diff --git a/build/doctrees/contents.doctree b/build/doctrees/contents.doctree deleted file mode 100644 index 446a868..0000000 Binary files a/build/doctrees/contents.doctree and /dev/null differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/environment.pickle b/build/doctrees/environment.pickle index 6c4cc1a..43a273c 100644 Binary files a/build/doctrees/environment.pickle and b/build/doctrees/environment.pickle differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb index 7efac18..3ddcacf 100644 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb +++ b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb @@ -128,419 +128,6 @@ "With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 86b042c..0000000 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,683 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Variables and types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Symbol names \n", - "\n", - "Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9` and some special characters such as `_`. Normal variable names must start with a letter. \n", - "\n", - "By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note:** Reserved keywords\n", - "\n", - "There are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:\n", - "\n", - " and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, \n", - " exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or, \n", - " pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield\n", - "\n", - "Note: Be aware of the keyword `lambda`, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name.\n", - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Variable Assignment" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The assignment operator in Python is `=`. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.\n", - "\n", - "Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# variable assignments\n", - "x = 1.0\n", - "my_favorite_variable = 12.2\n", - "x" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "float" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "x = 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an `NameError`:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "NameError", - "evalue": "name 'y' is not defined", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'y' is not defined" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Number types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the *type()* command. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Integers\n", - "\n", - "Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer. \n", - "In Python 2 there has been a maximum integer possible, which does not exist in Python 3 anymore." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.227107+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.221564" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# integer number\n", - "x = 1 \n", - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Floating Point\n", - "\n", - "Floating point values are values with a decimal point. Also here a maximum float is non existant in Python 3." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.403435+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.398662" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "# float variable\n", - "x= 3.141 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Complex Numbers" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.106323+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.100896" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "complex" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=2+4j\n", - "type(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex numbers have built in *accessors*. These accessors give for example access to the *real* and *imaginary* part of the complex number. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "2.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "r=c.real\n", - "print(r)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "i=c.imag\n", - "print(i)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as *cmath* or *numpy*." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=(2+4j).conjugate()\n", - "print(c.imag)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Type casting" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.5 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = 1.5\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = int(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(1+0j) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "z = complex(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(z, type(z))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "TypeError", - "evalue": "can't convert complex to float", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = float(z)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use `z.real` or `z.imag` to extract the part of the complex number we want:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0 -> True \n", - "0.0 -> False \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "y = bool(z.real)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n", - "\n", - "y = bool(z.imag)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_variables.pdf b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_variables.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index a4a2b5f..0000000 Binary files a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/1_variables.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 6ee7874..0000000 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,454 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Operators and comparisons" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:\n", - "\n", - "* Arithmetic operators `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (integer division), '**' power\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3, -1, 2, 1.0)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 2 / 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Integer division of float numbers\n", - "3.0 // 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "8" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Note! The power operators in python isn't ^, but **\n", - "2 ** 3" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note:** Division\n", - " \n", - "The `/` operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x. \n", - "This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of `/` is always an integer \n", - "if the operands are integers. To be more specific, `1/2 = 0.5` (`float`) in \n", - "Python 3.x, and `1/2 = 0` (`int`) in Python 2.x (but `1.0/2 = 0.5` in Python 2.x).\n", - "\n", - "
" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The boolean operators are spelled out as the words `and`, `not`, `or`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True and False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "not False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True or False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Comparison operators `>`, `<`, `>=` (greater or equal), `<=` (less or equal), `==` equality, `is` identical." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 1, 2 < 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(False, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 2, 2 < 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, True)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 >= 2, 2 <= 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# equality\n", - "[1,2] == [1,2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# objects identical?\n", - "l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n", - "\n", - "l1 is l2" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/2_operators.pdf b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/2_operators.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index 12f44e1..0000000 Binary files a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/2_operators.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index aaa0859..0000000 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1322 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Data Types in Python" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It's time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the number types mentioned previously, there are also other types like **strings**, **lists**, **tuples** and **dictionaries**. \n", - "\n", - "Each of these data types has a number of connected `methods` (functions) which allow to manipulate the data contained in a variable. If you want to know which methods are available for a certain object use the command `dir`, e.g.\n", - "\n", - "~~~\n", - "s=\"string\"\n", - "dir(s)\n", - "~~~\n", - "\n", - "The following few cells will give you a short introduction into each type. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Strings\n", - "\n", - "**Strings** are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are useful for printing results on the screen, during reading and writing of data." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.381263Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.378101Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'Hello'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "s='Hello' # string variable\n", - "s" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.904816Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.901345Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "t=\"world!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "String can be concatenated using the *+* operator. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.519251Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.515677Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "c=s+' '+t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.568540Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.564378Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hello world!\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.033095Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.027938Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'e'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Strings can also be made out of numbers." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.113138Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.108211Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'975321'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "\"975\"+\"321\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the `str.isnumeric` method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type *int* by typing:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(\"975\"+\"321\").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.898131Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.893171Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "975321" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "int(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'World!'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.capitalize()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Lists\n", - "\n", - "**Lists** have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.538250Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.535066Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.850960Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.847769Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b = [5., \"girl\", 2+0j, \"horse\", 21]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at *0* for the first element (left). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note** Indices in Python\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "The first element of a list or array is accessed by the index 0. If the array has N elements, the last entries index is N-1.\n", - "\n", - "
" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(5.0, 'girl')" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[0],b[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. *b[-1]* denotes the last element in the list and *b[-2]*, the element before the last." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.177759Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.171973Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "21" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.352948Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.347674Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'horse'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The length of a list can be obtained by the `len` command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.966883Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.961951Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "len(b)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of *iterator*. This is called *list comprehension*. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.820782Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.815249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['girl', 'horse']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "[element for element in b if type(element)==str]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.751146Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.748188Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b[-2]='cat'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.659098Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.653898Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists can be concatanated by the *+* operator" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.665264Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.659673Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=a+b\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A very useful feature for lists in python is the **slicing** of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.299713Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.294538Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 8]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:7]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.682027Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.676726Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 5, 13]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:9:2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[21, 'cat', (2+0j), 'girl', 5.0, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c.reverse()\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.255450Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.252567Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a=[]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.102141+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.098571" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['h']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A list of numbers can be easily created by the `range()` command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.291820Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.286904Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(10)) " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.337418Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.332474Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(3,10))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.450010Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.444737Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[3, 5, 7, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(3,10,2))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.038302+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.032999" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 42, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.425036Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.421709Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.330192Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.325086Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[8, 5]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.460686Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.455419Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1][1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Tuples\n", - "\n", - "**Tuples** are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(10, 20) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "point = (10, 20)\n", - "\n", - "print(point, type(point))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 47, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "x = 10\n", - "y = 20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x, y = point\n", - "\n", - "print(\"x =\", x)\n", - "print(\"y =\", y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.711516+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.705826" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Dictionaries\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "**Dictionaries** are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 48, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.208828Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.205914Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "room = {\"Ralf\":422, \"Frank\":322, \"Dekan\":550}" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.431570Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.428226Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "322" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room['Frank']" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 51, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.396475Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.392435Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 51, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.keys()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.030931Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.027249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_values([422, 322, 550])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.values()" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 76b88eb..0000000 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,455 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - }, - "toc-hr-collapsed": false - }, - "source": [ - "# Modules and namespaces" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - }, - "toc-hr-collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "## Modules" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most of the functionality in Python is provided by *modules*. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides *cross-platform* implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, math, web-scraping, text manipulation, machine learning and much more." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the `import` statement. For example, to import the module `math`, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module so that we don't need to use the prefix \"`math.`\" every time we use something from the `math` module:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import *\n", - "\n", - "x = cos(2 * pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the `import math` pattern. This would eliminate potentially confusing problems." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Namespaces" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A namespace is an identifier used to organize objects, e.g. the methods and variables of a module. The prefix `math.` we have used in the previous section is such a namespace. You may also create your own namespace for a module." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.4142135623730951\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math as m\n", - "\n", - "x = m.sqrt(2)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "You may also only import specific functions of a module." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "11.548739357257746" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import sinh as mysinh\n", - "from math import pi as mypi\n", - "\n", - "mysinh(mypi)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Contents of a module" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the `dir` function:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "print(dir(math))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "And using the function `help` we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Help on built-in function log in module math:\n", - "\n", - "log(...)\n", - " log(x, [base=math.e])\n", - " Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n", - " \n", - " If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "help(math.log) " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "2.302585092994046" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(8, 2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "We can also use the `help` function directly on modules: Try\n", - "\n", - " help(math) \n", - "\n", - "Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are `os`, `sys`, `math`, `shutil`, `re`, `subprocess`, `multiprocessing`, `threading`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ ." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/4_modules.pdf b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/4_modules.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index b77369e..0000000 Binary files a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/4_modules.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index ae90107..0000000 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2667 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Variables and types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Symbol names \n", - "\n", - "Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9` and some special characters such as `_`. Normal variable names must start with a letter. \n", - "\n", - "By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "In addition, there are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:\n", - "\n", - " and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, \n", - " exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or,\n", - " pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield\n", - "\n", - "Note: Be aware of the keyword `lambda`, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Variable Assignment" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "The assignment operator in Python is `=`. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.\n", - "\n", - "Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "execution": { - "iopub.execute_input": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.455Z", - "iopub.status.busy": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.433Z", - "iopub.status.idle": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.505Z", - "shell.execute_reply": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.524Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# variable assignments\n", - "x = 1.0>Y\n", - "my_favorite_variable = 12.2\n", - "\n", - "x" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 120, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "float" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 120, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 121, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "x = 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 123, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 123, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an `NameError`:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 124, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Number types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the *type()* command. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Integers\n", - "\n", - "Integers are 32 bit binary numbers and extend from -$2^{31}$ to $2^{31}$-1. Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 125, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.227107+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.221564" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 125, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# integer number\n", - "x = 1 \n", - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Floating Point\n", - "\n", - "Floating point values are values with a decimal point and go between $\\pm 2\\times 10^{-308}$ and $\\pm 2\\times 10^{308}$" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 126, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.403435+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.398662" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "# float variable\n", - "x= 3.141 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Complex Numbers" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.106323+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.100896" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "complex" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=2+4j\n", - "type(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex numbers have built in *accessors*. These accessors give for example access to the *real* and *imaginary* part of the complex number. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "2.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "r=c.real\n", - "print(r)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "i=c.imag\n", - "print(i)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as *cmath* or *numpy*." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=(2+4j).conjugate()\n", - "print(c.imag)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Type casting" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 56, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.5 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = 1.5\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 57, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = int(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 58, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(1+0j) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "z = complex(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(z, type(z))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 59, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "TypeError", - "evalue": "can't convert complex to float", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = float(z)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use `z.real` or `z.imag` to extract the part of the complex number we want:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0 -> True \n", - "0.0 -> False \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "y = bool(z.real)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n", - "\n", - "y = bool(z.imag)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Operators and comparisons" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:\n", - "\n", - "* Arithmetic operators `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (integer division), '**' power\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3, -1, 2, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 1 / 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Integer division of float numbers\n", - "3.0 // 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "4" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Note! The power operators in python isn't ^, but **\n", - "2 ** 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Note: The `/` operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x.\n", - "This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of `/` is always an integer if the operands are integers.\n", - "to be more specific, `1/2 = 0.5` (`float`) in Python 3.x, and `1/2 = 0` (`int`) in Python 2.x (but `1.0/2 = 0.5` in Python 2.x)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "* The boolean operators are spelled out as the words `and`, `not`, `or`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True and False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "not False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True or False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "* Comparison operators `>`, `<`, `>=` (greater or equal), `<=` (less or equal), `==` equality, `is` identical." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 1, 2 < 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(False, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 2, 2 < 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, True)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 >= 2, 2 <= 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# equality\n", - "[1,2] == [1,2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# objects identical?\n", - "l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n", - "\n", - "l1 is l2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Data Types in Python\n", - "\n", - "Now that we know a bit about the general use of Python, it's time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the data types for the different number types mentioned above, there are also other types like **strings**, **lists**, **tuples** and **dictionaries**. There are usually a number of *methods* (functions) connected to each data type providing useful functions. We will not talk about these methods, except we need them. It is up to you to explore the internet a bit and search for suitable methods for your purpose.\n", - "\n", - "The follwing few cells will give you a short introduction into each type. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Strings\n", - "\n", - "**Strings** are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are not particularly interesting in scientific computing, but they are nevertheless necessary and useful. Texts on programming with Python typically devote a good deal of time and space to learning about strings and how to manipulate them. Our uses of them are rather modest, however, so we take a minimalist’s approach and only introduce a few of their features." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.381263Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.378101Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "s='Hello' # string variable" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.904816Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.901345Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "t=\"World!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "String can be concatenated using the *+* operator. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.519251Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.515677Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "c=s+' '+t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.568540Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.564378Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hello World!\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.033095Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.027938Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'e'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Strings can also be made out of numbers." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 63, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.113138Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.108211Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'975321'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 63, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "\"975\"+\"321\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the str.isnumeric() method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type *int* by typing:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(\"975\"+\"321\").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.898131Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.893171Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "975321" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "int(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'World!'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.capitalize()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Lists\n", - "\n", - "**Lists** are another data structure, similar to NumPy arrays, but unlike NumPy arrays, lists are a part of core Python. Lists have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.538250Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.535066Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 91, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.850960Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.847769Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b = [5., \"girl\", 2+0j, \"horse\", 21]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The length of a list can be obtained by the *len()* command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.966883Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.961951Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "len(b)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of *iterator*. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python. The example will go through the list **b** and return all elements of the type str. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 93, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.820782Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.815249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['girl', 'horse']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 93, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "[element for element in b if type(element)==str]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at *0* for the first element (left). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:11:58.786370Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:11:58.781564Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'girl'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. *b[-1]* denotes the last element in the list and *b[-2]*, the element before the last." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 95, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.177759Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.171973Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "21" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 95, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 96, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.352948Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.347674Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'horse'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 96, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 97, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.751146Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.748188Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b[-2]='cat'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.659098Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.653898Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists can be concatanated by the *+* operator" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 106, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.665264Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.659673Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 106, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=a+b\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A very useful feature for lists in python is the **slicing** of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 100, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.299713Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.294538Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 8]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 100, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:7]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 101, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.682027Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.676726Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 5, 13]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 101, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:9:2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 103, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 103, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c.reverse()\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 87, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.255450Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.252567Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a=[]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 88, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.102141+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.098571" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a.append('h')" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A list of numbers can be easily created by the *range()* command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 76, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.291820Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.286904Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(0, 10)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 76, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "range(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 77, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.337418Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.332474Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(3, 10)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 77, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "range(3,10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 78, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.450010Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.444737Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(3, 10, 2)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 78, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "range(3,10,2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.038302+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.032999" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 79, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.425036Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.421709Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 80, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.330192Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.325086Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[8, 5]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 80, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 81, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.460686Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.455419Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "8" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 81, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1][0]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Tuples\n", - "\n", - "**Tuples** are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(10, 20) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "point = (10, 20)\n", - "\n", - "print(point, type(point))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "x = 10\n", - "y = 20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x, y = point\n", - "\n", - "print(\"x =\", x)\n", - "print(\"y =\", y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.711516+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.705826" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Dictionaries\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "**Dictionaries** are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.208828Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.205914Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "room = {\"Ralf\":422, \"Frank\":322, \"Dekan\":550}" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.431570Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.428226Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "422" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room['Ralf']" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.396475Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.392435Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.keys()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.030931Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.027249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_values([422, 322, 550])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.values()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Modules" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most of the functionality in Python is provided by *modules*. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides *cross-platform* implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, and much more." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the `import` statement. For example, to import the module `math`, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module to the current namespace (so that we don't need to use the prefix \"`math.`\" every time we use something from the `math` module:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import *\n", - "\n", - "x = cos(2 * pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the `import math` pattern. This would elminate potentially confusing problems with name space collisions." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Contents and documentation of a module" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the `dir` function:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 127, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "print(dir(math))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "And using the function `help` we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 128, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Help on built-in function log in module math:\n", - "\n", - "log(...)\n", - " log(x, [base=math.e])\n", - " Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n", - " \n", - " If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "help(math.log)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 130, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "2.302585092994046" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 130, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 131, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3.3219280948873626" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 131, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10, 2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "We can also use the `help` function directly on modules: Try\n", - "\n", - " help(math) \n", - "\n", - "Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are `os`, `sys`, `math`, `shutil`, `re`, `subprocess`, `multiprocessing`, `threading`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ ." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Exceptions" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called \"Exceptions\". When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To generate an exception we can use the `raise` statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class `BaseException` or a class derived from it. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "Exception", - "evalue": "description of the error", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "raise Exception(\"description of the error\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:\n", - "\n", - " def my_function(arguments):\n", - " \n", - " if not verify(arguments):\n", - " raise Exception(\"Invalid arguments\")\n", - " \n", - " # rest of the code goes here" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the `try` and `except` statements:\n", - "\n", - " try:\n", - " # normal code goes here\n", - " except:\n", - " # code for error handling goes here\n", - " # this code is not executed unless the code\n", - " # above generated an error\n", - "\n", - "For example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To get information about the error, we can access the `Exception` class instance that describes the exception by using for example:\n", - "\n", - " except Exception as e:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true, - "jupyter": { - "outputs_hidden": true - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except Exception as e:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception:\" + str(e))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "***\n", - "## What's next" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This has been a short overview over the basic things in Jupyter and Python. We will address more details on the way to our physical problems and data analysis code. As one of the most fundamental features required in physics is plotting of data, we will address plotting with a first primer next week in Lecture 2. Also input and output including keybord and files will be of our concern. " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "nteract": { - "version": "0.22.4" - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.pdf b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index cfee7fa..0000000 Binary files a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d61a776..0000000 --- a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,195 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Exceptions" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called \"Exceptions\". When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To generate an exception we can use the `raise` statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class `BaseException` or a class derived from it. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "Exception", - "evalue": "description of the error", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "raise Exception(\"description of the error\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:\n", - "\n", - " def my_function(arguments):\n", - " \n", - " if not verify(arguments):\n", - " raise Exception(\"Invalid arguments\")\n", - " \n", - " # rest of the code goes here" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the `try` and `except` statements:\n", - "\n", - " try:\n", - " # normal code goes here\n", - " except:\n", - " # code for error handling goes here\n", - " # this code is not executed unless the code\n", - " # above generated an error\n", - "\n", - "For example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To get information about the error, we can access the `Exception` class instance that describes the exception by using for example:\n", - "\n", - " except Exception as e:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except Exception as e:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception:\" + str(e))" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "widgets": { - "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-state+json": { - "state": {}, - "version_major": 2, - "version_minor": 0 - } - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/exceptions.pdf b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/exceptions.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index e4d39b7..0000000 Binary files a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/exceptions.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb b/build/doctrees/nbsphinx/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb index 7669e9d..b92f51d 100644 --- 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Introduction to Photonics 1 24 documentation
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Welcome to the Introduction to Photonics 1!#

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The Python programming language is useful for all kinds of scientific and engineering tasks. You can use it to analyze and plot data. You can also use it to numerically solve scientific problems that are difficult or even impossible to solve analytically. Python is freely available and has been, due to its modular structure, extended with a nearly infinite number of different purpose modules.

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This course intends to introduce you into the programming with Python. It is aimed more to the beginner but we hope that more advanced users find it interesting as well. -We will start the course with and introduction to the Jupyter Notebook environment which we will be using throughout the course. Starting from there we will provide some introduction into Python and then show you some basic functionalities, like plotting and analyzing data by curve fitting, reading and writing of files which are some of the tasks you will encounter during your physics studies. We will also show you some more advanced topics of animating inside Jupyter and simulating physical processes in

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  • mechanics

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  • electrostatics

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  • waves

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  • quantum mechanics

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  • optics

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At the end of the course we will also add some basic introduction into machine learning which is now becoming an important tool even in physics.

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We will not present a comprehensive list of numerical simulation schemes, but use the examples to stimulate your curiosity. As there are slight differences in the syntax of different Python versions, we will in the following always refer to Python 3 standards.

