diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/Local.mk b/src/flamenco/runtime/Local.mk
index c4c317cd35..753b6c08e9 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/Local.mk
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/Local.mk
@@ -25,9 +25,6 @@ $(call add-objs,fd_pubkey_utils,fd_flamenco)
 
 $(call add-hdrs,fd_rent_lists.h)
 
-$(call add-hdrs,fd_runtime_spad.h)
-$(call add-objs,fd_runtime_spad,fd_flamenco)
-
 ifdef FD_HAS_ATOMIC
 $(call add-hdrs,fd_runtime.h fd_runtime_init.h fd_runtime_err.h)
 $(call add-objs,fd_runtime fd_runtime_init,fd_flamenco)
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_instr_ctx.h b/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_instr_ctx.h
index 5ca074d626..b599c05d01 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_instr_ctx.h
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_instr_ctx.h
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ struct __attribute__((aligned(8UL))) fd_exec_instr_ctx {
 
   fd_funk_txn_t * funk_txn;
   fd_acc_mgr_t *  acc_mgr;
-  fd_valloc_t     valloc; /* Scratch-backed valloc TODO: migrate to transaction spad */
+  /* This is for instruction-level test harnesses.
+     Offline and live instruction execution should use the spad in
+     txn_ctx. */
+  fd_valloc_t     valloc;
 
   /* Most instructions log the base58 program id multiple times, so it's
      convenient to compute it once and reuse it. */
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.c
index 7da9f56b83..dd71436cc6 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.c
@@ -266,7 +266,6 @@ fd_exec_txn_ctx_from_exec_slot_ctx( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t * slot_ctx,
                                     fd_exec_txn_ctx_t * txn_ctx ) {
   txn_ctx->slot_ctx = slot_ctx;
   txn_ctx->epoch_ctx = slot_ctx->epoch_ctx;
-  txn_ctx->valloc = slot_ctx->valloc;
   txn_ctx->funk_txn = NULL;
   txn_ctx->acc_mgr = slot_ctx->acc_mgr;
 }
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.h b/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.h
index 975bdff80f..dc6a2e3b44 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.h
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/context/fd_exec_txn_ctx.h
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ struct __attribute__((aligned(8UL))) fd_exec_txn_ctx {
 
   fd_funk_txn_t *       funk_txn;
   fd_acc_mgr_t *        acc_mgr;
-  fd_valloc_t           valloc;                                      /* Workspace-backed valloc TODO: migrate to spad */
   fd_spad_t *           spad;                                        /* Sized out to handle the worst case footprint of single transaction execution. */
 
   ulong                 paid_fees;
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.c
index 87932828e6..da140977b1 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.c
@@ -1454,45 +1454,6 @@ fd_execute_txn_prepare_phase3( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t * slot_ctx,
   return 0;
 }
 
-/* Stuff to be done after multithreading ends */
-int
-fd_execute_txn_finalize( fd_exec_txn_ctx_t * txn_ctx,
-                         int exec_txn_err ) {
-  if( exec_txn_err != 0 ) {
-    for( ulong i = 0; i < txn_ctx->accounts_cnt; i++ ) {
-      fd_borrowed_account_t * acc_rec = &txn_ctx->borrowed_accounts[i];
-      void * acc_rec_data = fd_borrowed_account_destroy( acc_rec );
-      if( acc_rec_data != NULL ) {
-        fd_valloc_free( txn_ctx->valloc, acc_rec_data );
-      }
-    }
-
-    // fd_funk_txn_cancel( slot_ctx->acc_mgr->funk, txn_ctx->funk_txn, 0 );
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  for( ulong i = 0; i < txn_ctx->accounts_cnt; i++ ) {
-    if( !fd_txn_account_is_writable_idx( txn_ctx, (int)i ) ) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    fd_borrowed_account_t * acc_rec = &txn_ctx->borrowed_accounts[i];
-
-    int ret = fd_acc_mgr_save_non_tpool( txn_ctx->acc_mgr, txn_ctx->funk_txn, acc_rec );
-    if( ret != FD_ACC_MGR_SUCCESS ) {
-      FD_LOG_ERR(( "failed to save edits to accounts" ));
-      return -1;
-    }
-
-    void * borrow_account_data = fd_borrowed_account_destroy( acc_rec );
-    if( borrow_account_data != NULL ) {
-      fd_valloc_free( txn_ctx->valloc, borrow_account_data );
-    }
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
 /* Creates a TxnContext Protobuf message from a provided txn_ctx.
    - The transaction is assumed to have just finished phase 1 of preparation
    - Caller of this function should have a scratch frame ready
@@ -1828,10 +1789,8 @@ fd_dump_txn_to_protobuf( fd_exec_txn_ctx_t *txn_ctx, fd_spad_t * spad ) {
     fd_base58_encode_64( signature, &out_size, encoded_signature );
 
