2024-10-04_lifecycle_of_a_curve.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "# Lifecycle of a Curve"
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       "      if (window.comm_manager || ((window.Jupyter !== undefined) && (Jupyter.notebook.kernel != null))) {\n",
       "        var comm_manager = window.comm_manager || Jupyter.notebook.kernel.comm_manager;\n",
       "        comm_manager.register_target(comm_id, function(comm) {\n",
       "          comm.on_msg(msg_handler);\n",
       "        });\n",
       "      } else if ((plot_id in window.PyViz.kernels) && (window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id])) {\n",
       "        window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id].registerCommTarget(comm_id, function(comm) {\n",
       "          comm.onMsg = msg_handler;\n",
       "        });\n",
       "      } else if (typeof google != 'undefined' && google.colab.kernel != null) {\n",
       "        google.colab.kernel.comms.registerTarget(comm_id, (comm) => {\n",
       "          var messages = comm.messages[Symbol.asyncIterator]();\n",
       "          function processIteratorResult(result) {\n",
       "            var message = result.value;\n",
       "            console.log(message)\n",
       "            var content = {data: message.data, comm_id};\n",
       "            var buffers = []\n",
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       "          return messages.next().then(processIteratorResult);\n",
       "        })\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    JupyterCommManager.prototype.get_client_comm = function(plot_id, comm_id, msg_handler) {\n",
       "      if (comm_id in window.PyViz.comms) {\n",
       "        return window.PyViz.comms[comm_id];\n",
       "      } else if (window.comm_manager || ((window.Jupyter !== undefined) && (Jupyter.notebook.kernel != null))) {\n",
       "        var comm_manager = window.comm_manager || Jupyter.notebook.kernel.comm_manager;\n",
       "        var comm = comm_manager.new_comm(comm_id, {}, {}, {}, comm_id);\n",
       "        if (msg_handler) {\n",
       "          comm.on_msg(msg_handler);\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      } else if ((plot_id in window.PyViz.kernels) && (window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id])) {\n",
       "        var comm = window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id].connectToComm(comm_id);\n",
       "        comm.open();\n",
       "        if (msg_handler) {\n",
       "          comm.onMsg = msg_handler;\n",
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       "      } else if (typeof google != 'undefined' && google.colab.kernel != null) {\n",
       "        var comm_promise = google.colab.kernel.comms.open(comm_id)\n",
       "        comm_promise.then((comm) => {\n",
       "          window.PyViz.comms[comm_id] = comm;\n",
       "          if (msg_handler) {\n",
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       "              var message = result.value;\n",
       "              var content = {data: message.data};\n",
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       "        var sendClosure = (data, metadata, buffers, disposeOnDone) => {\n",
       "          return comm_promise.then((comm) => {\n",
       "            comm.send(data, metadata, buffers, disposeOnDone);\n",
       "          });\n",
       "        };\n",
       "        var comm = {\n",
       "          send: sendClosure\n",
       "        };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      window.PyViz.comms[comm_id] = comm;\n",
       "      return comm;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    window.PyViz.comm_manager = new JupyterCommManager();\n",
       "    \n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "var JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n",
       "var HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n",
       "var EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json';\n",
       "var CLASS_NAME = 'output';\n",
       "\n",
       "/**\n",
       " * Render data to the DOM node\n",
       " */\n",
       "function render(props, node) {\n",
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       "  node.appendChild(div);\n",
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       "\n",
       "/**\n",
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       "  var output_area = handle.output_area;\n",
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       "  if ((output.data == undefined) || (!output.data.hasOwnProperty(EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n",
       "    return\n",
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       "  var id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n",
       "  var toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n",
       "  if (id !== undefined) {\n",
       "    var nchildren = toinsert.length;\n",
       "    var html_node = toinsert[nchildren-1].children[0];\n",
       "    html_node.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n",
       "    var scripts = [];\n",
       "    var nodelist = html_node.querySelectorAll(\"script\");\n",
       "    for (var i in nodelist) {\n",
       "      if (nodelist.hasOwnProperty(i)) {\n",
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       "      for (var j in nodemap) {\n",
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       "      attrs.forEach(function(attr) { newScript.setAttribute(attr.name, attr.value) });\n",
       "      newScript.appendChild(document.createTextNode(oldScript.innerHTML));\n",
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       "    if (JS_MIME_TYPE in output.data) {\n",
       "      toinsert[nchildren-1].children[1].textContent = output.data[JS_MIME_TYPE];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    output_area._hv_plot_id = id;\n",
       "    if ((window.Bokeh !== undefined) && (id in Bokeh.index)) {\n",
       "      window.PyViz.plot_index[id] = Bokeh.index[id];\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      window.PyViz.plot_index[id] = null;\n",
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       "    var bk_div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
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       "    var script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n",
       "    for (var i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n",
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       "    // store reference to server id on output_area\n",
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       " */\n",
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       "  var id = handle.cell.output_area._hv_plot_id;\n",
       "  var server_id = handle.cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n",
       "  if (((id === undefined) || !(id in PyViz.plot_index)) && (server_id !== undefined)) { return; }\n",
       "  var comm = window.PyViz.comm_manager.get_client_comm(\"hv-extension-comm\", \"hv-extension-comm\", function () {});\n",
       "  if (server_id !== null) {\n",
       "    comm.send({event_type: 'server_delete', 'id': server_id});\n",
       "    return;\n",
       "  } else if (comm !== null) {\n",
       "    comm.send({event_type: 'delete', 'id': id});\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  delete PyViz.plot_index[id];\n",
       "  if ((window.Bokeh !== undefined) & (id in window.Bokeh.index)) {\n",
       "    var doc = window.Bokeh.index[id].model.document\n",
       "    doc.clear();\n",
       "    const i = window.Bokeh.documents.indexOf(doc);\n",
       "    if (i > -1) {\n",
       "      window.Bokeh.documents.splice(i, 1);\n",
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       "\n",
       "/**\n",
       " * Handle kernel restart event\n",
       " */\n",
       "function handle_kernel_cleanup(event, handle) {\n",
       "  delete PyViz.comms[\"hv-extension-comm\"];\n",
       "  window.PyViz.plot_index = {}\n",
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       "\n",
       "/**\n",
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       " */\n",
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       "  handle_clear_output(event, {cell: {output_area: handle.output_area}})\n",
       "  handle_add_output(event, handle)\n",
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       "\n",
       "function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n",
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       "    // create a DOM node to render to\n",
       "    var toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n",
       "    metadata,\n",
       "    CLASS_NAME,\n",
       "    EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n",
       "    );\n",
       "    this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n",
       "    // Render to node\n",
       "    var props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n",
       "    render(props, toinsert[0]);\n",
       "    element.append(toinsert);\n",
       "    return toinsert\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handle_add_output);\n",
       "  events.on('output_updated.OutputArea', handle_update_output);\n",
       "  events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handle_clear_output);\n",
       "  events.on('delete.Cell', handle_clear_output);\n",
       "  events.on('kernel_ready.Kernel', handle_kernel_cleanup);\n",
       "\n",
       "  OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n",
       "    safe: true,\n",
       "    index: 0\n",
       "  });\n",
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       "\n",
       "if (window.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n",
       "  try {\n",
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       "    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n",
       "      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n",
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      ],
      "application/vnd.holoviews_load.v0+json": "\nif ((window.PyViz === undefined) || (window.PyViz instanceof HTMLElement)) {\n  window.PyViz = {comms: {}, comm_status:{}, kernels:{}, receivers: {}, plot_index: []}\n}\n\n\n    function JupyterCommManager() {\n    }\n\n    JupyterCommManager.prototype.register_target = function(plot_id, comm_id, msg_handler) {\n      if (window.comm_manager || ((window.Jupyter !== undefined) && (Jupyter.notebook.kernel != null))) {\n        var comm_manager = window.comm_manager || Jupyter.notebook.kernel.comm_manager;\n        comm_manager.register_target(comm_id, function(comm) {\n          comm.on_msg(msg_handler);\n        });\n      } else if ((plot_id in window.PyViz.kernels) && (window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id])) {\n        window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id].registerCommTarget(comm_id, function(comm) {\n          comm.onMsg = msg_handler;\n        });\n      } else if (typeof google != 'undefined' && google.colab.kernel != null) {\n        google.colab.kernel.comms.registerTarget(comm_id, (comm) => {\n          var messages = comm.messages[Symbol.asyncIterator]();\n          function processIteratorResult(result) {\n            var message = result.value;\n            console.log(message)\n            var content = {data: message.data, comm_id};\n            var buffers = []\n            for (var buffer of message.buffers || []) {\n              buffers.push(new DataView(buffer))\n            }\n            var metadata = message.metadata || {};\n            var msg = {content, buffers, metadata}\n            msg_handler(msg);\n            return messages.next().then(processIteratorResult);\n          }\n          return messages.next().then(processIteratorResult);\n        })\n      }\n    }\n\n    JupyterCommManager.prototype.get_client_comm = function(plot_id, comm_id, msg_handler) {\n      if (comm_id in window.PyViz.comms) {\n        return window.PyViz.comms[comm_id];\n      } else if (window.comm_manager || ((window.Jupyter !