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Indices and tables#

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- Copyright © 2024, Frank Cichos -
- Made with Sphinx and @pradyunsg's - - Furo -
- Last updated on Apr 02, 2024
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Experimental Physics 3 documentation master file, created by - sphinx-quickstart on Tue Mar 31 12:45:28 2020. - You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least - contain the root `toctree` directive. -.. figure:: img/CompSoft_banner.png - -Welcome to the Experimental Physik 3 Course! -============================================ - -This is the website of the Experimental Physics 3 course in the - -.. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 2 - :caption: Course Information: - - course-info/website.rst - course-info/schedule.rst - course-info/assignments.rst - course-info/exam.rst - course-info/resources.rst - course-info/instructor.rst - -.. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 2 - :caption: Jupyter Notebooks: - - lectures/Intro/overview.rst - notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter.ipynb - notebooks/Intro/NotebookEditor.ipynb - notebooks/Intro/EditCells.ipynb - - -.. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 2 - :caption: Lecture 1: - - lectures/L1/overview_1.rst - notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb - notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb - notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb - notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb - lectures/L1/assignment_1.rst - - - -Indices and tables -================== - -* :ref:`genindex` -* :ref:`modindex` -* :ref:`search` diff --git a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb.txt b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb.txt index 7efac18..3ddcacf 100644 --- a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb.txt +++ b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb.txt @@ -128,419 +128,6 @@ "With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb.txt b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 86b042c..0000000 --- a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,683 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Variables and types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Symbol names \n", - "\n", - "Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9` and some special characters such as `_`. Normal variable names must start with a letter. \n", - "\n", - "By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note:** Reserved keywords\n", - "\n", - "There are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:\n", - "\n", - " and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, \n", - " exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or, \n", - " pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield\n", - "\n", - "Note: Be aware of the keyword `lambda`, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name.\n", - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Variable Assignment" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The assignment operator in Python is `=`. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.\n", - "\n", - "Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# variable assignments\n", - "x = 1.0\n", - "my_favorite_variable = 12.2\n", - "x" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "float" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "x = 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an `NameError`:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "NameError", - "evalue": "name 'y' is not defined", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'y' is not defined" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Number types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the *type()* command. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Integers\n", - "\n", - "Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer. \n", - "In Python 2 there has been a maximum integer possible, which does not exist in Python 3 anymore." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.227107+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.221564" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# integer number\n", - "x = 1 \n", - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Floating Point\n", - "\n", - "Floating point values are values with a decimal point. Also here a maximum float is non existant in Python 3." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.403435+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.398662" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "# float variable\n", - "x= 3.141 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Complex Numbers" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.106323+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.100896" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "complex" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=2+4j\n", - "type(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex numbers have built in *accessors*. These accessors give for example access to the *real* and *imaginary* part of the complex number. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "2.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "r=c.real\n", - "print(r)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "i=c.imag\n", - "print(i)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as *cmath* or *numpy*." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=(2+4j).conjugate()\n", - "print(c.imag)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Type casting" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.5 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = 1.5\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = int(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(1+0j) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "z = complex(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(z, type(z))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "TypeError", - "evalue": "can't convert complex to float", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = float(z)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use `z.real` or `z.imag` to extract the part of the complex number we want:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0 -> True \n", - "0.0 -> False \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "y = bool(z.real)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n", - "\n", - "y = bool(z.imag)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb.txt b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6ee7874..0000000 --- a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,454 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Operators and comparisons" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:\n", - "\n", - "* Arithmetic operators `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (integer division), '**' power\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3, -1, 2, 1.0)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 2 / 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Integer division of float numbers\n", - "3.0 // 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "8" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Note! The power operators in python isn't ^, but **\n", - "2 ** 3" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note:** Division\n", - " \n", - "The `/` operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x. \n", - "This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of `/` is always an integer \n", - "if the operands are integers. To be more specific, `1/2 = 0.5` (`float`) in \n", - "Python 3.x, and `1/2 = 0` (`int`) in Python 2.x (but `1.0/2 = 0.5` in Python 2.x).\n", - "\n", - "
" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The boolean operators are spelled out as the words `and`, `not`, `or`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True and False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "not False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True or False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Comparison operators `>`, `<`, `>=` (greater or equal), `<=` (less or equal), `==` equality, `is` identical." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 1, 2 < 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(False, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 2, 2 < 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, True)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 >= 2, 2 <= 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# equality\n", - "[1,2] == [1,2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# objects identical?\n", - "l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n", - "\n", - "l1 is l2" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb.txt b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb.txt deleted file mode 100644 index aaa0859..0000000 --- a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1322 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Data Types in Python" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It's time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the number types mentioned previously, there are also other types like **strings**, **lists**, **tuples** and **dictionaries**. \n", - "\n", - "Each of these data types has a number of connected `methods` (functions) which allow to manipulate the data contained in a variable. If you want to know which methods are available for a certain object use the command `dir`, e.g.\n", - "\n", - "~~~\n", - "s=\"string\"\n", - "dir(s)\n", - "~~~\n", - "\n", - "The following few cells will give you a short introduction into each type. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Strings\n", - "\n", - "**Strings** are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are useful for printing results on the screen, during reading and writing of data." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.381263Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.378101Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'Hello'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "s='Hello' # string variable\n", - "s" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.904816Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.901345Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "t=\"world!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "String can be concatenated using the *+* operator. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.519251Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.515677Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "c=s+' '+t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.568540Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.564378Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hello world!\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.033095Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.027938Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'e'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Strings can also be made out of numbers." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.113138Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.108211Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'975321'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "\"975\"+\"321\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the `str.isnumeric` method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type *int* by typing:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(\"975\"+\"321\").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.898131Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.893171Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "975321" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "int(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'World!'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.capitalize()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Lists\n", - "\n", - "**Lists** have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.538250Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.535066Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.850960Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.847769Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b = [5., \"girl\", 2+0j, \"horse\", 21]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at *0* for the first element (left). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note** Indices in Python\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "The first element of a list or array is accessed by the index 0. If the array has N elements, the last entries index is N-1.\n", - "\n", - "
" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(5.0, 'girl')" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[0],b[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. *b[-1]* denotes the last element in the list and *b[-2]*, the element before the last." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.177759Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.171973Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "21" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.352948Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.347674Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'horse'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The length of a list can be obtained by the `len` command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.966883Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.961951Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "len(b)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of *iterator*. This is called *list comprehension*. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.820782Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.815249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['girl', 'horse']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "[element for element in b if type(element)==str]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.751146Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.748188Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b[-2]='cat'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.659098Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.653898Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists can be concatanated by the *+* operator" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.665264Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.659673Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=a+b\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A very useful feature for lists in python is the **slicing** of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.299713Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.294538Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 8]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:7]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.682027Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.676726Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 5, 13]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:9:2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[21, 'cat', (2+0j), 'girl', 5.0, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c.reverse()\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.255450Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.252567Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a=[]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.102141+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.098571" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['h']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A list of numbers can be easily created by the `range()` command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.291820Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.286904Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(10)) " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.337418Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.332474Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(3,10))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.450010Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.444737Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[3, 5, 7, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(3,10,2))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.038302+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.032999" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 42, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.425036Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.421709Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.330192Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.325086Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[8, 5]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.460686Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.455419Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1][1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Tuples\n", - "\n", - "**Tuples** are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(10, 20) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "point = (10, 20)\n", - "\n", - "print(point, type(point))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 47, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "x = 10\n", - "y = 20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x, y = point\n", - "\n", - "print(\"x =\", x)\n", - "print(\"y =\", y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.711516+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.705826" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Dictionaries\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "**Dictionaries** are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 48, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.208828Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.205914Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "room = {\"Ralf\":422, \"Frank\":322, \"Dekan\":550}" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.431570Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.428226Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "322" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room['Frank']" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 51, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.396475Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.392435Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 51, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.keys()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.030931Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.027249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_values([422, 322, 550])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.values()" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb.txt b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 76b88eb..0000000 --- a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,455 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - }, - "toc-hr-collapsed": false - }, - "source": [ - "# Modules and namespaces" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - }, - "toc-hr-collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "## Modules" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most of the functionality in Python is provided by *modules*. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides *cross-platform* implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, math, web-scraping, text manipulation, machine learning and much more." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the `import` statement. For example, to import the module `math`, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module so that we don't need to use the prefix \"`math.`\" every time we use something from the `math` module:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import *\n", - "\n", - "x = cos(2 * pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the `import math` pattern. This would eliminate potentially confusing problems." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Namespaces" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A namespace is an identifier used to organize objects, e.g. the methods and variables of a module. The prefix `math.` we have used in the previous section is such a namespace. You may also create your own namespace for a module." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.4142135623730951\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math as m\n", - "\n", - "x = m.sqrt(2)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "You may also only import specific functions of a module." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "11.548739357257746" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import sinh as mysinh\n", - "from math import pi as mypi\n", - "\n", - "mysinh(mypi)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Contents of a module" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the `dir` function:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "print(dir(math))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "And using the function `help` we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Help on built-in function log in module math:\n", - "\n", - "log(...)\n", - " log(x, [base=math.e])\n", - " Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n", - " \n", - " If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "help(math.log) " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "2.302585092994046" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(8, 2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "We can also use the `help` function directly on modules: Try\n", - "\n", - " help(math) \n", - "\n", - "Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are `os`, `sys`, `math`, `shutil`, `re`, `subprocess`, `multiprocessing`, `threading`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ ." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb.txt b/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 414487b..0000000 --- a/build/html/_sources/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2667 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "## Variables and types" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Symbol names \n", - "\n", - "Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9` and some special characters such as `_`. Normal variable names must start with a letter. \n", - "\n", - "By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "In addition, there are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:\n", - "\n", - " and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, \n", - " exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or,\n", - " pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield\n", - "\n", - "Note: Be aware of the keyword `lambda`, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Variable Assignment" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "The assignment operator in Python is `=`. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.\n", - "\n", - "Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# variable assignments\n", - "x = 1.0>Y\n", - "my_favorite_variable = 12.2\n", - "\n", - "x" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 2, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - }, - "execution": { - "shell.execute_reply": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.524Z", - "iopub.status.busy": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.433Z", - "iopub.execute_input": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.455Z", - "iopub.status.idle": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.505Z" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 120, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "float" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 120, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "x = 1" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 121, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 123, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 123, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an `NameError`:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "print(y)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "20\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 124, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Number types" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the *type()* command. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "#### Integers\n", - "\n", - "Integers are 32 bit binary numbers and extend from -$2^{31}$ to $2^{31}$-1. Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# integer number\n", - "x = 1 \n", - "type(x)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 125, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 125, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.227107+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.221564" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "#### Floating Point\n", - "\n", - "Floating point values are values with a decimal point and go between $\\pm 2\\times 10^{-308}$ and $\\pm 2\\times 10^{308}$" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# float variable\n", - "x= 3.141 " - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 126, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.403435+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.398662" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "#### Complex Numbers" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c=2+4j\n", - "type(c)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 22, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "complex" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.106323+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.100896" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Complex numbers have built in *accessors*. These accessors give for example access to the *real* and *imaginary* part of the complex number. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "r=c.real\n", - "print(r)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "2.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "i=c.imag\n", - "print(i)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as *cmath* or *numpy*." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c=(2+4j).conjugate()\n", - "print(c.imag)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "-4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "#### Type casting" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "x = 1.5\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1.5 \n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 56, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "x = int(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1 \n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 57, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "z = complex(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(z, type(z))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "(1+0j) \n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 58, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "x = float(z)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "error", - "ename": "TypeError", - "evalue": "can't convert complex to float", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 59, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use `z.real` or `z.imag` to extract the part of the complex number we want:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "y = bool(z.real)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n", - "\n", - "y = bool(z.imag)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1.0 -> True \n", - "0.0 -> False \n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "## Operators and comparisons" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:\n", - "\n", - "* Arithmetic operators `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (integer division), '**' power\n" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 1 / 2" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 28, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3, -1, 2, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 29, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# Integer division of float numbers\n", - "3.0 // 2.0" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 30, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# Note! The power operators in python isn't ^, but **\n", - "2 ** 2" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 31, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "4" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Note: The `/` operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x.\n", - "This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of `/` is always an integer if the operands are integers.\n", - "to be more specific, `1/2 = 0.5` (`float`) in Python 3.x, and `1/2 = 0` (`int`) in Python 2.x (but `1.0/2 = 0.5` in Python 2.x)." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "* The boolean operators are spelled out as the words `and`, `not`, `or`. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "True and False" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 32, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "not False" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 33, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "True or False" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 34, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "* Comparison operators `>`, `<`, `>=` (greater or equal), `<=` (less or equal), `==` equality, `is` identical." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "2 > 1, 2 < 1" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 35, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, False)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "2 > 2, 2 < 2" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 36, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(False, False)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "2 >= 2, 2 <= 2" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 37, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, True)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# equality\n", - "[1,2] == [1,2]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 38, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "# objects identical?\n", - "l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n", - "\n", - "l1 is l2" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 39, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "## Data Types in Python\n", - "\n", - "Now that we know a bit about the general use of Python, it's time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the data types for the different number types mentioned above, there are also other types like **strings**, **lists**, **tuples** and **dictionaries**. There are usually a number of *methods* (functions) connected to each data type providing useful functions. We will not talk about these methods, except we need them. It is up to you to explore the internet a bit and search for suitable methods for your purpose.\n", - "\n", - "The follwing few cells will give you a short introduction into each type. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Strings\n", - "\n", - "**Strings** are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are not particularly interesting in scientific computing, but they are nevertheless necessary and useful. Texts on programming with Python typically devote a good deal of time and space to learning about strings and how to manipulate them. Our uses of them are rather modest, however, so we take a minimalist’s approach and only introduce a few of their features." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "s='Hello' # string variable" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.381263Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.378101Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "t=\"World!\"" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.904816Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.901345Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "String can be concatenated using the *+* operator. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c=s+' '+t" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.519251Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.515677Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "print(c)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Hello World!\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.568540Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.564378Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c[1]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 62, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'e'" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.033095Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.027938Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Strings can also be made out of numbers." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "\"975\"+\"321\"" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 63, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'975321'" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 63, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.113138Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.108211Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the str.isnumeric() method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type *int* by typing:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "(\"975\"+\"321\").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 64, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "int(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 65, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "975321" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.898131Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.893171Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 66, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "t.capitalize()" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 67, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'World!'" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Lists\n", - "\n", - "**Lists** are another data structure, similar to NumPy arrays, but unlike NumPy arrays, lists are a part of core Python. Lists have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.\n" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 105, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.538250Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.535066Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "b = [5., \"girl\", 2+0j, \"horse\", 21]" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 91, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.850960Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.847769Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "The length of a list can be obtained by the *len()* command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "len(b)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 92, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.966883Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.961951Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of *iterator*. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python. The example will go through the list **b** and return all elements of the type str. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "[element for element in b if type(element)==str]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 93, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['girl', 'horse']" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 93, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.820782Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.815249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at *0* for the first element (left). " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "b[1]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 94, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'girl'" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:11:58.786370Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:11:58.781564Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. *b[-1]* denotes the last element in the list and *b[-2]*, the element before the last." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "b[-1]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 95, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "21" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 95, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.177759Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.171973Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "b[-2]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 96, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'horse'" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 96, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.352948Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.347674Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "b[-2]='cat'" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 97, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.751146Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.748188Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "b" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 98, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.659098Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.653898Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Lists can be concatanated by the *+* operator" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c=a+b\n", - "c" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 106, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 106, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.665264Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.659673Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "A very useful feature for lists in python is the **slicing** of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c[3:7]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 100, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 8]" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 100, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.299713Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.294538Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c[3:9:2]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 101, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 5, 13]" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 101, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.682027Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.676726Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "c.reverse()\n", - "c" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 103, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 103, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "a=[]" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 87, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.255450Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.252567Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "a.append('h')" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 88, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.102141+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.098571" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "A list of numbers can be easily created by the *range()* command." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "range(10)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 76, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(0, 10)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 76, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.291820Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.286904Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "range(3,10)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 77, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(3, 10)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 77, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.337418Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.332474Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "range(3,10,2)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 78, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(3, 10, 2)" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 78, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.450010Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.444737Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets." - ], - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.038302+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.032999" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 79, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.425036Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.421709Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "a[1]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 80, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[8, 5]" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 80, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.330192Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.325086Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "a[1][0]" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 81, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "8" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 81, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.460686Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.455419Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Tuples\n", - "\n", - "**Tuples** are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "point = (10, 20)\n", - "\n", - "print(point, type(point))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "(10, 20) \n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "x, y = point\n", - "\n", - "print(\"x =\", x)\n", - "print(\"y =\", y)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "x = 10\n", - "y = 20\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Dictionaries\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "**Dictionaries** are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited." - ], - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.711516+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.705826" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "room = {\"Ralf\":422, \"Frank\":322, \"Dekan\":550}" - ], - "outputs": [], - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.208828Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.205914Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "room['Ralf']" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 67, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "422" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.431570Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.428226Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "room.keys()" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 68, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.396475Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.392435Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "room.values()" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 69, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_values([422, 322, 550])" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.030931Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.027249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "## Modules" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Most of the functionality in Python is provided by *modules*. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides *cross-platform* implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, and much more." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the `import` statement. For example, to import the module `math`, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module to the current namespace (so that we don't need to use the prefix \"`math.`\" every time we use something from the `math` module:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "from math import *\n", - "\n", - "x = cos(2 * pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the `import math` pattern. This would elminate potentially confusing problems with name space collisions." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "### Contents and documentation of a module" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the `dir` function:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "print(dir(math))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 127, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "And using the function `help` we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way). " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "help(math.log)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Help on built-in function log in module math:\n", - "\n", - "log(...)\n", - " log(x, [base=math.e])\n", - " Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n", - " \n", - " If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 128, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "math.log(10)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 130, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "2.302585092994046" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 130, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "math.log(10, 2)" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "execute_result", - "execution_count": 131, - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3.3219280948873626" - ] - }, - "metadata": {} - } - ], - "execution_count": 131, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "We can also use the `help` function directly on modules: Try\n", - "\n", - " help(math) \n", - "\n", - "Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are `os`, `sys`, `math`, `shutil`, `re`, `subprocess`, `multiprocessing`, `threading`. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ ." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "## Exceptions" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called \"Exceptions\". When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined." - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "To generate an exception we can use the `raise` statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class `BaseException` or a class derived from it. " - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "raise Exception(\"description of the error\")" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "error", - "ename": "Exception", - "evalue": "description of the error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:\n", - "\n", - " def my_function(arguments):\n", - " \n", - " if not verify(arguments):\n", - " raise Exception(\"Invalid arguments\")\n", - " \n", - " # rest of the code goes here" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the `try` and `except` statements:\n", - "\n", - " try:\n", - " # normal code goes here\n", - " except:\n", - " # code for error handling goes here\n", - " # this code is not executed unless the code\n", - " # above generated an error\n", - "\n", - "For example:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception\")" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "To get information about the error, we can access the `Exception` class instance that describes the exception by using for example:\n", - "\n", - " except Exception as e:" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except Exception as e:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception:\" + str(e))" - ], - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stdout", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined\n" - ] - } - ], - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true, - "jupyter": { - "outputs_hidden": true - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "***\n", - "## What's next" - ], - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - } - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "source": [ - "This has been a short overview over the basic things in Jupyter and Python. We will address more details on the way to our physical problems and data analysis code. As one of the most fundamental features required in physics is plotting of data, we will address plotting with a first primer next week in Lecture 2. Also input and output including keybord and files will be of our concern. 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When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To generate an exception we can use the `raise` statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class `BaseException` or a class derived from it. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "Exception", - "evalue": "description of the error", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "raise Exception(\"description of the error\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:\n", - "\n", - " def my_function(arguments):\n", - " \n", - " if not verify(arguments):\n", - " raise Exception(\"Invalid arguments\")\n", - " \n", - " # rest of the code goes here" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the `try` and `except` statements:\n", - "\n", - " try:\n", - " # normal code goes here\n", - " except:\n", - " # code for error handling goes here\n", - " # this code is not executed unless the code\n", - " # above generated an error\n", - "\n", - "For example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To get information about the error, we can access the `Exception` class instance that describes the exception by using for example:\n", - "\n", - " except Exception as e:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except Exception as e:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception:\" + 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- * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.5.1 - * https://jquery.com/ - * - * Includes Sizzle.js - * https://sizzlejs.com/ - * - * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors - * Released under the MIT license - * https://jquery.org/license - * - * Date: 2020-05-04T22:49Z - */ -( function( global, factory ) { - - "use strict"; - - if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { - - // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` - // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. - // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` - // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. - // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. - // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); - // See ticket #14549 for more info. - module.exports = global.document ? - factory( global, true ) : - function( w ) { - if ( !w.document ) { - throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); - } - return factory( w ); - }; - } else { - factory( global ); - } - -// Pass this if window is not defined yet -} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { - -// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 -// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode -// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common -// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. -"use strict"; - -var arr = []; - -var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; - -var slice = arr.slice; - -var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { - return arr.flat.call( array ); -} : function( array ) { - return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); -}; - - -var push = arr.push; - -var indexOf = arr.indexOf; - -var class2type = {}; - -var toString = class2type.toString; - -var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; - -var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; - -var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); - -var support = {}; - -var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { - - // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 - // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements - // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). - // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. - return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number"; - }; - - -var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { - return obj != null && obj === obj.window; - }; - - -var document = window.document; - - - - var preservedScriptAttributes = { - type: true, - src: true, - nonce: true, - noModule: true - }; - - function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { - doc = doc || document; - - var i, val, - script = doc.createElement( "script" ); - - script.text = code; - if ( node ) { - for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { - - // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ - // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. - // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as - // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it - // becomes browsing-context connected. - // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 - // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes - // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of - // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node - // via an object. - val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); - if ( val ) { - script.setAttribute( i, val ); - } - } - } - doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); - } - - -function toType( obj ) { - if ( obj == null ) { - return obj + ""; - } - - // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) - return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? - class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : - typeof obj; -} -/* global Symbol */ -// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global -// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module - - - -var - version = "3.5.1", - - // Define a local copy of jQuery - jQuery = function( selector, context ) { - - // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' - // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) - return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); - }; - -jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { - - // The current version of jQuery being used - jquery: version, - - constructor: jQuery, - - // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 - length: 0, - - toArray: function() { - return slice.call( this ); - }, - - // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR - // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array - get: function( num ) { - - // Return all the elements in a clean array - if ( num == null ) { - return slice.call( this ); - } - - // Return just the one element from the set - return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; - }, - - // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack - // (returning the new matched element set) - pushStack: function( elems ) { - - // Build a new jQuery matched element set - var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); - - // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) - ret.prevObject = this; - - // Return the newly-formed element set - return ret; - }, - - // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. - each: function( callback ) { - return jQuery.each( this, callback ); - }, - - map: function( callback ) { - return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { - return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); - } ) ); - }, - - slice: function() { - return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); - }, - - first: function() { - return this.eq( 0 ); - }, - - last: function() { - return this.eq( -1 ); - }, - - even: function() { - return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { - return ( i + 1 ) % 2; - } ) ); - }, - - odd: function() { - return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { - return i % 2; - } ) ); - }, - - eq: function( i ) { - var len = this.length, - j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); - return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); - }, - - end: function() { - return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); - }, - - // For internal use only. - // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. - push: push, - sort: arr.sort, - splice: arr.splice -}; - -jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { - var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, - target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, - i = 1, - length = arguments.length, - deep = false; - - // Handle a deep copy situation - if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { - deep = target; - - // Skip the boolean and the target - target = arguments[ i ] || {}; - i++; - } - - // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) - if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { - target = {}; - } - - // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed - if ( i === length ) { - target = this; - i--; - } - - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - - // Only deal with non-null/undefined values - if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { - - // Extend the base object - for ( name in options ) { - copy = options[ name ]; - - // Prevent Object.prototype pollution - // Prevent never-ending loop - if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { - continue; - } - - // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays - if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || - ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { - src = target[ name ]; - - // Ensure proper type for the source value - if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { - clone = []; - } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { - clone = {}; - } else { - clone = src; - } - copyIsArray = false; - - // Never move original objects, clone them - target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); - - // Don't bring in undefined values - } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { - target[ name ] = copy; - } - } - } - } - - // Return the modified object - return target; -}; - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page - expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), - - // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module - isReady: true, - - error: function( msg ) { - throw new Error( msg ); - }, - - noop: function() {}, - - isPlainObject: function( obj ) { - var proto, Ctor; - - // Detect obvious negatives - // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects - if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { - return false; - } - - proto = getProto( obj ); - - // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain - if ( !proto ) { - return true; - } - - // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function - Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; - return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; - }, - - isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { - var name; - - for ( name in obj ) { - return false; - } - return true; - }, - - // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one - // if not specified. - globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { - DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); - }, - - each: function( obj, callback ) { - var length, i = 0; - - if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { - length = obj.length; - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { - break; - } - } - } else { - for ( i in obj ) { - if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { - break; - } - } - } - - return obj; - }, - - // results is for internal usage only - makeArray: function( arr, results ) { - var ret = results || []; - - if ( arr != null ) { - if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { - jQuery.merge( ret, - typeof arr === "string" ? - [ arr ] : arr - ); - } else { - push.call( ret, arr ); - } - } - - return ret; - }, - - inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { - return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); - }, - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - merge: function( first, second ) { - var len = +second.length, - j = 0, - i = first.length; - - for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { - first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; - } - - first.length = i; - - return first; - }, - - grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { - var callbackInverse, - matches = [], - i = 0, - length = elems.length, - callbackExpect = !invert; - - // Go through the array, only saving the items - // that pass the validator function - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); - if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { - matches.push( elems[ i ] ); - } - } - - return matches; - }, - - // arg is for internal usage only - map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { - var length, value, - i = 0, - ret = []; - - // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values - if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { - length = elems.length; - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); - - if ( value != null ) { - ret.push( value ); - } - } - - // Go through every key on the object, - } else { - for ( i in elems ) { - value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); - - if ( value != null ) { - ret.push( value ); - } - } - } - - // Flatten any nested arrays - return flat( ret ); - }, - - // A global GUID counter for objects - guid: 1, - - // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their - // properties to it so it needs to exist. - support: support -} ); - -if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { - jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; -} - -// Populate the class2type map -jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), -function( _i, name ) { - class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); -} ); - -function isArrayLike( obj ) { - - // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) - // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) - // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives - // regarding Nodelist length in IE - var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, - type = toType( obj ); - - if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { - return false; - } - - return type === "array" || length === 0 || - typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; -} -var Sizzle = -/*! - * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.5 - * https://sizzlejs.com/ - * - * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors - * Released under the MIT license - * https://js.foundation/ - * - * Date: 2020-03-14 - */ -( function( window ) { -var i, - support, - Expr, - getText, - isXML, - tokenize, - compile, - select, - outermostContext, - sortInput, - hasDuplicate, - - // Local document vars - setDocument, - document, - docElem, - documentIsHTML, - rbuggyQSA, - rbuggyMatches, - matches, - contains, - - // Instance-specific data - expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), - preferredDoc = window.document, - dirruns = 0, - done = 0, - classCache = createCache(), - tokenCache = createCache(), - compilerCache = createCache(), - nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), - sortOrder = function( a, b ) { - if ( a === b ) { - hasDuplicate = true; - } - return 0; - }, - - // Instance methods - hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, - arr = [], - pop = arr.pop, - pushNative = arr.push, - push = arr.push, - slice = arr.slice, - - // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native - // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 - indexOf = function( list, elem ) { - var i = 0, - len = list.length; - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { - return i; - } - } - return -1; - }, - - booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + - "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", - - // Regular expressions - - // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace - whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", - - // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram - identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + - "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", - - // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors - attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + - - // Operator (capture 2) - "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + - - // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] - // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" - "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + - whitespace + "*\\]", - - pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + - - // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: - // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) - "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + - - // 2. simple (capture 6) - "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + - - // 3. anything else (capture 2) - ".*" + - ")\\)|)", - - // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter - rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), - rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + - whitespace + "+$", "g" ), - - rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), - rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + - "*" ), - rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), - - rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), - ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), - - matchExpr = { - "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), - "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), - "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), - "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), - "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), - "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + - whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + - whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), - "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), - - // For use in libraries implementing .is() - // We use this for POS matching in `select` - "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + - "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + - "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) - }, - - rhtml = /HTML$/i, - rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, - rheader = /^h\d$/i, - - rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, - - // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors - rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, - - rsibling = /[+~]/, - - // CSS escapes - // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters - runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), - funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { - var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; - - return nonHex ? - - // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence - nonHex : - - // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point - // Support: IE <=11+ - // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a - // surrogate pair - high < 0 ? - String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : - String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); - }, - - // CSS string/identifier serialization - // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms - rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, - fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { - if ( asCodePoint ) { - - // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER - if ( ch === "\0" ) { - return "\uFFFD"; - } - - // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points - return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + - ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; - } - - // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped - return "\\" + ch; - }, - - // Used for iframes - // See setDocument() - // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" - // error in IE - unloadHandler = function() { - setDocument(); - }, - - inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( - function( elem ) { - return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; - }, - { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } - ); - -// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) -try { - push.apply( - ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), - preferredDoc.childNodes - ); - - // Support: Android<4.0 - // Detect silently failing push.apply - // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions - arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; -} catch ( e ) { - push = { apply: arr.length ? - - // Leverage slice if possible - function( target, els ) { - pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); - } : - - // Support: IE<9 - // Otherwise append directly - function( target, els ) { - var j = target.length, - i = 0; - - // Can't trust NodeList.length - while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} - target.length = j - 1; - } - }; -} - -function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { - var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, - newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, - - // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document - nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; - - results = results || []; - - // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context - if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || - nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { - - return results; - } - - // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents - if ( !seed ) { - setDocument( context ); - context = context || document; - - if ( documentIsHTML ) { - - // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method - // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) - if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { - - // ID selector - if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { - - // Document context - if ( nodeType === 9 ) { - if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { - - // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit - // TODO: identify versions - // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID - if ( elem.id === m ) { - results.push( elem ); - return results; - } - } else { - return results; - } - - // Element context - } else { - - // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit - // TODO: identify versions - // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID - if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && - contains( context, elem ) && - elem.id === m ) { - - results.push( elem ); - return results; - } - } - - // Type selector - } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { - push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); - return results; - - // Class selector - } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && - context.getElementsByClassName ) { - - push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); - return results; - } - } - - // Take advantage of querySelectorAll - if ( support.qsa && - !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && - ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && - - // Support: IE 8 only - // Exclude object elements - ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { - - newSelector = selector; - newContext = context; - - // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or - // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. - // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the - // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. - // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used - // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. - // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. - if ( nodeType === 1 && - ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { - - // Expand context for sibling selectors - newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || - context; - - // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser - // supports it & if we're not changing the context. - if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { - - // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary - if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { - nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); - } else { - context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); - } - } - - // Prefix every selector in the list - groups = tokenize( selector ); - i = groups.length; - while ( i-- ) { - groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + - toSelector( groups[ i ] ); - } - newSelector = groups.join( "," ); - } - - try { - push.apply( results, - newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) - ); - return results; - } catch ( qsaError ) { - nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); - } finally { - if ( nid === expando ) { - context.removeAttribute( "id" ); - } - } - } - } - } - - // All others - return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); -} - -/** - * Create key-value caches of limited size - * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with - * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) - * deleting the oldest entry - */ -function createCache() { - var keys = []; - - function cache( key, value ) { - - // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) - if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { - - // Only keep the most recent entries - delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; - } - return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); - } - return cache; -} - -/** - * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle - * @param {Function} fn The function to mark - */ -function markFunction( fn ) { - fn[ expando ] = true; - return fn; -} - -/** - * Support testing using an element - * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result - */ -function assert( fn ) { - var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); - - try { - return !!fn( el ); - } catch ( e ) { - return false; - } finally { - - // Remove from its parent by default - if ( el.parentNode ) { - el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); - } - - // release memory in IE - el = null; - } -} - -/** - * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs - * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes - * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied - */ -function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { - var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), - i = arr.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; - } -} - -/** - * Checks document order of two siblings - * @param {Element} a - * @param {Element} b - * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b - */ -function siblingCheck( a, b ) { - var cur = b && a, - diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && - a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; - - // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes - if ( diff ) { - return diff; - } - - // Check if b follows a - if ( cur ) { - while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { - if ( cur === b ) { - return -1; - } - } - } - - return a ? 1 : -1; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types - * @param {String} type - */ -function createInputPseudo( type ) { - return function( elem ) { - var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return name === "input" && elem.type === type; - }; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons - * @param {String} type - */ -function createButtonPseudo( type ) { - return function( elem ) { - var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; - }; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled - * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled - */ -function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { - - // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable - return function( elem ) { - - // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled - if ( "form" in elem ) { - - // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: - // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled - // * option elements in a disabled optgroup - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled - // All such elements have a "form" property. - if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { - - // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present - if ( "label" in elem ) { - if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { - return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; - } else { - return elem.disabled === disabled; - } - } - - // Support: IE 6 - 11 - // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors - return elem.isDisabled === disabled || - - // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually - /* jshint -W018 */ - elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && - inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; - } - - return elem.disabled === disabled; - - // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. - // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't - // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. - } else if ( "label" in elem ) { - return elem.disabled === disabled; - } - - // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled - return false; - }; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals - * @param {Function} fn - */ -function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { - return markFunction( function( argument ) { - argument = +argument; - return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { - var j, - matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), - i = matchIndexes.length; - - // Match elements found at the specified indexes - while ( i-- ) { - if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { - seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); - } - } - } ); - } ); -} - -/** - * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context - * @param {Element|Object=} context - * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value - */ -function testContext( context ) { - return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; -} - -// Expose support vars for convenience -support = Sizzle.support = {}; - -/** - * Detects XML nodes - * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document - * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node - */ -isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { - var namespace = elem.namespaceURI, - docElem = ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; - - // Support: IE <=8 - // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes - // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 - return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); -}; - -/** - * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document - * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document - * @returns {Object} Returns the current document - */ -setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { - var hasCompare, subWindow, - doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; - - // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { - return document; - } - - // Update global variables - document = doc; - docElem = document.documentElement; - documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); - - // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ - // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( preferredDoc != document && - ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { - - // Support: IE 11, Edge - if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { - subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); - - // Support: IE 9 - 10 only - } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { - subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); - } - } - - // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, - // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only - // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. - // Support: Safari 6.0 only - // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. - support.scope = assert( function( el ) { - docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); - return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && - !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; - } ); - - /* Attributes - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // Support: IE<8 - // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties - // (excepting IE8 booleans) - support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { - el.className = "i"; - return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); - } ); - - /* getElement(s)By* - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements - support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { - el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); - return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; - } ); - - // Support: IE<9 - support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); - - // Support: IE<10 - // Check if getElementById returns elements by name - // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, - // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test - support.getById = assert( function( el ) { - docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; - return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; - } ); - - // ID filter and find - if ( support.getById ) { - Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { - var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); - return function( elem ) { - return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; - }; - }; - Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { - var elem = context.getElementById( id ); - return elem ? [ elem ] : []; - } - }; - } else { - Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { - var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); - return function( elem ) { - var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && - elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); - return node && node.value === attrId; - }; - }; - - // Support: IE 6 - 7 only - // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut - Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { - var node, i, elems, - elem = context.getElementById( id ); - - if ( elem ) { - - // Verify the id attribute - node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); - if ( node && node.value === id ) { - return [ elem ]; - } - - // Fall back on getElementsByName - elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); - i = 0; - while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { - node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); - if ( node && node.value === id ) { - return [ elem ]; - } - } - } - - return []; - } - }; - } - - // Tag - Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? - function( tag, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { - return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); - - // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN - } else if ( support.qsa ) { - return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); - } - } : - - function( tag, context ) { - var elem, - tmp = [], - i = 0, - - // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too - results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); - - // Filter out possible comments - if ( tag === "*" ) { - while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - tmp.push( elem ); - } - } - - return tmp; - } - return results; - }; - - // Class - Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { - return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); - } - }; - - /* QSA/matchesSelector - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // QSA and matchesSelector support - - // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) - rbuggyMatches = []; - - // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) - // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error - // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe - // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error - // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 - rbuggyQSA = []; - - if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { - - // Build QSA regex - // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini - assert( function( el ) { - - var input; - - // Select is set to empty string on purpose - // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly - // setting a boolean content attribute, - // since its presence should be enough - // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 - docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + - ""; - - // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 - // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= - // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT - // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section - if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); - } - - // Support: IE8 - // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); - } - - // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); - } - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ - // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. - // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works - // around the issue. - // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. - input = document.createElement( "input" ); - input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); - el.appendChild( input ); - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + - whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); - } - - // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements - // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked - // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); - } - - // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ - // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 - // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); - } - - // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only - // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. - el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); - rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); - } ); - - assert( function( el ) { - el.innerHTML = "" + - ""; - - // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps - // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment - var input = document.createElement( "input" ); - input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); - el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); - - // Support: IE8 - // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute - if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); - } - - // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) - // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests - if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); - } - - // Support: IE9-11+ - // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets - docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; - if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); - } - - // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only - // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos - el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); - rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); - } ); - } - - if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || - docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || - docElem.mozMatchesSelector || - docElem.oMatchesSelector || - docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { - - assert( function( el ) { - - // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector - // on a disconnected node (IE 9) - support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); - - // This should fail with an exception - // Gecko does not error, returns false instead - matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); - rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); - } ); - } - - rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); - rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); - - /* Contains - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); - - // Element contains another - // Purposefully self-exclusive - // As in, an element does not contain itself - contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? - function( a, b ) { - var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, - bup = b && b.parentNode; - return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( - adown.contains ? - adown.contains( bup ) : - a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 - ) ); - } : - function( a, b ) { - if ( b ) { - while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { - if ( b === a ) { - return true; - } - } - } - return false; - }; - - /* Sorting - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // Document order sorting - sortOrder = hasCompare ? - function( a, b ) { - - // Flag for duplicate removal - if ( a === b ) { - hasDuplicate = true; - return 0; - } - - // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition - var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; - if ( compare ) { - return compare; - } - - // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? - a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : - - // Otherwise we know they are disconnected - 1; - - // Disconnected nodes - if ( compare & 1 || - ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { - - // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && - contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { - return -1; - } - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && - contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { - return 1; - } - - // Maintain original order - return sortInput ? - ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : - 0; - } - - return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; - } : - function( a, b ) { - - // Exit early if the nodes are identical - if ( a === b ) { - hasDuplicate = true; - return 0; - } - - var cur, - i = 0, - aup = a.parentNode, - bup = b.parentNode, - ap = [ a ], - bp = [ b ]; - - // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected - if ( !aup || !bup ) { - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ - return a == document ? -1 : - b == document ? 1 : - /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ - aup ? -1 : - bup ? 1 : - sortInput ? - ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : - 0; - - // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check - } else if ( aup === bup ) { - return siblingCheck( a, b ); - } - - // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison - cur = a; - while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { - ap.unshift( cur ); - } - cur = b; - while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { - bp.unshift( cur ); - } - - // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy - while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { - i++; - } - - return i ? - - // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor - siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : - - // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ - ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : - bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : - /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ - 0; - }; - - return document; -}; - -Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { - return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); -}; - -Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { - setDocument( elem ); - - if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && - !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && - ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && - ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { - - try { - var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); - - // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes - if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || - - // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document - // fragment in IE 9 - elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { - return ret; - } - } catch ( e ) { - nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); - } - } - - return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; -}; - -Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { - - // Set document vars if needed - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { - setDocument( context ); - } - return contains( context, elem ); -}; - -Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { - - // Set document vars if needed - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { - setDocument( elem ); - } - - var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], - - // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) - val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? - fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : - undefined; - - return val !== undefined ? - val : - support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? - elem.getAttribute( name ) : - ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? - val.value : - null; -}; - -Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { - return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); -}; - -Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { - throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); -}; - -/** - * Document sorting and removing duplicates - * @param {ArrayLike} results - */ -Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { - var elem, - duplicates = [], - j = 0, - i = 0; - - // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence - hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; - sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); - results.sort( sortOrder ); - - if ( hasDuplicate ) { - while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { - if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { - j = duplicates.push( i ); - } - } - while ( j-- ) { - results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); - } - } - - // Clear input after sorting to release objects - // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 - sortInput = null; - - return results; -}; - -/** - * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes - * @param {Array|Element} elem - */ -getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { - var node, - ret = "", - i = 0, - nodeType = elem.nodeType; - - if ( !nodeType ) { - - // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array - while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Do not traverse comment nodes - ret += getText( node ); - } - } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { - - // Use textContent for elements - // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) - if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { - return elem.textContent; - } else { - - // Traverse its children - for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { - ret += getText( elem ); - } - } - } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { - return elem.nodeValue; - } - - // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes - - return ret; -}; - -Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { - - // Can be adjusted by the user - cacheLength: 50, - - createPseudo: markFunction, - - match: matchExpr, - - attrHandle: {}, - - find: {}, - - relative: { - ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, - " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, - "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, - "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } - }, - - preFilter: { - "ATTR": function( match ) { - match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); - - // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted - match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || - match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); - - if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { - match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; - } - - return match.slice( 0, 4 ); - }, - - "CHILD": function( match ) { - - /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] - 1 type (only|nth|...) - 2 what (child|of-type) - 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) - 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) - 5 sign of xn-component - 6 x of xn-component - 7 sign of y-component - 8 y of y-component - */ - match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); - - if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { - - // nth-* requires argument - if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { - Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); - } - - // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD - // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 - match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? - match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : - 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); - match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); - - // other types prohibit arguments - } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { - Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); - } - - return match; - }, - - "PSEUDO": function( match ) { - var excess, - unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; - - if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { - return null; - } - - // Accept quoted arguments as-is - if ( match[ 3 ] ) { - match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; - - // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments - } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && - - // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) - ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && - - // advance to the next closing parenthesis - ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { - - // excess is a negative index - match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); - match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); - } - - // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) - return match.slice( 0, 3 ); - } - }, - - filter: { - - "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { - var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); - return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? - function() { - return true; - } : - function( elem ) { - return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; - }; - }, - - "CLASS": function( className ) { - var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; - - return pattern || - ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + - ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( - className, function( elem ) { - return pattern.test( - typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || - typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && - elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || - "" - ); - } ); - }, - - "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { - return function( elem ) { - var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); - - if ( result == null ) { - return operator === "!="; - } - if ( !operator ) { - return true; - } - - result += ""; - - /* eslint-disable max-len */ - - return operator === "=" ? result === check : - operator === "!=" ? result !== check : - operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : - operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : - operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : - operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : - operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : - false; - /* eslint-enable max-len */ - - }; - }, - - "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { - var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", - forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", - ofType = what === "of-type"; - - return first === 1 && last === 0 ? - - // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) - function( elem ) { - return !!elem.parentNode; - } : - - function( elem, _context, xml ) { - var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, - dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", - parent = elem.parentNode, - name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), - useCache = !xml && !ofType, - diff = false; - - if ( parent ) { - - // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) - if ( simple ) { - while ( dir ) { - node = elem; - while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( ofType ? - node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : - node.nodeType === 1 ) { - - return false; - } - } - - // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) - start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; - } - return true; - } - - start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; - - // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` - if ( forward && useCache ) { - - // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index - - // ...in a gzip-friendly way - node = parent; - outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; - nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; - diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; - node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; - - while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || - - // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start - ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { - - // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break - if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { - uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; - break; - } - } - - } else { - - // Use previously-cached element index if available - if ( useCache ) { - - // ...in a gzip-friendly way - node = elem; - outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; - nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; - diff = nodeIndex; - } - - // xml :nth-child(...) - // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) - if ( diff === false ) { - - // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start - while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || - ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { - - if ( ( ofType ? - node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : - node.nodeType === 1 ) && - ++diff ) { - - // Cache the index of each encountered element - if ( useCache ) { - outerCache = node[ expando ] || - ( node[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; - } - - if ( node === elem ) { - break; - } - } - } - } - } - - // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size - diff -= last; - return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); - } - }; - }, - - "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { - - // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive - // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes - // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters - // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos - var args, - fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || - Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); - - // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that - // arguments are needed to create the filter function - // just as Sizzle does - if ( fn[ expando ] ) { - return fn( argument ); - } - - // But maintain support for old signatures - if ( fn.length > 1 ) { - args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; - return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? - markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { - var idx, - matched = fn( seed, argument ), - i = matched.length; - while ( i-- ) { - idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); - seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); - } - } ) : - function( elem ) { - return fn( elem, 0, args ); - }; - } - - return fn; - } - }, - - pseudos: { - - // Potentially complex pseudos - "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { - - // Trim the selector passed to compile - // to avoid treating leading and trailing - // spaces as combinators - var input = [], - results = [], - matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); - - return matcher[ expando ] ? - markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { - var elem, - unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), - i = seed.length; - - // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { - seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); - } - } - } ) : - function( elem, _context, xml ) { - input[ 0 ] = elem; - matcher( input, null, xml, results ); - - // Don't keep the element (issue #299) - input[ 0 ] = null; - return !results.pop(); - }; - } ), - - "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { - return function( elem ) { - return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; - }; - } ), - - "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { - text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); - return function( elem ) { - return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; - }; - } ), - - // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector - // is based solely on the element's language value - // being equal to the identifier C, - // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". - // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. - // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." - // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo - "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { - - // lang value must be a valid identifier - if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { - Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); - } - lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); - return function( elem ) { - var elemLang; - do { - if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? - elem.lang : - elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { - - elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); - return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; - } - } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); - return false; - }; - } ), - - // Miscellaneous - "target": function( elem ) { - var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; - return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; - }, - - "root": function( elem ) { - return elem === docElem; - }, - - "focus": function( elem ) { - return elem === document.activeElement && - ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && - !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); - }, - - // Boolean properties - "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), - "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), - - "checked": function( elem ) { - - // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements - // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked - var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || - ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); - }, - - "selected": function( elem ) { - - // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default - // options in Safari work properly - if ( elem.parentNode ) { - // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions - elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; - } - - return elem.selected === true; - }, - - // Contents - "empty": function( elem ) { - - // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo - // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), - // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) - // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children - for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { - if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { - return false; - } - } - return true; - }, - - "parent": function( elem ) { - return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); - }, - - // Element/input types - "header": function( elem ) { - return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); - }, - - "input": function( elem ) { - return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); - }, - - "button": function( elem ) { - var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; - }, - - "text": function( elem ) { - var attr; - return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && - elem.type === "text" && - - // Support: IE<8 - // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" - ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || - attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); - }, - - // Position-in-collection - "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { - return [ 0 ]; - } ), - - "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { - return [ length - 1 ]; - } ), - - "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { - return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; - } ), - - "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { - var i = 0; - for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ), - - "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { - var i = 1; - for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ), - - "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { - var i = argument < 0 ? - argument + length : - argument > length ? - length : - argument; - for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ), - - "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { - var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; - for ( ; ++i < length; ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ) - } -}; - -Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; - -// Add button/input type pseudos -for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { - Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); -} -for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { - Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); -} - -// Easy API for creating new setFilters -function setFilters() {} -setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; -Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); - -tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { - var matched, match, tokens, type, - soFar, groups, preFilters, - cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; - - if ( cached ) { - return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); - } - - soFar = selector; - groups = []; - preFilters = Expr.preFilter; - - while ( soFar ) { - - // Comma and first run - if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { - if ( match ) { - - // Don't consume trailing commas as valid - soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; - } - groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); - } - - matched = false; - - // Combinators - if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { - matched = match.shift(); - tokens.push( { - value: matched, - - // Cast descendant combinators to space - type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) - } ); - soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); - } - - // Filters - for ( type in Expr.filter ) { - if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || - ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { - matched = match.shift(); - tokens.push( { - value: matched, - type: type, - matches: match - } ); - soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); - } - } - - if ( !matched ) { - break; - } - } - - // Return the length of the invalid excess - // if we're just parsing - // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens - return parseOnly ? - soFar.length : - soFar ? - Sizzle.error( selector ) : - - // Cache the tokens - tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); -}; - -function toSelector( tokens ) { - var i = 0, - len = tokens.length, - selector = ""; - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - selector += tokens[ i ].value; - } - return selector; -} - -function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { - var dir = combinator.dir, - skip = combinator.next, - key = skip || dir, - checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", - doneName = done++; - - return combinator.first ? - - // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element - function( elem, context, xml ) { - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { - return matcher( elem, context, xml ); - } - } - return false; - } : - - // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements - function( elem, context, xml ) { - var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, - newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; - - // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching - if ( xml ) { - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { - if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } - } else { - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { - outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { - elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; - } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && - oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { - - // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements - return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); - } else { - - // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements - uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; - - // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking - if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } - } - } - return false; - }; -} - -function elementMatcher( matchers ) { - return matchers.length > 1 ? - function( elem, context, xml ) { - var i = matchers.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { - return false; - } - } - return true; - } : - matchers[ 0 ]; -} - -function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { - var i = 0, - len = contexts.length; - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); - } - return results; -} - -function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { - var elem, - newUnmatched = [], - i = 0, - len = unmatched.length, - mapped = map != null; - - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { - if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { - newUnmatched.push( elem ); - if ( mapped ) { - map.push( i ); - } - } - } - } - - return newUnmatched; -} - -function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { - if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { - postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); - } - if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { - postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); - } - return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { - var temp, i, elem, - preMap = [], - postMap = [], - preexisting = results.length, - - // Get initial elements from seed or context - elems = seed || multipleContexts( - selector || "*", - context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, - [] - ), - - // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization - matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? - condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : - elems, - - matcherOut = matcher ? - - // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, - postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? - - // ...intermediate processing is necessary - [] : - - // ...otherwise use results directly - results : - matcherIn; - - // Find primary matches - if ( matcher ) { - matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); - } - - // Apply postFilter - if ( postFilter ) { - temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); - postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); - - // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn - i = temp.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { - matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); - } - } - } - - if ( seed ) { - if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { - if ( postFinder ) { - - // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts - temp = []; - i = matcherOut.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { - - // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match - temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); - } - } - postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); - } - - // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized - i = matcherOut.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && - ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { - - seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); - } - } - } - - // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined - } else { - matcherOut = condense( - matcherOut === results ? - matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : - matcherOut - ); - if ( postFinder ) { - postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); - } else { - push.apply( results, matcherOut ); - } - } - } ); -} - -function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { - var checkContext, matcher, j, - len = tokens.length, - leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], - implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], - i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, - - // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) - matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { - return elem === checkContext; - }, implicitRelative, true ), - matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { - return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; - }, implicitRelative, true ), - matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { - var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( - ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? - matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : - matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); - - // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) - checkContext = null; - return ret; - } ]; - - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { - matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; - } else { - matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); - - // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher - if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { - - // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling - j = ++i; - for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { - if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { - break; - } - } - return setMatcher( - i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), - i > 1 && toSelector( - - // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` - tokens - .slice( 0, i - 1 ) - .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) - ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), - matcher, - i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), - j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), - j < len && toSelector( tokens ) - ); - } - matchers.push( matcher ); - } - } - - return elementMatcher( matchers ); -} - -function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { - var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, - byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, - superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { - var elem, j, matcher, - matchedCount = 0, - i = "0", - unmatched = seed && [], - setMatched = [], - contextBackup = outermostContext, - - // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context - elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), - - // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher - dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), - len = elems.length; - - if ( outermost ) { - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; - } - - // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results - // Support: IE<9, Safari - // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id - for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { - if ( byElement && elem ) { - j = 0; - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { - setDocument( elem ); - xml = !documentIsHTML; - } - while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { - if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { - results.push( elem ); - break; - } - } - if ( outermost ) { - dirruns = dirrunsUnique; - } - } - - // Track unmatched elements for set filters - if ( bySet ) { - - // They will have gone through all possible matchers - if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { - matchedCount--; - } - - // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not - if ( seed ) { - unmatched.push( elem ); - } - } - } - - // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` - // makes the latter nonnegative. - matchedCount += i; - - // Apply set filters to unmatched elements - // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` - // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have - // no element matchers and no seed. - // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that - // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also - // numerically zero. - if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { - matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); - } - - if ( seed ) { - - // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting - if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { - while ( i-- ) { - if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { - setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); - } - } - } - - // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches - setMatched = condense( setMatched ); - } - - // Add matches to results - push.apply( results, setMatched ); - - // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting - if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && - ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { - - Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); - } - } - - // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers - if ( outermost ) { - dirruns = dirrunsUnique; - outermostContext = contextBackup; - } - - return unmatched; - }; - - return bySet ? - markFunction( superMatcher ) : - superMatcher; -} - -compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { - var i, - setMatchers = [], - elementMatchers = [], - cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; - - if ( !cached ) { - - // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element - if ( !match ) { - match = tokenize( selector ); - } - i = match.length; - while ( i-- ) { - cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); - if ( cached[ expando ] ) { - setMatchers.push( cached ); - } else { - elementMatchers.push( cached ); - } - } - - // Cache the compiled function - cached = compilerCache( - selector, - matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) - ); - - // Save selector and tokenization - cached.selector = selector; - } - return cached; -}; - -/** - * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled - * selector functions - * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled - * selector function built with Sizzle.compile - * @param {Element} context - * @param {Array} [results] - * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against - */ -select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { - var i, tokens, token, type, find, - compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, - match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); - - results = results || []; - - // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed - // (the latter of which guarantees us context) - if ( match.length === 1 ) { - - // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID - tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); - if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && - context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { - - context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] - .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; - if ( !context ) { - return results; - - // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level - } else if ( compiled ) { - context = context.parentNode; - } - - selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); - } - - // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching - i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; - while ( i-- ) { - token = tokens[ i ]; - - // Abort if we hit a combinator - if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { - break; - } - if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { - - // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators - if ( ( seed = find( - token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), - rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || - context - ) ) ) { - - // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early - tokens.splice( i, 1 ); - selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); - if ( !selector ) { - push.apply( results, seed ); - return results; - } - - break; - } - } - } - } - - // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided - // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above - ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( - seed, - context, - !documentIsHTML, - results, - !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context - ); - return results; -}; - -// One-time assignments - -// Sort stability -support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; - -// Support: Chrome 14-35+ -// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function -support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; - -// Initialize against the default document -setDocument(); - -// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) -// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* -support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { - - // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) - return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; -} ); - -// Support: IE<8 -// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" -// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx -if ( !assert( function( el ) { - el.innerHTML = ""; - return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; -} ) ) { - addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { - if ( !isXML ) { - return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); - } - } ); -} - -// Support: IE<9 -// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") -if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { - el.innerHTML = ""; - el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); - return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; -} ) ) { - addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { - if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { - return elem.defaultValue; - } - } ); -} - -// Support: IE<9 -// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies -if ( !assert( function( el ) { - return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; -} ) ) { - addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { - var val; - if ( !isXML ) { - return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : - ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? - val.value : - null; - } - } ); -} - -return Sizzle; - -} )( window ); - - - -jQuery.find = Sizzle; -jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; - -// Deprecated -jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; -jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; -jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; -jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; -jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; -jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; - - - - -var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { - var matched = [], - truncate = until !== undefined; - - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { - break; - } - matched.push( elem ); - } - } - return matched; -}; - - -var siblings = function( n, elem ) { - var matched = []; - - for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { - if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { - matched.push( n ); - } - } - - return matched; -}; - - -var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; - - - -function nodeName( elem, name ) { - - return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); - -}; -var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); - - - -// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not -function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { - if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { - return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { - return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; - } ); - } - - // Single element - if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { - return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { - return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; - } ); - } - - // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) - if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { - return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { - return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; - } ); - } - - // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors - return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); -} - -jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { - var elem = elems[ 0 ]; - - if ( not ) { - expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; - } - - if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; - } - - return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { - return elem.nodeType === 1; - } ) ); -}; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - find: function( selector ) { - var i, ret, - len = this.length, - self = this; - - if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { - return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { - for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } ) ); - } - - ret = this.pushStack( [] ); - - for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { - jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); - } - - return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; - }, - filter: function( selector ) { - return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); - }, - not: function( selector ) { - return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); - }, - is: function( selector ) { - return !!winnow( - this, - - // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set - // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". - typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? - jQuery( selector ) : - selector || [], - false - ).length; - } -} ); - - -// Initialize a jQuery object - - -// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) -var rootjQuery, - - // A simple way to check for HTML strings - // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) - // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) - // Shortcut simple #id case for speed - rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, - - init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { - var match, elem; - - // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) - if ( !selector ) { - return this; - } - - // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery - // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) - root = root || rootjQuery; - - // Handle HTML strings - if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { - if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && - selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && - selector.length >= 3 ) { - - // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check - match = [ null, selector, null ]; - - } else { - match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); - } - - // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id - if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { - - // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) - if ( match[ 1 ] ) { - context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; - - // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat - // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present - jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( - match[ 1 ], - context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, - true - ) ); - - // HANDLE: $(html, props) - if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { - for ( match in context ) { - - // Properties of context are called as methods if possible - if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { - this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); - - // ...and otherwise set as attributes - } else { - this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); - } - } - } - - return this; - - // HANDLE: $(#id) - } else { - elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); - - if ( elem ) { - - // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object - this[ 0 ] = elem; - this.length = 1; - } - return this; - } - - // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) - } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { - return ( context || root ).find( selector ); - - // HANDLE: $(expr, context) - // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) - } else { - return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); - } - - // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) - } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { - this[ 0 ] = selector; - this.length = 1; - return this; - - // HANDLE: $(function) - // Shortcut for document ready - } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { - return root.ready !== undefined ? - root.ready( selector ) : - - // Execute immediately if ready is not present - selector( jQuery ); - } - - return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); - }; - -// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation -init.prototype = jQuery.fn; - -// Initialize central reference -rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); - - -var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, - - // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set - guaranteedUnique = { - children: true, - contents: true, - next: true, - prev: true - }; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - has: function( target ) { - var targets = jQuery( target, this ), - l = targets.length; - - return this.filter( function() { - var i = 0; - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } ); - }, - - closest: function( selectors, context ) { - var cur, - i = 0, - l = this.length, - matched = [], - targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); - - // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context - if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { - - // Always skip document fragments - if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? - targets.index( cur ) > -1 : - - // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle - cur.nodeType === 1 && - jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { - - matched.push( cur ); - break; - } - } - } - } - - return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); - }, - - // Determine the position of an element within the set - index: function( elem ) { - - // No argument, return index in parent - if ( !elem ) { - return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; - } - - // Index in selector - if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { - return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); - } - - // Locate the position of the desired element - return indexOf.call( this, - - // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used - elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem - ); - }, - - add: function( selector, context ) { - return this.pushStack( - jQuery.uniqueSort( - jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) - ) - ); - }, - - addBack: function( selector ) { - return this.add( selector == null ? - this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) - ); - } -} ); - -function sibling( cur, dir ) { - while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} - return cur; -} - -jQuery.each( { - parent: function( elem ) { - var parent = elem.parentNode; - return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; - }, - parents: function( elem ) { - return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); - }, - parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { - return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); - }, - next: function( elem ) { - return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); - }, - prev: function( elem ) { - return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); - }, - nextAll: function( elem ) { - return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); - }, - prevAll: function( elem ) { - return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); - }, - nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { - return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); - }, - prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { - return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); - }, - siblings: function( elem ) { - return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); - }, - children: function( elem ) { - return siblings( elem.firstChild ); - }, - contents: function( elem ) { - if ( elem.contentDocument != null && - - // Support: IE 11+ - // elements with no `data` attribute has an object - // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. - getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { - - return elem.contentDocument; - } - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only - // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that - // don't support it. - if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { - elem = elem.content || elem; - } - - return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); - } -}, function( name, fn ) { - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { - var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); - - if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { - selector = until; - } - - if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { - matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); - } - - if ( this.length > 1 ) { - - // Remove duplicates - if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { - jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); - } - - // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives - if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { - matched.reverse(); - } - } - - return this.pushStack( matched ); - }; -} ); -var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); - - - -// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones -function createOptions( options ) { - var object = {}; - jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { - object[ flag ] = true; - } ); - return object; -} - -/* - * Create a callback list using the following parameters: - * - * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how - * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object - * - * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be - * "fired" multiple times. - * - * Possible options: - * - * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) - * - * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added - * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" - * values (like a Deferred) - * - * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) - * - * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false - * - */ -jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { - - // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed - // (we check in cache first) - options = typeof options === "string" ? - createOptions( options ) : - jQuery.extend( {}, options ); - - var // Flag to know if list is currently firing - firing, - - // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists - memory, - - // Flag to know if list was already fired - fired, - - // Flag to prevent firing - locked, - - // Actual callback list - list = [], - - // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists - queue = [], - - // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) - firingIndex = -1, - - // Fire callbacks - fire = function() { - - // Enforce single-firing - locked = locked || options.once; - - // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, - // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes - fired = firing = true; - for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { - memory = queue.shift(); - while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { - - // Run callback and check for early termination - if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && - options.stopOnFalse ) { - - // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire - firingIndex = list.length; - memory = false; - } - } - } - - // Forget the data if we're done with it - if ( !options.memory ) { - memory = false; - } - - firing = false; - - // Clean up if we're done firing for good - if ( locked ) { - - // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls - if ( memory ) { - list = []; - - // Otherwise, this object is spent - } else { - list = ""; - } - } - }, - - // Actual Callbacks object - self = { - - // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list - add: function() { - if ( list ) { - - // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding - if ( memory && !firing ) { - firingIndex = list.length - 1; - queue.push( memory ); - } - - ( function add( args ) { - jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { - if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { - if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { - list.push( arg ); - } - } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { - - // Inspect recursively - add( arg ); - } - } ); - } )( arguments ); - - if ( memory && !firing ) { - fire(); - } - } - return this; - }, - - // Remove a callback from the list - remove: function() { - jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { - var index; - while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { - list.splice( index, 1 ); - - // Handle firing indexes - if ( index <= firingIndex ) { - firingIndex--; - } - } - } ); - return this; - }, - - // Check if a given callback is in the list. - // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. - has: function( fn ) { - return fn ? - jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : - list.length > 0; - }, - - // Remove all callbacks from the list - empty: function() { - if ( list ) { - list = []; - } - return this; - }, - - // Disable .fire and .add - // Abort any current/pending executions - // Clear all callbacks and values - disable: function() { - locked = queue = []; - list = memory = ""; - return this; - }, - disabled: function() { - return !list; - }, - - // Disable .fire - // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) - // Abort any pending executions - lock: function() { - locked = queue = []; - if ( !memory && !firing ) { - list = memory = ""; - } - return this; - }, - locked: function() { - return !!locked; - }, - - // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments - fireWith: function( context, args ) { - if ( !locked ) { - args = args || []; - args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; - queue.push( args ); - if ( !firing ) { - fire(); - } - } - return this; - }, - - // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments - fire: function() { - self.fireWith( this, arguments ); - return this; - }, - - // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once - fired: function() { - return !!fired; - } - }; - - return self; -}; - - -function Identity( v ) { - return v; -} -function Thrower( ex ) { - throw ex; -} - -function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { - var method; - - try { - - // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior - if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { - method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); - - // Other thenables - } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { - method.call( value, resolve, reject ); - - // Other non-thenables - } else { - - // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: - // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) - // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() - resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); - } - - // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections - // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in - // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. - } catch ( value ) { - - // Support: Android 4.0 only - // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context - reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); - } -} - -jQuery.extend( { - - Deferred: function( func ) { - var tuples = [ - - // action, add listener, callbacks, - // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] - [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), - jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], - [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), - jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], - [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), - jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] - ], - state = "pending", - promise = { - state: function() { - return state; - }, - always: function() { - deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); - return this; - }, - "catch": function( fn ) { - return promise.then( null, fn ); - }, - - // Keep pipe for back-compat - pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { - var fns = arguments; - - return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { - jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { - - // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) - var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; - - // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) - // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) - // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) - deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { - var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); - if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { - returned.promise() - .progress( newDefer.notify ) - .done( newDefer.resolve ) - .fail( newDefer.reject ); - } else { - newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( - this, - fn ? [ returned ] : arguments - ); - } - } ); - } ); - fns = null; - } ).promise(); - }, - then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { - var maxDepth = 0; - function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { - return function() { - var that = this, - args = arguments, - mightThrow = function() { - var returned, then; - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 - // Ignore double-resolution attempts - if ( depth < maxDepth ) { - return; - } - - returned = handler.apply( that, args ); - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 - if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { - throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); - } - - // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 - // Retrieve `then` only once - then = returned && - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 - // Only check objects and functions for thenability - ( typeof returned === "object" || - typeof returned === "function" ) && - returned.then; - - // Handle a returned thenable - if ( isFunction( then ) ) { - - // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution - if ( special ) { - then.call( - returned, - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) - ); - - // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress - } else { - - // ...and disregard older resolution values - maxDepth++; - - then.call( - returned, - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, - deferred.notifyWith ) - ); - } - - // Handle all other returned values - } else { - - // Only substitute handlers pass on context - // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) - if ( handler !== Identity ) { - that = undefined; - args = [ returned ]; - } - - // Process the value(s) - // Default process is resolve - ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); - } - }, - - // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions - process = special ? - mightThrow : - function() { - try { - mightThrow(); - } catch ( e ) { - - if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { - jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, - process.stackTrace ); - } - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 - // Ignore post-resolution exceptions - if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { - - // Only substitute handlers pass on context - // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) - if ( handler !== Thrower ) { - that = undefined; - args = [ e ]; - } - - deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); - } - } - }; - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 - // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from - // subsequent errors - if ( depth ) { - process(); - } else { - - // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception - // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async - if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { - process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); - } - window.setTimeout( process ); - } - }; - } - - return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { - - // progress_handlers.add( ... ) - tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( - resolve( - 0, - newDefer, - isFunction( onProgress ) ? - onProgress : - Identity, - newDefer.notifyWith - ) - ); - - // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) - tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( - resolve( - 0, - newDefer, - isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? - onFulfilled : - Identity - ) - ); - - // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) - tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( - resolve( - 0, - newDefer, - isFunction( onRejected ) ? - onRejected : - Thrower - ) - ); - } ).promise(); - }, - - // Get a promise for this deferred - // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object - promise: function( obj ) { - return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; - } - }, - deferred = {}; - - // Add list-specific methods - jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { - var list = tuple[ 2 ], - stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; - - // promise.progress = list.add - // promise.done = list.add - // promise.fail = list.add - promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; - - // Handle state - if ( stateString ) { - list.add( - function() { - - // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) - // state = "rejected" - state = stateString; - }, - - // rejected_callbacks.disable - // fulfilled_callbacks.disable - tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, - - // rejected_handlers.disable - // fulfilled_handlers.disable - tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, - - // progress_callbacks.lock - tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, - - // progress_handlers.lock - tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock - ); - } - - // progress_handlers.fire - // fulfilled_handlers.fire - // rejected_handlers.fire - list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); - - // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } - // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } - // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } - deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { - deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); - return this; - }; - - // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith - // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith - // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith - deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; - } ); - - // Make the deferred a promise - promise.promise( deferred ); - - // Call given func if any - if ( func ) { - func.call( deferred, deferred ); - } - - // All done! - return deferred; - }, - - // Deferred helper - when: function( singleValue ) { - var - - // count of uncompleted subordinates - remaining = arguments.length, - - // count of unprocessed arguments - i = remaining, - - // subordinate fulfillment data - resolveContexts = Array( i ), - resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), - - // the master Deferred - master = jQuery.Deferred(), - - // subordinate callback factory - updateFunc = function( i ) { - return function( value ) { - resolveContexts[ i ] = this; - resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; - if ( !( --remaining ) ) { - master.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); - } - }; - }; - - // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve - if ( remaining <= 1 ) { - adoptValue( singleValue, master.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, master.reject, - !remaining ); - - // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) - if ( master.state() === "pending" || - isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { - - return master.then(); - } - } - - // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements - while ( i-- ) { - adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), master.reject ); - } - - return master.promise(); - } -} ); - - -// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, -// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. -var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; - -jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { - - // Support: IE 8 - 9 only - // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time - if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { - window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); - } -}; - - - - -jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { - window.setTimeout( function() { - throw error; - } ); -}; - - - - -// The deferred used on DOM ready -var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); - -jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { - - readyList - .then( fn ) - - // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup - // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback - // registration. - .catch( function( error ) { - jQuery.readyException( error ); - } ); - - return this; -}; - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. - isReady: false, - - // A counter to track how many items to wait for before - // the ready event fires. See #6781 - readyWait: 1, - - // Handle when the DOM is ready - ready: function( wait ) { - - // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready - if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { - return; - } - - // Remember that the DOM is ready - jQuery.isReady = true; - - // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be - if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { - return; - } - - // If there are functions bound, to execute - readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; - -// The ready event handler and self cleanup method -function completed() { - document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); - window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); - jQuery.ready(); -} - -// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called -// after the browser event has already occurred. -// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only -// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon -if ( document.readyState === "complete" || - ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { - - // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready - window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); - -} else { - - // Use the handy event callback - document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); - - // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work - window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); -} - - - - -// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection -// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function -var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { - var i = 0, - len = elems.length, - bulk = key == null; - - // Sets many values - if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { - chainable = true; - for ( i in key ) { - access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); - } - - // Sets one value - } else if ( value !