     if( txn_ctx->capture_ctx->dump_proto_sig_filter ) {
-      ulong filter_strlen = (ulong) strlen(txn_ctx->capture_ctx->dump_proto_sig_filter);
-
       // Terminate early if the signature does not match
-      if( memcmp( txn_ctx->capture_ctx->dump_proto_sig_filter, encoded_signature, filter_strlen < out_size ? filter_strlen : out_size ) ) {
+      if( strcmp( txn_ctx->capture_ctx->dump_proto_sig_filter, encoded_signature ) ) {
         return;
       }
     }
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.h b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.h
index 0e594708a4..6db4c38bf7 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.h
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_executor.h
@@ -91,10 +91,6 @@ fd_execute_txn_prepare_phase3( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *  slot_ctx,
                                fd_exec_txn_ctx_t * txn_ctx,
                                fd_txn_p_t * txn );
 
-int
-fd_execute_txn_finalize( fd_exec_txn_ctx_t * txn_ctx,
-                         int exec_txn_err );
-
 /*
   Execute the given transaction.
 
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.c
index 7309622946..1e64f3baeb 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.c
@@ -1125,8 +1125,6 @@ fd_runtime_prepare_execute_finalize_txn( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *         slot_ctx,
     return -1;
   }
 
-  txn_ctx->valloc = fd_scratch_virtual();
-
   /* NOTE: This intentionally does not have sigverify */
 
   fd_runtime_pre_execute_check( task_info );
@@ -1452,7 +1450,7 @@ fd_runtime_finalize_txn( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *         slot_ctx,
           fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode_vsv =
             { .data    = acc_rec->const_data,
               .dataend = acc_rec->const_data + acc_rec->const_meta->dlen,
-              .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ) };
+              .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ) };
 
           int err = fd_vote_state_versioned_decode( vsv, &decode_vsv );
           if( err ) break; /* out of scratch scope */
@@ -1472,7 +1470,7 @@ fd_runtime_finalize_txn( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *         slot_ctx,
             __builtin_unreachable();
           }
 
-          fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad );
+          fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad );
           fd_vote_record_timestamp_vote_with_slot( slot_ctx, acc_rec->pubkey, ts->timestamp, ts->slot, valloc );
         } FD_SPAD_FRAME_END;
         fd_funk_end_write( slot_ctx->acc_mgr->funk );
@@ -1844,7 +1842,7 @@ fd_runtime_finalize_txns_tpool( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *         slot_ctx,
               fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode_vsv =
                 { .data    = acc_rec->const_data,
                   .dataend = acc_rec->const_data + acc_rec->const_meta->dlen,
-                  .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ) };
+                  .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ) };
 
               int err = fd_vote_state_versioned_decode( vsv, &decode_vsv );
               if( err ) break; /* out of scratch scope */
@@ -1864,7 +1862,7 @@ fd_runtime_finalize_txns_tpool( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *         slot_ctx,
                 __builtin_unreachable();
               }
 
