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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>Lecture 4</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="Hu Chuan-Peng et al." />
<meta name="date" content="2024-03-06" />
<script src="libs/header-attrs-2.25/header-attrs.js"></script>
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<body>
<textarea id="source">
class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide
.title[
# Lecture 4
]
.subtitle[
## Supplement: Objects in R
]
.author[
### Hu Chuan-Peng et al.
]
.institute[
### Nanjing Normal University
]
.date[
### 2024-03-06
]
---
class: center, middle
<span style="font-size: 60px;">第四章(补充)</span> <br>
<span style="font-size: 50px;">初识R中的对象及数据类型</span> <br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 30px;">胡传鹏</span> <br>
<span style="font-size: 20px;"> </span> <br>
<span style="font-size: 30px;">2024-04-19</span> <br>
<span style="font-size: 20px;"> Made with Rmarkdown</span> <br>
---
layout: true
# 1 初识R里的数据 (R语言中的对象)
---
## 1.1 从计算器说起 —— 数值(numeric)
.pull-left[
```r
2*2
```
```
## [1] 4
```
```r
3^3
```
```
## [1] 27
```
```r
log2(4)
```
```
## [1] 2
```
```r
# 整除
10 %/% 3
```
```
## [1] 3
```
```r
# 求余
10 %% 3
```
```
## [1] 1
```
]
.pull-right[
```r
# 求余
10 %% 3
```
```
## [1] 1
```
```r
# 四舍五入
round(3.1415926)
```
```
## [1] 3
```
```r
# 问问神奇的 R:“这是什么”
class(3.1415926)
```
```
## [1] "numeric"
```
结论:
R `\(≈\)` 计算器]
---
## 1.1.1 赋值
赋值可以简单理解为给数值贴了一个标签(准确说叫变量名),通过这个标签就可以找到具体的数值,这样就可以使用变量名来代替具体数值进行计算;赋值本身不会显示输出(除非计算出错了),想要知道变量代表什么内容,直接输入变量名即可:
```r
# 赋值
x = 1
y = 2*2 + 3^3 + round(3.14)
z = x + y
# 查看变量
x
```
```
## [1] 1
```
```r
y
```
```
## [1] 34
```
```r
z
```
```
## [1] 35
```
```r
#
```
---
## 1.2 比大小 —— 逻辑值(logical)
.pull-left[
```r
1 < 2
```
```
## [1] TRUE
```
```r
3.1415926 < round(3.1415926)
```
```
## [1] FALSE
```
```r
1 == 1
```
```
## [1] TRUE
```
```r
class(1 == 1)
```
```
## [1] "logical"
```
```r
class(TRUE)
```
```
## [1] "logical"
```
]
--
.pull-right[
<span style="font-size: 30px;"> Very 👍!</span> <br>
但对于逻辑值来说,也有一些奇怪的特性:
```r
1 == TRUE
```
```
## [1] TRUE
```
```r
0 == FALSE
```
```
## [1] TRUE
```
]
---
收集数据中,遇到性别('男','女'),或者民族('汉族','回族'....)等汉字(或者英文)显然不能直接用数字,应该怎么表示?
```r
## 直接输入试试?
男
my_darling
```
\#\# Error: object '男' not found
\#\# Error: object 'my_darling' not found
直接输入上面的内容,R语言会认为你在根据某个变量名找某个对象(比如数值),但显然,我们并没有给男或 my_darling进行赋值,所以会报错:找不到对象!
--
.pull-left[![pic1](picture/chp2/emo1.jpg)]
.pull-right[![pic2](picture/chp2/emo2.jpg)]
---
## 1.3 字符串(character)
对于文字类的数据,R 语言中使用字符串来记录,前后加上引号即可(单引号、双引号都可以,<span style="font-size: 25px; color: #FF0000;"> **但一定一定一定是英文符号!!**</span> <br>)
.pull-left[
```r
'男'
```
```
## [1] "男"
```
```r
"汉族"
```
```
## [1] "汉族"
```
```r
## 也可以输入数字
'666'
```
```
## [1] "666"
```
```r
## 也可以胡言乱语不说人话
'鍙︿竴$涓ø˚ß≈˙▼搴忔ß∂鍦ㄤ娇鐢ㄦ鏂囦欢锛岃繘绋嬫棤娉曡闂@'
```
```
## [1] "鍙︿竴$涓ø˚ß≈˙▼搴忔ß∂鍦ㄤ娇鐢ㄦ鏂囦欢锛岃繘绋嬫棤娉曡闂@"
```
]
--
.pull-right[
```r
## 再问问神奇的 R:
class('鍙︿竴$涓ø˚ß≈˙▼搴忔ß∂鍦ㄤ娇鐢ㄦ')
```
```
## [1] "character"
```
```r
## 虽然字符串和数值型都能表示数字
## 但字符串的数字并不能直接进行运算
'1' + '2'
```
\#\# `Error in "1" + "2" : non-numeric argument to binary operator`
]
---
layout: true
# 2 R 语言中的数据类型
---
## 2.1 向量(vector)
- 如果要记录一系列的数据,比如记录5 个同学的数学成绩,就需要把多个数值“捆绑起来”:
```r
math = c(40,99,100,88,71)
math
```
```
## [1] 40 99 100 88 71
```
c()可以理解为 combine,即把各个元素“绑在一起”(就成了向量),然后贴了个标签叫“math”;
<span style="font-size: 30px; color: #FF0000;"> **注意: c()中的逗号一定一定一定是英文符号!!!**</span> <br>
--
- 之前我们谈到了数值、逻辑值和字符串,但向量里要求元素必须相同,否则:
```r
class(c(1:3,'haha',TRUE))
```
```
## [1] "character"
```
```r
# 注: c(1:3)是c(1,2,3)的简写
# 输出将数值型、字符串、逻辑值都强制转换成了字符串
```
---
## 2.2 数据框(data.frame)
实际上,不仅要记录数学成绩,可能还要记录别的科目:语数英物化政史地生……单个向量就显得不够用了;所以需要想办法把多个向量“绑起来”,绑起来后就叫数据框了:
.pull-left[
```r
# 定义语、数、英成绩
chinese = c(1,44,90,80,100)
math = c(40,99,100,88,71)
english = c(3,42,56,14,68)
# 进行“捆绑”
scores = data.frame(
'语文' = chinese,
'数学' = math,
'英语' = english)
```
data.frame 即数据框,通过这个函数可以把前面创建的 chinese等变量进行捆绑,这里向量就相当于 Excel 中的一列,而'语文'、'数学'、'英语'就是列名;捆绑成的数据框命名为scores
]
--
.pull-right[
```r
# 查看数据框内容
scores
```
```
## 语文 数学 英语
## 1 1 40 3
## 2 44 99 42
## 3 90 100 56
## 4 80 88 14
## 5 100 71 68
```
```r
# 查看变量的数据类型
class(scores)
```
```
## [1] "data.frame"
```
]
</textarea>
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