime.kt
index d69b0d17..8a2ad4a8 100644
--- a/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntime.kt
+++ b/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntime.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import com.instacart.formula.internal.FormulaManager
 import com.instacart.formula.internal.FormulaManagerImpl
 import com.instacart.formula.internal.ManagerDelegate
 import com.instacart.formula.internal.ThreadChecker
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import java.util.LinkedList
 
 /**
@@ -60,7 +61,13 @@ class FormulaRuntime<Input : Any, Output : Any>(
         this.key = formula.key(input)
 
         if (initialization) {
-            manager = FormulaManagerImpl(this, implementation, input, loggingType = formula::class, inspector = inspector)
+            manager = FormulaManagerImpl(
+                delegate = this,
+                formula = implementation,
+                initialInput = input,
+                loggingType = formula::class,
+                inspector = inspector,
+            )
             run()
 
             hasInitialFinished = true
diff --git a/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ChildrenManager.kt b/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ChildrenManager.kt
index 33c3c368..3fcd9376 100644
--- a/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ChildrenManager.kt
+++ b/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ChildrenManager.kt
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ internal class ChildrenManager(
         val childFormulaHolder = children.findOrInit(key) {
             val implementation = formula.implementation()
             FormulaManagerImpl(
-                delegate,
-                implementation,
-                input,
+                delegate = delegate,
+                formula = implementation,
+                initialInput = input,
                 loggingType = formula::class,
                 inspector = inspector
             )
diff --git a/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ListenerImpl.kt b/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ListenerImpl.kt
index 3cf42ca6..59a8d7b9 100644
--- a/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ListenerImpl.kt
+++ b/formula/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/internal/ListenerImpl.kt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ internal class ListenerImpl<Input, State, EventT>(internal var key: Any) : Liste
         // TODO: log if null listener (it might be due to formula removal or due to callback removal)
         val manager = manager ?: return
 
-        val deferredTransition = DeferredTransition(this, transition, event)
+        val deferredTransition = DeferredTransition(this@ListenerImpl, transition, event)
         manager.onPendingTransition(deferredTransition)
     }
 
diff --git a/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntimeTest.kt b/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntimeTest.kt
index 7a137b28..ae5b7b4f 100644
--- a/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntimeTest.kt
+++ b/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FormulaRuntimeTest.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package com.instacart.formula
 import com.google.common.truth.Truth
 import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
 import com.instacart.formula.actions.EmptyAction
+import com.instacart.formula.actions.EventOnBgThreadAction
 import com.instacart.formula.internal.ClearPluginsRule
 import com.instacart.formula.internal.FormulaKey
 import com.instacart.formula.internal.TestInspector
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ import org.junit.rules.RuleChain
 import org.junit.rules.TestName
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 @RunWith(Parameterized::class)
@@ -631,6 +633,25 @@ class FormulaRuntimeTest(val runtime: TestableRuntime, val name: String) {
         assertThat(eventCallback.values()).containsExactly("a", "b").inOrder()
     }
 
+    @Test
+    fun `when action returns value on background thread, we emit an error`() {
+        val bgAction = EventOnBgThreadAction()
+        val eventCallback = TestEventCallback<String>()
+        val formula = OnlyUpdateFormula<Unit> {
+            bgAction.onEvent {
+                transition {
+                    eventCallback(it.toString())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        val observer = runtime.test(formula, Unit)
+        bgAction.latch.await(10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+        assertThat(bgAction.errors.values().firstOrNull()?.message).contains(
+            "com.instacart.formula.subjects.OnlyUpdateFormula - Only thread that created it can post transition result Expected:"
+        )
+    }
+
     @Test fun `stream is disposed when evaluation does not contain it`() {
         DynamicStreamSubject(runtime)
             .updateStreams(keys = arrayOf("1"))
diff --git a/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/actions/EventOnBgThreadAction.kt b/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/actions/EventOnBgThreadAction.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e504887a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/actions/EventOnBgThreadAction.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package com.instacart.formula.actions
+
+import com.instacart.formula.Action
+import com.instacart.formula.Cancelable
+import com.instacart.formula.test.TestEventCallback
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+
+class EventOnBgThreadAction : Action<Int> {
+    val errors = TestEventCallback<Throwable>()
+    val latch = CountDownLatch(1)
+
+    override fun key(): Any? = null
+
+    override fun start(send: (Int) -> Unit): Cancelable? {
+        Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().execute {
+            try {
+                send(0)
+            } catch (e: Throwable) {
+                errors.invoke(e)
+            } finally {
+                latch.countDown()
+            }
+        }
+        return null
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file