-              fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad );
+              fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad );
               fd_vote_record_timestamp_vote_with_slot( slot_ctx, acc_rec->pubkey, ts->timestamp, ts->slot, valloc );
             } FD_SPAD_FRAME_END;
           }
@@ -2136,7 +2134,6 @@ fd_runtime_execute_txns_in_waves_tpool( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t * slot_ctx,
         // Dump txns in waves
         if( dump_txn ) {
           for( ulong i = 0; i < wave_task_infos_cnt; ++i ) {
-            // TODO this dumper still relies on scratch, move to spad?
             /* Manual push/pop on the spad within the callee. */
             fd_dump_txn_to_protobuf( wave_task_infos[i].txn_ctx, spads[0] );
           }
@@ -2977,10 +2974,12 @@ fd_runtime_txn_lamports_per_signature( fd_exec_txn_ctx_t * txn_ctx,
   // why is asan not detecting access to uninitialized memory here?!
   fd_nonce_state_versions_t state;
   int err;
-  if ((NULL != txn_descriptor) && fd_load_nonce_account(txn_ctx, &state, txn_ctx->valloc, &err)) {
+  FD_SPAD_FRAME_BEGIN( txn_ctx->spad ) {
+  if ((NULL != txn_descriptor) && fd_load_nonce_account(txn_ctx, &state, fd_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ), &err)) {
     if (state.inner.current.discriminant == fd_nonce_state_enum_initialized)
       return state.inner.current.inner.initialized.fee_calculator.lamports_per_signature;
   }
+  } FD_SPAD_FRAME_END;
 
   //   lamports_per_signature = (transaction has a DurableNonce, use the lamports_per_signature from that nonce instead of looking up the recent_block_hash and using the lamports_per_signature associated with that hash
   //                        let TransactionExecutionDetails {
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.h b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.h
index 47e59ab49d..1156bc5a24 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.h
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime.h
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include "../fd_flamenco_base.h"
 #include "fd_runtime_err.h"
 #include "fd_runtime_init.h"
-#include "fd_runtime_spad.h"
 #include "fd_rocksdb.h"
 #include "fd_acc_mgr.h"
 #include "../features/fd_features.h"
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ fd_runtime_spad_private_frame_end( fd_runtime_spad_verify_handle_private_t * _sp
      then we invoke verify to check things. */
   /* -1UL because spad pop is called after instr stack pop. */
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( _spad_handle->txn_ctx->instr_stack_sz>=FD_MAX_INSTRUCTION_STACK_DEPTH-1UL && fd_spad_verify( _spad_handle->txn_ctx->spad ) ) ) {
-    uchar * txn_signature = (uchar*)_spad_handle->txn_ctx->_txn_raw->raw + _spad_handle->txn_ctx->txn_descriptor->signature_off;
+    uchar const * txn_signature = (uchar const *)fd_txn_get_signatures( _spad_handle->txn_ctx->txn_descriptor, _spad_handle->txn_ctx->_txn_raw->raw );
     FD_BASE58_ENCODE_64_BYTES( txn_signature, sig );
     FD_LOG_ERR(( "spad corrupted or overflown on transaction %s", sig ));
   }
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime_spad.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime_spad.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c8cdef419..0000000000
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime_spad.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#include "fd_runtime_spad.h"
-
-/* fd_valloc virtual function table for the runtime spad */
-void *
-fd_runtime_spad_valloc_malloc( void * _self,
-                               ulong  align,
-                               ulong  sz ) {
-  fd_spad_t * spad = _self;
-  void * rv = fd_spad_alloc( spad, align, sz );
-  if( FD_UNLIKELY( fd_spad_mem_used( spad )>fd_spad_mem_max( spad ) ) ) {
-    FD_LOG_ERR(( "spad overflow mem_used=%lu mem_max=%lu", fd_spad_mem_used( spad ), fd_spad_mem_max( spad ) ));
-  }
-  return rv;
-}
-
-void
-fd_runtime_spad_valloc_free( void * _self,
-                             void * _addr ) {
-  (void)_self; (void)_addr;
-}
-
-const fd_valloc_vtable_t
-fd_runtime_spad_vtable = {
-  .malloc = fd_runtime_spad_valloc_malloc,
-  .free   = fd_runtime_spad_valloc_free
-};
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime_spad.h b/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime_spad.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6fea6854ed..0000000000
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/fd_runtime_spad.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef HEADER_fd_src_flamenco_runtime_fd_runtime_spad_h
-#define HEADER_fd_src_flamenco_runtime_fd_runtime_spad_h
-
-#include "../../util/log/fd_log.h"
-#include "../../util/spad/fd_spad.h"
-#include "../../util/valloc/fd_valloc.h"
-
-FD_PROTOTYPES_BEGIN
-
-/* fd_valloc virtual function table for the runtime spad */
-extern const fd_valloc_vtable_t fd_runtime_spad_vtable;
-
-/* Returns an fd_valloc handle to the fd_spad join.
-   Valid for lifetime of the current spad frame. Handle invalid if spad
-   frame changes or spad detaches. */
-FD_FN_PURE static inline fd_valloc_t
-fd_runtime_spad_virtual( fd_spad_t * spad ) {
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = { spad, &fd_runtime_spad_vtable };
-  return valloc;
-}
-
-FD_PROTOTYPES_END
-
-#endif /* HEADER_fd_src_flamenco_runtime_fd_runtime_spad_h */
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_program.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_program.c
index 6c4869a7f7..4963c137c1 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_program.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_program.c
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fd_bpf_loader_v3_is_executable( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *        slot_ctx,
   fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t ctx = {
     .data    = (uchar *)meta     + meta->hlen,
     .dataend = (char *) ctx.data + meta->dlen,
-    .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ),
+    .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ),
   };
 