== undefined ) { - chainable = true; - - if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { - raw = true; - } - - if ( bulk ) { - - // Bulk operations run against the entire set - if ( raw ) { - fn.call( elems, value ); - fn = null; - - // ...except when executing function values - } else { - bulk = fn; - fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { - return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); - }; - } - } - - if ( fn ) { - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - fn( - elems[ i ], key, raw ? - value : - value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) - ); - } - } - } - - if ( chainable ) { - return elems; - } - - // Gets - if ( bulk ) { - return fn.call( elems ); - } - - return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; -}; - - -// Matches dashed string for camelizing -var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, - rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; - -// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() -function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { - return letter.toUpperCase(); -} - -// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules -// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 -// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) -function camelCase( string ) { - return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); -} -var acceptData = function( owner ) { - - // Accepts only: - // - Node - // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE - // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE - // - Object - // - Any - return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); -}; - - - - -function Data() { - this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; -} - -Data.uid = 1; - -Data.prototype = { - - cache: function( owner ) { - - // Check if the owner object already has a cache - var value = owner[ this.expando ]; - - // If not, create one - if ( !value ) { - value = {}; - - // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, - // but we should not, see #8335. - // Always return an empty object. - if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { - - // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over - // use plain assignment - if ( owner.nodeType ) { - owner[ this.expando ] = value; - - // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property - // configurable must be true to allow the property to be - // deleted when data is removed - } else { - Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { - value: value, - configurable: true - } ); - } - } - } - - return value; - }, - set: function( owner, data, value ) { - var prop, - cache = this.cache( owner ); - - // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args - // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) - if ( typeof data === "string" ) { - cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; - - // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args - } else { - - // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object - for ( prop in data ) { - cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; - } - } - return cache; - }, - get: function( owner, key ) { - return key === undefined ? - this.cache( owner ) : - - // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) - owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; - }, - access: function( owner, key, value ) { - - // In cases where either: - // - // 1. No key was specified - // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided - // - // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine - // which value to return, respectively either: - // - // 1. The entire cache object - // 2. The data stored at the key - // - if ( key === undefined || - ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { - - return this.get( owner, key ); - } - - // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value - // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: - // - // 1. An object of properties - // 2. A key and value - // - this.set( owner, key, value ); - - // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points - // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] - return value !== undefined ? value : key; - }, - remove: function( owner, key ) { - var i, - cache = owner[ this.expando ]; - - if ( cache === undefined ) { - return; - } - - if ( key !== undefined ) { - - // Support array or space separated string of keys - if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { - - // If key is an array of keys... - // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. - key = key.map( camelCase ); - } else { - key = camelCase( key ); - - // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. - // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace - key = key in cache ? - [ key ] : - ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); - } - - i = key.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; - } - } - - // Remove the expando if there's no more data - if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { - - // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 - // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties - // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead - // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) - if ( owner.nodeType ) { - owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; - } else { - delete owner[ this.expando ]; - } - } - }, - hasData: function( owner ) { - var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; - return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); - } -}; -var dataPriv = new Data(); - -var dataUser = new Data(); - - - -// Implementation Summary -// -// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch -// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage -// paths to a single mechanism. -// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. -// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) -// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) -// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 - -var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, - rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; - -function getData( data ) { - if ( data === "true" ) { - return true; - } - - if ( data === "false" ) { - return false; - } - - if ( data === "null" ) { - return null; - } - - // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string - if ( data === +data + "" ) { - return +data; - } - - if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { - return JSON.parse( data ); - } - - return data; -} - -function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { - var name; - - // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any - // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute - if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); - data = elem.getAttribute( name ); - - if ( typeof data === "string" ) { - try { - data = getData( data ); - } catch ( e ) {} - - // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later - dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); - } else { - data = undefined; - } - } - return data; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - hasData: function( elem ) { - return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); - }, - - data: function( elem, name, data ) { - return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); - }, - - removeData: function( elem, name ) { - dataUser.remove( elem, name ); - }, - - // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced - // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. - _data: function( elem, name, data ) { - return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); - }, - - _removeData: function( elem, name ) { - dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - data: function( key, value ) { - var i, name, data, - elem = this[ 0 ], - attrs = elem && elem.attributes; - - // Gets all values - if ( key === undefined ) { - if ( this.length ) { - data = dataUser.get( elem ); - - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { - i = attrs.length; - while ( i-- ) { - - // Support: IE 11 only - // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) - if ( attrs[ i ] ) { - name = attrs[ i ].name; - if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { - name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); - dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); - } - } - } - dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); - } - } - - return data; - } - - // Sets multiple values - if ( typeof key === "object" ) { - return this.each( function() { - dataUser.set( this, key ); - } ); - } - - return access( this, function( value ) { - var data; - - // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty - // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the - // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object - // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will - // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. - if ( elem && value === undefined ) { - - // Attempt to get data from the cache - // The key will always be camelCased in Data - data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); - if ( data !== undefined ) { - return data; - } - - // Attempt to "discover" the data in - // HTML5 custom data-* attrs - data = dataAttr( elem, key ); - if ( data !== undefined ) { - return data; - } - - // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. - return; - } - - // Set the data... - this.each( function() { - - // We always store the camelCased key - dataUser.set( this, key, value ); - } ); - }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); - }, - - removeData: function( key ) { - return this.each( function() { - dataUser.remove( this, key ); - } ); - } -} ); - - -jQuery.extend( { - queue: function( elem, type, data ) { - var queue; - - if ( elem ) { - type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; - queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); - - // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup - if ( data ) { - if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { - queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); - } else { - queue.push( data ); - } - } - return queue || []; - } - }, - - dequeue: function( elem, type ) { - type = type || "fx"; - - var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), - startLength = queue.length, - fn = queue.shift(), - hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), - next = function() { - jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); - }; - - // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel - if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { - fn = queue.shift(); - startLength--; - } - - if ( fn ) { - - // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being - // automatically dequeued - if ( type === "fx" ) { - queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); - } - - // Clear up the last queue stop function - delete hooks.stop; - fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); - } - - if ( !startLength && hooks ) { - hooks.empty.fire(); - } - }, - - // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one - _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { - var key = type + "queueHooks"; - return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { - empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { - dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); - } ) - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - queue: function( type, data ) { - var setter = 2; - - if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { - data = type; - type = "fx"; - setter--; - } - - if ( arguments.length < setter ) { - return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); - } - - return data === undefined ? - this : - this.each( function() { - var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); - - // Ensure a hooks for this queue - jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); - - if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { - jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); - } - } ); - }, - dequeue: function( type ) { - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); - } ); - }, - clearQueue: function( type ) { - return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); - }, - - // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type - // are emptied (fx is the type by default) - promise: function( type, obj ) { - var tmp, - count = 1, - defer = jQuery.Deferred(), - elements = this, - i = this.length, - resolve = function() { - if ( !( --count ) ) { - defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); - } - }; - - if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { - obj = type; - type = undefined; - } - type = type || "fx"; - - while ( i-- ) { - tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); - if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { - count++; - tmp.empty.add( resolve ); - } - } - resolve(); - return defer.promise( obj ); - } -} ); -var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; - -var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); - - -var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; - -var documentElement = document.documentElement; - - - - var isAttached = function( elem ) { - return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); - }, - composed = { composed: true }; - - // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only - // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) - // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only - // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, - // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. - if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { - isAttached = function( elem ) { - return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || - elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; - }; - } -var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { - - // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; - // in that case, element will be second argument - elem = el || elem; - - // Inline style trumps all - return elem.style.display === "none" || - elem.style.display === "" && - - // Otherwise, check computed style - // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 - // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is - // in the document. - isAttached( elem ) && - - jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; - }; - - - -function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { - var adjusted, scale, - maxIterations = 20, - currentValue = tween ? - function() { - return tween.cur(); - } : - function() { - return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); - }, - initial = currentValue(), - unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), - - // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches - initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && - ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && - rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); - - if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { - - // Support: Firefox <=54 - // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) - initial = initial / 2; - - // Trust units reported by jQuery.css - unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; - - // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point - initialInUnit = +initial || 1; - - while ( maxIterations-- ) { - - // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). - // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). - jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); - if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { - maxIterations = 0; - } - initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; - - } - - initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; - jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); - - // Make sure we update the tween properties later on - valueParts = valueParts || []; - } - - if ( valueParts ) { - initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; - - // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified - adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? - initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : - +valueParts[ 2 ]; - if ( tween ) { - tween.unit = unit; - tween.start = initialInUnit; - tween.end = adjusted; - } - } - return adjusted; -} - - -var defaultDisplayMap = {}; - -function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { - var temp, - doc = elem.ownerDocument, - nodeName = elem.nodeName, - display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; - - if ( display ) { - return display; - } - - temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); - display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); - - temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); - - if ( display === "none" ) { - display = "block"; - } - defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; - - return display; -} - -function showHide( elements, show ) { - var display, elem, - values = [], - index = 0, - length = elements.length; - - // Determine new display value for elements that need to change - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - elem = elements[ index ]; - if ( !elem.style ) { - continue; - } - - display = elem.style.display; - if ( show ) { - - // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) - // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either - // inline or about-to-be-restored) - if ( display === "none" ) { - values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; - if ( !values[ index ] ) { - elem.style.display = ""; - } - } - if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { - values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); - } - } else { - if ( display !== "none" ) { - values[ index ] = "none"; - - // Remember what we're overwriting - dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); - } - } - } - - // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow - for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { - if ( values[ index ] != null ) { - elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; - } - } - - return elements; -} - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - show: function() { - return showHide( this, true ); - }, - hide: function() { - return showHide( this ); - }, - toggle: function( state ) { - if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { - return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); - } - - return this.each( function() { - if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { - jQuery( this ).show(); - } else { - jQuery( this ).hide(); - } - } ); - } -} ); -var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); - -var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); - -var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); - - - -( function() { - var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), - div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), - input = document.createElement( "input" ); - - // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only - // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) - // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) - // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) - input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); - input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); - input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); - - div.appendChild( input ); - - // Support: Android <=4.1 only - // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments - support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; - - // Support: IE <=11 only - // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned - div.innerHTML = ""; - support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // IE <=9 replaces "; - support.option = !!div.lastChild; -} )(); - - -// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) -var wrapMap = { - - // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the - // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten - // this by omitting or other required elements. - thead: [ 1, "", "
" ], - col: [ 2, "", "
" ], - tr: [ 2, "", "
" ], - td: [ 3, "", "
" ], - - _default: [ 0, "", "" ] -}; - -wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; -wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; - -// Support: IE <=9 only -if ( !support.option ) { - wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; -} - - -function getAll( context, tag ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) - var ret; - - if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { - ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); - - } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { - ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); - - } else { - ret = []; - } - - if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { - return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); - } - - return ret; -} - - -// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated -function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { - var i = 0, - l = elems.length; - - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - dataPriv.set( - elems[ i ], - "globalEval", - !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) - ); - } -} - - -var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; - -function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { - var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, - fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), - nodes = [], - i = 0, - l = elems.length; - - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - elem = elems[ i ]; - - if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { - - // Add nodes directly - if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); - - // Convert non-html into a text node - } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { - nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); - - // Convert html into DOM nodes - } else { - tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); - - // Deserialize a standard representation - tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); - wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; - tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; - - // Descend through wrappers to the right content - j = wrap[ 0 ]; - while ( j-- ) { - tmp = tmp.lastChild; - } - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); - - // Remember the top-level container - tmp = fragment.firstChild; - - // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) - tmp.textContent = ""; - } - } - } - - // Remove wrapper from fragment - fragment.textContent = ""; - - i = 0; - while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) - if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { - if ( ignored ) { - ignored.push( elem ); - } - continue; - } - - attached = isAttached( elem ); - - // Append to fragment - tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); - - // Preserve script evaluation history - if ( attached ) { - setGlobalEval( tmp ); - } - - // Capture executables - if ( scripts ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { - if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { - scripts.push( elem ); - } - } - } - } - - return fragment; -} - - -var - rkeyEvent = /^key/, - rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu|drag|drop)|click/, - rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; - -function returnTrue() { - return true; -} - -function returnFalse() { - return false; -} - -// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ -// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. -// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, -// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. -// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, -// this just defines when we can count on it). -function expectSync( elem, type ) { - return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); -} - -// Support: IE <=9 only -// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly -// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 -function safeActiveElement() { - try { - return document.activeElement; - } catch ( err ) { } -} - -function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { - var origFn, type; - - // Types can be a map of types/handlers - if ( typeof types === "object" ) { - - // ( types-Object, selector, data ) - if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { - - // ( types-Object, data ) - data = data || selector; - selector = undefined; - } - for ( type in types ) { - on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); - } - return elem; - } - - if ( data == null && fn == null ) { - - // ( types, fn ) - fn = selector; - data = selector = undefined; - } else if ( fn == null ) { - if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { - - // ( types, selector, fn ) - fn = data; - data = undefined; - } else { - - // ( types, data, fn ) - fn = data; - data = selector; - selector = undefined; - } - } - if ( fn === false ) { - fn = returnFalse; - } else if ( !fn ) { - return elem; - } - - if ( one === 1 ) { - origFn = fn; - fn = function( event ) { - - // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info - jQuery().off( event ); - return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); - }; - - // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn - fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); - } - return elem.each( function() { - jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); - } ); -} - -/* - * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. - * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. - */ -jQuery.event = { - - global: {}, - - add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { - - var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, - events, t, handleObj, - special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, - elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); - - // Only attach events to objects that accept data - if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { - return; - } - - // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler - if ( handler.handler ) { - handleObjIn = handler; - handler = handleObjIn.handler; - selector = handleObjIn.selector; - } - - // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time - // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) - if ( selector ) { - jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); - } - - // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later - if ( !handler.guid ) { - handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; - } - - // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first - if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { - events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); - } - if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { - eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { - - // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and - // when an event is called after a page has unloaded - return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? - jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; - }; - } - - // Handle multiple events separated by a space - types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; - t = types.length; - while ( t-- ) { - tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; - type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; - namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); - - // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers - if ( !type ) { - continue; - } - - // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - - // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type - type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; - - // Update special based on newly reset type - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - - // handleObj is passed to all event handlers - handleObj = jQuery.extend( { - type: type, - origType: origType, - data: data, - handler: handler, - guid: handler.guid, - selector: selector, - needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), - namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) - }, handleObjIn ); - - // Init the event handler queue if we're the first - if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { - handlers = events[ type ] = []; - handlers.delegateCount = 0; - - // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false - if ( !special.setup || - special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { - - if ( elem.addEventListener ) { - elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); - } - } - } - - if ( special.add ) { - special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); - - if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { - handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; - } - } - - // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front - if ( selector ) { - handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); - } else { - handlers.push( handleObj ); - } - - // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization - jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; - } - - }, - - // Detach an event or set of events from an element - remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { - - var j, origCount, tmp, - events, t, handleObj, - special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, - elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); - - if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { - return; - } - - // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted - types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; - t = types.length; - while ( t-- ) { - tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; - type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; - namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); - - // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element - if ( !type ) { - for ( type in events ) { - jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); - } - continue; - } - - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; - handlers = events[ type ] || []; - tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && - new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); - - // Remove matching events - origCount = j = handlers.length; - while ( j-- ) { - handleObj = handlers[ j ]; - - if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && - ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && - ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && - ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || - selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { - handlers.splice( j, 1 ); - - if ( handleObj.selector ) { - handlers.delegateCount--; - } - if ( special.remove ) { - special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); - } - } - } - - // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist - // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) - if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { - if ( !special.teardown || - special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { - - jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); - } - - delete events[ type ]; - } - } - - // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used - if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { - dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); - } - }, - - dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { - - var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, - args = new Array( arguments.length ), - - // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object - event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), - - handlers = ( - dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) - )[ event.type ] || [], - special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; - - // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event - args[ 0 ] = event; - - for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { - args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; - } - - event.delegateTarget = this; - - // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired - if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { - return; - } - - // Determine handlers - handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); - - // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us - i = 0; - while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - event.currentTarget = matched.elem; - - j = 0; - while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && - !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { - - // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is - // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. - if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || - event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { - - event.handleObj = handleObj; - event.data = handleObj.data; - - ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || - handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); - - if ( ret !== undefined ) { - if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { - event.preventDefault(); - event.stopPropagation(); - } - } - } - } - } - - // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type - if ( special.postDispatch ) { - special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); - } - - return event.result; - }, - - handlers: function( event, handlers ) { - var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, - handlerQueue = [], - delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, - cur = event.target; - - // Find delegate handlers - if ( delegateCount && - - // Support: IE <=9 - // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) - cur.nodeType && - - // Support: Firefox <=42 - // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) - // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click - // Support: IE 11 only - // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) - !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { - - for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { - - // Don't check non-elements (#13208) - // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) - if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { - matchedHandlers = []; - matchedSelectors = {}; - for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { - handleObj = handlers[ i ]; - - // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) - sel = handleObj.selector + " "; - - if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { - matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? - jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : - jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; - } - if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { - matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); - } - } - if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { - handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); - } - } - } - } - - // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers - cur = this; - if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { - handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); - } - - return handlerQueue; - }, - - addProp: function( name, hook ) { - Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { - enumerable: true, - configurable: true, - - get: isFunction( hook ) ? - function() { - if ( this.originalEvent ) { - return hook( this.originalEvent ); - } - } : - function() { - if ( this.originalEvent ) { - return this.originalEvent[ name ]; - } - }, - - set: function( value ) { - Object.defineProperty( this, name, { - enumerable: true, - configurable: true, - writable: true, - value: value - } ); - } - } ); - }, - - fix: function( originalEvent ) { - return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? - originalEvent : - new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); - }, - - special: { - load: { - - // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load - noBubble: true - }, - click: { - - // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs - setup: function( data ) { - - // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. - // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. - var el = this || data; - - // Claim the first handler - if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && - el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { - - // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) - leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); - } - - // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller - return false; - }, - trigger: function( data ) { - - // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. - // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. - var el = this || data; - - // Force setup before triggering a click - if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && - el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { - - leverageNative( el, "click" ); - } - - // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation - return true; - }, - - // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links - // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack - _default: function( event ) { - var target = event.target; - return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && - target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && - dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || - nodeName( target, "a" ); - } - }, - - beforeunload: { - postDispatch: function( event ) { - - // Support: Firefox 20+ - // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. - if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { - event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; - } - } - } - } -}; - -// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered -// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to -// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have -// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. -function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { - - // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add - if ( !expectSync ) { - if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { - jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); - } - return; - } - - // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces - dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); - jQuery.event.add( el, type, { - namespace: false, - handler: function( event ) { - var notAsync, result, - saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); - - if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { - - // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event - // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object - // from an async native handler (gh-4350) - if ( !saved.length ) { - - // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event - // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array - // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. - saved = slice.call( arguments ); - dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); - - // Trigger the native event and capture its result - // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ - // focus() and blur() are asynchronous - notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); - this[ type ](); - result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); - if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { - dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); - } else { - result = {}; - } - if ( saved !== result ) { - - // Cancel the outer synthetic event - event.stopImmediatePropagation(); - event.preventDefault(); - return result.value; - } - - // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate - // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the - // native event and prevent that from happening again here. - // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the - // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems - // less bad than duplication. - } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { - event.stopPropagation(); - } - - // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order - // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments - } else if ( saved.length ) { - - // ...and capture the result - dataPriv.set( this, type, { - value: jQuery.event.trigger( - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ - // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() - jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), - saved.slice( 1 ), - this - ) - } ); - - // Abort handling of the native event - event.stopImmediatePropagation(); - } - } - } ); -} - -jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { - - // This "if" is needed for plain objects - if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { - elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); - } -}; - -jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { - - // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword - if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { - return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); - } - - // Event object - if ( src && src.type ) { - this.originalEvent = src; - this.type = src.type; - - // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented - // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. - this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || - src.defaultPrevented === undefined && - - // Support: Android <=2.3 only - src.returnValue === false ? - returnTrue : - returnFalse; - - // Create target properties - // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only - // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) - this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? - src.target.parentNode : - src.target; - - this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; - this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; - - // Event type - } else { - this.type = src; - } - - // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object - if ( props ) { - jQuery.extend( this, props ); - } - - // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one - this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); - - // Mark it as fixed - this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; -}; - -// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding -// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html -jQuery.Event.prototype = { - constructor: jQuery.Event, - isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, - isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, - isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, - isSimulated: false, - - preventDefault: function() { - var e = this.originalEvent; - - this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; - - if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { - e.preventDefault(); - } - }, - stopPropagation: function() { - var e = this.originalEvent; - - this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; - - if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { - e.stopPropagation(); - } - }, - stopImmediatePropagation: function() { - var e = this.originalEvent; - - this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; - - if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { - e.stopImmediatePropagation(); - } - - this.stopPropagation(); - } -}; - -// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props -jQuery.each( { - altKey: true, - bubbles: true, - cancelable: true, - changedTouches: true, - ctrlKey: true, - detail: true, - eventPhase: true, - metaKey: true, - pageX: true, - pageY: true, - shiftKey: true, - view: true, - "char": true, - code: true, - charCode: true, - key: true, - keyCode: true, - button: true, - buttons: true, - clientX: true, - clientY: true, - offsetX: true, - offsetY: true, - pointerId: true, - pointerType: true, - screenX: true, - screenY: true, - targetTouches: true, - toElement: true, - touches: true, - - which: function( event ) { - var button = event.button; - - // Add which for key events - if ( event.which == null && rkeyEvent.test( event.type ) ) { - return event.charCode != null ? event.charCode : event.keyCode; - } - - // Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right - if ( !event.which && button !== undefined && rmouseEvent.test( event.type ) ) { - if ( button & 1 ) { - return 1; - } - - if ( button & 2 ) { - return 3; - } - - if ( button & 4 ) { - return 2; - } - - return 0; - } - - return event.which; - } -}, jQuery.event.addProp ); - -jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { - jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { - - // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct - setup: function() { - - // Claim the first handler - // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) - // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) - leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); - - // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller - return false; - }, - trigger: function() { - - // Force setup before trigger - leverageNative( this, type ); - - // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation - return true; - }, - - delegateType: delegateType - }; -} ); - -// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks -// so that event delegation works in jQuery. -// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout -// -// Support: Safari 7 only -// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: -// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 -// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). -jQuery.each( { - mouseenter: "mouseover", - mouseleave: "mouseout", - pointerenter: "pointerover", - pointerleave: "pointerout" -}, function( orig, fix ) { - jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { - delegateType: fix, - bindType: fix, - - handle: function( event ) { - var ret, - target = this, - related = event.relatedTarget, - handleObj = event.handleObj; - - // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. - // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window - if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { - event.type = handleObj.origType; - ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); - event.type = fix; - } - return ret; - } - }; -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - - on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { - return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); - }, - one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { - return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); - }, - off: function( types, selector, fn ) { - var handleObj, type; - if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { - - // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event - handleObj = types.handleObj; - jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( - handleObj.namespace ? - handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : - handleObj.origType, - handleObj.selector, - handleObj.handler - ); - return this; - } - if ( typeof types === "object" ) { - - // ( types-object [, selector] ) - for ( type in types ) { - this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); - } - return this; - } - if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { - - // ( types [, fn] ) - fn = selector; - selector = undefined; - } - if ( fn === false ) { - fn = returnFalse; - } - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); - } ); - } -} ); - - -var - - // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only - // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. - // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ - rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; - -// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows -function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { - if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && - nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { - - return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; - } - - return elem; -} - -// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation -function disableScript( elem ) { - elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; - return elem; -} -function restoreScript( elem ) { - if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { - elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); - } else { - elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); - } - - return elem; -} - -function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { - var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; - - if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { - return; - } - - // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. - if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { - pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); - events = pdataOld.events; - - if ( events ) { - dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); - - for ( type in events ) { - for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { - jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); - } - } - } - } - - // 2. Copy user data - if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { - udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); - udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); - - dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); - } -} - -// Fix IE bugs, see support tests -function fixInput( src, dest ) { - var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - - // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. - if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { - dest.checked = src.checked; - - // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options - } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { - dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; - } -} - -function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { - - // Flatten any nested arrays - args = flat( args ); - - var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, - i = 0, - l = collection.length, - iNoClone = l - 1, - value = args[ 0 ], - valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); - - // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit - if ( valueIsFunction || - ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && - !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { - return collection.each( function( index ) { - var self = collection.eq( index ); - if ( valueIsFunction ) { - args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); - } - domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); - } ); - } - - if ( l ) { - fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); - first = fragment.firstChild; - - if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { - fragment = first; - } - - // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback - if ( first || ignored ) { - scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); - hasScripts = scripts.length; - - // Use the original fragment for the last item - // instead of the first because it can end up - // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - node = fragment; - - if ( i !== iNoClone ) { - node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); - - // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration - if ( hasScripts ) { - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); - } - } - - callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); - } - - if ( hasScripts ) { - doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; - - // Reenable scripts - jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); - - // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion - for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { - node = scripts[ i ]; - if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && - !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && - jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { - - if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { - - // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present - if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { - jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { - nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) - }, doc ); - } - } else { - DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); - } - } - } - } - } - } - - return collection; -} - -function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { - var node, - nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, - i = 0; - - for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { - if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); - } - - if ( node.parentNode ) { - if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { - setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); - } - node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); - } - } - - return elem; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { - return html; - }, - - clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { - var i, l, srcElements, destElements, - clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), - inPage = isAttached( elem ); - - // Fix IE cloning issues - if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && - !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { - - // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 - destElements = getAll( clone ); - srcElements = getAll( elem ); - - for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { - fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); - } - } - - // Copy the events from the original to the clone - if ( dataAndEvents ) { - if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { - srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); - destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); - - for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { - cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); - } - } else { - cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); - } - } - - // Preserve script evaluation history - destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); - if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { - setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); - } - - // Return the cloned set - return clone; - }, - - cleanData: function( elems ) { - var data, elem, type, - special = jQuery.event.special, - i = 0; - - for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { - if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { - if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { - if ( data.events ) { - for ( type in data.events ) { - if ( special[ type ] ) { - jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); - - // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead - } else { - jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); - } - } - } - - // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ - // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove - elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; - } - if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { - - // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ - // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove - elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; - } - } - } - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - detach: function( selector ) { - return remove( this, selector, true ); - }, - - remove: function( selector ) { - return remove( this, selector ); - }, - - text: function( value ) { - return access( this, function( value ) { - return value === undefined ? - jQuery.text( this ) : - this.empty().each( function() { - if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { - this.textContent = value; - } - } ); - }, null, value, arguments.length ); - }, - - append: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { - var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); - target.appendChild( elem ); - } - } ); - }, - - prepend: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { - var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); - target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); - } - } ); - }, - - before: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.parentNode ) { - this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); - } - } ); - }, - - after: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.parentNode ) { - this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); - } - } ); - }, - - empty: function() { - var elem, - i = 0; - - for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - - // Prevent memory leaks - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); - - // Remove any remaining nodes - elem.textContent = ""; - } - } - - return this; - }, - - clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { - dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; - deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; - - return this.map( function() { - return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); - } ); - }, - - html: function( value ) { - return access( this, function( value ) { - var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, - i = 0, - l = this.length; - - if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - return elem.innerHTML; - } - - // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML - if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && - !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { - - value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); - - try { - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - elem = this[ i ] || {}; - - // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); - elem.innerHTML = value; - } - } - - elem = 0; - - // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method - } catch ( e ) {} - } - - if ( elem ) { - this.empty().append( value ); - } - }, null, value, arguments.length ); - }, - - replaceWith: function() { - var ignored = []; - - // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - var parent = this.parentNode; - - if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); - if ( parent ) { - parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); - } - } - - // Force callback invocation - }, ignored ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( { - appendTo: "append", - prependTo: "prepend", - insertBefore: "before", - insertAfter: "after", - replaceAll: "replaceWith" -}, function( name, original ) { - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { - var elems, - ret = [], - insert = jQuery( selector ), - last = insert.length - 1, - i = 0; - - for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { - elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); - jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); - } - - return this.pushStack( ret ); - }; -} ); -var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); - -var getStyles = function( elem ) { - - // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) - // IE throws on elements created in popups - // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" - var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; - - if ( !view || !view.opener ) { - view = window; - } - - return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); - }; - -var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { - var ret, name, - old = {}; - - // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones - for ( name in options ) { - old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; - elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; - } - - ret = callback.call( elem ); - - // Revert the old values - for ( name in options ) { - elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; - } - - return ret; -}; - - -var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); - - - -( function() { - - // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout - // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. - function computeStyleTests() { - - // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once - if ( !div ) { - return; - } - - container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + - "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; - div.style.cssText = - "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + - "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + - "width:60%;top:1%"; - documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); - - var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); - pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; - - // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 - reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; - - // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 - // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't - div.style.right = "60%"; - pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only - // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements - boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; - - // Support: IE 9 only - // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) - // Support: Chrome <=64 - // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) - div.style.position = "absolute"; - scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; - - documentElement.removeChild( container ); - - // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and - // it will also be a sign that checks already performed - div = null; - } - - function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { - return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); - } - - var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, - reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, - container = document.createElement( "div" ), - div = document.createElement( "div" ); - - // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments - if ( !div.style ) { - return; - } - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) - div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; - div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; - support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; - - jQuery.extend( support, { - boxSizingReliable: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return boxSizingReliableVal; - }, - pixelBoxStyles: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return pixelBoxStylesVal; - }, - pixelPosition: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return pixelPositionVal; - }, - reliableMarginLeft: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return reliableMarginLeftVal; - }, - scrollboxSize: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return scrollboxSizeVal; - }, - - // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ - // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height - // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. - // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes - // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! - reliableTrDimensions: function() { - var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; - if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { - table = document.createElement( "table" ); - tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); - trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); - - table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px"; - tr.style.height = "1px"; - trChild.style.height = "9px"; - - documentElement - .appendChild( table ) - .appendChild( tr ) - .appendChild( trChild ); - - trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); - reliableTrDimensionsVal = parseInt( trStyle.height ) > 3; - - documentElement.removeChild( table ); - } - return reliableTrDimensionsVal; - } - } ); -} )(); - - -function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { - var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, - - // Support: Firefox 51+ - // Retrieving style before computed somehow - // fixes an issue with getting wrong values - // on detached elements - style = elem.style; - - computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); - - // getPropertyValue is needed for: - // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) - // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) - if ( computed ) { - ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; - - if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { - ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); - } - - // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" - // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, - // but width seems to be reliably pixels. - // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: - // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values - if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { - - // Remember the original values - width = style.width; - minWidth = style.minWidth; - maxWidth = style.maxWidth; - - // Put in the new values to get a computed value out - style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; - ret = computed.width; - - // Revert the changed values - style.width = width; - style.minWidth = minWidth; - style.maxWidth = maxWidth; - } - } - - return ret !== undefined ? - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. - ret + "" : - ret; -} - - -function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { - - // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. - return { - get: function() { - if ( conditionFn() ) { - - // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due - // to missing dependency), remove it. - delete this.get; - return; - } - - // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. - return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); - } - }; -} - - -var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], - emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, - vendorProps = {}; - -// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined -function vendorPropName( name ) { - - // Check for vendor prefixed names - var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), - i = cssPrefixes.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; - if ( name in emptyStyle ) { - return name; - } - } -} - -// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property -function finalPropName( name ) { - var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; - - if ( final ) { - return final; - } - if ( name in emptyStyle ) { - return name; - } - return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; -} - - -var - - // Swappable if display is none or starts with table - // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" - // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display - rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, - rcustomProp = /^--/, - cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, - cssNormalTransform = { - letterSpacing: "0", - fontWeight: "400" - }; - -function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { - - // Any relative (+/-) values have already been - // normalized at this point - var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); - return matches ? - - // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks - Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : - value; -} - -function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { - var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, - extra = 0, - delta = 0; - - // Adjustment may not be necessary - if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { - return 0; - } - - for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { - - // Both box models exclude margin - if ( box === "margin" ) { - delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); - } - - // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" - if ( !isBorderBox ) { - - // Add padding - delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); - - // For "border" or "margin", add border - if ( box !== "padding" ) { - delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); - - // But still keep track of it otherwise - } else { - extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); - } - - // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or - // "padding" or "margin" - } else { - - // For "content", subtract padding - if ( box === "content" ) { - delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); - } - - // For "content" or "padding", subtract border - if ( box !== "margin" ) { - delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); - } - } - } - - // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal - if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { - - // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border - // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down - delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( - elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - - computedVal - - delta - - extra - - 0.5 - - // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter - // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) - ) ) || 0; - } - - return delta; -} - -function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { - - // Start with computed style - var styles = getStyles( elem ), - - // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). - // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. - boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, - isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && - jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", - valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, - - val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), - offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); - - // Support: Firefox <=54 - // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. - if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { - if ( !extra ) { - return val; - } - val = "auto"; - } - - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only - // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. - // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. - if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || - - // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ - // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height - // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. - // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. - !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || - - // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" - // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) - val === "auto" || - - // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only - // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) - !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && - - // Make sure the element is visible & connected - elem.getClientRects().length ) { - - isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; - - // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. - // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the - // retrieved value as a content box dimension. - valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; - if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { - val = elem[ offsetProp ]; - } - } - - // Normalize "" and auto - val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; - - // Adjust for the element's box model - return ( val + - boxModelAdjustment( - elem, - dimension, - extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), - valueIsBorderBox, - styles, - - // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) - val - ) - ) + "px"; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default - // behavior of getting and setting a style property - cssHooks: { - opacity: { - get: function( elem, computed ) { - if ( computed ) { - - // We should always get a number back from opacity - var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); - return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; - } - } - } - }, - - // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties - cssNumber: { - "animationIterationCount": true, - "columnCount": true, - "fillOpacity": true, - "flexGrow": true, - "flexShrink": true, - "fontWeight": true, - "gridArea": true, - "gridColumn": true, - "gridColumnEnd": true, - "gridColumnStart": true, - "gridRow": true, - "gridRowEnd": true, - "gridRowStart": true, - "lineHeight": true, - "opacity": true, - "order": true, - "orphans": true, - "widows": true, - "zIndex": true, - "zoom": true - }, - - // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before - // setting or getting the value - cssProps: {}, - - // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node - style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { - - // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes - if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { - return; - } - - // Make sure that we're working with the right name - var ret, type, hooks, - origName = camelCase( name ), - isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), - style = elem.style; - - // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't - // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property - // since they are user-defined. - if ( !isCustomProp ) { - name = finalPropName( origName ); - } - - // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version - hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; - - // Check if we're setting a value - if ( value !== undefined ) { - type = typeof value; - - // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) - if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { - value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); - - // Fixes bug #9237 - type = "number"; - } - - // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) - if ( value == null || value !== value ) { - return; - } - - // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) - // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append - // "px" to a few hardcoded values. - if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { - value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); - } - - // background-* props affect original clone's values - if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { - style[ name ] = "inherit"; - } - - // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value - if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || - ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { - - if ( isCustomProp ) { - style.setProperty( name, value ); - } else { - style[ name ] = value; - } - } - - } else { - - // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { - - return ret; - } - - // Otherwise just get the value from the style object - return style[ name ]; - } - }, - - css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { - var val, num, hooks, - origName = camelCase( name ), - isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); - - // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't - // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property - // since they are user-defined. - if ( !isCustomProp ) { - name = finalPropName( origName ); - } - - // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name - hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; - - // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { - val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); - } - - // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that - if ( val === undefined ) { - val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); - } - - // Convert "normal" to computed value - if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { - val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; - } - - // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric - if ( extra === "" || extra ) { - num = parseFloat( val ); - return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; - } - - return val; - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { - jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { - get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { - if ( computed ) { - - // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them - // but it must have a current display style that would benefit - return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && - - // Support: Safari 8+ - // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero - // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. - // Support: IE <=11 only - // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node - // in IE throws an error. - ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? - swap( elem, cssShow, function() { - return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); - } ) : - getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); - } - }, - - set: function( elem, value, extra ) { - var matches, - styles = getStyles( elem ), - - // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail - // to avoid forcing a reflow. - scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && - styles.position === "absolute", - - // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) - boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, - isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && - jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", - subtract = extra ? - boxModelAdjustment( - elem, - dimension, - extra, - isBorderBox, - styles - ) : - 0; - - // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and - // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) - if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { - subtract -= Math.ceil( - elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - - parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - - boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - - 0.5 - ); - } - - // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed - if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && - ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { - - elem.style[ dimension ] = value; - value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); - } - - return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); - } - }; -} ); - -jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, - function( elem, computed ) { - if ( computed ) { - return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || - elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - - swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { - return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; - } ) - ) + "px"; - } - } -); - -// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties -jQuery.each( { - margin: "", - padding: "", - border: "Width" -}, function( prefix, suffix ) { - jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { - expand: function( value ) { - var i = 0, - expanded = {}, - - // Assumes a single number if not a string - parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; - - for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { - expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = - parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; - } - - return expanded; - } - }; - - if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { - jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - css: function( name, value ) { - return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { - var styles, len, - map = {}, - i = 0; - - if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { - styles = getStyles( elem ); - len = name.length; - - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); - } - - return map; - } - - return value !