diff --git a/formula-android-tests/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FragmentFlowRenderViewTest.kt b/formula-android-tests/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FragmentFlowRenderViewTest.kt
index 7f50a911..333c8a4b 100644
--- a/formula-android-tests/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FragmentFlowRenderViewTest.kt
+++ b/formula-android-tests/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/FragmentFlowRenderViewTest.kt
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
 import com.instacart.formula.android.FragmentFlowState
 import com.instacart.formula.android.FragmentKey
 import com.instacart.formula.android.BackCallback
-import com.instacart.formula.android.FragmentEnvironment
-import com.instacart.formula.rxjava3.toObservable
 import com.instacart.formula.test.TestKey
 import com.instacart.formula.test.TestKeyWithId
 import com.instacart.formula.test.TestFragmentActivity
diff --git a/formula-rxjava3/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxAction.kt b/formula-rxjava3/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxAction.kt
index 172ffdea..70d091c6 100644
--- a/formula-rxjava3/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxAction.kt
+++ b/formula-rxjava3/src/main/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxAction.kt
@@ -20,17 +20,10 @@ interface RxAction<Event : Any> : Action<Event> {
          * }
          * ```
          */
-        inline fun <Event : Any> fromObservable(
-            crossinline create: () -> Observable<Event>
+        fun <Event : Any> fromObservable(
+            create: () -> Observable<Event>
         ): Action<Event> {
-            return object : RxAction<Event> {
-
-                override fun observable(): Observable<Event> {
-                    return create()
-                }
-
-                override fun key(): Any = Unit
-            }
+            return fromObservable(Unit, create)
         }
 
         /**
@@ -45,18 +38,11 @@ interface RxAction<Event : Any> : Action<Event> {
          *
          * @param key Used to distinguish this [Action] from other actions.
          */
-        inline fun <Event : Any> fromObservable(
+        fun <Event : Any> fromObservable(
             key: Any?,
-            crossinline create: () -> Observable<Event>
+            create: () -> Observable<Event>
         ): Action<Event> {
-            return object : RxAction<Event> {
-
-                override fun observable(): Observable<Event> {
-                    return create()
-                }
-
-                override fun key(): Any? = key
-            }
+            return RxActionImpl(key, create)
         }
     }
 
@@ -67,3 +53,16 @@ interface RxAction<Event : Any> : Action<Event> {
         return Cancelable(disposable::dispose)
     }
 }
+
+private data class RxActionImpl<Event : Any>(
+    private val key: Any?,
+    private val factory: () -> Observable<Event>
+): RxAction<Event> {
+    override fun observable(): Observable<Event> {
+        return factory()
+    }
+
+    override fun key(): Any? {
+        return key
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxJavaRuntimeTest.kt b/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxJavaRuntimeTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a47873e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/formula/src/test/java/com/instacart/formula/rxjava3/RxJavaRuntimeTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package com.instacart.formula.rxjava3
+
+import com.instacart.formula.RuntimeConfig
+import com.instacart.formula.test.CountingInspector
+import com.instacart.formula.types.InputIdentityFormula
+import io.reactivex.rxjava3.core.Observable
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class RxJavaRuntimeTest {
+
+    @Test fun `toObservable with unit input and no config`() {
+        val formula = InputIdentityFormula<Unit>()
+        formula.toObservable().test().assertValues(Unit)
+    }
+
+    @Test fun `toObservable with unit input and config`() {
+        val inspector = CountingInspector()
+        val config = RuntimeConfig(inspector = inspector)
+        val formula = InputIdentityFormula<Unit>()
+        formula.toObservable(config).test().assertValues(Unit)
+        inspector.assertEvaluationCount(1)
+    }
+
+    @Test fun `toObservable with integer input and no config`() {
+        val formula = InputIdentityFormula<Int>()
+        formula.toObservable(0).test().assertValues(0)
+    }
+
+    @Test fun `toObservable with observable input and no config`() {
+        val formula = InputIdentityFormula<Int>()
+        formula.toObservable(Observable.just(0, 1, 2)).test().assertValues(0, 1, 2)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file