   fd_bpf_upgradeable_loader_state_t loader_state = {0};
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ read_bpf_upgradeable_loader_state_for_program( fd_exec_txn_ctx_t *
   fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t ctx = {
     .data    = rec->const_data,
     .dataend = rec->const_data + rec->const_meta->dlen,
-    .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ),
+    .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( txn_ctx->spad ),
   };
 
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( fd_bpf_upgradeable_loader_state_decode( result, &ctx ) ) ) {
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ fd_bpf_loader_v3_program_get_state( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *         instr_ct
     fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t ctx = {
       .data    = borrowed_acc->const_data,
       .dataend = borrowed_acc->const_data + borrowed_acc->const_meta->dlen,
-      .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ),
+      .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ),
     };
 
     int err = fd_bpf_upgradeable_loader_state_decode( state, &ctx );
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ fd_bpf_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx, fd_sbpf_validated_program_t * p
     return FD_EXECUTOR_INSTR_ERR_PROGRAM_ENVIRONMENT_SETUP_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
 #ifdef FD_DEBUG_SBPF_TRACES
   uchar * signature = (uchar*)vm->instr_ctx->txn_ctx->_txn_raw->raw + vm->instr_ctx->txn_ctx->txn_descriptor->signature_off;
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ fd_bpf_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx, fd_sbpf_validated_program_t * p
 static int
 process_loader_upgradeable_instruction( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx ) {
   uchar const * data = instr_ctx->instr->data;
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   fd_bpf_upgradeable_loader_program_instruction_t instruction = {0};
   fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode_ctx = {0};
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ process_loader_upgradeable_instruction( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx ) {
 
       const uchar * buffer_data = buffer->const_data + buffer_data_offset;
 
-      err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, buffer_data, buffer_data_len, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
+      err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, buffer_data, buffer_data_len, fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
       if( FD_UNLIKELY( err ) ) {
         FD_LOG_WARNING(( "Failed to deploy program" )); // custom log
         return err;
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ process_loader_upgradeable_instruction( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx ) {
       }
 
       const uchar * buffer_data = buffer->const_data + buffer_data_offset;
-      err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, buffer_data, buffer_data_len, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
+      err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, buffer_data, buffer_data_len, fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
       if( FD_UNLIKELY( err ) ) {
         FD_LOG_WARNING(( "Failed to deploy program" ));
         return err;
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ process_loader_upgradeable_instruction( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx ) {
       uchar * programdata_data = programdata_account->data + PROGRAMDATA_METADATA_SIZE;
       ulong   programdata_size = new_len                   - PROGRAMDATA_METADATA_SIZE;
 
-      err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, programdata_data, programdata_size, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
+      err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, programdata_data, programdata_size, fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
       if( FD_UNLIKELY( err ) ) {
         FD_LOG_WARNING(( "Failed to deploy program" ));
         return err;
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.c
index d050d46365..33b31fc4e7 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "fd_bpf_loader_serialization.h"
 #include "../fd_account.h"
+#include "../fd_runtime.h"
 
 /* As a general note, copy_account_data implies that direct mapping is not being
    used/is inactive. This file is responsible for serializing and deserializing
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.h b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.h
index a92c705295..9d16210178 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.h
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_bpf_loader_serialization.h
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 #include "../../fd_flamenco_base.h"
 #include "../../vm/fd_vm.h"
-#include "../fd_runtime.h"
 