== undefined) && (Jupyter.notebook.kernel != null))) {\n        var comm_manager = window.comm_manager || Jupyter.notebook.kernel.comm_manager;\n        var comm = comm_manager.new_comm(comm_id, {}, {}, {}, comm_id);\n        if (msg_handler) {\n          comm.on_msg(msg_handler);\n        }\n      } else if ((plot_id in window.PyViz.kernels) && (window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id])) {\n        var comm = window.PyViz.kernels[plot_id].connectToComm(comm_id);\n        comm.open();\n        if (msg_handler) {\n          comm.onMsg = msg_handler;\n        }\n      } else if (typeof google != 'undefined' && google.colab.kernel != null) {\n        var comm_promise = google.colab.kernel.comms.open(comm_id)\n        comm_promise.then((comm) => {\n          window.PyViz.comms[comm_id] = comm;\n          if (msg_handler) {\n            var messages = comm.messages[Symbol.asyncIterator]();\n            function processIteratorResult(result) {\n              var message = result.value;\n              var content = {data: message.data};\n              var metadata = message.metadata || {comm_id};\n              var msg = {content, metadata}\n              msg_handler(msg);\n              return messages.next().then(processIteratorResult);\n            }\n            return messages.next().then(processIteratorResult);\n          }\n        }) \n        var sendClosure = (data, metadata, buffers, disposeOnDone) => {\n          return comm_promise.then((comm) => {\n            comm.send(data, metadata, buffers, disposeOnDone);\n          });\n        };\n        var comm = {\n          send: sendClosure\n        };\n      }\n      window.PyViz.comms[comm_id] = comm;\n      return comm;\n    }\n    window.PyViz.comm_manager = new JupyterCommManager();\n    \n\n\nvar JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\nvar HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\nvar EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json';\nvar CLASS_NAME = 'output';\n\n/**\n * Render data to the DOM node\n */\nfunction render(props, node) {\n  var div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n  var script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n  node.appendChild(div);\n  node.appendChild(script);\n}\n\n/**\n * Handle when a new output is added\n */\nfunction handle_add_output(event, handle) {\n  var output_area = handle.output_area;\n  var output = handle.output;\n  if ((output.data == undefined) || (!output.data.hasOwnProperty(EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n    return\n  }\n  var id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n  var toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n  if (id !== undefined) {\n    var nchildren = toinsert.length;\n    var html_node = toinsert[nchildren-1].children[0];\n    html_node.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n    var scripts = [];\n    var nodelist = html_node.querySelectorAll(\"script\");\n    for (var i in nodelist) {\n      if (nodelist.hasOwnProperty(i)) {\n        scripts.push(nodelist[i])\n      }\n    }\n\n    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document.createElement(\"div\");\n    bk_div.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n    var script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n    for (var i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n      toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].childNodes[1].setAttribute(script_attrs[i].name, script_attrs[i].value);\n    }\n    // store reference to server id on output_area\n    output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n */\nfunction handle_clear_output(event, handle) {\n  var id = handle.cell.output_area._hv_plot_id;\n  var server_id = handle.cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n  if (((id === undefined) || !(id in PyViz.plot_index)) && (server_id !== undefined)) { return; }\n  var comm = window.PyViz.comm_manager.get_client_comm(\"hv-extension-comm\", \"hv-extension-comm\", function () {});\n  if (server_id !== null) {\n    comm.send({event_type: 'server_delete', 'id': server_id});\n    return;\n  } else if (comm !== null) {\n    comm.send({event_type: 'delete', 'id': id});\n  }\n  delete PyViz.plot_index[id];\n  if ((window.Bokeh !== undefined) & (id in window.Bokeh.index)) {\n    var doc = window.Bokeh.index[id].model.document\n    doc.clear();\n    const i = window.Bokeh.documents.indexOf(doc);\n    if (i > -1) {\n      window.Bokeh.documents.splice(i, 1);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Handle kernel restart event\n */\nfunction handle_kernel_cleanup(event, handle) {\n  delete PyViz.comms[\"hv-extension-comm\"];\n  window.PyViz.plot_index = {}\n}\n\n/**\n * Handle update_display_data messages\n */\nfunction handle_update_output(event, handle) {\n  handle_clear_output(event, {cell: {output_area: handle.output_area}})\n  handle_add_output(event, handle)\n}\n\nfunction register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n  function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n    // create a DOM node to render to\n    var toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n    metadata,\n    CLASS_NAME,\n    EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n    );\n    this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n    // Render to node\n    var props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n    render(props, toinsert[0]);\n    element.append(toinsert);\n    return toinsert\n  }\n\n  events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handle_add_output);\n  events.on('output_updated.OutputArea', handle_update_output);\n  events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handle_clear_output);\n  events.on('delete.Cell', handle_clear_output);\n  events.on('kernel_ready.Kernel', handle_kernel_cleanup);\n\n  OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n    safe: true,\n    index: 0\n  });\n}\n\nif (window.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n  try {\n    var events = require('base/js/events');\n    var OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n    }\n  } catch(err) {\n  }\n}\n"
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      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "e0a5a0a4-cf57-4f3d-a9d9-9a48fc0342f9"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import hvplot.pandas\n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "7784caff-0a5e-476b-9349-40fb05899eef",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
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fa-exclamation-triangle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]},{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"info\"],[\"background\",\"#007bff\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas 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       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"5771dff1-0487-4a9a-8907-61390b305fe0\",\"roots\":{\"891d1e70-6cef-44f2-adb4-4a4f00ddb382\":\"e78c3de4-0e99-4690-b36c-b75e8f982b1f\"},\"root_ids\":[\"891d1e70-6cef-44f2-adb4-4a4f00ddb382\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       ":Curve   [index]   (0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "891d1e70-6cef-44f2-adb4-4a4f00ddb382"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = pd.Series([1, 2, 3]).to_frame()\n",
    "\n",
    "hv_obj = data.hvplot(title='A Curve')\n",
    "\n",
    "hv_obj"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1ed3f5f0-5ccb-4075-9b2f-ab79ca3a58a8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tracing the layers of indirection\n",
    "\n",
    "1. hvPlot: Handles creation of HoloViews (and Panel) objects, translating a simple, flat API into HoloViews objects + Options\n",
    "2. HoloViews Core: Declaratively expresses the semantics of the data (the Element) + an options specification expressing plot options and style options (including how to map data to color/size/width etc.)\n",
    "3. HoloViews Plotting: Translates the component and the options into a plotted figure (matplotlib, bokeh, plotly)\n",
    "4. Panel: Translates the plotted figure into a Bokeh model that can be rendered on the frontend"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "322ac793-47a5-48e7-91e8-1649e3de91a0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1. hvPlot\n",
    "\n",
    "Patched accessors on the data objects add the `hvplot` namespace, which in turn invokes the translation layer, i.e. this:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "id": "70505d5a-de40-4077-9a13-f915123d4200",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": "",
      "text/html": [
       "<div id='ab3dd724-91f9-4826-9329-2d07c5968f18'>\n",
       "  <div id=\"fd065178-ab06-42b9-bb77-b5dd7f60dcfc\" data-root-id=\"ab3dd724-91f9-4826-9329-2d07c5968f18\" style=\"display: contents;\"></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/javascript\">(function(root) {\n",
       "  var docs_json = {\"077873dc-ad94-4868-b36e-cca082f8dc3d\":{\"version\":\"3.6.0\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Row\",\"id\":\"ab3dd724-91f9-4826-9329-2d07c5968f18\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"Row01095\",\"tags\":[\"embedded\"],\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 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       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"077873dc-ad94-4868-b36e-cca082f8dc3d\",\"roots\":{\"ab3dd724-91f9-4826-9329-2d07c5968f18\":\"fd065178-ab06-42b9-bb77-b5dd7f60dcfc\"},\"root_ids\":[\"ab3dd724-91f9-4826-9329-2d07c5968f18\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       ":Curve   [index]   (0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "ab3dd724-91f9-4826-9329-2d07c5968f18"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.hvplot.line(title='A Curve')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4457f498-812e-4fea-85e7-dd86b5868242",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "is equivalent to:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "id": "1e9a86bd-feb6-4c6f-a9e4-fd696f3ec6ca",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": "",
      "text/html": [
       "<div id='c61a1363-2692-471f-8d02-486de27a2a9b'>\n",
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       "</div>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/javascript\">(function(root) {\n",
       "  var docs_json = {\"6ddb80d3-d788-49ff-a435-8cb8ae667ea8\":{\"version\":\"3.6.0\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Row\",\"id\":\"c61a1363-2692-471f-8d02-486de27a2a9b\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"Row01161\",\"tags\":[\"embedded\"],\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 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400px));\\n}\",{\"id\":\"b4771186-dde6-4c18-9830-f5bfbc68458e\"},{\"id\":\"7d8ba30d-111b-47c5-b59c-632ce46b8843\"},{\"id\":\"f16d4180-64d6-4143-a097-712ff5098138\"}],\"margin\":0,\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"align\":\"start\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"cf0495aa-9b38-41c0-b8de-e72455311965\",\"attributes\":{\"width\":700,\"height\":300,\"margin\":[5,10],\"sizing_mode\":\"fixed\",\"align\":\"start\",\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"e3e5b714-5312-4a57-ac75-3632088315c5\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"index\",\"tags\":[[[\"index\",null]],[]],\"end\":2.0,\"reset_start\":0.0,\"reset_end\":2.0}},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"4a43a6aa-47a3-4fd9-b1bd-5e37496aadb4\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"0\",\"tags\":[[[\"0\",null]],{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"invert_yaxis\",false],[\"autorange\",false]]}],\"start\":0.8,\"end\":3.2,\"reset_start\":0.8,\"reset_end\":3.2}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"f9ba6818-aad2-4ce4-a90f-4f5fbd86e790\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"aa884f0f-97f2-4a88-bd72-e122447fae35\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"ec158596-4871-45f8-b735-9dca6240bbf0\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"A 