== undefined ? - jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : - jQuery.css( elem, name ); - }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); - } -} ); - - -function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { - return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); -} -jQuery.Tween = Tween; - -Tween.prototype = { - constructor: Tween, - init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { - this.elem = elem; - this.prop = prop; - this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; - this.options = options; - this.start = this.now = this.cur(); - this.end = end; - this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); - }, - cur: function() { - var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; - - return hooks && hooks.get ? - hooks.get( this ) : - Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); - }, - run: function( percent ) { - var eased, - hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; - - if ( this.options.duration ) { - this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( - percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration - ); - } else { - this.pos = eased = percent; - } - this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; - - if ( this.options.step ) { - this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); - } - - if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { - hooks.set( this ); - } else { - Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); - } - return this; - } -}; - -Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; - -Tween.propHooks = { - _default: { - get: function( tween ) { - var result; - - // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, - // or when there is no matching style property that exists. - if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || - tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { - return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; - } - - // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically - // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. - // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; - // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. - result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); - - // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. - return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; - }, - set: function( tween ) { - - // Use step hook for back compat. - // Use cssHook if its there. - // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. - if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { - jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); - } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( - jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || - tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { - jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); - } else { - tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; - } - } - } -}; - -// Support: IE <=9 only -// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes -Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { - set: function( tween ) { - if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { - tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; - } - } -}; - -jQuery.easing = { - linear: function( p ) { - return p; - }, - swing: function( p ) { - return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; - }, - _default: "swing" -}; - -jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; - -// Back compat <1.8 extension point -jQuery.fx.step = {}; - - - - -var - fxNow, inProgress, - rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, - rrun = /queueHooks$/; - -function schedule() { - if ( inProgress ) { - if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { - window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); - } else { - window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); - } - - jQuery.fx.tick(); - } -} - -// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously -function createFxNow() { - window.setTimeout( function() { - fxNow = undefined; - } ); - return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); -} - -// Generate parameters to create a standard animation -function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { - var which, - i = 0, - attrs = { height: type }; - - // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, - // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right - includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; - for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { - which = cssExpand[ i ]; - attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; - } - - if ( includeWidth ) { - attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; - } - - return attrs; -} - -function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { - var tween, - collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), - index = 0, - length = collection.length; - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { - - // We're done with this property - return tween; - } - } -} - -function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { - var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, - isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, - anim = this, - orig = {}, - style = elem.style, - hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), - dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); - - // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks - if ( !opts.queue ) { - hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); - if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { - hooks.unqueued = 0; - oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; - hooks.empty.fire = function() { - if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { - oldfire(); - } - }; - } - hooks.unqueued++; - - anim.always( function() { - - // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes - anim.always( function() { - hooks.unqueued--; - if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { - hooks.empty.fire(); - } - } ); - } ); - } - - // Detect show/hide animations - for ( prop in props ) { - value = props[ prop ]; - if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { - delete props[ prop ]; - toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; - if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { - - // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and - // there is still data from a stopped show/hide - if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { - hidden = true; - - // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data - } else { - continue; - } - } - orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); - } - } - - // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() - propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); - if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { - return; - } - - // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations - if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 - // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand - // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors - // the overflowX value there. - opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; - - // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade - restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; - if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { - restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); - } - display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); - if ( display === "none" ) { - if ( restoreDisplay ) { - display = restoreDisplay; - } else { - - // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility - showHide( [ elem ], true ); - restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; - display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); - showHide( [ elem ] ); - } - } - - // Animate inline elements as inline-block - if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { - if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { - - // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations - if ( !propTween ) { - anim.done( function() { - style.display = restoreDisplay; - } ); - if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { - display = style.display; - restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; - } - } - style.display = "inline-block"; - } - } - } - - if ( opts.overflow ) { - style.overflow = "hidden"; - anim.always( function() { - style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; - style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; - style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; - } ); - } - - // Implement show/hide animations - propTween = false; - for ( prop in orig ) { - - // General show/hide setup for this element animation - if ( !propTween ) { - if ( dataShow ) { - if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { - hidden = dataShow.hidden; - } - } else { - dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); - } - - // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" - if ( toggle ) { - dataShow.hidden = !hidden; - } - - // Show elements before animating them - if ( hidden ) { - showHide( [ elem ], true ); - } - - /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ - - anim.done( function() { - - /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ - - // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element - if ( !hidden ) { - showHide( [ elem ] ); - } - dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); - for ( prop in orig ) { - jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); - } - } ); - } - - // Per-property setup - propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); - if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { - dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; - if ( hidden ) { - propTween.end = propTween.start; - propTween.start = 0; - } - } - } -} - -function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { - var index, name, easing, value, hooks; - - // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass - for ( index in props ) { - name = camelCase( index ); - easing = specialEasing[ name ]; - value = props[ index ]; - if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { - easing = value[ 1 ]; - value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; - } - - if ( index !== name ) { - props[ name ] = value; - delete props[ index ]; - } - - hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; - if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { - value = hooks.expand( value ); - delete props[ name ]; - - // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. - // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" - for ( index in value ) { - if ( !( index in props ) ) { - props[ index ] = value[ index ]; - specialEasing[ index ] = easing; - } - } - } else { - specialEasing[ name ] = easing; - } - } -} - -function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { - var result, - stopped, - index = 0, - length = Animation.prefilters.length, - deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { - - // Don't match elem in the :animated selector - delete tick.elem; - } ), - tick = function() { - if ( stopped ) { - return false; - } - var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), - remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), - - // Support: Android 2.3 only - // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) - temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, - percent = 1 - temp, - index = 0, - length = animation.tweens.length; - - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); - } - - deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); - - // If there's more to do, yield - if ( percent < 1 && length ) { - return remaining; - } - - // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification - if ( !length ) { - deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); - } - - // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion - deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); - return false; - }, - animation = deferred.promise( { - elem: elem, - props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), - opts: jQuery.extend( true, { - specialEasing: {}, - easing: jQuery.easing._default - }, options ), - originalProperties: properties, - originalOptions: options, - startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), - duration: options.duration, - tweens: [], - createTween: function( prop, end ) { - var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, - animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); - animation.tweens.push( tween ); - return tween; - }, - stop: function( gotoEnd ) { - var index = 0, - - // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens - // otherwise we skip this part - length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; - if ( stopped ) { - return this; - } - stopped = true; - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); - } - - // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject - if ( gotoEnd ) { - deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); - deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); - } else { - deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); - } - return this; - } - } ), - props = animation.props; - - propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); - - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); - if ( result ) { - if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { - jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = - result.stop.bind( result ); - } - return result; - } - } - - jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); - - if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { - animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); - } - - // Attach callbacks from options - animation - .progress( animation.opts.progress ) - .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) - .fail( animation.opts.fail ) - .always( animation.opts.always ); - - jQuery.fx.timer( - jQuery.extend( tick, { - elem: elem, - anim: animation, - queue: animation.opts.queue - } ) - ); - - return animation; -} - -jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { - - tweeners: { - "*": [ function( prop, value ) { - var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); - adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); - return tween; - } ] - }, - - tweener: function( props, callback ) { - if ( isFunction( props ) ) { - callback = props; - props = [ "*" ]; - } else { - props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); - } - - var prop, - index = 0, - length = props.length; - - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - prop = props[ index ]; - Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; - Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); - } - }, - - prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], - - prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { - if ( prepend ) { - Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); - } else { - Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); - } - } -} ); - -jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { - var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { - complete: fn || !fn && easing || - isFunction( speed ) && speed, - duration: speed, - easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing - }; - - // Go to the end state if fx are off - if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { - opt.duration = 0; - - } else { - if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { - if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { - opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; - - } else { - opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; - } - } - } - - // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" - if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { - opt.queue = "fx"; - } - - // Queueing - opt.old = opt.complete; - - opt.complete = function() { - if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { - opt.old.call( this ); - } - - if ( opt.queue ) { - jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); - } - }; - - return opt; -}; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { - - // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 - return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() - - // Animate to the value specified - .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); - }, - animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { - var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), - optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), - doAnimation = function() { - - // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost - var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); - - // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately - if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { - anim.stop( true ); - } - }; - doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; - - return empty || optall.queue === false ? - this.each( doAnimation ) : - this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); - }, - stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { - var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { - var stop = hooks.stop; - delete hooks.stop; - stop( gotoEnd ); - }; - - if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { - gotoEnd = clearQueue; - clearQueue = type; - type = undefined; - } - if ( clearQueue ) { - this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); - } - - return this.each( function() { - var dequeue = true, - index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", - timers = jQuery.timers, - data = dataPriv.get( this ); - - if ( index ) { - if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { - stopQueue( data[ index ] ); - } - } else { - for ( index in data ) { - if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { - stopQueue( data[ index ] ); - } - } - } - - for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { - if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && - ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { - - timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); - dequeue = false; - timers.splice( index, 1 ); - } - } - - // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. - // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which - // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. - if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { - jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); - } - } ); - }, - finish: function( type ) { - if ( type !== false ) { - type = type || "fx"; - } - return this.each( function() { - var index, - data = dataPriv.get( this ), - queue = data[ type + "queue" ], - hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], - timers = jQuery.timers, - length = queue ? queue.length : 0; - - // Enable finishing flag on private data - data.finish = true; - - // Empty the queue first - jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); - - if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { - hooks.stop.call( this, true ); - } - - // Look for any active animations, and finish them - for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { - if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { - timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); - timers.splice( index, 1 ); - } - } - - // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them - for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { - if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { - queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); - } - } - - // Turn off finishing flag - delete data.finish; - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { - var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { - return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? - cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : - this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); - }; -} ); - -// Generate shortcuts for custom animations -jQuery.each( { - slideDown: genFx( "show" ), - slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), - slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), - fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, - fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, - fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } -}, function( name, props ) { - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { - return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); - }; -} ); - -jQuery.timers = []; -jQuery.fx.tick = function() { - var timer, - i = 0, - timers = jQuery.timers; - - fxNow = Date.now(); - - for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { - timer = timers[ i ]; - - // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) - if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { - timers.splice( i--, 1 ); - } - } - - if ( !timers.length ) { - jQuery.fx.stop(); - } - fxNow = undefined; -}; - -jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { - jQuery.timers.push( timer ); - jQuery.fx.start(); -}; - -jQuery.fx.interval = 13; -jQuery.fx.start = function() { - if ( inProgress ) { - return; - } - - inProgress = true; - schedule(); -}; - -jQuery.fx.stop = function() { - inProgress = null; -}; - -jQuery.fx.speeds = { - slow: 600, - fast: 200, - - // Default speed - _default: 400 -}; - - -// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. -// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ -jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { - time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; - type = type || "fx"; - - return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { - var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); - hooks.stop = function() { - window.clearTimeout( timeout ); - }; - } ); -}; - - -( function() { - var input = document.createElement( "input" ), - select = document.createElement( "select" ), - opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); - - input.type = "checkbox"; - - // Support: Android <=4.3 only - // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" - support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; - - // Support: IE <=11 only - // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select - support.optSelected = opt.selected; - - // Support: IE <=11 only - // An input loses its value after becoming a radio - input = document.createElement( "input" ); - input.value = "t"; - input.type = "radio"; - support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; -} )(); - - -var boolHook, - attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - attr: function( name, value ) { - return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); - }, - - removeAttr: function( name ) { - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.extend( { - attr: function( elem, name, value ) { - var ret, hooks, - nType = elem.nodeType; - - // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes - if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { - return; - } - - // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported - if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { - return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); - } - - // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version - // Grab necessary hook if one is defined - if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { - hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || - ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); - } - - if ( value !== undefined ) { - if ( value === null ) { - jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); - return; - } - - if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { - return ret; - } - - elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); - return value; - } - - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { - return ret; - } - - ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); - - // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined - return ret == null ? undefined : ret; - }, - - attrHooks: { - type: { - set: function( elem, value ) { - if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && - nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { - var val = elem.value; - elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); - if ( val ) { - elem.value = val; - } - return value; - } - } - } - }, - - removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { - var name, - i = 0, - - // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 - attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); - - if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { - elem.removeAttribute( name ); - } - } - } -} ); - -// Hooks for boolean attributes -boolHook = { - set: function( elem, value, name ) { - if ( value === false ) { - - // Remove boolean attributes when set to false - jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); - } else { - elem.setAttribute( name, name ); - } - return name; - } -}; - -jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { - var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; - - attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { - var ret, handle, - lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); - - if ( !isXML ) { - - // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter - handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; - attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; - ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? - lowercaseName : - null; - attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; - } - return ret; - }; -} ); - - - - -var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, - rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - prop: function( name, value ) { - return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); - }, - - removeProp: function( name ) { - return this.each( function() { - delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.extend( { - prop: function( elem, name, value ) { - var ret, hooks, - nType = elem.nodeType; - - // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes - if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { - return; - } - - if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { - - // Fix name and attach hooks - name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; - hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; - } - - if ( value !== undefined ) { - if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { - return ret; - } - - return ( elem[ name ] = value ); - } - - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { - return ret; - } - - return elem[ name ]; - }, - - propHooks: { - tabIndex: { - get: function( elem ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the - // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set - // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ - // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) - var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); - - if ( tabindex ) { - return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); - } - - if ( - rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || - rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && - elem.href - ) { - return 0; - } - - return -1; - } - } - }, - - propFix: { - "for": "htmlFor", - "class": "className" - } -} ); - -// Support: IE <=11 only -// Accessing the selectedIndex property -// forces the browser to respect setting selected -// on the option -// The getter ensures a default option is selected -// when in an optgroup -// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code -// since it considers such accessions noop -if ( !support.optSelected ) { - jQuery.propHooks.selected = { - get: function( elem ) { - - /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ - - var parent = elem.parentNode; - if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { - parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; - } - return null; - }, - set: function( elem ) { - - /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ - - var parent = elem.parentNode; - if ( parent ) { - parent.selectedIndex; - - if ( parent.parentNode ) { - parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; - } - } - } - }; -} - -jQuery.each( [ - "tabIndex", - "readOnly", - "maxLength", - "cellSpacing", - "cellPadding", - "rowSpan", - "colSpan", - "useMap", - "frameBorder", - "contentEditable" -], function() { - jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; -} ); - - - - - // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec - // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace - function stripAndCollapse( value ) { - var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; - return tokens.join( " " ); - } - - -function getClass( elem ) { - return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; -} - -function classesToArray( value ) { - if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { - return value; - } - if ( typeof value === "string" ) { - return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; - } - return []; -} - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - addClass: function( value ) { - var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, - i = 0; - - if ( isFunction( value ) ) { - return this.each( function( j ) { - jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); - } ); - } - - classes = classesToArray( value ); - - if ( classes.length ) { - while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { - curValue = getClass( elem ); - cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); - - if ( cur ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { - if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { - cur += clazz + " "; - } - } - - // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. - finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); - if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { - elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); - } - } - } - } - - return this; - }, - - removeClass: function( value ) { - var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, - i = 0; - - if ( isFunction( value ) ) { - return this.each( function( j ) { - jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); - } ); - } - - if ( !arguments.length ) { - return this.attr( "class", "" ); - } - - classes = classesToArray( value ); - - if ( classes.length ) { - while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { - curValue = getClass( elem ); - - // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) - cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); - - if ( cur ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { - - // Remove *all* instances - while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { - cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); - } - } - - // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. - finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); - if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { - elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); - } - } - } - } - - return this; - }, - - toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { - var type = typeof value, - isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); - - if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { - return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); - } - - if ( isFunction( value ) ) { - return this.each( function( i ) { - jQuery( this ).toggleClass( - value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), - stateVal - ); - } ); - } - - return this.each( function() { - var className, i, self, classNames; - - if ( isValidValue ) { - - // Toggle individual class names - i = 0; - self = jQuery( this ); - classNames = classesToArray( value ); - - while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Check each className given, space separated list - if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { - self.removeClass( className ); - } else { - self.addClass( className ); - } - } - - // Toggle whole class name - } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { - className = getClass( this ); - if ( className ) { - - // Store className if set - dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); - } - - // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, - // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). - // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), - // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. - if ( this.setAttribute ) { - this.setAttribute( "class", - className || value === false ? - "" : - dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" - ); - } - } - } ); - }, - - hasClass: function( selector ) { - var className, elem, - i = 0; - - className = " " + selector + " "; - while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && - ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { - return true; - } - } - - return false; - } -} ); - - - - -var rreturn = /\r/g; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - val: function( value ) { - var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, - elem = this[ 0 ]; - - if ( !arguments.length ) { - if ( elem ) { - hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || - jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; - - if ( hooks && - "get" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined - ) { - return ret; - } - - ret = elem.value; - - // Handle most common string cases - if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { - return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); - } - - // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number - return ret == null ? "" : ret; - } - - return; - } - - valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); - - return this.each( function( i ) { - var val; - - if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { - return; - } - - if ( valueIsFunction ) { - val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); - } else { - val = value; - } - - // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string - if ( val == null ) { - val = ""; - - } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { - val += ""; - - } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { - val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { - return value == null ? "" : value + ""; - } ); - } - - hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; - - // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting - if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { - this.value = val; - } - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.extend( { - valHooks: { - option: { - get: function( elem ) { - - var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); - return val != null ? - val : - - // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only - // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) - // Strip and collapse whitespace - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace - stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); - } - }, - select: { - get: function( elem ) { - var value, option, i, - options = elem.options, - index = elem.selectedIndex, - one = elem.type === "select-one", - values = one ? null : [], - max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; - - if ( index < 0 ) { - i = max; - - } else { - i = one ? index : 0; - } - - // Loop through all the selected options - for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { - option = options[ i ]; - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) - if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && - - // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup - !option.disabled && - ( !option.parentNode.disabled || - !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { - - // Get the specific value for the option - value = jQuery( option ).val(); - - // We don't need an array for one selects - if ( one ) { - return value; - } - - // Multi-Selects return an array - values.push( value ); - } - } - - return values; - }, - - set: function( elem, value ) { - var optionSet, option, - options = elem.options, - values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), - i = options.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - option = options[ i ]; - - /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ - - if ( option.selected = - jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 - ) { - optionSet = true; - } - - /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ - } - - // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set - if ( !optionSet ) { - elem.selectedIndex = -1; - } - return values; - } - } - } -} ); - -// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter -jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { - jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { - set: function( elem, value ) { - if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { - return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); - } - } - }; - if ( !support.checkOn ) { - jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { - return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; - }; - } -} ); - - - - -// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion - - -support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; - - -var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, - stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { - e.stopPropagation(); - }; - -jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { - - trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { - - var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, - eventPath = [ elem || document ], - type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, - namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; - - cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; - - // Don't do events on text and comment nodes - if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { - return; - } - - // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now - if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { - return; - } - - if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { - - // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() - namespaces = type.split( "." ); - type = namespaces.shift(); - namespaces.sort(); - } - ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; - - // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string - event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? - event : - new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); - - // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) - event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; - event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); - event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? - new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : - null; - - // Clean up the event in case it is being reused - event.result = undefined; - if ( !event.target ) { - event.target = elem; - } - - // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list - data = data == null ? - [ event ] : - jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); - - // Allow special events to draw outside the lines - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { - return; - } - - // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) - // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) - if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { - - bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; - if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { - cur = cur.parentNode; - } - for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { - eventPath.push( cur ); - tmp = cur; - } - - // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) - if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { - eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); - } - } - - // Fire handlers on the event path - i = 0; - while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - lastElement = cur; - event.type = i > 1 ? - bubbleType : - special.bindType || type; - - // jQuery handler - handle = ( - dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) - )[ event.type ] && - dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); - if ( handle ) { - handle.apply( cur, data ); - } - - // Native handler - handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; - if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { - event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); - if ( event.result === false ) { - event.preventDefault(); - } - } - } - event.type = type; - - // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now - if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { - - if ( ( !special._default || - special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && - acceptData( elem ) ) { - - // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. - // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) - if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { - - // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method - tmp = elem[ ontype ]; - - if ( tmp ) { - elem[ ontype ] = null; - } - - // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above - jQuery.event.triggered = type; - - if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); - } - - elem[ type ](); - - if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); - } - - jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; - - if ( tmp ) { - elem[ ontype ] = tmp; - } - } - } - } - - return event.result; - }, - - // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one - // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events - simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { - var e = jQuery.extend( - new jQuery.Event(), - event, - { - type: type, - isSimulated: true - } - ); - - jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); - } - -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - - trigger: function( type, data ) { - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); - } ); - }, - triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { - var elem = this[ 0 ]; - if ( elem ) { - return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); - } - } -} ); - - -// Support: Firefox <=44 -// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events -// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 -// -// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 -// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, -// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order -// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 -if ( !support.focusin ) { - jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { - - // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout - var handler = function( event ) { - jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); - }; - - jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { - setup: function() { - - // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window - // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). - var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, - attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); - - if ( !attaches ) { - doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); - } - dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); - }, - teardown: function() { - var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, - attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; - - if ( !attaches ) { - doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); - dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); - - } else { - dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); - } - } - }; - } ); -} -var location = window.location; - -var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; - -var rquery = ( /\?/ ); - - - -// Cross-browser xml parsing -jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { - var xml; - if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { - return null; - } - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only - // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. - try { - xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); - } catch ( e ) { - xml = undefined; - } - - if ( !xml || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) { - jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data ); - } - return xml; -}; - - -var - rbracket = /\[\]$/, - rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, - rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, - rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; - -function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { - var name; - - if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { - - // Serialize array item. - jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { - if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { - - // Treat each array item as a scalar. - add( prefix, v ); - - } else { - - // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. - buildParams( - prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", - v, - traditional, - add - ); - } - } ); - - } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { - - // Serialize object item. - for ( name in obj ) { - buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); - } - - } else { - - // Serialize scalar item. - add( prefix, obj ); - } -} - -// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of -// key/values into a query string -jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { - var prefix, - s = [], - add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { - - // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value - var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? - valueOrFunction() : - valueOrFunction; - - s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + - encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); - }; - - if ( a == null ) { - return ""; - } - - // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. - if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { - - // Serialize the form elements - jQuery.each( a, function() { - add( this.name, this.value ); - } ); - - } else { - - // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older - // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. - for ( prefix in a ) { - buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); - } - } - - // Return the resulting serialization - return s.join( "&" ); -}; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - serialize: function() { - return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); - }, - serializeArray: function() { - return this.map( function() { - - // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements - var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); - return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; - } ) - .filter( function() { - var type = this.type; - - // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works - return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && - rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && - ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); - } ) - .map( function( _i, elem ) { - var val = jQuery( this ).val(); - - if ( val == null ) { - return null; - } - - if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { - return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { - return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; - } ); - } - - return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; - } ).get(); - } -} ); - - -var - r20 = /%20/g, - rhash = /#.*$/, - rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, - rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, - - // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection - rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, - rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, - rprotocol = /^\/\//, - - /* Prefilters - * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) - * 2) These are called: - * - BEFORE asking for a transport - * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) - * 3) key is the dataType - * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used - * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed - */ - prefilters = {}, - - /* Transports bindings - * 1) key is the dataType - * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used - * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed - */ - transports = {}, - - // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression - allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), - - // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin - originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); - originAnchor.href = location.href; - -// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport -function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { - - // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" - return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { - - if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { - func = dataTypeExpression; - dataTypeExpression = "*"; - } - - var dataType, - i = 0, - dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; - - if ( isFunction( func ) ) { - - // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression - while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Prepend if requested - if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { - dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; - ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); - - // Otherwise append - } else { - ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); - } - } - } - }; -} - -// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports -function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { - - var inspected = {}, - seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); - - function inspect( dataType ) { - var selected; - inspected[ dataType ] = true; - jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { - var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); - if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && - !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { - - options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); - inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); - return false; - } else if ( seekingTransport ) { - return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); - } - } ); - return selected; - } - - return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); -} - -// A special extend for ajax options -// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) -// Fixes #9887 -function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { - var key, deep, - flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; - - for ( key in src ) { - if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { - ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; - } - } - if ( deep ) { - jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); - } - - return target; -} - -/* Handles responses to an ajax request: - * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) - * - returns the corresponding response - */ -function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { - - var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, - contents = s.contents, - dataTypes = s.dataTypes; - - // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process - while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { - dataTypes.shift(); - if ( ct === undefined ) { - ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); - } - } - - // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type - if ( ct ) { - for ( type in contents ) { - if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { - dataTypes.unshift( type ); - break; - } - } - } - - // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType - if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { - finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; - } else { - - // Try convertible dataTypes - for ( type in responses ) { - if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { - finalDataType = type; - break; - } - if ( !firstDataType ) { - firstDataType = type; - } - } - - // Or just use first one - finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; - } - - // If we found a dataType - // We add the dataType to the list if needed - // and return the corresponding response - if ( finalDataType ) { - if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { - dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); - } - return responses[ finalDataType ]; - } -} - -/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response - * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance - */ -function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { - var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, - converters = {}, - - // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion - dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); - - // Create converters map with lowercased keys - if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { - for ( conv in s.converters ) { - converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; - } - } - - current = dataTypes.shift(); - - // Convert to each sequential dataType - while ( current ) { - - if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { - jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; - } - - // Apply the dataFilter if provided - if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { - response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); - } - - prev = current; - current = dataTypes.shift(); - - if ( current ) { - - // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto - if ( current === "*" ) { - - current = prev; - - // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current - } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { - - // Seek a direct converter - conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; - - // If none found, seek a pair - if ( !conv ) { - for ( conv2 in converters ) { - - // If conv2 outputs current - tmp = conv2.split( " " ); - if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { - - // If prev can be converted to accepted input - conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || - converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; - if ( conv ) { - - // Condense equivalence converters - if ( conv === true ) { - conv = converters[ conv2 ]; - - // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType - } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { - current = tmp[ 0 ]; - dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); - } - break; - } - } - } - } - - // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) - if ( conv !== true ) { - - // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them - if ( conv && s.throws ) { - response = conv( response ); - } else { - try { - response = conv( response ); - } catch ( e ) { - return { - state: "parsererror", - error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current - }; - } - } - } - } - } - } - - return { state: "success", data: response }; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Counter for holding the number of active queries - active: 0, - - // Last-Modified header cache for next request - lastModified: {}, - etag: {}, - - ajaxSettings: { - url: location.href, - type: "GET", - isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), - global: true, - processData: true, - async: true, - contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", - - /* - timeout: 0, - data: null, - dataType: null, - username: null, - password: null, - cache: null, - throws: false, - traditional: false, - headers: {}, - */ - - accepts: { - "*": allTypes, - text: "text/plain", - html: "text/html", - xml: "application/xml, text/xml", - json: "application/json, text/javascript" - }, - - contents: { - xml: /\bxml\b/, - html: /\bhtml/, - json: /\bjson\b/ - }, - - responseFields: { - xml: "responseXML", - text: "responseText", - json: "responseJSON" - }, - - // Data converters - // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space - converters: { - - // Convert anything to text - "* text": String, - - // Text to html (true = no transformation) - "text html": true, - - // Evaluate text as a json expression - "text json": JSON.parse, - - // Parse text as xml - "text xml": jQuery.parseXML - }, - - // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: - // you can add your own custom options here if - // and when you create one that shouldn't be - // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) - flatOptions: { - url: true, - context: true - } - }, - - // Creates a full fledged settings object into target - // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. - // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. - ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { - return settings ? - - // Building a settings object - ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : - - // Extending ajaxSettings - ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); - }, - - ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), - ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), - - // Main method - ajax: function( url, options ) { - - // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature - if ( typeof url === "object" ) { - options = url; - url = undefined; - } - - // Force options to be an object - options = options || {}; - - var transport, - - // URL without anti-cache param - cacheURL, - - // Response headers - responseHeadersString, - responseHeaders, - - // timeout handle - timeoutTimer, - - // Url cleanup var - urlAnchor, - - // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) - completed, - - // To know if global events are to be dispatched - fireGlobals, - - // Loop variable - i, - - // uncached part of the url - uncached, - - // Create the final options object - s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), - - // Callbacks context - callbackContext = s.context || s, - - // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection - globalEventContext = s.context && - ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? - jQuery( callbackContext ) : - jQuery.event, - - // Deferreds - deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), - completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), - - // Status-dependent callbacks - statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, - - // Headers (they are sent all at once) - requestHeaders = {}, - requestHeadersNames = {}, - - // Default abort message - strAbort = "canceled", - - // Fake xhr - jqXHR = { - readyState: 0, - - // Builds headers hashtable if needed - getResponseHeader: function( key ) { - var match; - if ( completed ) { - if ( !responseHeaders ) { - responseHeaders = {}; - while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { - responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = - ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) - .concat( match[ 2 ] ); - } - } - match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; - } - return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); - }, - - // Raw string - getAllResponseHeaders: function() { - return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; - }, - - // Caches the header - setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { - if ( completed == null ) { - name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = - requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; - requestHeaders[ name ] = value; - } - return this; - }, - - // Overrides response content-type header - overrideMimeType: function( type ) { - if ( completed == null ) { - s.mimeType = type; - } - return this; - }, - - // Status-dependent callbacks - statusCode: function( map ) { - var code; - if ( map ) { - if ( completed ) { - - // Execute the appropriate callbacks - jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); - } else { - - // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones - for ( code in map ) { - statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; - } - } - } - return this; - }, - - // Cancel the request - abort: function( statusText ) { - var finalText = statusText || strAbort; - if ( transport ) { - transport.abort( finalText ); - } - done( 0, finalText ); - return this; - } - }; - - // Attach deferreds - deferred.promise( jqXHR ); - - // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) - // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) - // We also use the url parameter if available - s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) - .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); - - // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 - s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; - - // Extract dataTypes list - s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; - - // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. - if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { - urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); - - // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 - // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, - // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ - try { - urlAnchor.href = s.url; - - // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only - // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative - urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; - s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== - urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; - } catch ( e ) { - - // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, - // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid - s.crossDomain = true; - } - } - - // Convert data if not already a string - if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { - s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); - } - - // Apply prefilters - inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); - - // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there - if ( completed ) { - return jqXHR; - } - - // We can fire global events as of now if asked to - // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) - fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; - - // Watch for a new set of requests - if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { - jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); - } - - // Uppercase the type - s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); - - // Determine if request has content - s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); - - // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since - // and/or If-None-Match header later on - // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation - cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); - - // More options handling for requests with no content - if ( !s.hasContent ) { - - // Remember the hash so we can put it back - uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); - - // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url - if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { - cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; - - // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry - delete s.data; - } - - // Add or update anti-cache param if needed - if ( s.cache === false ) { - cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); - uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + - uncached; - } - - // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) - s.url = cacheURL + uncached; - - // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) - } else if ( s.data && s.processData && - ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { - s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); - } - - // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. - if ( s.ifModified ) { - if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); - } - if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); - } - } - - // Set the correct header, if data is being sent - if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); - } - - // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( - "Accept", - s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? - s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + - ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : - s.accepts[ "*" ] - ); - - // Check for headers option - for ( i in s.headers ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); - } - - // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort - if ( s.beforeSend && - ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { - - // Abort if not done already and return - return jqXHR.abort(); - } - - // Aborting is no longer a cancellation - strAbort = "abort"; - - // Install callbacks on deferreds - completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); - jqXHR.done( s.success ); - jqXHR.fail( s.error ); - - // Get transport - transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); - - // If no transport, we auto-abort - if ( !transport ) { - done( -1, "No Transport" ); - } else { - jqXHR.readyState = 1; - - // Send global event - if ( fireGlobals ) { - globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); - } - - // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there - if ( completed ) { - return jqXHR; - } - - // Timeout - if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { - timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { - jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); - }, s.timeout ); - } - - try { - completed = false; - transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); - } catch ( e ) { - - // Rethrow post-completion exceptions - if ( completed ) { - throw e; - } - - // Propagate others as results - done( -1, e ); - } - } - - // Callback for when everything is done - function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { - var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, - statusText = nativeStatusText; - - // Ignore repeat invocations - if ( completed ) { - return; - } - - completed = true; - - // Clear timeout if it exists - if ( timeoutTimer ) { - window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); - } - - // Dereference transport for early garbage collection - // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) - transport = undefined; - - // Cache response headers - responseHeadersString = headers || ""; - - // Set readyState - jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; - - // Determine if successful - isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; - - // Get response data - if ( responses ) { - response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); - } - - // Use a noop converter for missing script - if ( !isSuccess && jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 ) { - s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; - } - - // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) - response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); - - // If successful, handle type chaining - if ( isSuccess ) { - - // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. - if ( s.ifModified ) { - modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); - if ( modified ) { - jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; - } - modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); - if ( modified ) { - jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; - } - } - - // if no content - if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { - statusText = "nocontent"; - - // if not modified - } else if ( status === 304 ) { - statusText = "notmodified"; - - // If we have data, let's convert it - } else { - statusText = response.state; - success = response.data; - error = response.error; - isSuccess = !error; - } - } else { - - // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts - error = statusText; - if ( status || !statusText ) { - statusText = "error"; - if ( status < 0 ) { - status = 0; - } - } - } - - // Set data for the fake xhr object - jqXHR.status = status; - jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; - - // Success/Error - if ( isSuccess ) { - deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); - } else { - deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); - } - - // Status-dependent callbacks - jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); - statusCode = undefined; - - if ( fireGlobals ) { - globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", - [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); - } - - // Complete - completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); - - if ( fireGlobals ) { - globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); - - // Handle the global AJAX counter - if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { - jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); - } - } - } - - return jqXHR; - }, - - getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { - return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); - }, - - getScript: function( url, callback ) { - return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { - jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { - - // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted - if ( isFunction( data ) ) { - type = type || callback; - callback = data; - data = undefined; - } - - // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) - return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { - url: url, - type: method, - dataType: type, - data: data, - success: callback - }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); - }; -} ); - -jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { - var i; - for ( i in s.headers ) { - if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { - s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; - } - } -} ); - - -jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { - return jQuery.ajax( { - url: url, - - // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) - type: "GET", - dataType: "script", - cache: true, - async: false, - global: false, - - // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) - // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead - // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. - converters: { - "text script": function() {} - }, - dataFilter: function( response ) { - jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); - } - } ); -}; - - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - wrapAll: function( html ) { - var wrap; - - if ( this[ 0 ] ) { - if ( isFunction( html ) ) { - html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); - } - - // The elements to wrap the target around - wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); - - if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { - wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); - } - - wrap.map( function() { - var elem = this; - - while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { - elem = elem.firstElementChild; - } - - return elem; - } ).append( this ); - } - - return this; - }, - - wrapInner: function( html ) { - if ( isFunction( html ) ) { - return this.each( function( i ) { - jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); - } ); - } - - return this.each( function() { - var self = jQuery( this ), - contents = self.contents(); - - if ( contents.length ) { - contents.wrapAll( html ); - - } else { - self.append( html ); - } - } ); - }, - - wrap: function( html ) { - var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); - - return this.each( function( i ) { - jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); - } ); - }, - - unwrap: function( selector ) { - this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { - jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); - } ); - return this; - } -} ); - - -jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { - return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); -}; -jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { - return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); -}; - - - - -jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { - try { - return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); - } catch ( e ) {} -}; - -var xhrSuccessStatus = { - - // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 - 0: 200, - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 - 1223: 204 - }, - xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); - -support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); -support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; - -jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { - var callback, errorCallback; - - // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest - if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { - return { - send: function( headers, complete ) { - var i, - xhr = options.xhr(); - - xhr.open( - options.type, - options.url, - options.async, - options.username, - options.password - ); - - // Apply custom fields if provided - if ( options.xhrFields ) { - for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { - xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; - } - } - - // Override mime type if needed - if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { - xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); - } - - // X-Requested-With header - // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are - // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. - // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) - // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. - if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { - headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; - } - - // Set headers - for ( i in headers ) { - xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); - } - - // Callback - callback = function( type ) { - return function() { - if ( callback ) { - callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = - xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = - xhr.onreadystatechange = null; - - if ( type === "abort" ) { - xhr.abort(); - } else if ( type === "error" ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws - // errors on any property access that is not readyState - if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { - complete( 0, "error" ); - } else { - complete( - - // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 - xhr.status, - xhr.statusText - ); - } - } else { - complete( - xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, - xhr.statusText, - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) - // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) - ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || - typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? - { binary: xhr.response } : - { text: xhr.responseText }, - xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() - ); - } - } - }; - }; - - // Listen to events - xhr.onload = callback(); - errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); - - // Support: IE 9 only - // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort - // to handle uncaught aborts - if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { - xhr.onabort = errorCallback; - } else { - xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { - - // Check readyState before timeout as it changes - if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { - - // Allow onerror to be called first, - // but that will not handle a native abort - // Also, save errorCallback to a variable - // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed - window.setTimeout( function() { - if ( callback ) { - errorCallback(); - } - } ); - } - }; - } - - // Create the abort callback - callback = callback( "abort" ); - - try { - - // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) - xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); - } catch ( e ) { - - // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet - if ( callback ) { - throw e; - } - } - }, - - abort: function() { - if ( callback ) { - callback(); - } - } - }; - } -} ); - - - - -// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) -jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { - if ( s.crossDomain ) { - s.contents.script = false; - } -} ); - -// Install script dataType -jQuery.ajaxSetup( { - accepts: { - script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + - "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" - }, - contents: { - script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ - }, - converters: { - "text script": function( text ) { - jQuery.globalEval( text ); - return text; - } - } -} ); - -// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain -jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { - if ( s.cache === undefined ) { - s.cache = false; - } - if ( s.crossDomain ) { - s.type = "GET"; - } -} ); - -// Bind script tag hack transport -jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { - - // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests - if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { - var script, callback; - return { - send: function( _, complete ) { - script = jQuery( " - - - - - Contents - - - - - - Menu - - - - - - - - Expand - - - - - - Light mode - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dark mode - - - - - - - Auto light/dark mode - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Introduction to Photonics 1 24 documentation
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Welcome to the Experimental Physik 3 Course!#