 #define FD_NON_DUP_MARKER           (0xFF   )
 
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_compute_budget_program.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_compute_budget_program.c
index cbdaeb9f49..89879247e5 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_compute_budget_program.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_compute_budget_program.c
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fd_executor_compute_budget_program_execute_instructions( fd_exec_txn_ctx_t * ctx
     fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode_ctx = {
       .data    = data,
       .dataend = &data[ instr->data_sz ],
-      .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->spad ),
+      .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->spad ),
     };
 
     int ret = fd_compute_budget_program_instruction_decode( &instruction, &decode_ctx );
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_loader_v4_program.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_loader_v4_program.c
index d9398adff2..c34b2dd3d6 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_loader_v4_program.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_loader_v4_program.c
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ fd_loader_v4_program_instruction_deploy( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx ) {
        end of the slot. Since programs cannot be invoked until the next slot anyways, doing this is okay.
 
        https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/09ef71223b24e30e59eaeaf5eb95e85f222c7de1/programs/loader-v4/src/lib.rs#L262-L269 */
-    err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, programdata, buffer->const_meta->dlen - LOADER_V4_PROGRAM_DATA_OFFSET, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
+    err = fd_deploy_program( instr_ctx, programdata, buffer->const_meta->dlen - LOADER_V4_PROGRAM_DATA_OFFSET, fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
     if( FD_UNLIKELY( err ) ) {
       return FD_EXECUTOR_INSTR_ERR_INVALID_ACC_DATA;
     }
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ fd_loader_v4_program_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * instr_ctx ) {
       fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode_ctx = {
         .data    = data,
         .dataend = &data[ instr_ctx->instr->data_sz > 1232UL ? 1232UL : instr_ctx->instr->data_sz ],
-        .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ),
+        .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( instr_ctx->txn_ctx->spad ),
       };
 
       if( FD_UNLIKELY( fd_loader_v4_program_instruction_decode( &instruction, &decode_ctx ) ) ) {
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_stake_program.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_stake_program.c
index d1164ba80e..a336f4480e 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_stake_program.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_stake_program.c
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ initialize( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L224
   fd_stake_state_v2_t stake_state = {0};
   do {
-    int rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
+    int rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
     if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
   } while(0);
 
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ authorize( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
   int                 rc;
   fd_stake_state_v2_t stake_state = {0};
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L251
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
   switch( stake_state.discriminant ) {
   /* FIXME check if the compiler can optimize away branching (given the layout of `meta` in both
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ delegate( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
           fd_pubkey_t const *           signers[static FD_TXN_SIG_MAX] ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   fd_pubkey_t const * vote_pubkey;
   fd_vote_state_versioned_t vote_state = {0};
@@ -1365,7 +1365,7 @@ delegate( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L330
   FD_BORROWED_ACCOUNT_TRY_BORROW_IDX( ctx, stake_account_index, stake_account ) {
   
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L332
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ deactivate( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
   int rc;
 
   fd_stake_state_v2_t state = {0};
-  rc                        = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &state );
+  rc                        = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L370
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ set_lockup( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L385
   fd_stake_state_v2_t state = {0};
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   switch( state.discriminant ) {
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ split( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const * ctx,
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L415
   fd_stake_state_v2_t split_get_state = {0};
-  rc = get_state( split, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &split_get_state );
+  rc = get_state( split, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &split_get_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( split_get_state.discriminant!=fd_stake_state_v2_enum_uninitialized ) ) {
     return FD_EXECUTOR_INSTR_ERR_INVALID_ACC_DATA;
@@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ split( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const * ctx,
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( lamports>stake_account->const_meta->info.lamports ) )
     return FD_EXECUTOR_INSTR_ERR_INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS;
     
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   } FD_BORROWED_ACCOUNT_DROP( stake_account );
@@ -1774,7 +1774,7 @@ merge( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t *         ctx, // not const to log
   FD_BORROWED_ACCOUNT_TRY_BORROW_IDX( ctx, stake_account_index, stake_account  ) {
 
   fd_stake_state_v2_t stake_account_state = {0};
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_account_state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_account_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   merge_kind_t stake_merge_kind = {0};
@@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@ merge( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t *         ctx, // not const to log
     return rc;
 
   fd_stake_state_v2_t source_account_state = {0};
-  rc = get_state( source_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &source_account_state );
+  rc = get_state( source_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &source_account_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   merge_kind_t source_merge_kind = {0};
@@ -1897,7 +1897,7 @@ move_stake_or_lamports_shared_checks( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t *   invoke_context, //
 
     // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/cdff19c7807b006dd63429114fb1d9573bf74172/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L182
     fd_stake_state_v2_t source_account_state = {0};
-    rc = get_state( source_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( invoke_context->txn_ctx->spad ), &source_account_state );
+    rc = get_state( source_account, fd_spad_virtual( invoke_context->txn_ctx->spad ), &source_account_state );
     if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
     rc = get_if_mergeable( invoke_context,
@@ -1915,7 +1915,7 @@ move_stake_or_lamports_shared_checks( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t *   invoke_context, //
 
     // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/cdff19c7807b006dd63429114fb1d9573bf74172/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L197
     fd_stake_state_v2_t destination_account_state = {0};
-    rc = get_state( destination_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( invoke_context->txn_ctx->spad ), &destination_account_state );
+    rc = get_state( destination_account, fd_spad_virtual( invoke_context->txn_ctx->spad ), &destination_account_state );
     if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
     rc = get_if_mergeable( invoke_context,
@@ -2182,7 +2182,7 @@ withdraw( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx,
   
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L821
   fd_stake_state_v2_t stake_state = {0};
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
 
   fd_stake_lockup_t lockup;
@@ -2323,7 +2323,7 @@ deactivate_delinquent( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t *   ctx,
                        uint *                  custom_err ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L911
   fd_pubkey_t const * delinquent_vote_account_pubkey =
@@ -2364,7 +2364,7 @@ deactivate_delinquent( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t *   ctx,
   }
 
   fd_stake_state_v2_t stake_state = {0};
-  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
+  rc = get_state( stake_account, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ), &stake_state );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( rc ) ) return rc;
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_state.rs#L937
   if( FD_LIKELY( stake_state.discriminant==fd_stake_state_v2_enum_stake ) ) {
@@ -2465,7 +2465,7 @@ fd_stake_program_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * ctx ) {
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/c8685ce0e1bb9b26014f1024de2cd2b8c308cbde/programs/stake/src/stake_instruction.rs#L79
   fd_spad_t * spad = ctx->txn_ctx->spad;
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( spad );
   fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode =
     { .valloc  = valloc,
       .data    = ctx->instr->data,
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_system_program.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_system_program.c
index 0054c81527..fd7c380747 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_system_program.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_system_program.c
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ fd_system_program_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * ctx ) {
   fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode =
     { .data    = data,
       .dataend = data + ctx->instr->data_sz,
-      .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) };
+      .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) };
   /* Fail if the number of bytes consumed by deserialize exceeds 1232 */
   if( fd_system_program_instruction_decode( &instruction, &decode ) ||
       (ulong)data + 1232UL < (ulong)decode.data )
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ fd_system_program_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * ctx ) {
   }
   }
 
-  fd_bincode_destroy_ctx_t destroy = { .valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) };
+  fd_bincode_destroy_ctx_t destroy = { .valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) };
   fd_system_program_instruction_destroy( &instruction, &destroy );
   return result;
 }
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_vote_program.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_vote_program.c
index e81ae66bec..f5a496700a 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_vote_program.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/program/fd_vote_program.c
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ set_vote_account_state( ulong                       vote_acct_idx,
       // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L184
       fd_vote_state_versioned_t v1_14_11;
       fd_vote_state_versioned_new_disc( &v1_14_11, fd_vote_state_versioned_enum_v1_14_11 );
-      from_vote_state_1_14_11( vote_state, &v1_14_11.inner.v1_14_11, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
+      from_vote_state_1_14_11( vote_state, &v1_14_11.inner.v1_14_11, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
       return set_state( vote_acct_idx, vote_account, &v1_14_11, ctx );
     }
 
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ set_vote_account_state( ulong                       vote_acct_idx,
     fd_vote_state_versioned_t v1_14_11;
     fd_vote_state_versioned_new_disc( &v1_14_11, fd_vote_state_versioned_enum_v1_14_11 );
 