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:\"b17a1f84-a43d-4df9-887b-a0e74676815a\"}}}],\"below\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"c3eb971b-f7a2-442a-8c36-6779aceb90b8\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"44405cf5-1435-4c54-bb1b-b91170f10858\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"a8fd4d6a-5804-4b9c-9083-9fc4621b5c7d\"},\"axis_label\":\"\",\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"df26fb8c-d52b-4cc9-9e2c-c3f1f049b19d\"}}}],\"center\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"360c5547-6b59-4b1a-a251-01b2b8713abf\",\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"c3eb971b-f7a2-442a-8c36-6779aceb90b8\"},\"grid_line_color\":null}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"4d56c7c2-bae3-48bb-9f2e-92df907c4a38\",\"attributes\":{\"dimension\":1,\"axis\":{\"id\":\"642bfc80-9449-4ffc-b027-fde58bcece66\"},\"grid_line_color\":null}}],\"min_border_top\":10,\"min_border_bottom\":10,\"min_border_left\":10,\"min_border_right\":10,\"output_backend\":\"webgl\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Spacer\",\"id\":\"f61bf1e1-f7ca-45f0-99f2-558ee61275e3\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"HSpacer01166\",\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n}\",{\"id\":\"b4771186-dde6-4c18-9830-f5bfbc68458e\"},{\"id\":\"7d8ba30d-111b-47c5-b59c-632ce46b8843\"},{\"id\":\"f16d4180-64d6-4143-a097-712ff5098138\"}],\"margin\":0,\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"align\":\"start\"}}]}}],\"defs\":[{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveHTML1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FlexBox1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"align_content\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"},{\"name\":\"align_items\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"},{\"name\":\"flex_direction\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"row\"},{\"name\":\"flex_wrap\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"wrap\"},{\"name\":\"gap\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"justify_content\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FloatPanel1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"config\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"contained\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"right-top\"},{\"name\":\"offsetx\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"offsety\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"theme\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"primary\"},{\"name\":\"status\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"normalized\"}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"GridStack1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"mode\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"warn\"},{\"name\":\"ncols\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"nrows\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"allow_resize\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"allow_drag\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"state\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"drag1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"slider_width\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":5},{\"name\":\"slider_color\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"black\"},{\"name\":\"value\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":50}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"click1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"terminal_output\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"debug_name\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"clears\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FastWrapper1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"object\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"style\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"NotificationAreaBase1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"js_events\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"bottom-right\"},{\"name\":\"_clear\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"NotificationArea1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"js_events\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"notifications\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"bottom-right\"},{\"name\":\"_clear\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"types\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"warning\"],[\"background\",\"#ffc107\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas fa-exclamation-triangle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]},{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"info\"],[\"background\",\"#007bff\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas fa-info-circle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]}]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"Notification\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"background\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"duration\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":3000},{\"name\":\"icon\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"message\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"notification_type\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_destroyed\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":false}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"BootstrapTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateEditor1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"layout\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"MaterialTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveESM1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"JSComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"AnyWidgetComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"request_value1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"fill\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"none\"},{\"name\":\"_synced\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_request_sync\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]}]}};\n",
       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"6ddb80d3-d788-49ff-a435-8cb8ae667ea8\",\"roots\":{\"c61a1363-2692-471f-8d02-486de27a2a9b\":\"d4ba94a7-2495-4271-8276-134277fdb394\"},\"root_ids\":[\"c61a1363-2692-471f-8d02-486de27a2a9b\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       ":Curve   [index]   (0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "c61a1363-2692-471f-8d02-486de27a2a9b"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from hvplot.plotting import hvPlotTabular\n",
    "\n",
    "translation_layer = hvPlotTabular(data)\n",
    "\n",
    "translation_layer.line(title='A Curve')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5693dcfa-484d-4de7-8ab1-6ef87e3d93e0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Internally the translation layer does a few things:\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Determine the appropriate `kind` (if not provided) and dispatches to the appropriate method (e.g. `.line` which holds certain defaults)\n",
    "2. Determine the dimensions and indexes of the data and either infer the requested `x`, `y`, `by`, `groupby` options if needed.\n",
    "3. Determine if the plot is facetted, e.g. because the user provided `groupby` or `grid` options and then group the dataset appropriately.\n",
    "4. Create the plot layers, i.e. determine if we are plotting a single curve or multiple curves (e.g. if the user provided `by`) and then reshape the data, e.g. going from wide to tidy data if needed\n",
    "5. Apply any required operations, e.g. `resample`, `rasterize` or `datashade`.\n",
    "6. Apply plot and styling to the resulting component.\n",
    "7. Add any ancilliary components such as tile sources or coastlines.\n",
    "\n",
    "The result we end up with is a HoloViews component, i.e. and `Element`, `NdOverlay`, `Overlay`, `HoloMap`, `DynamicMap`, `NdLayout` or `GridSpace`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c986d742-a3f4-4c6d-aacd-6d9a9ed83f2f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2. HoloViews Core"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3eed4f2f-311a-4aa1-a192-65367a75f0c4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "When hvPlot creates the HoloViews objects a few things happen, at the lowest level of the hierarchy are `Element`s."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b4ee6cec-996d-4ee0-aa9a-c93090e29bbb",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### `Element`\n",
    "\n",
    "An `Element` is a light wrapper around data, in most cases data can be wrapped without converting it at all but the `DataInterface` layer in HoloViews."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "id": "1f766b6d-eb56-4b33-a46a-fb24df0c7eb2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "holoviews.core.data.pandas.PandasInterface"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv_obj.interface"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "98d76e9b-3dfc-453e-b29e-7e0f836b4d59",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The interface does a number of things:\n",
    "\n",
    "- Validate that the data has the dimension(s) specified OR infer the dimensions based on the dimensionality of the data and the columns/indexes/coordinates of the data.\n",
    "- Provide an abstraction to compute the types of the data, return the values of the data as arrays and perform certain operations such as computing the range, grouping by some dimension and much more."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "id": "e1832c86-b9ab-44c2-bef7-8d2498a7b528",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1, 2, 3])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv_obj.interface.values(hv_obj, '0')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "id": "c73e2bb9-4b5c-4438-993c-f8b6c4af0d14",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(0, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv_obj.interface.range(hv_obj, 'index')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f7c0d0e2-46dc-45fd-9a25-9474fc3d65a9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "During instantiation the interface is resolved based on the valid datatype(s):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "id": "b7cbb821-197a-497a-ac7f-a2d352f0fb5c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 1],\n",
       "       [0, 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Curve([(0, 1), (0, 1)], datatype=['array', 'dictionary', 'dataframe']).data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "id": "b14208ea-df80-4212-b7db-0f1c174a1ef5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[Dimension('y')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Curve.param.vdims.default"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "id": "5581754a-6363-4971-bdb3-6f7483c329a1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from xarray import load_dataset, tutorial"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "4fb71b18-c49e-46c6-bfb8-b82b96cb7a8d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tutorial.air"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "id": "6b2ebe64-4c13-491a-813f-bf3509d4f061",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['dataframe',\n",
       " 'dictionary',\n",
       " 'grid',\n",
       " 'xarray',\n",
       " 'multitabular',\n",
       " 'spatialpandas',\n",
       " 'dask_spatialpandas',\n",
       " 'dask',\n",
       " 'cuDF',\n",
       " 'array',\n",
       " 'ibis']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv_obj.datatype"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "79329966-9020-470a-ab74-5a67fd7e0d53",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Resolution checks if the `data` matches one of the datatypes first and then goes through the datatypes in order to see if they can coerce the data into that format."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "490ab87a-1f65-4b41-9733-f8aa7a2552b0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Options\n",
    "\n",
    "One of the core design principles of HoloViews was that the semantic information about the data such as what it is and what the units are would be separate from \"plotting\" or \"display\" concerns. This is where the options system comes in. Options therefore are not stored on the components themselves but rather on the `Store`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "af6d2916-db03-457d-b613-80d3e6095ef3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "hv.Curve([]).opts(width=300, color='red')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "id": "1ceec189-35e3-4326-8990-0d98e3350e5f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "   style={\n",
       "            Area         : dict(alpha=1, color=<Cycle Cycle00229>, line_color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Arrow        : dict(arrow_size=10),\n",
       "            Bars         : dict(bar_width=0.8, color=<Cycle Cycle00228>, line_color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Bounds       : dict(color=black),\n",
       "            Box          : dict(color=black),\n",
       "            BoxWhisker   : dict(box_fill_color=<Cycle Cycle00223>, box_line_color=black, outlier_color=black, whisker_color=black),\n",
       "            Chord        : dict(edge_hover_line_color=limegreen, edge_line_color=black, edge_line_width=1, edge_nonselection_alpha=0.1, edge_nonselection_line_color=black, edge_selection_line_color=limegreen, label_text_font_size=8pt, node_color=<Cycle Cycle00245>, node_hover_fill_color=limegreen, node_hover_line_color=black, node_line_color=black, node_nonselection_alpha=0.2, node_nonselection_fill_color=<Cycle Cycle00246>, node_nonselection_line_color=black, node_selection_fill_color=limegreen, node_selection_line_color=black, node_size=15),\n",
       "            Contours     : dict(cmap=kbc_r, color=<Cycle Cycle00230>),\n",
       "            Curve        : dict(color=<Cycle Cycle00222>, line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Distribution : dict(color=<Cycle Cycle00249>, fill_alpha=0.5, line_color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            EdgePaths    : dict(color=black, hover_line_color=indianred, line_width=2, nonselection_alpha=0.2, selection_color=limegreen),\n",
       "            Ellipse      : dict(color=black),\n",
       "            ErrorBars    : dict(color=black),\n",