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This is the website of the Experimental Physics 3 course in the

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Course Information:

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Jupyter Notebooks:

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Lecture 1:

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Indices and tables#

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- Copyright © 2024, Frank Cichos -
- Made with Sphinx and @pradyunsg's - - Furo -
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- - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/course-info/assignments.html b/build/html/course-info/assignments.html index 34f4f56..21f33b6 100644 --- a/build/html/course-info/assignments.html +++ b/build/html/course-info/assignments.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
- +

Lecture 1:

+ +
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AssignmentsFuro
- Last updated on Apr 02, 2024
+ Last updated on Apr 13, 2024
diff --git a/build/html/course-info/exam.html b/build/html/course-info/exam.html index 98b9c42..deb6a15 100644 --- a/build/html/course-info/exam.html +++ b/build/html/course-info/exam.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
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Exams# Furo
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InstructorFuro
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Lecture 1:

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Course ScheduleFuro
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diff --git a/build/html/course-info/website.html b/build/html/course-info/website.html index ecaec70..fef1702 100644 --- a/build/html/course-info/website.html +++ b/build/html/course-info/website.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
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This WebsiteFuro
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OverviewFuro
- Last updated on Apr 02, 2024
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diff --git a/build/html/lectures/L1/assignment_1.html b/build/html/lectures/L1/assignment_1.html index 43071de..dd43590 100644 --- a/build/html/lectures/L1/assignment_1.html +++ b/build/html/lectures/L1/assignment_1.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
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Lecture 1:

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Exercise 1Furo
- Last updated on Apr 02, 2024
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diff --git a/build/html/lectures/L1/overview_1.html b/build/html/lectures/L1/overview_1.html index b3390e8..9497ad5 100644 --- a/build/html/lectures/L1/overview_1.html +++ b/build/html/lectures/L1/overview_1.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
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VideosFuro
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diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Empty.html b/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Empty.html index bae4935..dc9299f 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Empty.html +++ b/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Empty.html @@ -158,7 +158,11 @@
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An empty notebookFuro
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diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter.html b/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter.html index ee5cf50..52ab264 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter.html +++ b/build/html/notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
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Managing the kernelFuro
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diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html index 8e09e2b..63f4a82 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html +++ b/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@

Ray Optics

Law of reflection#

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Law of reflection

Law of refraction#

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Law of refraction\(\theta_1\) with the angle of the refracted ray \(\theta_2\).

With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles.

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-    display(HTML("<script src='https://d3js.org/d3.v6.min.js'></script>"))
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-HTML("""
-<div id="animation-container"></div>
-<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v6.min.js"></script>
-<script>
-    var svg = d3.select("#animation-container").append("svg")
-        .attr("width", 400)
-        .attr("height", 200);
-
-    var circle = svg.append("circle")
-        .attr("cx", 20)
-        .attr("cy", 100)
-        .attr("r", 20)
-        .style("fill", "steelblue");
-
-    circle.transition()
-        .duration(2000)
-        .attr("cx", 380)
-        .on("end", function() { d3.select(this).style("fill", "tomato"); });
-</script>
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-# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes
-html_slider = """
-<div>
-    <input type="range" id="mySlider" name="mySlider" min="0" max="100" value="50" oninput="sliderOutput.value = mySlider.value">
-    <output id="sliderOutput">50</output>
-</div>
-<script>
-document.getElementById("mySlider").oninput = function() {
-    // This function is called whenever the slider value changes.
-    // You can add custom logic here to handle the value change.
-    console.log("Slider value:", this.value);
-};
-</script>
-"""
-
-# Display the slider in the notebook
-display(HTML(html_slider))
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Refraction on spherical boundary#

Many of the interesting situations of refraction occur on interfaces, which are curved. Lenses, for example, have curved surfaces and the angles of refraction therefore change depending on the position. We can model in the simplest case by a spherical surface or in 2D just by a circular interface. The diagram below shows the definition of such a situation.

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Aberration Characterization and Zernike Polynomialsits azimuthal frequency.

These polynomials are particularly useful in optics and ophthalmology for describing the shape of optical wavefronts and the aberrations of optical systems, including the human eye. They allow for the decomposition of a complex wavefront into simpler, orthogonal components, each corresponding to a specific type of aberration, such as defocus, astigmatism, coma, etc.

The plots below visualize the Zernike Polynomials up to a certain order.

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-
-
def radial_polynomial(n, m, rho):
-    """
-    Compute the radial component of the Zernike polynomial.
-    """
-    R = np.zeros_like(rho)
-    for k in range((n - abs(m)) // 2 + 1):
-        R += ((-1)**k * np.math.factorial(n - k) /
-              (np.math.factorial(k) * np.math.factorial((n + abs(m)) // 2 - k) *
-               np.math.factorial((n - abs(m)) // 2 - k))) * rho**(n - 2*k)
-    return R
-
-def zernike_polynomial(n, m, rho, phi):
-    """
-    Compute the Zernike polynomial.
-    """
-    if m >= 0:
-        return radial_polynomial(n, m, rho) * np.cos(m * phi)
-    else:
-        return radial_polynomial(n, -m, rho) * np.sin(-m * phi)
-
-x = np.linspace(-1, 1, 400)
-y = np.linspace(-1, 1, 400)
-xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x, y)
-rho = np.sqrt(xx**2 + yy**2)
-phi = np.arctan2(yy, xx)
-
-mask = rho > 1
-rho[mask] = np.nan
-
-fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 6, figsize=(8, 4))
-axs = axs.flatten()
-
-index = 0
-for n in range(6):
-    for m in range(-n, n+1, 2):
-        if index >= len(axs):
-            break
-        Z = zernike_polynomial(n, m, rho, phi)
-        Z[mask] = np.nan  # Apply mask
-        ax = axs[index]
-        c = ax.imshow(Z, extent=(-1, 1, -1, 1), origin='lower')
-        ax.set_title(f'n={n}, m={m}')
-        ax.axis('off')
-        index += 1
-
-plt.tight_layout()
-plt.show()
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_27_0.png -
-

Total Internal Reflection#

If we now consider the outgoing angle \(\theta_2\) as a function of the incident angle \(\theta_1\), we obtain a characteristic plot, which looks for the materials glass (\(n=1.5\)) and air (\(n=1\)) like below. If the incident light is coming from air and following onto glass, we can change the incident angle up to \(90\) degree, but only reach an outgoing angle of \(41.8\) degree. If we reverse the materials, however, an outgoing angle is reached and an angle of incidence of \(41.8\) degree. Light at larger incident angles is not anymore refracted out of the glass but reflected into the glass. Therefore, this phenomenon is called total internal reflection. It has some fantastic applications.