-    from_vote_state_1_14_11( vote_state, &v1_14_11.inner.v1_14_11, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
+    from_vote_state_1_14_11( vote_state, &v1_14_11.inner.v1_14_11, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) );
     return set_state( vote_acct_idx, vote_account, &v1_14_11, ctx );
   }
 }
@@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ authorize( ulong                         vote_acct_idx,
            fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx /* feature_set */ ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L857
   fd_vote_state_versioned_t vote_state_versioned;
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ update_validator_identity( ulong                       vote_acct_idx,
                            fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const * ctx /* feature_set */ ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L900
   fd_vote_state_versioned_t vote_state_versioned;
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ update_commission( ulong                       vote_acct_idx,
                    fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const * ctx /* feature_set */ ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L925
   fd_vote_state_versioned_t vote_state_versioned;
   fd_vote_state_t * vote_state = NULL;
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ withdraw(
 ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L1010
   fd_vote_state_versioned_t vote_state_versioned;
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ initialize_account( ulong                         vote_acct_idx,
                     fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const *   ctx /* feature_set */ ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L1067
   ulong data_len = vote_account->const_meta->dlen;
@@ -1820,7 +1820,7 @@ verify_and_get_vote_state( fd_borrowed_account_t *       vote_account,
   int                       rc;
   fd_vote_state_versioned_t versioned;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L1091
   rc = get_state( vote_account, valloc, &versioned );
@@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ do_process_vote_state_update( fd_vote_state_t *           vote_state,
                               fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const * ctx /* feature_set */ ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L1164
   rc = check_and_filter_proposed_vote_state(
@@ -2029,7 +2029,7 @@ do_process_tower_sync( fd_vote_state_t *           vote_state,
   // https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/blob/v2.0.1/programs/vote/src/vote_state/mod.rs#L1221
   err = process_new_vote_state(
       vote_state,
-      landed_votes_from_lockouts( tower_sync->lockouts, fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) ),
+      landed_votes_from_lockouts( tower_sync->lockouts, fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad ) ),
       tower_sync->has_root,
       tower_sync->root,
       tower_sync->has_timestamp,
@@ -2110,7 +2110,7 @@ fd_vote_decode_compact_update( fd_compact_vote_state_update_t * compact_update,
     vote_update->root     = ULONG_MAX;
   }
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   ulong lockouts_len = compact_update->lockouts_len;
   ulong lockouts_max = fd_ulong_max( lockouts_len, MAX_LOCKOUT_HISTORY );
@@ -2187,7 +2187,7 @@ fd_vote_acc_credits( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t const * ctx,
                      ulong *                     result ) {
   int rc;
 
-  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad );
 
   fd_sol_sysvar_clock_t const * clock = fd_sysvar_cache_clock( ctx->slot_ctx->sysvar_cache );
   if( FD_UNLIKELY( !clock ) ) return FD_EXECUTOR_INSTR_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_SYSVAR;
@@ -2404,7 +2404,7 @@ fd_vote_program_execute( fd_exec_instr_ctx_t * ctx ) {
   fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode = {
       .data    = ctx->instr->data,
       .dataend = ctx->instr->data + ctx->instr->data_sz,
-      .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad )
+      .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( ctx->txn_ctx->spad )
   };
   int decode_result = fd_vote_instruction_decode( &instruction, &decode );
   if( decode_result != FD_BINCODE_SUCCESS ||
@@ -2884,10 +2884,10 @@ upsert_vote_account( fd_exec_slot_ctx_t *    slot_ctx,
     fd_bincode_decode_ctx_t decode = {
       .data    = vote_account->const_data,
       .dataend = vote_account->const_data + vote_account->const_meta->dlen,
-      .valloc  = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( spad ),
+      .valloc  = fd_spad_virtual( spad ),
     };
     fd_bincode_destroy_ctx_t destroy = {
-      .valloc = fd_runtime_spad_virtual( spad ),
+      .valloc = fd_spad_virtual( spad ),
     };
     fd_vote_state_versioned_t vote_state[1] = {0};
     if( FD_UNLIKELY( 0!=fd_vote_state_versioned_decode( vote_state, &decode ) ) ) {
diff --git a/src/flamenco/runtime/tests/fd_exec_sol_compat.c b/src/flamenco/runtime/tests/fd_exec_sol_compat.c
index 9f11dae656..db3fa51cf5 100644
--- a/src/flamenco/runtime/tests/fd_exec_sol_compat.c
+++ b/src/flamenco/runtime/tests/fd_exec_sol_compat.c
@@ -65,11 +65,6 @@ sol_compat_wksp_init( void ) {
   wksp = fd_wksp_new_anonymous( FD_SHMEM_NORMAL_PAGE_SZ, 65536UL * 8UL, fd_shmem_cpu_idx( fd_shmem_numa_idx( cpu_idx ) ), "wksp", 0UL );
   assert( wksp );
 