       "            Graph        : dict(edge_color=black, edge_hover_line_color=limegreen, edge_line_width=2, edge_nonselection_alpha=0.2, edge_nonselection_line_color=black, node_color=<Cycle Cycle00243>, node_hover_fill_color=limegreen, node_hover_line_color=black, node_line_color=black, node_nonselection_alpha=0.2, node_nonselection_fill_color=<Cycle Cycle00244>, node_nonselection_line_color=black, node_size=15),\n",
       "            HLine        : dict(alpha=1, color=<Cycle Cycle00233>, line_width=3),\n",
       "            HLines       : dict(alpha=1, color=<Cycle Cycle00238>, line_width=3, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            HSpan        : dict(alpha=0.5, color=<Cycle Cycle00237>),\n",
       "            HSpans       : dict(alpha=0.5, color=<Cycle Cycle00241>, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            HeatMap      : dict(annular_line_alpha=0, cmap=kbc_r, xmarks_line_color=#FFFFFF, xmarks_line_width=3, ymarks_line_color=#FFFFFF, ymarks_line_width=3),\n",
       "            HexTiles     : dict(muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Histogram    : dict(color=<Cycle Cycle00226>, line_color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Image        : dict(cmap=kbc_r),\n",
       "            Labels       : dict(text_align=center, text_baseline=middle, text_color=<Cycle Cycle00242>),\n",
       "            NdOverlay    : dict(click_policy=mute),\n",
       "            Nodes        : dict(color=<Cycle Cycle00247>, hover_fill_color=indianred, line_color=black, nonselection_fill_color=<Cycle Cycle00248>, selection_fill_color=limegreen, size=20),\n",
       "            Overlay      : dict(click_policy=mute),\n",
       "            Path         : dict(cmap=kbc_r, color=<Cycle Cycle00231>, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Points       : dict(cmap=kbc_r, color=<Cycle Cycle00225>, muted_alpha=0.2, size=2.449489742783178),\n",
       "            Polygons     : dict(cmap=kbc_r, color=<Cycle Cycle00232>, line_color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            QuadMesh     : dict(cmap=kbc_r, line_alpha=0),\n",
       "            Raster       : dict(cmap=kbc_r),\n",
       "            Rectangles   : dict(cmap=kbc_r, line_color=black),\n",
       "            Sankey       : dict(cmap=Category20, edge_fill_alpha=0.6, edge_hover_alpha=0.9, edge_nonselection_alpha=0.2, label_text_font_size=8pt, node_hover_alpha=1, node_line_color=black, node_nonselection_alpha=0.2, node_selection_line_color=black, node_size=10),\n",
       "            Scatter      : dict(cmap=kbc_r, color=<Cycle Cycle00224>, muted_alpha=0.2, size=2.449489742783178),\n",
       "            Segments     : dict(cmap=kbc_r),\n",
       "            Slope        : dict(alpha=1, color=<Cycle Cycle00235>, line_width=3),\n",
       "            Spikes       : dict(cmap=kbc_r, color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Spread       : dict(alpha=0.6, color=<Cycle Cycle00227>, line_color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            TriMesh      : dict(cmap=kbc_r, edge_hover_line_color=limegreen, edge_line_color=black, edge_line_width=1, edge_nonselection_alpha=0.2, edge_nonselection_line_color=black, node_color=white, node_hover_fill_color=limegreen, node_line_color=black, node_nonselection_alpha=0.2, node_size=5),\n",
       "            VLine        : dict(alpha=1, color=<Cycle Cycle00234>, line_width=3),\n",
       "            VLines       : dict(alpha=1, color=<Cycle Cycle00239>, line_width=3, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            VSpan        : dict(alpha=0.5, color=<Cycle Cycle00236>),\n",
       "            VSpans       : dict(alpha=0.5, color=<Cycle Cycle00240>, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            VectorField  : dict(color=black, muted_alpha=0.2),\n",
       "            Violin       : dict(box_color=black, cmap=Category10, median_color=white, stats_color=black, violin_fill_alpha=0.5, violin_fill_color=<Cycle Cycle00250>, violin_line_color=black)},\n",
       "\n",
       "   plot={\n",
       "            Chord      : dict(xaxis=None, yaxis=None),\n",
       "            Contours   : dict(show_legend=True),\n",
       "            EdgePaths  : dict(tools=['hover', 'tap']),\n",
       "            GridMatrix : dict(shared_xaxis=True, shared_yaxis=True, xaxis=None, yaxis=None),\n",
       "            Nodes      : dict(tools=['hover', 'tap']),\n",
       "            Points     : dict(show_frame=True),\n",
       "            Sankey     : dict(height=600, inspection_policy=edges, selection_policy=nodes, show_frame=False, width=1000, xaxis=None, yaxis=None),\n",
       "            TriMesh    : dict(tools=[])}\n",
       ")"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import holoviews as hv\n",
    "\n",
    "hv.Store.options(backend='bokeh')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "id": "14d989ba-e67d-4b8e-990a-c1225f440505",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": "",
      "text/html": [
       "<div id='ab20d240-e59f-48c7-bf99-d603cc928a0e'>\n",
       "  <div id=\"baa93e8e-b39d-4f8e-900b-1a7d97773004\" data-root-id=\"ab20d240-e59f-48c7-bf99-d603cc928a0e\" style=\"display: contents;\"></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/javascript\">(function(root) {\n",
       "  var docs_json = {\"3e9f8fce-9602-4da6-85c8-86dd556ae779\":{\"version\":\"3.6.0\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Row\",\"id\":\"ab20d240-e59f-48c7-bf99-d603cc928a0e\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"Row01282\",\"tags\":[\"embedded\"],\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n}\",{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"8aecf15d-9210-4ebe-87ec-d91bac7f4441\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/css/loading.css\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"f97b4d9a-1537-47d7-a889-9dc2f64cfb08\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/css/listpanel.css\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"d9761b9f-ee47-491f-a25f-519b46f90275\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/bundled/theme/default.css\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"5c9edbcf-9819-4cea-89a2-03d497544447\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/bundled/theme/native.css\"}}],\"min_width\":300,\"margin\":0,\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"align\":\"start\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Spacer\",\"id\":\"3d752ab6-a303-4bf2-834e-3d8b1474a262\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"HSpacer01286\",\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, 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400px));\\n}\",{\"id\":\"8aecf15d-9210-4ebe-87ec-d91bac7f4441\"},{\"id\":\"d9761b9f-ee47-491f-a25f-519b46f90275\"},{\"id\":\"5c9edbcf-9819-4cea-89a2-03d497544447\"}],\"margin\":0,\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"align\":\"start\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"1ca19a0f-4023-43f1-a6df-b1f3acbcf862\",\"attributes\":{\"width\":300,\"height\":300,\"margin\":[5,10],\"sizing_mode\":\"fixed\",\"align\":\"start\",\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"3f383dd7-3e3f-4913-804c-25ab481422c1\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"x\",\"tags\":[[[\"x\",null]],[]],\"end\":2.0,\"reset_start\":0.0,\"reset_end\":2.0}},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"621193f3-0822-46b4-bc45-a145a7f09080\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"y\",\"tags\":[[[\"y\",null]],{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"invert_yaxis\",false],[\"autorange\",false]]}],\"start\":0.8,\"end\":3.2,\"reset_start\":0.8,\"reset_end\":3.2}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"60caa613-a6fb-436b-bfb8-605bbb89d694\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"bdc6f8bf-39e2-49ae-9a2e-5532fc6f5c11\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"702abd0c-1f22-4a43-ae6d-8b259b6716af\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"stocks\",\"text_color\":\"black\",\"text_font_size\":\"12pt\"}},\"renderers\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"GlyphRenderer\",\"id\":\"969726f2-1f49-4c09-b7c4-30160728f5ae\",\"attributes\":{\"data_source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"9831f6a2-daf4-4624-b52b-8a6fb1ba9c6a\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"b029add8-d992-48f2-906a-0e17d2a0cb25\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"ffc049c9-ed4e-474e-8307-a6aff4127fc5\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"x\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"AAAAAAEAAAACAAAA\"},\"shape\":[3],\"dtype\":\"int32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"y\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"AQAAAAIAAAADAAAA\"},\"shape\":[3],\"dtype\":\"int32\",\"order\":\"little\"}]]}}},\"view\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CDSView\",\"id\":\"8965f00c-be9d-42e1-a89e-97b3a7a77e7a\",\"attributes\":{\"filter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllIndices\",\"id\":\"af9dcf6a-b67e-4e5e-b265-37a3e8e7de7f\"}}},\"glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"f828718c-dc5e-4e64-8d28-6e9d250e339f\",\"attributes\":{\"tags\":[\"apply_ranges\"],\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"#30a2da\",\"line_width\":2}},\"selection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"add2c439-82ae-4db6-ab5a-b1197c9dfc4e\",\"attributes\":{\"tags\":[\"apply_ranges\"],\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"#30a2da\",\"line_width\":2}},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"914bd503-eba8-40be-9bb7-b143942901c0\",\"attributes\":{\"tags\":[\"apply_ranges\"],\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"#30a2da\",\"line_alpha\":0.1,\"line_width\":2}},\"muted_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"f2a7919d-5fe0-438e-83a9-0f71d472c3a1\",\"attributes\":{\"tags\":[\"apply_ranges\"],\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"#30a2da\",\"line_alpha\":0.2,\"line_width\":2}}}}],\"toolbar\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Toolbar\",\"id\":\"08efd0f8-49e3-4bfd-a471-c92f25d8a27c\",\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"WheelZoomTool\",\"id\":\"1994e8da-89fd-45b3-8a5a-aa7d2047e1bc\",\"attributes\":{\"tags\":[\"hv_created\"],\"renderers\":\"auto\",\"zoom_together\":\"none\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"SaveTool\",\"id\":\"c7340208-3427-4fd6-be48-0a6ac8f25778\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"PanTool\",\"id\":\"c936d6bb-ac40-4e0a-8859-7ad1d0e8d328\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxZoomTool\",\"id\":\"3008675d-6be5-492d-98d0-2f50fd68b912\",\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxAnnotation\",\"id\":\"2eebad9f-5eb2-424c-8952-f5f655f609e8\",\"attributes\":{\"syncable\":false,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"level\":\"overlay\",\"visible\":false,\"left\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"right\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"top\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"bottom\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"left_units\":\"canvas\",\"right_units\":\"canvas\",\"top_units\":\"canvas\",\"bottom_units\":\"canvas\",\"handles\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxInteractionHandles\",\"id\":\"50ac1638-4f69-47fb-a5c3-d4019622a3fe\",\"attributes\":{\"all\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AreaVisuals\",\"id\":\"dafb8db0-eb13-4afc-ab87-3ca9d9586335\",\"attributes\":{\"fill_color\":\"white\",\"hover_fill_color\":\"lightgray\"}}}}}}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ResetTool\",\"id\":\"3d83cb2f-b383-4bf6-b474-ec7dddc44f10\"}],\"active_drag\":{\"id\":\"c936d6bb-ac40-4e0a-8859-7ad1d0e8d328\"},\"active_scroll\":{\"id\":\"1994e8da-89fd-45b3-8a5a-aa7d2047e1bc\"}}},\"left\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"05e78853-4e61-4ce5-b2fe-d588e33cb69d\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"14246799-9870-491e-9e0e-2faa5fb9b79d\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"8153a4e7-6ff4-4d14-bb09-bed426141046\"},\"axis_label\":\"y\",\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"dadd02fc-c38d-4b9e-9996-4515a0ae6a67\"}}}],\"below\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"bbaab7c9-16c6-4fb0-8540-3e89bfc9afa7\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"af48c146-0b55-407f-9eb7-69fe52bc5c78\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"b64e15a8-867f-45bb-aa75-489ad1aa89e9\"},\"axis_label\":\"x\",\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"995758d1-8b80-400d-a892-8c10b682093a\"}}}],\"center\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"bd578fa1-e35e-42ec-ba8d-47c94456def7\",\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"bbaab7c9-16c6-4fb0-8540-3e89bfc9afa7\"},\"grid_line_color\":null}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"c9f2a42f-1507-4a28-96a4-219857656afb\",\"attributes\":{\"dimension\":1,\"axis\":{\"id\":\"05e78853-4e61-4ce5-b2fe-d588e33cb69d\"},\"grid_line_color\":null}}],\"min_border_top\":10,\"min_border_bottom\":10,\"min_border_left\":10,\"min_border_right\":10,\"output_backend\":\"webgl\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Spacer\",\"id\":\"af4e628a-f26e-4df5-a9d4-1a11aae80e6f\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"HSpacer01287\",\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n}\",{\"id\":\"8aecf15d-9210-4ebe-87ec-d91bac7f4441\"},{\"id\":\"d9761b9f-ee47-491f-a25f-519b46f90275\"},{\"id\":\"5c9edbcf-9819-4cea-89a2-03d497544447\"}],\"margin\":0,\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"align\":\"start\"}}]}}],\"defs\":[{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveHTML1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FlexBox1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"align_content\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"},{\"name\":\"align_items\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"},{\"name\":\"flex_direction\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"row\"},{\"name\":\"flex_wrap\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"wrap\"},{\"name\":\"gap\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"justify_content\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FloatPanel1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"config\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"contained\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"right-top\"},{\"name\":\"offsetx\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"offsety\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"theme\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"primary\"},{\"name\":\"status\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"normalized\"}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"GridStack1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"mode\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"warn\"},{\"name\":\"ncols\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"nrows\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"allow_resize\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"allow_drag\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"state\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"drag1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"slider_width\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":5},{\"name\":\"slider_color\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"black\"},{\"name\":\"value\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":50}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"click1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"terminal_output\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"debug_name\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"clears\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FastWrapper1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"object\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"style\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"NotificationAreaBase1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"js_events\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"bottom-right\"},{\"name\":\"_clear\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"NotificationArea1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"js_events\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"notifications\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"bottom-right\"},{\"name\":\"_clear\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"types\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"warning\"],[\"background\",\"#ffc107\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas fa-exclamation-triangle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]},{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"info\"],[\"background\",\"#007bff\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas fa-info-circle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]}]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"Notification\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"background\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"duration\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":3000},{\"name\":\"icon\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"message\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"notification_type\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_destroyed\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":false}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"BootstrapTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateEditor1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"layout\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"MaterialTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveESM1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"JSComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"AnyWidgetComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"request_value1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"fill\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"none\"},{\"name\":\"_synced\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_request_sync\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]}]}};\n",
       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"3e9f8fce-9602-4da6-85c8-86dd556ae779\",\"roots\":{\"ab20d240-e59f-48c7-bf99-d603cc928a0e\":\"baa93e8e-b39d-4f8e-900b-1a7d97773004\"},\"root_ids\":[\"ab20d240-e59f-48c7-bf99-d603cc928a0e\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       ":Curve   [x]   (y)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 112,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "ab20d240-e59f-48c7-bf99-d603cc928a0e"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Curve([1, 2, 3], group='stocks')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "75d5cdb2-b9ae-4b7b-985a-ef57d25aeba7",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The base tree holds the various defaults while applying `.opts()` will create a custom tree. Think of this something like CSS, where the DOM nodes are the elements and the CSS stylesheets are the option trees.\n",
    "\n",
    "Calling `.opts` will create a new `OptionTree` on the Store, which is resolved together with the default options when the plot is rendered:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "id": "5a16dcee-e5e9-457a-89f5-74f3c01ee233",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 8: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 20: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 44: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 92: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 188: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 380: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 764: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=[], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 1532: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=['y'], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 3068: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=['y'], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " ),\n",
       " 6140: OptionTree(groups=dict_keys(['style', 'plot', 'norm', 'output']),\n",
       "    style={Curve : dict(line_width=2, muted_alpha=0.2)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    plot={\n",
       "             Curve     : dict(height=300, labelled=['y'], logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700),\n",
       "             NdOverlay : dict(batched=False, height=300, legend_position=right, logx=False, logy=False, responsive=False, shared_axes=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, title=A Curve, tools=['hover'], width=700)},\n",
       " \n",
       "    norm={Curve : dict(axiswise=False, framewise=True)}\n",
       " )}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Store.custom_options()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4f9c247a-38db-4a23-b10f-ee42549e4669",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. HoloViews Plotting\n",
    "\n",
    "The plan was to keep the core datastructures of HoloViews entirely separate from the implementation of the plotting backends, so that new backends could be written as extensions to HoloViews. While this vision never fully materialized it is still true. \n",
    "\n",
    "The plotting system in HoloViews can be invoked directly, via the `repr` system of notebook environments or via Panel. The entrypoint to the plotting system are the `Renderer` classes, these are \n",
    "responsible for taking a HoloViews object and creating a corresponding `Plot`.\n",
    "\n",
    "#### Renderer\n",
    "\n",
    "By default a global `Renderer` instance is invoked which has a variety of options on how to render the object:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "id": "0cf894e7-47eb-4267-bfc9-b9544b627ce8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "BokehRenderer(backend='bokeh', center=True, css={}, dpi=None, fig='auto', fps=20, holomap='auto', info_fn=None, key_fn=None, mode='default', name='BokehRenderer00221', post_render_hooks={'svg': [], 'png': []}, size=100, theme=<bokeh.themes.theme.Theme object at 0x16a823550>, webgl=True, widget_location=None, widget_mode='embed')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "renderer = hv.renderer('bokeh')\n",
    "\n",
    "renderer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "cb97bf77-4eea-4d58-a192-446e1c266e54",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The usual entrypoint of taking an object and turning it to a plot is the `get_plot` method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "id": "592d8cba-022c-4e9d-b1fe-47d56f5c0034",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "CurvePlot(active_tools=None, align='start', apply_extents=True, apply_hard_bounds=False, apply_ranges=True, aspect=None, autorange=None, backend_opts={}, bgcolor=None, border=10, data_aspect=None, default_span=2.0, default_tools=['save', 'pan', 'wheel_zoom', 'box_zoom', 'reset'], fontscale=None, fontsize={'title': '12pt'}, frame_height=None, frame_width=None, gridstyle={}, height=300, hooks=[], hover_formatters=None, hover_mode='mouse', hover_tooltips=None, interpolation='linear', invert_axes=False, invert_xaxis=False, invert_yaxis=False, labelled=['y'], lod={'factor': 10, 'interval': 300, 'threshold': 2000, 'timeout': 500}, logx=False, logy=False, margin=None, max_height=None, max_width=None, min_height=None, min_width=None, multi_y=False, name='CurvePlot01365', normalize=True, padding=(0, 0.1), projection=None, responsive=False, scalebar=False, scalebar_label='@{value} @{unit}', scalebar_location='bottom_right', scalebar_opts={}, scalebar_range='x', scalebar_tool=True, scalebar_unit=None, shared_axes=True, shared_datasource=True, show_frame=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, show_title=True, subcoordinate_scale=1, subcoordinate_y=False, title='A Curve', title_format=None, toolbar='right', tools=['hover'], width=700, xaxis='bottom', xformatter=None, xlabel=None, xlim=(nan, nan), xrotation=None, xticks=None, yaxis='left', yformatter=None, ylabel=None, ylim=(nan, nan), yrotation=None, yticks=None, zlim=(nan, nan))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot = renderer.get_plot(hv_obj)\n",
    "\n",