-
[54]:
-
-
-
def snell_law(n1, n2, theta1_degrees):
-    theta1_radians = np.radians(theta1_degrees)
-    sin_theta2 = n1 / n2 * np.sin(theta1_radians)
-
-    # Check for total internal reflection
-    if sin_theta2 > 1:
-        # Total internal reflection, no refraction
-        return np.nan  # Use NaN to indicate no refraction occurs
-    else:
-        theta2_radians = np.arcsin(sin_theta2)
-        return np.degrees(theta2_radians)
-
-theta1 = np.linspace(0, 90, 1000)
-
-n1_glass = 1.5
-n2_air = 1.0
-
-theta2_glass_to_air = np.array([snell_law(n1_glass, n2_air, angle) for angle in theta1])
-plt.figure(figsize=(4, 4),dpi=150)
-plt.plot(theta1, theta2_glass_to_air,"k", label='n1=1.5 to n2=1.0')
-theta_c = np.degrees(np.arcsin(n2_air / n1_glass))
-plt.axvline(x=theta_c, color='k', linestyle='--', label=f'Critical angle θc = {theta_c:.2f}°')
-
-n1_glass = 1.0
-n2_air = 1.5
-theta2_glass_to_air = np.array([snell_law(n1_glass, n2_air, angle) for angle in theta1])
-
-plt.plot(theta1, theta2_glass_to_air,"k", label='n1=1.5 to n2=1.0')
-plt.plot(theta1, theta1,"k")
-
-plt.xlabel(r'$θ_1$ (degrees)')
-plt.ylabel(r'$θ_2$ (degrees)')
-
-plt.xlim(0, 90)
-plt.ylim(0, 90)
-plt.grid(True)
-plt.show()
-
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-../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_30_0.png -
-
-
[61]:
@@ -861,7 +503,7 @@

Total Internal Reflection

-../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_31_0.png +../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_28_0.png
diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb index 7efac18..3ddcacf 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb +++ b/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb @@ -128,419 +128,6 @@ "With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_variables.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_variables.html deleted file mode 100644 index 6370881..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_variables.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,893 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Variables and types — Experimental Physics 3 1 documentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - -
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-

This page was generated from `source/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb`_. -
Binder badge

-
-
-

Variables and types

-
-

Symbol names

-

Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and some special characters such as _. Normal variable names must start with a letter.

-

By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter.

-
-

Note: Reserved keywords

-

There are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:

-
and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except,
-exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or,
-pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield
-
-
-

Note: Be aware of the keyword lambda, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name.

-
-
-
-

Variable Assignment

-

The assignment operator in Python is =. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.

-

Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:

-
-
[3]:
-
-
-
-# variable assignments
-x = 1.0
-my_favorite_variable = 12.2
-x
-
-
-
-
-
[3]:
-
-
-
-
-1.0
-
-
-

Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it.

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-
[2]:
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-
-
-type(x)
-
-
-
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[2]:
-
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-
-
-float
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If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change.

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-x = 1
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-type(x)
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[4]:
-
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-
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-int
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-

If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an NameError:

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-
[5]:
-
-
-
-print(y)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
-<ipython-input-5-d9183e048de3> in <module>
-----> 1 print(y)
-
-NameError: name 'y' is not defined
-
-
-
-
-

Number types

-

Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the type() command.

-
-

Integers

-

Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer. In Python 2 there has been a maximum integer possible, which does not exist in Python 3 anymore.

-
-
[6]:
-
-
-
-# integer number
-x = 1
-type(x)
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-
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[6]:
-
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-int
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Floating Point

-

Floating point values are values with a decimal point. Also here a maximum float is non existant in Python 3.

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[7]:
-
-
-
-# float variable
-x= 3.141
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-
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Complex Numbers

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[8]:
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-c=2+4j
-type(c)
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[8]:
-
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-complex
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-

Complex numbers have built in accessors. These accessors give for example access to the real and imaginary part of the complex number.

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[9]:
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-r=c.real
-print(r)
-
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-2.0
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[10]:
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-i=c.imag
-print(i)
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-4.0
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-

On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as cmath or numpy.

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[11]:
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-c=(2+4j).conjugate()
-print(c.imag)
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--4.0
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Type casting

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-print(x, type(x))
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-1.5 <class 'float'>
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-1 <class 'int'>
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-z = complex(x)
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-(1+0j) <class 'complex'>
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-x = float(z)
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
-<ipython-input-7-19c840f40bd8> in <module>
-----> 1 x = float(z)
-
-TypeError: can't convert complex to float
-
-
-

Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use z.real or z.imag to extract the part of the complex number we want:

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[8]:
-
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-y = bool(z.real)
-
-print(z.real, " -> ", y, type(y))
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-y = bool(z.imag)
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-print(z.imag, " -> ", y, type(y))
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-1.0  ->  True <class 'bool'>
-0.0  ->  False <class 'bool'>
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- - © Copyright 2020, Frank Cichos - - Last updated on Oct 12, 2020. - - -

-
- - - - Built with Sphinx using a - - theme - - provided by Read the Docs. - -
- -
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- -
- -
- - - - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 86b042c..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/1_variables.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,683 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Variables and types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Symbol names \n", - "\n", - "Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9` and some special characters such as `_`. Normal variable names must start with a letter. \n", - "\n", - "By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note:** Reserved keywords\n", - "\n", - "There are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:\n", - "\n", - " and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, \n", - " exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or, \n", - " pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield\n", - "\n", - "Note: Be aware of the keyword `lambda`, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name.\n", - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Variable Assignment" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The assignment operator in Python is `=`. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.\n", - "\n", - "Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# variable assignments\n", - "x = 1.0\n", - "my_favorite_variable = 12.2\n", - "x" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "float" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "x = 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an `NameError`:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "NameError", - "evalue": "name 'y' is not defined", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'y' is not defined" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Number types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the *type()* command. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Integers\n", - "\n", - "Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer. \n", - "In Python 2 there has been a maximum integer possible, which does not exist in Python 3 anymore." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.227107+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.221564" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# integer number\n", - "x = 1 \n", - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Floating Point\n", - "\n", - "Floating point values are values with a decimal point. Also here a maximum float is non existant in Python 3." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.403435+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.398662" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "# float variable\n", - "x= 3.141 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Complex Numbers" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.106323+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.100896" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "complex" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=2+4j\n", - "type(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex numbers have built in *accessors*. These accessors give for example access to the *real* and *imaginary* part of the complex number. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "2.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "r=c.real\n", - "print(r)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "i=c.imag\n", - "print(i)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as *cmath* or *numpy*." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=(2+4j).conjugate()\n", - "print(c.imag)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Type casting" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.5 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = 1.5\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = int(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(1+0j) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "z = complex(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(z, type(z))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "TypeError", - "evalue": "can't convert complex to float", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = float(z)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use `z.real` or `z.imag` to extract the part of the complex number we want:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0 -> True \n", - "0.0 -> False \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "y = bool(z.real)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n", - "\n", - "y = bool(z.imag)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/2_operators.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/2_operators.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5139043..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/2_operators.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,787 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Operators and comparisons — Experimental Physics 3 1 documentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Operators and comparisons

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Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:

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  • Arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, // (integer division), ’**’ power

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-1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 2 / 2
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Note: Division

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The / operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x. This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of / is always an integer if the operands are integers. To be more specific, 1/2 = 0.5 (float) in Python 3.x, and 1/2 = 0 (int) in Python 2.x (but 1.0/2 = 0.5 in Python 2.x).

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The boolean operators are spelled out as the words and, not, or.

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Comparison operators >, <, >= (greater or equal), <= (less or equal), == equality, is identical.

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- - © Copyright 2020, Frank Cichos - - Last updated on Oct 12, 2020. - - -

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- - - - Built with Sphinx using a - - theme - - provided by Read the Docs. - -
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- - - - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 6ee7874..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/2_operators.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,454 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Operators and comparisons" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:\n", - "\n", - "* Arithmetic operators `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (integer division), '**' power\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3, -1, 2, 1.0)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 2 / 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Integer division of float numbers\n", - "3.0 // 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "8" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Note! The power operators in python isn't ^, but **\n", - "2 ** 3" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note:** Division\n", - " \n", - "The `/` operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x. \n", - "This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of `/` is always an integer \n", - "if the operands are integers. To be more specific, `1/2 = 0.5` (`float`) in \n", - "Python 3.x, and `1/2 = 0` (`int`) in Python 2.x (but `1.0/2 = 0.5` in Python 2.x).\n", - "\n", - "
" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The boolean operators are spelled out as the words `and`, `not`, `or`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True and False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "not False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True or False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Comparison operators `>`, `<`, `>=` (greater or equal), `<=` (less or equal), `==` equality, `is` identical." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 1, 2 < 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(False, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 2, 2 < 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, True)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 >= 2, 2 <= 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# equality\n", - "[1,2] == [1,2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# objects identical?\n", - "l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n", - "\n", - "l1 is l2" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.html deleted file mode 100644 index 0820392..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1201 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Data Types in Python — Experimental Physics 3 1 documentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 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This page was generated from `source/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb`_. -
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Data Types in Python

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It’s time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the number types mentioned previously, there are also other types like strings, lists, tuples and dictionaries.

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Each of these data types has a number of connected methods (functions) which allow to manipulate the data contained in a variable. If you want to know which methods are available for a certain object use the command dir, e.g.

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The following few cells will give you a short introduction into each type.

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Strings are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are useful for printing results on the screen, during reading and writing of data.

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-Hello world!
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As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)

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-c[1]
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-'e'
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Strings can also be made out of numbers.

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-"975"+"321"
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-'975321'
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If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the str.isnumeric method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type int by typing:

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-("975"+"321").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric("975"+"321")
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-975321
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There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example.

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-t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t
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-3
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-'World!'
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Lists

-

Lists have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.

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-a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]
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-b = [5., "girl", 2+0j, "horse", 21]
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Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at 0 for the first element (left).

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Note Indices in Python

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The first element of a list or array is accessed by the index 0. If the array has N elements, the last entries index is N-1.

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-(5.0, 'girl')
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Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. b[-1] denotes the last element in the list and b[-2], the element before the last.

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-b[-1]
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-'horse'
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The length of a list can be obtained by the len command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations.

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-len(b)
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[21]:
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-5
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There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of iterator. This is called list comprehension. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python.

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-[element for element in b if type(element)==str]
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-['girl', 'horse']
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Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them

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-b[-2]='cat'
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-[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]
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Lists can be concatanated by the + operator

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-c=a+b
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-[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]
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A very useful feature for lists in python is the slicing of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again.

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-c[3:7]
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-[2, 3, 5, 8]
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Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list.

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-c[3:9:2]
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-[2, 5, 13]
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It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command.

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-c.reverse()
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-[21, 'cat', (2+0j), 'girl', 5.0, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0]
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Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming.

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-a
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-['h']
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A list of numbers can be easily created by the range() command.

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[39]:
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-list(range(10))
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[39]:
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-[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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-list(range(3,10))
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-[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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-list(range(3,10,2))
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-[3, 5, 7, 9]
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Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets.

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-a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]
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-[8, 5]
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-a[1][1]
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[45]:
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-5
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Tuples

-

Tuples are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result.

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[46]:
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-point = (10, 20)
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-print(point, type(point))
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-(10, 20) <class 'tuple'>
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Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way

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-x, y = point
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-print("x =", x)
-print("y =", y)
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-x = 10
-y = 20
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Dictionaries

-

Dictionaries are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do -not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited.

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-room = {"Ralf":422, "Frank":322, "Dekan":550}
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-room['Frank']
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-322
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[51]:
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-room.keys()
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[51]:
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-dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])
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[52]:
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-room.values()
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[52]:
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-dict_values([422, 322, 550])
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- - -
- -
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- - - - -
- -
-

- - © Copyright 2020, Frank Cichos - - Last updated on Oct 12, 2020. - - -

-
- - - - Built with Sphinx using a - - theme - - provided by Read the Docs. - -
- -
-
- -
- -
- - - - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index aaa0859..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/3_datatypes.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1322 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Data Types in Python" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It's time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the number types mentioned previously, there are also other types like **strings**, **lists**, **tuples** and **dictionaries**. \n", - "\n", - "Each of these data types has a number of connected `methods` (functions) which allow to manipulate the data contained in a variable. If you want to know which methods are available for a certain object use the command `dir`, e.g.\n", - "\n", - "~~~\n", - "s=\"string\"\n", - "dir(s)\n", - "~~~\n", - "\n", - "The following few cells will give you a short introduction into each type. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Strings\n", - "\n", - "**Strings** are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are useful for printing results on the screen, during reading and writing of data." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.381263Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.378101Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'Hello'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "s='Hello' # string variable\n", - "s" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.904816Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.901345Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "t=\"world!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "String can be concatenated using the *+* operator. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.519251Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.515677Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "c=s+' '+t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.568540Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.564378Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hello world!\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.033095Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.027938Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'e'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Strings can also be made out of numbers." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.113138Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.108211Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'975321'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "\"975\"+\"321\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the `str.isnumeric` method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type *int* by typing:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(\"975\"+\"321\").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.898131Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.893171Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "975321" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "int(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'World!'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.capitalize()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Lists\n", - "\n", - "**Lists** have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.538250Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.535066Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.850960Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.847769Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b = [5., \"girl\", 2+0j, \"horse\", 21]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at *0* for the first element (left). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "
\n", - "\n", - "**Note** Indices in Python\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "The first element of a list or array is accessed by the index 0. If the array has N elements, the last entries index is N-1.\n", - "\n", - "
" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(5.0, 'girl')" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[0],b[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. *b[-1]* denotes the last element in the list and *b[-2]*, the element before the last." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.177759Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.171973Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "21" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.352948Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.347674Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'horse'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The length of a list can be obtained by the `len` command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.966883Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.961951Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "len(b)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of *iterator*. This is called *list comprehension*. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.820782Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.815249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['girl', 'horse']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "[element for element in b if type(element)==str]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.751146Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.748188Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b[-2]='cat'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.659098Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.653898Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists can be concatanated by the *+* operator" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.665264Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.659673Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=a+b\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A very useful feature for lists in python is the **slicing** of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.299713Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.294538Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 8]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:7]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.682027Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.676726Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 5, 13]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:9:2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[21, 'cat', (2+0j), 'girl', 5.0, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c.reverse()\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.255450Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.252567Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a=[]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.102141+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.098571" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['h']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A list of numbers can be easily created by the `range()` command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.291820Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.286904Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(10)) " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.337418Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.332474Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(3,10))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.450010Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.444737Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[3, 5, 7, 9]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "list(range(3,10,2))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.038302+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.032999" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 42, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.425036Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.421709Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.330192Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.325086Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[8, 5]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.460686Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.455419Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1][1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Tuples\n", - "\n", - "**Tuples** are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(10, 20) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "point = (10, 20)\n", - "\n", - "print(point, type(point))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 47, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "x = 10\n", - "y = 20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x, y = point\n", - "\n", - "print(\"x =\", x)\n", - "print(\"y =\", y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.711516+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.705826" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Dictionaries\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "**Dictionaries** are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 48, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.208828Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.205914Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "room = {\"Ralf\":422, \"Frank\":322, \"Dekan\":550}" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.431570Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.428226Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "322" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room['Frank']" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 51, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.396475Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.392435Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 51, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.keys()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.030931Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.027249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_values([422, 322, 550])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.values()" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/4_modules.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/4_modules.html deleted file mode 100644 index 27a408b..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/4_modules.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,741 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Modules and namespaces — Experimental Physics 3 1 documentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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This page was generated from `source/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb`_. -
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Modules and namespaces

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Modules

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Most of the functionality in Python is provided by modules. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides cross-platform implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, math, web-scraping, text manipulation, machine learning and much more.

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To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the import statement. For example, to import the module math, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:

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This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module so that we don’t need to use the prefix “math.” every time we use something from the math module:

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This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the import math pattern. This would eliminate potentially confusing problems.

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Namespaces

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A namespace is an identifier used to organize objects, e.g. the methods and variables of a module. The prefix math. we have used in the previous section is such a namespace. You may also create your own namespace for a module.

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You may also only import specific functions of a module.

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Contents of a module

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Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the dir function:

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-['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
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And using the function help we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way).

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We can also use the help function directly on modules: Try

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Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are os, sys, math, shutil, re, subprocess, multiprocessing, threading.

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A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ .

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- - © Copyright 2020, Frank Cichos - - Last updated on Oct 12, 2020. - - -

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- - - - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 76b88eb..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/4_modules.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,455 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - }, - "toc-hr-collapsed": false - }, - "source": [ - "# Modules and namespaces" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - }, - "toc-hr-collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "## Modules" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most of the functionality in Python is provided by *modules*. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides *cross-platform* implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, math, web-scraping, text manipulation, machine learning and much more." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the `import` statement. For example, to import the module `math`, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module so that we don't need to use the prefix \"`math.`\" every time we use something from the `math` module:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import *\n", - "\n", - "x = cos(2 * pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the `import math` pattern. This would eliminate potentially confusing problems." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Namespaces" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A namespace is an identifier used to organize objects, e.g. the methods and variables of a module. The prefix `math.` we have used in the previous section is such a namespace. You may also create your own namespace for a module." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.4142135623730951\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math as m\n", - "\n", - "x = m.sqrt(2)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "You may also only import specific functions of a module." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "11.548739357257746" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import sinh as mysinh\n", - "from math import pi as mypi\n", - "\n", - "mysinh(mypi)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Contents of a module" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the `dir` function:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "print(dir(math))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "And using the function `help` we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Help on built-in function log in module math:\n", - "\n", - "log(...)\n", - " log(x, [base=math.e])\n", - " Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n", - " \n", - " If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "help(math.log) " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "2.302585092994046" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(8, 2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "We can also use the `help` function directly on modules: Try\n", - "\n", - " help(math) \n", - "\n", - "Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are `os`, `sys`, `math`, `shutil`, `re`, `subprocess`, `multiprocessing`, `threading`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ ." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.html deleted file mode 100644 index 158e78f..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1974 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Variables and types — Experimental Physics 3 1 documentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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This page was generated from `source/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb`_. -
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Variables and types

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Symbol names

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Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and some special characters such as _. Normal variable names must start with a letter.

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By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter.

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In addition, there are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:

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and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except,
-exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or,
-pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield
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Note: Be aware of the keyword lambda, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name.

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Variable Assignment

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The assignment operator in Python is =. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.

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Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:

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Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it.

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If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change.

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If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an NameError:

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Number types

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Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the type() command.

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Integers

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Integers are 32 bit binary numbers and extend from -\(2^{31}\) to \(2^{31}\)-1. Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer.

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Floating Point

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Floating point values are values with a decimal point and go between \(\pm 2\times 10^{-308}\) and \(\pm 2\times 10^{308}\)

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Complex Numbers

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Complex numbers have built in accessors. These accessors give for example access to the real and imaginary part of the complex number.

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On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as cmath or numpy.

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Type casting

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Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use z.real or z.imag to extract the part of the complex number we want:

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Operators and comparisons

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Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:

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  • Arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, // (integer division), ’**’ power

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Note: The / operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x. This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of / is always an integer if the operands are integers. to be more specific, 1/2 = 0.5 (float) in Python 3.x, and 1/2 = 0 (int) in Python 2.x (but 1.0/2 = 0.5 in Python 2.x).

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Data Types in Python

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Now that we know a bit about the general use of Python, it’s time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the data types for the different number types mentioned above, there are also other types like strings, lists, tuples and dictionaries. There are usually a number of methods (functions) connected to each data type providing useful functions. We will not talk about these methods, except we need them. It is up to you to explore the internet a -bit and search for suitable methods for your purpose.

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The follwing few cells will give you a short introduction into each type.

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Strings

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Strings are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are not particularly interesting in scientific computing, but they are nevertheless necessary and useful. Texts on programming with Python typically devote a good deal of time and space to learning about strings and how to manipulate them. Our uses of them are rather modest, however, so we take a minimalist’s approach and only introduce a few of their features.

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String can be concatenated using the + operator.

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As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)

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Strings can also be made out of numbers.

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If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the str.isnumeric() method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type int by typing:

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There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example.

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Lists are another data structure, similar to NumPy arrays, but unlike NumPy arrays, lists are a part of core Python. Lists have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For -other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.

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The length of a list can be obtained by the len() command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations.

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There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of iterator. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python. The example will go through the list b and return all elements of the type str.

-
-
[93]:
-
-
-
-[element for element in b if type(element)==str]
-
-
-
-
-
[93]:
-
-
-
-
-['girl', 'horse']
-
-
-

Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at 0 for the first element (left).

-
-
[94]:
-
-
-
-b[1]
-
-
-
-
-
[94]:
-
-
-
-
-'girl'
-
-
-

Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. b[-1] denotes the last element in the list and b[-2], the element before the last.

-
-
[95]:
-
-
-
-b[-1]
-
-
-
-
-
[95]:
-
-
-
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-21
-
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[96]:
-
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-b[-2]
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[96]:
-
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-'horse'
-
-
-

Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them

-
-
[97]:
-
-
-
-b[-2]='cat'
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-
-
-
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[98]:
-
-
-
-b
-
-
-
-
-
[98]:
-
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-[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]
-
-
-

Lists can be concatanated by the + operator

-
-
[106]:
-
-
-
-c=a+b
-c
-
-
-
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[106]:
-
-
-
-
-[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]
-
-
-

A very useful feature for lists in python is the slicing of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again.

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-
[100]:
-
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-c[3:7]
-
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-
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[100]:
-
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-[2, 3, 5, 8]
-
-
-

Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list.

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[101]:
-
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-c[3:9:2]
-
-
-
-
-
[101]:
-
-
-
-
-[2, 5, 13]
-
-
-

It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command.

-
-
[103]:
-
-
-
-c.reverse()
-c
-
-
-
-
-
[103]:
-
-
-
-
-[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]
-
-
-

Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming.

-
-
[87]:
-
-
-
-a=[]
-
-
-
-
-
[88]:
-
-
-
-a.append('h')
-
-
-
-

A list of numbers can be easily created by the range() command.

-
-
[76]:
-
-
-
-range(10)
-
-
-
-
-
[76]:
-
-
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-
-range(0, 10)
-
-
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[77]:
-
-
-
-range(3,10)
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-
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[77]:
-
-
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-
-range(3, 10)
-
-
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[78]:
-
-
-
-range(3,10,2)
-
-
-
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[78]:
-
-
-
-
-range(3, 10, 2)
-
-
-

Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets.

-
-
[79]:
-
-
-
-a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]
-
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[80]:
-
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-a[1]
-
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[80]:
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-[8, 5]
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[81]:
-
-
-
-a[1][0]
-
-
-
-
-
[81]:
-
-
-
-
-8
-
-
-
-
-

Tuples

-

Tuples are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result.

-
-
[64]:
-
-
-
-point = (10, 20)
-
-print(point, type(point))
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-(10, 20) <class 'tuple'>
-
-
-

Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way

-
-
[65]:
-
-
-
-x, y = point
-
-print("x =", x)
-print("y =", y)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-x = 10
-y = 20
-
-
-
-
-

Dictionaries

-

Dictionaries are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do -not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited.

-
-
[66]:
-
-
-
-room = {"Ralf":422, "Frank":322, "Dekan":550}
-
-
-
-
-
[67]:
-
-
-
-room['Ralf']
-
-
-
-
-
[67]:
-
-
-
-
-422
-
-
-
-
[68]:
-
-
-
-room.keys()
-
-
-
-
-
[68]:
-
-
-
-
-dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])
-
-
-
-
[69]:
-
-
-
-room.values()
-
-
-
-
-
[69]:
-
-
-
-
-dict_values([422, 322, 550])
-
-
-
-
-
-

Modules

-

Most of the functionality in Python is provided by modules. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides cross-platform implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, and much more.

-

To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the import statement. For example, to import the module math, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:

-
-
[1]:
-
-
-
-import math
-
-x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)
-
-print(x)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-1.0
-
-
-

This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module to the current namespace (so that we don’t need to use the prefix “math.” every time we use something from the math module:

-
-
[2]:
-
-
-
-from math import *
-
-x = cos(2 * pi)
-
-print(x)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-1.0
-
-
-

This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the import math pattern. This would elminate potentially confusing problems with name space collisions.

-
-

Contents and documentation of a module

-

Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the dir function:

-
-
[127]:
-
-
-
-import math
-
-print(dir(math))
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
-
-
-

And using the function help we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way).

-
-
[128]:
-
-
-
-help(math.log)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Help on built-in function log in module math:
-
-log(...)
-    log(x, [base=math.e])
-    Return the logarithm of x to the given base.
-
-    If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.
-
-
-
-
-
[130]:
-
-
-
-math.log(10)
-
-
-
-
-
[130]:
-
-
-
-
-2.302585092994046
-
-
-
-
[131]:
-
-
-
-math.log(10, 2)
-
-
-
-
-
[131]:
-
-
-
-
-3.3219280948873626
-
-
-

We can also use the help function directly on modules: Try

-
help(math)
-
-
-

Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are os, sys, math, shutil, re, subprocess, multiprocessing, threading.

-

A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ .

-
-
-
-

Exceptions

-

In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called “Exceptions”. When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined.

-

To generate an exception we can use the raise statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class BaseException or a class derived from it.

-
-
[13]:
-
-
-
-raise Exception("description of the error")
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
-<ipython-input-13-c32f93e4dfa0> in <module>
-----> 1 raise Exception("description of the error")
-
-Exception: description of the error
-
-
-

A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:

-
def my_function(arguments):
-
-    if not verify(arguments):
-        raise Exception("Invalid arguments")
-
-    # rest of the code goes here
-
-
-

To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the try and except statements:

-
try:
-    # normal code goes here
-except:
-    # code for error handling goes here
-    # this code is not executed unless the code
-    # above generated an error
-
-
-

For example:

-
-
[14]:
-
-
-
-try:
-    print("test")
-    # generate an error: the variable test is not defined
-    print(test)
-except:
-    print("Caught an exception")
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-test
-Caught an exception
-
-
-

To get information about the error, we can access the Exception class instance that describes the exception by using for example:

-
except Exception as e:
-
-
-
-
[15]:
-
-
-
-try:
-    print("test")
-    # generate an error: the variable test is not defined
-    print(test)
-except Exception as e:
-    print("Caught an exception:" + str(e))
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-test
-Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined
-
-
-
-
-
-

What’s next

-

This has been a short overview over the basic things in Jupyter and Python. We will address more details on the way to our physical problems and data analysis code. As one of the most fundamental features required in physics is plotting of data, we will address plotting with a first primer next week in Lecture 2. Also input and output including keybord and files will be of our concern.

