diff --git a/.github/workflows/apt.yml b/.github/workflows/apt.yml
index a9ac5aad8..a07f6c0ff 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/apt.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/apt.yml
@@ -95,22 +95,36 @@ jobs:
   test:
     name: Test
     needs: build
-    runs-on: macos-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        distribution:
-          - debian-bullseye
-          - debian-bookworm
-          - ubuntu-focal
-          - ubuntu-jammy
+        label:
+          - Debian GNU/Linux bullseye amd64
+          - Debian GNU/Linux bookworm amd64
+          - Ubuntu Focal amd64
+          - Ubuntu Jammy amd64
+        include:
+          - label: Debian GNU/Linux bullseye amd64
+            rake-job: debian-bullseye
+            test-lxc-image: images:debian/11
+          - label: Debian GNU/Linux bookworm amd64
+            rake-job: debian-bookworm
+            test-lxc-image: images:debian/12
+          - label: Ubuntu Focal amd64
+            rake-job: ubuntu-focal
+            test-lxc-image: ubuntu:20.04
+          - label: Ubuntu Jammy amd64
+            rake-job: ubuntu-jammy
+            test-lxc-image: ubuntu:22.04
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@master
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@master
         with:
-          name: packages-${{ matrix.distribution }}
+          name: packages-${{ matrix.rake-job }}
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@master
         with:
-          name: packages-apt-source-${{ matrix.distribution }}
-      - name: Run Test
-        run: fluent-package/apt/systemd-test/test.sh ${{ matrix.distribution }}
+          name: packages-apt-source-${{ matrix.rake-job }}
+      - uses: canonical/setup-lxd@v0.1.1
+      - name: Run Test 
+        run: fluent-package/apt/systemd-test/test.sh ${{ matrix.test-lxc-image }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yum.yml b/.github/workflows/yum.yml
index a459e91a4..837d83b6f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yum.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yum.yml
@@ -92,20 +92,29 @@ jobs:
   test:
     name: Test
     needs: build
-    runs-on: macos-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        distribution:
-          - centos-7
-          - rockylinux-8
-          - almalinux-9
-          - amazonlinux-2
-          # - amazonlinux-2023
+        label:
+          - CentOS 7 x86_64
+          - AlmaLinux 8 x86_64
+          - AlmaLinux 9 x86_64
+        include:
+          - label: CentOS 7 x86_64
+            rake-job: centos-7
+            test-lxc-image: images:centos/7
+          - label: RockyLinux 8 x86_64
+            rake-job: rockylinux-8
+            test-lxc-image: images:rockylinux/8
+          - label: AlmaLinux 9 x86_64
+            rake-job: almalinux-9
+            test-lxc-image: images:almalinux/9
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@master
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@master
         with:
-          name: packages-${{ matrix.distribution }}
+          name: packages-${{ matrix.rake-job }}
+      - uses: canonical/setup-lxd@v0.1.1
       - name: Run Test
-        run: fluent-package/yum/systemd-test/test.sh ${{ matrix.distribution }}
+        run: fluent-package/yum/systemd-test/test.sh ${{ matrix.test-lxc-image }}
diff --git a/fluent-package/apt/systemd-test/test.sh b/fluent-package/apt/systemd-test/test.sh
index 4b06b6c97..dc3c6fbb5 100755
--- a/fluent-package/apt/systemd-test/test.sh
+++ b/fluent-package/apt/systemd-test/test.sh
@@ -6,15 +6,8 @@ if [ -z $1 ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-vm=$1
-dir="/vagrant/fluent-package/apt/systemd-test"
-
-vagrant status $vm | grep -E "^${vm}\s+not created (.*)$"
-if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-    echo "Error: The VM already exists. Need to destroy it in advance with the following command."
-    echo "$ vagrant destroy $vm"
-    exit 1
-fi
+image=$1
+dir="/host/fluent-package/apt/systemd-test"
 
 set -eu
 
@@ -32,24 +25,22 @@ fi
 
 for apt_repo_type in local v5 lts; do
     echo -e "\nRun test: $apt_repo_type\n"
-    vagrant up $vm
-    vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/setup.sh
-    vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/install-newly.sh $apt_repo_type
-    vagrant destroy -f $vm
+    lxc launch $image target
+    lxc config device add target host disk source=$PWD path=/host
+    lxc exec target -- $dir/setup.sh
+    lxc exec tartet -- $dir/install-newly.sh $apt_repo_type
+    lxc stop target
+    lxc delete target
 done
 
 for test_filename in ${test_filenames[@]}; do
     echo -e "\nRun test: $test_filename\n"
-    vagrant up $vm
-    vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/setup.sh
-    vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/$test_filename
-    vagrant destroy -f $vm
-    # I want to use snapshot instead of destorying it for every test,
-    # but somehow, it will be often an error on GitHub Actions...
-    #   $ vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/setup.sh
-    #   $ vagrant snapshot save -f $vm after-setup
-    #   (execute a test)
-    #   $ vagrant snapshot restore $vm after-setup
+    lxc launch $image target
+    lxc config device add target host disk source=$PWD path=/host
+    lxc exec target -- $dir/setup.sh
+    lxc exec tartet -- $dir/$test_filename
+    lxc stop target
+    lxc delete target
 done
 
 echo -e "\nAll Success!\n"
diff --git a/fluent-package/yum/systemd-test/test.sh b/fluent-package/yum/systemd-test/test.sh
index f254cea5b..4e256bb6a 100755
--- a/fluent-package/yum/systemd-test/test.sh
+++ b/fluent-package/yum/systemd-test/test.sh
@@ -1,20 +1,13 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
 if [ -z $1 ]; then
-    echo "Error: Need to specify VM name in the Vagrantfile."
-    echo "Ex.) $ ./test.sh almalinux-9"
+    echo "Error: Need to specify distribution name."
+    echo "Ex.) $ ./test.sh centos-7"
     exit 1
 fi
 
-vm=$1
-dir="/vagrant/fluent-package/yum/systemd-test"
-
-vagrant status $vm | grep -E "^${vm}\s+not created (.*)$"
-if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-    echo "Error: The VM already exists. Need to destroy it in advance with the following command."
-    echo "$ vagrant destroy $vm"
-    exit 1
-fi
+image=$1
+dir="/host/fluent-package/yum/systemd-test"
 
 set -eu
 
@@ -26,21 +19,20 @@ test_filenames=(
 
 for yum_repo_type in local v5 lts; do
     echo -e "\nRun test: $yum_repo_type\n"
-    vagrant up $vm
-    vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/install-newly.sh $yum_repo_type
-    vagrant destroy -f $vm
+    lxc launch $image target
+    lxc config device add target host disk source=$PWD path=/host
+    lxc exec tartet -- $dir/install-newly.sh $yum_repo_type
+    lxc stop target
+    lxc delete target
 done
 
 for test_filename in ${test_filenames[@]}; do
     echo -e "\nRun test: $test_filename\n"
-    vagrant up $vm
-    vagrant ssh $vm -- $dir/$test_filename
-    vagrant destroy -f $vm
-    # I want to use snapshot instead of destroying it for every test,
-    # but somehow, it will be often an error on GitHub Actions...
-    #   $ vagrant snapshot save -f $vm after-setup
-    #   (execute a test)
-    #   $ vagrant snapshot restore $vm after-setup
+    lxc launch $image target
+    lxc config device add target host disk source=$PWD path=/host
+    lxc exec tartet -- $dir/$test_filename
+    lxc stop target
+    lxc delete target
 done
 
 echo -e "\nAll Success!\n"