    "plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ce8bf926-e660-4329-8ca7-908b701dcfcd",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `Renderer` resolves the correct plot type for a given object using the plot registry:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "id": "e7114861-f4ee-43c7-adcf-41b3af4130fc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{holoviews.core.overlay.Overlay: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.element.OverlayPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.core.overlay.NdOverlay: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.element.OverlayPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.core.spaces.GridSpace: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.plot.GridPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.core.spaces.GridMatrix: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.plot.GridPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.core.layout.AdjointLayout: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.plot.AdjointLayoutPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.core.layout.Layout: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.plot.LayoutPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.core.layout.NdLayout: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.plot.LayoutPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Curve: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.CurvePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Bars: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.BarPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.geom.Points: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.PointPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Scatter: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.PointPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.ErrorBars: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.ErrorPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Spread: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.SpreadPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Spikes: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.SpikesPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Area: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.AreaPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.geom.VectorField: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.VectorFieldPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.chart.Histogram: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart.HistogramPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.Image: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster.RasterPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.RGB: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster.RGBPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.HSV: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster.HSVPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.Raster: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster.RasterPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.HeatMap: <holoviews.plotting.plot.PlotSelector at 0x16b0453d0>,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.QuadMesh: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster.QuadMeshPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.raster.ImageStack: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster.ImageStackPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.path.Path: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.PathPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.path.Contours: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.ContourPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.path.Box: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.PathPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.path.Bounds: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.PathPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.path.Ellipse: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.PathPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.path.Polygons: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.PolygonPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.geom.Rectangles: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.geometry.RectanglesPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.geom.Segments: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.geometry.SegmentPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.VLines: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.VLinesAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.HLines: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.HLinesAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.HSpans: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.HSpansAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.VSpans: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.VSpansAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.HLine: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.LineAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.VLine: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.LineAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.HSpan: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.BoxAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.VSpan: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.BoxAnnotationPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.Slope: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.SlopePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.Text: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.TextPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.Labels: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.LabelsPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.Spline: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.SplinePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.Arrow: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.ArrowPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.annotation.Div: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation.DivPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.tiles.Tiles: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.tiles.TilePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.graphs.Graph: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.graphs.GraphPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.graphs.Chord: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.graphs.ChordPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.graphs.Nodes: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.graphs.NodePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.graphs.EdgePaths: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path.PathPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.graphs.TriMesh: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.graphs.TriMeshPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.sankey.Sankey: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.sankey.SankeyPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.tabular.Table: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.tabular.TablePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.tabular.ItemTable: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.tabular.TablePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.stats.Distribution: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.stats.DistributionPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.stats.Bivariate: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.stats.BivariatePlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.stats.BoxWhisker: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.stats.BoxWhiskerPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.stats.Violin: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.stats.ViolinPlot,\n",
       " holoviews.element.stats.HexTiles: holoviews.plotting.bokeh.hex_tiles.HexTilesPlot}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 124,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Store.registry['bokeh']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bed0098a-4b50-44f8-b68f-5caf35c5d668",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Internally the plotting classes corresponding to composite objects such as the `OverlayPlot` will recreate a similarly hierarchy as the components themselves, e.g. and overlay of curves will result in a `OverlayPlot`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "id": "1babcc8d-8f38-47bb-9db1-7e3e11568733",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "OverlayPlot(active_tools=None, align='start', apply_extents=True, apply_hard_bounds=False, apply_ranges=True, aspect=None, autorange=None, backend_opts={}, batched=False, bgcolor=None, border=10, data_aspect=None, default_span=2.0, default_tools=['save', 'pan', 'wheel_zoom', 'box_zoom', 'reset'], fontscale=None, fontsize={'title': '12pt'}, frame_height=None, frame_width=None, gridstyle={}, height=300, hooks=[], hover_formatters=None, hover_mode='mouse', hover_tooltips=None, invert_axes=False, invert_xaxis=False, invert_yaxis=False, labelled=['x', 'y'], legend_cols=0, legend_labels=None, legend_limit=25, legend_muted=False, legend_offset=(0, 0), legend_opts={}, legend_position='top_right', lod={'factor': 10, 'interval': 300, 'threshold': 2000, 'timeout': 500}, logx=False, logy=False, margin=None, max_height=None, max_width=None, min_height=None, min_width=None, multi_y=False, multiple_legends=False, name='OverlayPlot01385', normalize=True, padding=0.1, projection=None, responsive=False, scalebar=False, scalebar_label='@{value} @{unit}', scalebar_location='bottom_right', scalebar_opts={}, scalebar_range='x', scalebar_tool=True, scalebar_unit=None, shared_axes=True, shared_datasource=True, show_frame=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, show_title=True, style_grouping=2, subcoordinate_scale=1, subcoordinate_y=False, tabs=False, title='{label} {group} {dimensions}', title_format=None, toolbar='right', tools=[], width=300, xaxis='bottom', xformatter=None, xlabel=None, xlim=(nan, nan), xrotation=None, xticks=None, yaxis='left', yformatter=None, ylabel=None, ylim=(nan, nan), yrotation=None, yticks=None, zlim=(nan, nan))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 125,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "oplot = renderer.get_plot(hv.Curve([]) * hv.Curve([]))\n",
    "\n",
    "oplot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2fa08b06-36b0-426e-86b1-3f687a599e3c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "containing individual `CurvePlot` subplots:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "id": "f4115ddc-8a58-4bf4-9f45-48ed0b4ea5f5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{('Curve',\n",
       "  'I'): CurvePlot(active_tools=None, align='start', apply_extents=True, apply_hard_bounds=False, apply_ranges=True, aspect=None, autorange=None, backend_opts={}, bgcolor=None, border=10, data_aspect=None, default_span=2.0, default_tools=['save', 'pan', 'wheel_zoom', 'box_zoom', 'reset'], fontscale=None, fontsize={'title': '12pt'}, frame_height=None, frame_width=None, gridstyle={}, height=300, hooks=[], hover_formatters=None, hover_mode='mouse', hover_tooltips=None, interpolation='linear', invert_axes=False, invert_xaxis=False, invert_yaxis=False, labelled=['x', 'y'], lod={'factor': 10, 'interval': 300, 'threshold': 2000, 'timeout': 500}, logx=False, logy=False, margin=None, max_height=None, max_width=None, min_height=None, min_width=None, multi_y=False, name='CurvePlot01397', normalize=True, padding=(0, 0.1), projection=None, responsive=False, scalebar=False, scalebar_label='@{value} @{unit}', scalebar_location='bottom_right', scalebar_opts={}, scalebar_range='x', scalebar_tool=True, scalebar_unit=None, shared_axes=True, shared_datasource=True, show_frame=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, show_title=True, subcoordinate_scale=1, subcoordinate_y=False, title='{label} {group} {dimensions}', title_format=None, toolbar='right', tools=[], width=300, xaxis='bottom', xformatter=None, xlabel=None, xlim=(nan, nan), xrotation=None, xticks=None, yaxis='left', yformatter=None, ylabel=None, ylim=(nan, nan), yrotation=None, yticks=None, zlim=(nan, nan)),\n",
       " ('Curve',\n",
       "  'II'): CurvePlot(active_tools=None, align='start', apply_extents=True, apply_hard_bounds=False, apply_ranges=True, aspect=None, autorange=None, backend_opts={}, bgcolor=None, border=10, data_aspect=None, default_span=2.0, default_tools=['save', 'pan', 'wheel_zoom', 'box_zoom', 'reset'], fontscale=None, fontsize={'title': '12pt'}, frame_height=None, frame_width=None, gridstyle={}, height=300, hooks=[], hover_formatters=None, hover_mode='mouse', hover_tooltips=None, interpolation='linear', invert_axes=False, invert_xaxis=False, invert_yaxis=False, labelled=['x', 'y'], lod={'factor': 10, 'interval': 300, 'threshold': 2000, 'timeout': 500}, logx=False, logy=False, margin=None, max_height=None, max_width=None, min_height=None, min_width=None, multi_y=False, name='CurvePlot01398', normalize=True, padding=(0, 0.1), projection=None, responsive=False, scalebar=False, scalebar_label='@{value} @{unit}', scalebar_location='bottom_right', scalebar_opts={}, scalebar_range='x', scalebar_tool=True, scalebar_unit=None, shared_axes=True, shared_datasource=True, show_frame=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, show_title=True, subcoordinate_scale=1, subcoordinate_y=False, title='{label} {group} {dimensions}', title_format=None, toolbar='right', tools=[], width=300, xaxis='bottom', xformatter=None, xlabel=None, xlim=(nan, nan), xrotation=None, xticks=None, yaxis='left', yformatter=None, ylabel=None, ylim=(nan, nan), yrotation=None, yticks=None, zlim=(nan, nan))}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 126,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "oplot.subplots"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5e4b848f-1be5-4ac9-9089-2f5b6aa89e22",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The plots themselves internally do two main things, translate the elements and options into backend specific figures and implement approaches for updating the plots inplace, e.g. if we have a DynamicMap that updates the `Curve`, changes in the data and the options are translated into (ideally minimal updates to the underlying figure object)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "id": "a94349d5-56b1-4f36-aa0d-d4ba315b3919",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"c1628ad8-ebe6-4095-a937-7223c4392af2\",\"roots\":{\"9966e55e-673d-4d3d-978f-fea867bc0496\":\"f9d46681-3f9c-49ca-b981-7aaca3d5b20e\"},\"root_ids\":[\"9966e55e-673d-4d3d-978f-fea867bc0496\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       ":Curve   [index]   (0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 128,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "9966e55e-673d-4d3d-978f-fea867bc0496"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv_obj"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "id": "93adc923-200e-4dbe-9f72-afae4a6756d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": "",