-  // FD_LOG_WARNING(( "footprint min %lu max %lu default %lu fuzz %lu",
-  //                   FD_RUNTIME_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION_FOOTPRINT(64UL,1),
-  //                   FD_RUNTIME_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION_FOOTPRINT(MAX_TX_ACCOUNT_LOCKS,0),
-  //                   FD_RUNTIME_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION_FOOTPRINT_DEFAULT,
-  //                   FD_RUNTIME_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION_FOOTPRINT_FUZZ ));
   spad_mem = fd_wksp_alloc_laddr( wksp, FD_SPAD_ALIGN, FD_RUNTIME_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION_FOOTPRINT_FUZZ, 3 ); /* 1342191744 B */
   assert( spad_mem );
 
diff --git a/src/util/spad/fd_spad.c b/src/util/spad/fd_spad.c
index d681c57041..665c801a51 100644
--- a/src/util/spad/fd_spad.c
+++ b/src/util/spad/fd_spad.c
@@ -110,3 +110,28 @@ fd_spad_publish_debug( fd_spad_t * spad,
      tracking that state */
   fd_spad_publish( spad, sz );
 }
+
+/* fd_valloc virtual function table for spad */
+void *
+fd_spad_valloc_malloc( void * _self,
+                               ulong  align,
+                               ulong  sz ) {
+  fd_spad_t * spad = _self;
+  void * rv = fd_spad_alloc( spad, align, sz );
+  if( FD_UNLIKELY( fd_spad_mem_used( spad )>fd_spad_mem_max( spad ) ) ) {
+    FD_LOG_ERR(( "spad overflow mem_used=%lu mem_max=%lu", fd_spad_mem_used( spad ), fd_spad_mem_max( spad ) ));
+  }
+  return rv;
+}
+
+void
+fd_spad_valloc_free( void * _self,
+                             void * _addr ) {
+  (void)_self; (void)_addr;
+}
+
+const fd_valloc_vtable_t
+fd_spad_vtable = {
+  .malloc = fd_spad_valloc_malloc,
+  .free   = fd_spad_valloc_free
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/util/spad/fd_spad.h b/src/util/spad/fd_spad.h
index 8ae9152764..6c63ee6574 100644
--- a/src/util/spad/fd_spad.h
+++ b/src/util/spad/fd_spad.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
    sanitization. */
 
 #include "../bits/fd_bits.h"
+#include "../valloc/fd_valloc.h" // For valloc wrapper interface
 
 /* FD_SPAD_{ALIGN,FOOTPRINT} give the alignment and footprint of a
    fd_spad_t.  ALIGN is an integer power of 2.  FOOTPRINT is a multiple
@@ -530,6 +531,18 @@ fd_spad_private_frame_end_debug( fd_spad_t ** _spad ) {
 
 #define FD_SPAD_FRAME_END_DEBUG while(0); } while(0)
 
+/* fd_valloc virtual function table for spad */
+extern const fd_valloc_vtable_t fd_spad_vtable;
+
+/* Returns an fd_valloc handle to the fd_spad join.
+   Valid for lifetime of the current spad frame. Handle invalid if spad
+   frame changes or spad detaches. */
+FD_FN_PURE static inline fd_valloc_t
+fd_spad_virtual( fd_spad_t * spad ) {
+  fd_valloc_t valloc = { spad, &fd_spad_vtable };
+  return valloc;
+}
+
 FD_PROTOTYPES_END
 
 #endif /* HEADER_fd_src_util_spad_fd_spad_h */