      "text/html": [
       "<div id='30902f7d-bba6-4464-a2d9-d59db7873a13'>\n",
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       "</div>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/javascript\">(function(root) {\n",
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fa-info-circle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]}]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"Notification\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"background\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"duration\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":3000},{\"name\":\"icon\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"message\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"notification_type\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_destroyed\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":false}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"BootstrapTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateEditor1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"layout\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"MaterialTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveESM1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"JSComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"AnyWidgetComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"request_value1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"fill\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"none\"},{\"name\":\"_synced\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_request_sync\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]}]}};\n",
       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"46ec4270-abd7-4f72-b31f-f8726175ed91\",\"roots\":{\"30902f7d-bba6-4464-a2d9-d59db7873a13\":\"c40d1176-acf8-4ce1-a55c-8bf26342f0c4\"},\"root_ids\":[\"30902f7d-bba6-4464-a2d9-d59db7873a13\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       ":HoloMap   [Default]\n",
       "   :Curve   [x]   (y)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 132,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "30902f7d-bba6-4464-a2d9-d59db7873a13"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.HoloMap({i: hv.Curve([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, i)]) for i in range(3)})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "id": "da24aed3-aa80-4ad5-aa12-8b0c53d47da8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "defaultdict(dict,\n",
       "            {'html+js': {holoviews.core.dimension.LabelledData: <function holoviews.ipython.display_hooks.pprint_display(obj)>},\n",
       "             'png': {holoviews.core.dimension.LabelledData: <function holoviews.ipython.display_hooks.png_display(element, max_frames)>},\n",
       "             'svg': {holoviews.core.dimension.LabelledData: <function holoviews.ipython.display_hooks.svg_display(element, max_frames)>}})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 131,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Store._display_hooks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "id": "ce8f644a-3bfc-41cd-b930-e4213d1754ab",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "\u001b[0;31mSignature:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhv\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mStore\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrender\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mSource:\u001b[0m   \n",
       "    \u001b[0;34m@\u001b[0m\u001b[0mclassmethod\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrender\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;34m\"\"\"\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        Using any display hooks that have been registered, render the\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        object to a dictionary of MIME types and metadata information.\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        \"\"\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0mclass_hierarchy\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0minspect\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgetmro\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0mhooks\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtype_hooks\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_display_hooks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mitems\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m            \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0msubcls\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mclass_hierarchy\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m                \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0msubcls\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtype_hooks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m                    \u001b[0mhooks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtype_hooks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0msubcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m                    \u001b[0;32mbreak\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmetadata\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhook\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhooks\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m            \u001b[0mret\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhook\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m            \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mret\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mis\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m                \u001b[0;32mcontinue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m            \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmd\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mret\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m            \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mupdate\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m            \u001b[0mmetadata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mupdate\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmd\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmetadata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m      ~/development/holoviews/holoviews/core/options.py\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m      method"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv.Store.render??"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "id": "d2a417ec-c483-4d0c-85c6-cfbc03f653b2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[0;31mSignature:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhv_obj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_repr_mimebundle_\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0minclude\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mexclude\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mSource:\u001b[0m   \n",
       "    \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_repr_mimebundle_\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minclude\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mexclude\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;34m\"\"\"\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        Resolves the class hierarchy for the class rendering the\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        object using any display hooks registered on Store.display\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        hooks.  The output of all registered display_hooks is then\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        combined and returned.\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m        \"\"\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mStore\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrender\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m      ~/development/holoviews/holoviews/core/dimension.py\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m      method"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hv_obj._repr_mimebundle_"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4476fb91-efe5-4ac0-b764-5c99801bd9e0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 4. Panel\n",
    "\n",
    "Panel is the final layer and is responsible for taking the underlying figure objects and rendering them in the browser.\n",
    "\n",
    "How precisely this works is backend dependent but effectively the `HoloViews` pane in Panel dispatches to the appropriate Pane type depending on the backend, specifically:\n",
    "\n",
    "- The Bokeh backend is rendered with the `Bokeh`\n",
    "- The Matplotlib backend is rendered with the `Matplotlib` pane.\n",
    "- The Plotly backend is rendered with the `Plotly` pane."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "id": "e4d26094-3132-4b17-8f6a-8cab8272e521",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {},
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": "",
      "text/html": [
       "<div id='2485ccdb-1112-4ff6-aa91-729b4ac08522'>\n",
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       "</div>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/javascript\">(function(root) {\n",
       "  var docs_json = {\"83b979aa-f280-41c9-a4b2-6006b3af32d8\":{\"version\":\"3.6.0\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Row\",\"id\":\"2485ccdb-1112-4ff6-aa91-729b4ac08522\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"Row01680\",\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n}\",{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"1b4f78a4-af70-48d7-bd78-b55f1c848f53\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/css/loading.css\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"c839c2e8-8c08-4f01-8b6a-ef3ab7c53763\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/css/listpanel.css\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"4de3c595-0b26-4846-8f30-8dab7ffde4ea\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/bundled/theme/default.css\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"1d29ec06-ef0f-4c06-bf09-10e3f9b569a2\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/bundled/theme/native.css\"}}],\"margin\":0,\"align\":\"start\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"6774c64b-f223-429d-a531-bf0efc96d16e\",\"attributes\":{\"width\":300,\"height\":300,\"margin\":[5,10],\"sizing_mode\":\"fixed\",\"align\":\"start\",\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"1bf1c07e-b508-42b0-a6df-14c6b2cc7b84\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"x\",\"tags\":[[[\"x\",null]],[]],\"end\":2.0,\"reset_start\":0.0,\"reset_end\":2.0}},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"cecdcb5c-6066-4c85-a329-0a661ef44edd\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"y\",\"tags\":[[[\"y\",null]],{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"invert_yaxis\",false],[\"autorange\",false]]}],\"start\":-0.2,\"end\":2.2,\"reset_start\":-0.2,\"reset_end\":2.2}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"a25cb6ad-dc7f-4f73-b53a-eacd5b626c32\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"ba0771ed-9d67-4295-8cf9-36cb252b3cf1\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"d7676637-3b18-401c-8eeb-ca3e138a25df\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"Default: 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.pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n}\",{\"id\":\"1b4f78a4-af70-48d7-bd78-b55f1c848f53\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ImportedStyleSheet\",\"id\":\"207203aa-d4d3-45ea-ad37-158ff91f6d04\",\"attributes\":{\"url\":\"https://cdn.holoviz.org/panel/1.5.2/dist/css/widgetbox.css\"}},{\"id\":\"c839c2e8-8c08-4f01-8b6a-ef3ab7c53763\"},{\"id\":\"4de3c595-0b26-4846-8f30-8dab7ffde4ea\"},{\"id\":\"1d29ec06-ef0f-4c06-bf09-10e3f9b569a2\"}],\"margin\":0,\"align\":[\"end\",\"start\"],\"children\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"panel.models.layout.Column\",\"id\":\"9bc1f5c1-eabb-43d6-bce8-5c67fc89cbd0\",\"attributes\":{\"name\":\"Column01690\",\"stylesheets\":[\"\\n:host(.pn-loading):before, .pn-loading:before {\\n  background-color: #c3c3c3;\\n  mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 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 mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n  -webkit-mask-size: auto calc(min(50%, 400px));\\n}\",{\"id\":\"1b4f78a4-af70-48d7-bd78-b55f1c848f53\"},{\"id\":\"4de3c595-0b26-4846-8f30-8dab7ffde4ea\"},{\"id\":\"1d29ec06-ef0f-4c06-bf09-10e3f9b569a2\"}],\"margin\":[0,10,5,10],\"align\":\"start\",\"show_value\":false,\"tooltips\":false,\"start\":0,\"end\":2,\"value\":0}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"panel.models.comm_manager.CommManager\",\"id\":\"e8f379e1-8590-4e1f-a22d-d70e33f30dc7\",\"attributes\":{\"plot_id\":\"2485ccdb-1112-4ff6-aa91-729b4ac08522\",\"comm_id\":\"f73dbffd04a44c3c84249cde8ccd9509\",\"client_comm_id\":\"c33de7ccc4bc45049b9d81680334bb0b\"}}],\"defs\":[{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveHTML1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FlexBox1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"align_content\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"},{\"name\":\"align_items\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"},{\"name\":\"flex_direction\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"row\"},{\"name\":\"flex_wrap\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"wrap\"},{\"name\":\"gap\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"justify_content\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"flex-start\"}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FloatPanel1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"config\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"contained\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"right-top\"},{\"name\":\"offsetx\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"offsety\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"theme\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"primary\"},{\"name\":\"status\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"normalized\"}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"GridStack1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"mode\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"warn\"},{\"name\":\"ncols\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"nrows\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"allow_resize\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"allow_drag\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":true},{\"name\":\"state\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"drag1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"slider_width\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":5},{\"name\":\"slider_color\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"black\"},{\"name\":\"value\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":50}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"click1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"terminal_output\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"debug_name\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"clears\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"FastWrapper1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"object\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"style\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"NotificationAreaBase1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"js_events\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"bottom-right\"},{\"name\":\"_clear\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"NotificationArea1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"js_events\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":{\"type\":\"map\"}},{\"name\":\"notifications\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]},{\"name\":\"position\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"bottom-right\"},{\"name\":\"_clear\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"types\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"warning\"],[\"background\",\"#ffc107\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas fa-exclamation-triangle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]},{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"type\",\"info\"],[\"background\",\"#007bff\"],[\"icon\",{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"className\",\"fas fa-info-circle\"],[\"tagName\",\"i\"],[\"color\",\"white\"]]}]]}]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"Notification\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"background\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"duration\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":3000},{\"name\":\"icon\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"message\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"\"},{\"name\":\"notification_type\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_destroyed\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":false}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"BootstrapTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"TemplateEditor1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"layout\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":[]}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"MaterialTemplateActions1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"open_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0},{\"name\":\"close_modal\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactiveESM1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"JSComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"ReactComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"AnyWidgetComponent1\"},{\"type\":\"model\",\"name\":\"request_value1\",\"properties\":[{\"name\":\"fill\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":\"none\"},{\"name\":\"_synced\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":null},{\"name\":\"_request_sync\",\"kind\":\"Any\",\"default\":0}]}]}};\n",
       "  var render_items = [{\"docid\":\"83b979aa-f280-41c9-a4b2-6006b3af32d8\",\"roots\":{\"2485ccdb-1112-4ff6-aa91-729b4ac08522\":\"b5a2e58e-2107-4f49-949d-ef310ab8fc1c\"},\"root_ids\":[\"2485ccdb-1112-4ff6-aa91-729b4ac08522\"]}];\n",
       "  var docs = Object.values(docs_json)\n",
       "  if (!docs) {\n",
       "    return\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  const py_version = docs[0].version.replace('rc', '-rc.').replace('.dev', '-dev.')\n",
       "  async function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    await Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "    for (const render_item of render_items) {\n",
       "      for (const root_id of render_item.root_ids) {\n",
       "\tconst id_el = document.getElementById(root_id)\n",
       "\tif (id_el.children.length && id_el.children[0].hasAttribute('data-root-id')) {\n",
       "\t  const root_el = id_el.children[0]\n",
       "\t  root_el.id = root_el.id + '-rendered'\n",
       "\t  for (const child of root_el.children) {\n",
       "            // Ensure JupyterLab does not capture keyboard shortcuts\n",
       "            // see: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/4.1.x/extension/notebook.html#keyboard-interaction-model\n",
       "\t    child.setAttribute('data-lm-suppress-shortcuts', 'true')\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "\t}\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function get_bokeh(root) {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh === undefined) {\n",
       "      return null\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version !== py_version) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh.versions === undefined || !root.Bokeh.versions.has(py_version)) {\n",
       "\treturn null\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh.versions.get(py_version);\n",
       "    } else if (root.Bokeh.version === py_version) {\n",
       "      return root.Bokeh\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    return null\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  function is_loaded(root) {\n",
       "    var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "    return (Bokeh != null && Bokeh.Panel !== undefined)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    var attempts = 0;\n",
       "    var timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (is_loaded(root)) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else if (document.readyState == \"complete\") {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 200) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "\t  var Bokeh = get_bokeh(root)\n",
       "\t  if (Bokeh == null || Bokeh.Panel == null) {\n",
       "            console.warn(\"Panel: ERROR: Unable to run Panel code because Bokeh or Panel library is missing\");\n",
       "\t  } else {\n",
       "\t    console.warn(\"Panel: WARNING: Attempting to render but not all required libraries could be resolved.\")\n",
       "\t    embed_document(root)\n",
       "\t  }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 25, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "HoloViews(HoloMap, height=300, sizing_mode='fixed', width=300)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 144,
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "2485ccdb-1112-4ff6-aa91-729b4ac08522"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import panel as pn\n",
    "\n",
    "hv_pane = pn.pane.HoloViews(hv.HoloMap({i: hv.Curve([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, i)]) for i in range(3)}))\n",
    "\n",
    "hv_pane"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ea5a687b-89cd-4b31-848d-a077144635d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Internally the `HoloViews` pane creates a layout that respects the centered option and optionally renders widgets originating from the `HoloMap` / `DynamicMap` dimensions:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "id": "4a2394fb-3809-4cd2-be7e-cd164d826d37",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Row\n",
      "    [0] HoloViews(HoloMap, height=300, sizing_mode='fixed', width=300)\n",
      "    [1] WidgetBox(align=('end', 'start'))\n",
      "        [0] DiscreteSlider(formatter='%d', name='Default', options={'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2}, value=0)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(hv_pane.layout)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e9e38a0e-946d-4a65-8169-810413a133fa",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "It then invokes the `renderer` to create a HoloViews `Plot`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "524f73b7-ff74-406b-87c5-1653f13a2186",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "id": "222dc85f-7fe0-465c-99e4-d1dae0edb2c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "CurvePlot(active_tools=None, align='start', apply_extents=True, apply_hard_bounds=False, apply_ranges=True, aspect=None, autorange=None, backend_opts={}, bgcolor=None, border=10, data_aspect=None, default_span=2.0, default_tools=['save', 'pan', 'wheel_zoom', 'box_zoom', 'reset'], fontscale=None, fontsize={'title': '12pt'}, frame_height=None, frame_width=None, gridstyle={}, height=300, hooks=[], hover_formatters=None, hover_mode='mouse', hover_tooltips=None, interpolation='linear', invert_axes=False, invert_xaxis=False, invert_yaxis=False, labelled=['x', 'y'], lod={'factor': 10, 'interval': 300, 'threshold': 2000, 'timeout': 500}, logx=False, logy=False, margin=(5, 10), max_height=None, max_width=None, min_height=None, min_width=None, multi_y=False, name='CurvePlot01696', normalize=True, padding=(0, 0.1), projection=None, responsive=False, scalebar=False, scalebar_label='@{value} @{unit}', scalebar_location='bottom_right', scalebar_opts={}, scalebar_range='x', scalebar_tool=True, scalebar_unit=None, shared_axes=True, shared_datasource=True, show_frame=True, show_grid=False, show_legend=True, show_title=True, subcoordinate_scale=1, subcoordinate_y=False, title='{label} {group} {dimensions}', title_format=None, toolbar='right', tools=[], width=300, xaxis='bottom', xformatter=None, xlabel=None, xlim=(nan, nan), xrotation=None, xticks=None, yaxis='left', yformatter=None, ylabel=None, ylim=(nan, nan), yrotation=None, yticks=None, zlim=(nan, nan))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 145,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot, pane = list(hv_pane._plots.values())[0]\n",
    "\n",
    "plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e46eadf5-ea2f-4d21-b64e-fdb55944fd27",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "and finally renders the resulting plot output into the corresponding `Pane`:\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 150,
   "id": "23d7dec6-941a-4845-b737-6906d52f6114",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Bokeh(figure, autodispatch=False, height=300, sizing_mode='fixed', width=300)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(pane)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "93971541-b296-4dd4-baf5-067a59cfe0bb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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