-
- - -
- -
-
- - -
- -
-

- - © Copyright 2020, Frank Cichos - - Last updated on Oct 12, 2020. - - -

-
- - - - Built with Sphinx using a - - theme - - provided by Read the Docs. - -
- -
-
- -
- -
- - - - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index ae90107..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture-1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2667 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Variables and types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Symbol names \n", - "\n", - "Variable names in Python can contain alphanumerical characters `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9` and some special characters such as `_`. Normal variable names must start with a letter. \n", - "\n", - "By convention, variable names start with a lower-case letter, and Class names start with a capital letter. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "In addition, there are a number of Python keywords that cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are:\n", - "\n", - " and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else, except, \n", - " exec, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or,\n", - " pass, print, raise, return, try, while, with, yield\n", - "\n", - "Note: Be aware of the keyword `lambda`, which could easily be a natural variable name in a scientific program. But being a keyword, it cannot be used as a variable name." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Variable Assignment" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "The assignment operator in Python is `=`. Python is a dynamically typed language, so we do not need to specify the type of a variable when we create one.\n", - "\n", - "Assigning a value to a new variable creates the variable:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "execution": { - "iopub.execute_input": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.455Z", - "iopub.status.busy": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.433Z", - "iopub.status.idle": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.505Z", - "shell.execute_reply": "2020-04-03T16:58:58.524Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# variable assignments\n", - "x = 1.0>Y\n", - "my_favorite_variable = 12.2\n", - "\n", - "x" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Although not explicitly specified, a variable does have a type associated with it. The type is derived from the value that was assigned to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 120, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "float" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 120, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we assign a new value to a variable, its type can change." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 121, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "x = 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 123, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 123, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If we try to use a variable that has not yet been defined we get an `NameError`:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 124, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Number types" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "Python allows as any programming language different types of variables. The type of a variable can be always accessed with the help of the *type()* command. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Integers\n", - "\n", - "Integers are 32 bit binary numbers and extend from -$2^{31}$ to $2^{31}$-1. Python treats numbers without a decimal point automatically as an integer." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 125, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.227107+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-21T07:56:03.221564" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "int" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 125, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# integer number\n", - "x = 1 \n", - "type(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Floating Point\n", - "\n", - "Floating point values are values with a decimal point and go between $\\pm 2\\times 10^{-308}$ and $\\pm 2\\times 10^{308}$" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 126, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.403435+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:08:44.398662" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "# float variable\n", - "x= 3.141 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Complex Numbers" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.106323+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T17:10:06.100896" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "complex" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=2+4j\n", - "type(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex numbers have built in *accessors*. These accessors give for example access to the *real* and *imaginary* part of the complex number. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "2.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "r=c.real\n", - "print(r)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "i=c.imag\n", - "print(i)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "On the other side, one my also evaluate the complex conjugate of a complex number by one of those accessors. Note that this is provided by a function here, while the above real and imaginary part are values. The are some basic functions available, which act on complex numbers. More complex calculations are possible with functions built in to modules such as *cmath* or *numpy*." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-4.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=(2+4j).conjugate()\n", - "print(c.imag)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "#### Type casting" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 56, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.5 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = 1.5\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 57, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1 \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = int(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(x, type(x))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 58, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(1+0j) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "z = complex(x)\n", - "\n", - "print(z, type(z))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 59, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "TypeError", - "evalue": "can't convert complex to float", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x = float(z)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Complex variables cannot be cast to floats or integers. We need to use `z.real` or `z.imag` to extract the part of the complex number we want:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0 -> True \n", - "0.0 -> False \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "y = bool(z.real)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n", - "\n", - "y = bool(z.imag)\n", - "\n", - "print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Operators and comparisons" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most operators and comparisons in Python work as one would expect:\n", - "\n", - "* Arithmetic operators `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (integer division), '**' power\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3, -1, 2, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 1 / 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "1.0" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Integer division of float numbers\n", - "3.0 // 2.0" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "4" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# Note! The power operators in python isn't ^, but **\n", - "2 ** 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Note: The `/` operator always performs a floating point division in Python 3.x.\n", - "This is not true in Python 2.x, where the result of `/` is always an integer if the operands are integers.\n", - "to be more specific, `1/2 = 0.5` (`float`) in Python 3.x, and `1/2 = 0` (`int`) in Python 2.x (but `1.0/2 = 0.5` in Python 2.x)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "* The boolean operators are spelled out as the words `and`, `not`, `or`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True and False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "not False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "True or False" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "* Comparison operators `>`, `<`, `>=` (greater or equal), `<=` (less or equal), `==` equality, `is` identical." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 1, 2 < 1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(False, False)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 > 2, 2 < 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(True, True)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "2 >= 2, 2 <= 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# equality\n", - "[1,2] == [1,2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "# objects identical?\n", - "l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n", - "\n", - "l1 is l2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Data Types in Python\n", - "\n", - "Now that we know a bit about the general use of Python, it's time to look at different data types we may find useful in our course. Besides the data types for the different number types mentioned above, there are also other types like **strings**, **lists**, **tuples** and **dictionaries**. There are usually a number of *methods* (functions) connected to each data type providing useful functions. We will not talk about these methods, except we need them. It is up to you to explore the internet a bit and search for suitable methods for your purpose.\n", - "\n", - "The follwing few cells will give you a short introduction into each type. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Strings\n", - "\n", - "**Strings** are lists of keyboard characters as well as other characters not on your keyboard. They are not particularly interesting in scientific computing, but they are nevertheless necessary and useful. Texts on programming with Python typically devote a good deal of time and space to learning about strings and how to manipulate them. Our uses of them are rather modest, however, so we take a minimalist’s approach and only introduce a few of their features." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.381263Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:05:13.378101Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "s='Hello' # string variable" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.904816Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:14.901345Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "t=\"World!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "String can be concatenated using the *+* operator. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.519251Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:17.515677Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "c=s+' '+t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.568540Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:20.564378Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hello World!\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "print(c)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "As strings are lists, each character in a string can be accessed by addressing the position in the string (see Lists section)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.033095Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:23.027938Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'e'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Strings can also be made out of numbers." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 63, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.113138Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:56:26.108211Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'975321'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 63, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "\"975\"+\"321\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "If you want to obtain a number of a string, you can use what is known as type casting. Using type casting you may convert the string or any other data type into a different type if this is possible. To find out if a string is a pure number you may use the str.isnumeric() method. For the above string, we may want to do a conversion to the type *int* by typing:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(\"975\"+\"321\").isnumeric() # or you may use as well str.isnumeric(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.898131Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T14:59:26.893171Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "975321" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "int(\"975\"+\"321\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are a number of methods connected to the string data type. Usually the relate to formatting or finding sub-strings. Formatting will be a topic in our next lecture. Here we just refer to one simple find example." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.find('ld') ## returns the index at which the sub string 'ld' starts in t" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'World!'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "t.capitalize()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Lists\n", - "\n", - "**Lists** are another data structure, similar to NumPy arrays, but unlike NumPy arrays, lists are a part of core Python. Lists have a variety of uses. They are useful, for example, in various bookkeeping tasks that arise in computer programming. Like arrays, they are sometimes used to store data. However, lists do not have the specialized properties and tools that make arrays so powerful for scientific computing. So in general, we prefer arrays to lists for working with scientific data. For other tasks, lists work just fine and can even be preferable to arrays.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.538250Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:48.535066Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 91, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.850960Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:00:49.847769Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b = [5., \"girl\", 2+0j, \"horse\", 21]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "The length of a list can be obtained by the *len()* command if you need the number of elements in the list for your calculations." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.966883Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:07:44.961951Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "5" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "len(b)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "There are powerful ways to iterate through a list and also through arrays in form of *iterator*. We will talk about them later in more detail. Here is an example, which shows the powerful options you have in Python. The example will go through the list **b** and return all elements of the type str. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 93, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.820782Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:10:25.815249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "['girl', 'horse']" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 93, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "[element for element in b if type(element)==str]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be accessed by the variable name and the number (index) of the list element put in square brackets. Note that the index for the elements start at *0* for the first element (left). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:11:58.786370Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:11:58.781564Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'girl'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Elements may be also accessed from the back by nagative indices. *b[-1]* denotes the last element in the list and *b[-2]*, the element before the last." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 95, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.177759Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:01.171973Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "21" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 95, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 96, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.352948Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:03.347674Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "'horse'" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 96, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b[-2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Individual elements in a list can be replaced by assigning a new value to them" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 97, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.751146Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:05.748188Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "b[-2]='cat'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.659098Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:14.653898Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists can be concatanated by the *+* operator" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 106, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.665264Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:12:19.659673Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 106, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c=a+b\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A very useful feature for lists in python is the **slicing** of lists. Slicing means, that we access only a range of elements in the list, i.e. element 3 to 7. This is done by inserting the starting and the ending element number separated by a colon (:) in the square brackets. The index numbers can be positive or negative again." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 100, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.299713Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:23.294538Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 8]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 100, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:7]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Inserting a second colon behind the ending element index together with a thrid number allows even to select only ever second or third element from a list." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 101, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.682027Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:25.676726Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[2, 5, 13]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 101, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c[3:9:2]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "It is sometimes also useful to reverse a list. This can be easily done with the reverse command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 103, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 5.0, 'girl', (2+0j), 'cat', 21]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 103, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "c.reverse()\n", - "c" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists may be created in different ways. An empty list can be created by assigning emtpy square brackets to a variable name. You can append elements to the list with the help of the append command which has to be added to the variable name as shown below. This way of adding a particular function, which is part of a certain variable class is part of object oriented programming." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 87, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.255450Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:28.252567Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a=[]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 88, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.102141+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T20:53:21.098571" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a.append('h')" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A list of numbers can be easily created by the *range()* command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 76, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.291820Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:58.286904Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(0, 10)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 76, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "range(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 77, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.337418Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:13:59.332474Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(3, 10)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 77, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "range(3,10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 78, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.450010Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:00.444737Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "range(3, 10, 2)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 78, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "range(3,10,2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.038302+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-20T21:00:24.032999" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Lists (and also tuples below) can be multidimensional as well, i.e. for an image. The individual elements may then be addressed by supplying two indices in two square brackets." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 79, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.425036Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:06.421709Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "a = [[3, 9], [8, 5], [11, 1]]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 80, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.330192Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:07.325086Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "[8, 5]" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 80, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 81, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.460686Z", - "start_time": "2018-04-16T15:14:08.455419Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "8" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 81, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a[1][0]" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Tuples\n", - "\n", - "**Tuples** are also list, but immutable. That means, if a tuple has been once defined, it cannot be changed. Try to change an element to see the result." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "(10, 20) \n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "point = (10, 20)\n", - "\n", - "print(point, type(point))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Tuples may be unpacked, e.g. its values may be assigned to normal variables in the following way" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "x = 10\n", - "y = 20\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "x, y = point\n", - "\n", - "print(\"x =\", x)\n", - "print(\"y =\", y)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.711516+02:00", - "start_time": "2017-04-17T20:46:46.705826" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Dictionaries\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "**Dictionaries** are like lists, but the elements of dictionaries are accessed in a different way than for lists. The elements of lists and arrays are numbered consecutively, and to access an element of a list or an array, you simply refer to the number corresponding to its position in the sequence. The elements of dictionaries are accessed by “keys”, which can be either strings or (arbitrary) integers (in no particular order). Dictionaries are an important part of core Python. However, we do not make much use of them in this introduction to scientific Python, so our discussion of them is limited." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.208828Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:22.205914Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "room = {\"Ralf\":422, \"Frank\":322, \"Dekan\":550}" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.431570Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:50.428226Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "422" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 67, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room['Ralf']" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.396475Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:26.392435Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_keys(['Ralf', 'Frank', 'Dekan'])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.keys()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": { - "ExecuteTime": { - "end_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.030931Z", - "start_time": "2019-04-09T12:11:37.027249Z" - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "dict_values([422, 322, 550])" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "room.values()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Modules" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Most of the functionality in Python is provided by *modules*. The Python Standard Library is a large collection of modules that provides *cross-platform* implementations of common facilities such as access to the operating system, file I/O, string management, network communication, and much more." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To use a module in a Python program it first has to be imported. A module can be imported using the `import` statement. For example, to import the module `math`, which contains many standard mathematical functions, we can do:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This includes the whole module and makes it available for use later in the program. Alternatively, we can chose to import all symbols (functions and variables) in a module to the current namespace (so that we don't need to use the prefix \"`math.`\" every time we use something from the `math` module:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "from math import *\n", - "\n", - "x = cos(2 * pi)\n", - "\n", - "print(x)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This pattern can be very convenient, but in large programs that include many modules it is often a good idea to keep the symbols from each module in their own namespaces, by using the `import math` pattern. This would elminate potentially confusing problems with name space collisions." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "### Contents and documentation of a module" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Once a module is imported, we can list the symbols it provides using the `dir` function:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 127, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "['__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "print(dir(math))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "And using the function `help` we can get a description of each function (almost .. not all functions have docstrings, as they are technically called, but the vast majority of functions are documented this way). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 128, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Help on built-in function log in module math:\n", - "\n", - "log(...)\n", - " log(x, [base=math.e])\n", - " Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n", - " \n", - " If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "help(math.log)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 130, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "2.302585092994046" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 130, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 131, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "3.3219280948873626" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 131, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "math.log(10, 2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "We can also use the `help` function directly on modules: Try\n", - "\n", - " help(math) \n", - "\n", - "Some very useful modules form the Python standard library are `os`, `sys`, `math`, `shutil`, `re`, `subprocess`, `multiprocessing`, `threading`. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A complete lists of standard modules for Python 3 is available at http://docs.python.org/3/library/ ." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Exceptions" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called \"Exceptions\". When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To generate an exception we can use the `raise` statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class `BaseException` or a class derived from it. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "Exception", - "evalue": "description of the error", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "raise Exception(\"description of the error\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:\n", - "\n", - " def my_function(arguments):\n", - " \n", - " if not verify(arguments):\n", - " raise Exception(\"Invalid arguments\")\n", - " \n", - " # rest of the code goes here" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the `try` and `except` statements:\n", - "\n", - " try:\n", - " # normal code goes here\n", - " except:\n", - " # code for error handling goes here\n", - " # this code is not executed unless the code\n", - " # above generated an error\n", - "\n", - "For example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To get information about the error, we can access the `Exception` class instance that describes the exception by using for example:\n", - "\n", - " except Exception as e:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true, - "jupyter": { - "outputs_hidden": true - }, - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except Exception as e:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception:\" + str(e))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "***\n", - "## What's next" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This has been a short overview over the basic things in Jupyter and Python. We will address more details on the way to our physical problems and data analysis code. As one of the most fundamental features required in physics is plotting of data, we will address plotting with a first primer next week in Lecture 2. Also input and output including keybord and files will be of our concern. " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "anaconda-cloud": {}, - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "hide_input": false, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "latex_envs": { - "LaTeX_envs_menu_present": true, - "autoclose": false, - "autocomplete": true, - "bibliofile": "biblio.bib", - "cite_by": "apalike", - "current_citInitial": 1, - "eqLabelWithNumbers": true, - "eqNumInitial": 1, - "hotkeys": { - "equation": "Ctrl-E", - "itemize": "Ctrl-I" - }, - "labels_anchors": false, - "latex_user_defs": false, - "report_style_numbering": true, - "user_envs_cfg": false - }, - "nteract": { - "version": "0.22.4" - }, - "toc": { - "nav_menu": { - "height": "12px", - "width": "252px" - }, - "number_sections": true, - "sideBar": true, - "skip_h1_title": false, - "toc_cell": true, - "toc_position": { - "height": "1335px", - "left": "0px", - "right": "2386px", - "top": "110px", - "width": "302px" - }, - "toc_section_display": "block", - "toc_window_display": false - }, - "varInspector": { - "cols": { - "lenName": 16, - "lenType": 16, - "lenVar": 40 - }, - "kernels_config": { - "python": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": "", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "del ", - "library": "var_list.py", - "varRefreshCmd": "print(var_dic_list())" - }, - "r": { - "delete_cmd_postfix": ") ", - "delete_cmd_prefix": "rm(", - "library": "var_list.r", - "varRefreshCmd": "cat(var_dic_list()) " - } - }, - "types_to_exclude": [ - "module", - "function", - "builtin_function_or_method", - "instance", - "_Feature" - ], - "window_display": false - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html index 591f655..5ab28a3 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html +++ b/build/html/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html @@ -231,7 +231,7 @@

Geometrical Optics

Law of reflection#

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3dc499aac4c4405db906c818c5338281

+

2ead4c83a7c147049f189117caca1def

diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/exceptions.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/exceptions.html deleted file mode 100644 index 7f7167f..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/exceptions.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,639 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Exceptions — Experimental Physics 3 1 documentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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This page was generated from `source/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb`_. -
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Exceptions

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In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called “Exceptions”. When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined.

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To generate an exception we can use the raise statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class BaseException or a class derived from it.

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-raise Exception("description of the error")
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
-<ipython-input-3-c32f93e4dfa0> in <module>
-----> 1 raise Exception("description of the error")
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-Exception: description of the error
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A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:

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def my_function(arguments):
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-    if not verify(arguments):
-        raise Exception("Invalid arguments")
-
-    # rest of the code goes here
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-

To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the try and except statements:

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try:
-    # normal code goes here
-except:
-    # code for error handling goes here
-    # this code is not executed unless the code
-    # above generated an error
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For example:

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-try:
-    print("test")
-    # generate an error: the variable test is not defined
-    print(test)
-except:
-    print("Caught an exception")
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-
-
-
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-test
-Caught an exception
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To get information about the error, we can access the Exception class instance that describes the exception by using for example:

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except Exception as e:
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[5]:
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-try:
-    print("test")
-    # generate an error: the variable test is not defined
-    print(test)
-except Exception as e:
-    print("Caught an exception:" + str(e))
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-test
-Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined
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- - © Copyright 2020, Frank Cichos - - Last updated on Oct 12, 2020. - - -

-
- - - - Built with Sphinx using a - - theme - - provided by Read the Docs. - -
- -
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- -
- - - - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d61a776..0000000 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/exceptions.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,195 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Exceptions" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called \"Exceptions\". When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To generate an exception we can use the `raise` statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class `BaseException` or a class derived from it. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "Exception", - "evalue": "description of the error", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "raise Exception(\"description of the error\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions when some error condition occurs, for example:\n", - "\n", - " def my_function(arguments):\n", - " \n", - " if not verify(arguments):\n", - " raise Exception(\"Invalid arguments\")\n", - " \n", - " # rest of the code goes here" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To gracefully catch errors that are generated by functions and class methods, or by the Python interpreter itself, use the `try` and `except` statements:\n", - "\n", - " try:\n", - " # normal code goes here\n", - " except:\n", - " # code for error handling goes here\n", - " # this code is not executed unless the code\n", - " # above generated an error\n", - "\n", - "For example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "To get information about the error, we can access the `Exception` class instance that describes the exception by using for example:\n", - "\n", - " except Exception as e:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "test\n", - "Caught an exception:name 'test' is not defined\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "try:\n", - " print(\"test\")\n", - " # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n", - " print(test)\n", - "except Exception as e:\n", - " print(\"Caught an exception:\" + str(e))" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.7.6" - }, - "widgets": { - "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-state+json": { - "state": {}, - "version_major": 2, - "version_minor": 0 - } - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 4 -} diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html b/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html index 546c4f2..90b1c84 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html +++ b/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ Furo
- Last updated on Apr 10, 2024
+ Last updated on Apr 13, 2024
diff --git a/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb b/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb index 7669e9d..b92f51d 100644 --- a/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb +++ b/build/html/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ "id": "c0c64cbd-ea88-41b1-9b3c-42e33877ee80", "metadata": { "execution": { - "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-10T11:45:45.938776Z", - "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-10T11:45:45.938002Z", - "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-10T11:45:46.317688Z", - "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-10T11:45:46.317226Z" + "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-13T10:32:44.300323Z", + "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-13T10:32:44.299559Z", + "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-13T10:32:44.712647Z", + "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-13T10:32:44.712171Z" } }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/build/html/searchindex.js b/build/html/searchindex.js index 2ec4719..681c52c 100644 --- a/build/html/searchindex.js +++ b/build/html/searchindex.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -Search.setIndex({"docnames": ["course-info/assignments", "course-info/exam", "course-info/instructor", "course-info/resources", "course-info/schedule", "course-info/website", "index", "lectures/Intro/overview", "lectures/L1/assignment_1", "lectures/L1/overview_1", "notebooks/Intro/EditCells", "notebooks/Intro/Empty", "notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter", "notebooks/Intro/NotebookEditor", "notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics", "notebooks/L1/Lecture1", "notebooks/L1/spherical_surface"], "filenames": ["course-info/assignments.rst", "course-info/exam.rst", "course-info/instructor.rst", "course-info/resources.rst", "course-info/schedule.rst", "course-info/website.rst", "index.rst", "lectures/Intro/overview.rst", "lectures/L1/assignment_1.rst", "lectures/L1/overview_1.rst", "notebooks/Intro/EditCells.ipynb", "notebooks/Intro/Empty.ipynb", "notebooks/Intro/Introduction2Jupyter.ipynb", "notebooks/Intro/NotebookEditor.ipynb", "notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb", "notebooks/L1/Lecture1.ipynb", "notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.ipynb"], "titles": ["Assignments", "Exams", "Instructor", "Resources", "Course Schedule", "This Website", "Welcome to the Introduction to Photonics 1!", "Overview", "Exercise 1", "Lecture Contents", "Entering code", "An empty notebook", "Introduction to Jupyter", "Notebook editor", "General Optics", "1. 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This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/docs/course-info/assignments.html b/docs/course-info/assignments.html index 34f4f56..21f33b6 100644 --- a/docs/course-info/assignments.html +++ b/docs/course-info/assignments.html @@ -157,7 +157,11 @@
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diff --git a/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html b/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html index 8e09e2b..63f4a82 100644 --- a/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html +++ b/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.html @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@

Ray Optics

Law of reflection#

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Law of reflection

Law of refraction#

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Law of refraction\(\theta_1\) with the angle of the refracted ray \(\theta_2\).

With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles.

-
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-
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from IPython.display import HTML
-
-def load_d3_in_cell_output():
-    display(HTML("<script src='https://d3js.org/d3.v6.min.js'></script>"))
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-<script>
-    var svg = d3.select("#animation-container").append("svg")
-        .attr("width", 400)
-        .attr("height", 200);
-
-    var circle = svg.append("circle")
-        .attr("cx", 20)
-        .attr("cy", 100)
-        .attr("r", 20)
-        .style("fill", "steelblue");
-
-    circle.transition()
-        .duration(2000)
-        .attr("cx", 380)
-        .on("end", function() { d3.select(this).style("fill", "tomato"); });
-</script>
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-html_slider = """
-<div>
-    <input type="range" id="mySlider" name="mySlider" min="0" max="100" value="50" oninput="sliderOutput.value = mySlider.value">
-    <output id="sliderOutput">50</output>
-</div>
-<script>
-document.getElementById("mySlider").oninput = function() {
-    // This function is called whenever the slider value changes.
-    // You can add custom logic here to handle the value change.
-    console.log("Slider value:", this.value);
-};
-</script>
-"""
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Refraction on spherical boundary#

Many of the interesting situations of refraction occur on interfaces, which are curved. Lenses, for example, have curved surfaces and the angles of refraction therefore change depending on the position. We can model in the simplest case by a spherical surface or in 2D just by a circular interface. The diagram below shows the definition of such a situation.

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Aberration Characterization and Zernike Polynomialsits azimuthal frequency.

These polynomials are particularly useful in optics and ophthalmology for describing the shape of optical wavefronts and the aberrations of optical systems, including the human eye. They allow for the decomposition of a complex wavefront into simpler, orthogonal components, each corresponding to a specific type of aberration, such as defocus, astigmatism, coma, etc.

The plots below visualize the Zernike Polynomials up to a certain order.

-
-
[12]:
-
-
-
def radial_polynomial(n, m, rho):
-    """
-    Compute the radial component of the Zernike polynomial.
-    """
-    R = np.zeros_like(rho)
-    for k in range((n - abs(m)) // 2 + 1):
-        R += ((-1)**k * np.math.factorial(n - k) /
-              (np.math.factorial(k) * np.math.factorial((n + abs(m)) // 2 - k) *
-               np.math.factorial((n - abs(m)) // 2 - k))) * rho**(n - 2*k)
-    return R
-
-def zernike_polynomial(n, m, rho, phi):
-    """
-    Compute the Zernike polynomial.
-    """
-    if m >= 0:
-        return radial_polynomial(n, m, rho) * np.cos(m * phi)
-    else:
-        return radial_polynomial(n, -m, rho) * np.sin(-m * phi)
-
-x = np.linspace(-1, 1, 400)
-y = np.linspace(-1, 1, 400)
-xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x, y)
-rho = np.sqrt(xx**2 + yy**2)
-phi = np.arctan2(yy, xx)
-
-mask = rho > 1
-rho[mask] = np.nan
-
-fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 6, figsize=(8, 4))
-axs = axs.flatten()
-
-index = 0
-for n in range(6):
-    for m in range(-n, n+1, 2):
-        if index >= len(axs):
-            break
-        Z = zernike_polynomial(n, m, rho, phi)
-        Z[mask] = np.nan  # Apply mask
-        ax = axs[index]
-        c = ax.imshow(Z, extent=(-1, 1, -1, 1), origin='lower')
-        ax.set_title(f'n={n}, m={m}')
-        ax.axis('off')
-        index += 1
-
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-plt.show()
-
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-../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_27_0.png -
-

Total Internal Reflection#

If we now consider the outgoing angle \(\theta_2\) as a function of the incident angle \(\theta_1\), we obtain a characteristic plot, which looks for the materials glass (\(n=1.5\)) and air (\(n=1\)) like below. If the incident light is coming from air and following onto glass, we can change the incident angle up to \(90\) degree, but only reach an outgoing angle of \(41.8\) degree. If we reverse the materials, however, an outgoing angle is reached and an angle of incidence of \(41.8\) degree. Light at larger incident angles is not anymore refracted out of the glass but reflected into the glass. Therefore, this phenomenon is called total internal reflection. It has some fantastic applications.

-
[54]:
-
-
-
def snell_law(n1, n2, theta1_degrees):
-    theta1_radians = np.radians(theta1_degrees)
-    sin_theta2 = n1 / n2 * np.sin(theta1_radians)
-
-    # Check for total internal reflection
-    if sin_theta2 > 1:
-        # Total internal reflection, no refraction
-        return np.nan  # Use NaN to indicate no refraction occurs
-    else:
-        theta2_radians = np.arcsin(sin_theta2)
-        return np.degrees(theta2_radians)
-
-theta1 = np.linspace(0, 90, 1000)
-
-n1_glass = 1.5
-n2_air = 1.0
-
-theta2_glass_to_air = np.array([snell_law(n1_glass, n2_air, angle) for angle in theta1])
-plt.figure(figsize=(4, 4),dpi=150)
-plt.plot(theta1, theta2_glass_to_air,"k", label='n1=1.5 to n2=1.0')
-theta_c = np.degrees(np.arcsin(n2_air / n1_glass))
-plt.axvline(x=theta_c, color='k', linestyle='--', label=f'Critical angle θc = {theta_c:.2f}°')
-
-n1_glass = 1.0
-n2_air = 1.5
-theta2_glass_to_air = np.array([snell_law(n1_glass, n2_air, angle) for angle in theta1])
-
-plt.plot(theta1, theta2_glass_to_air,"k", label='n1=1.5 to n2=1.0')
-plt.plot(theta1, theta1,"k")
-
-plt.xlabel(r'$θ_1$ (degrees)')
-plt.ylabel(r'$θ_2$ (degrees)')
-
-plt.xlim(0, 90)
-plt.ylim(0, 90)
-plt.grid(True)
-plt.show()
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[61]:
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Total Internal Reflection

-../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_31_0.png +../../_images/notebooks_L1_1_ray_optics_28_0.png
diff --git a/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb b/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb index 7efac18..3ddcacf 100644 --- a/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb +++ b/docs/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb @@ -128,419 +128,6 @@ "With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/docs/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html b/docs/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html index 591f655..5ab28a3 100644 --- a/docs/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html +++ b/docs/notebooks/L1/Lecture1.html @@ -231,7 +231,7 @@

Geometrical Optics

Law of reflection#

|

-

3dc499aac4c4405db906c818c5338281

+

2ead4c83a7c147049f189117caca1def

diff --git a/docs/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html b/docs/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html index 546c4f2..90b1c84 100644 --- a/docs/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html +++ b/docs/notebooks/L1/spherical_surface.html @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ Furo
- Last updated on Apr 10, 2024
+ Last updated on Apr 13, 2024
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Contents": [[9, "lecture-contents"]], "Entering code": [[10, "Entering-code"]], "Entering Markdown": [[10, "Entering-Markdown"]], "Markdown basics": [[10, "Markdown-basics"]], "Headings": [[10, "Headings"]], "Embedded code": [[10, "Embedded-code"]], "LaTeX equations": [[10, "LaTeX-equations"]], "Images": [[10, "Images"]], "Videos": [[10, "Videos"]], "An empty notebook": [[11, "An-empty-notebook"]], "Introduction to Jupyter": [[12, "Introduction-to-Jupyter"]], "What is Jupyter Notebook?": [[12, "What-is-Jupyter-Notebook?"]], "Notebook editor": [[12, "Notebook-editor"], [13, "Notebook-editor"]], "Kernels": [[12, "Kernels"]], "Notebook documents": [[12, "Notebook-documents"]], "Edit mode": [[13, "Edit-mode"]], "Command mode": [[13, "Command-mode"]], "Keyboard navigation": [[13, "Keyboard-navigation"]], "Running code": [[13, "Running-code"]], "Managing the kernel": [[13, "Managing-the-kernel"]], "General Optics": [[14, "General-Optics"]], "Ray Optics": [[14, "Ray-Optics"]], "Law of reflection": [[14, "Law-of-reflection"], [15, "Law-of-reflection"]], "Law of refraction": [[14, "Law-of-refraction"], [15, "Law-of-refraction"]], "Refraction on spherical boundary": [[14, "Refraction-on-spherical-boundary"], [15, "Refraction-on-spherical-boundary"]], "Conjugated Planes": [[14, "Conjugated-Planes"]], "Biconvex Lens": [[14, "Biconvex-Lens"]], "Aberration Characterization and Zernike Polynomials": [[14, "Aberration-Characterization-and-Zernike-Polynomials"]], "Total Internal Reflection": [[14, "Total-Internal-Reflection"]], "1. General Optics": [[15, "1.-General-Optics"]], "Geometrical Optics": [[15, "Geometrical-Optics"]], "Total internal reflection": [[15, "Total-internal-reflection"]], "Guiding light fibers": [[15, "Guiding-light-fibers"]], "Step-index fiber": [[15, "Step-index-fiber"]], "Meridional ray": [[15, "Meridional-ray"]], "Skewed ray": [[15, "Skewed-ray"]], "Numerical aperture": [[15, "Numerical-aperture"]], "Matrix Optics": [[15, "Matrix-Optics"], [15, "id5"]], "For example: Optical cloaking": [[15, "For-example:-Optical-cloaking"]], "Fermat\u2019s Principle": [[15, "Fermat's-Principle"]], "Refraction": [[15, "Refraction"]], "Thin lens": [[15, "Thin-lens"]], "Formulation of Fermat\u2019s principle": [[15, "Formulation-of-Fermat's-principle"]], "Differential form in components": [[15, "Differential-form-in-components"]], "GRIN lens": [[15, "GRIN-lens"]], "What you should know:": [[15, "What-you-should-know:"]], "Mirage effect over a hot street": [[15, "Mirage-effect-over-a-hot-street"]], "{\\bf F = m \\cdot a} optics": [[15, "{\\bf-F-=-m-\\cdot-a}-optics"]], "Corresponding quantities": [[15, "Corresponding-quantities"]], "Ray optics and momentum": [[15, "Ray-optics-and-momentum"]], "Optical Tweezers": [[15, "Optical-Tweezers"]], "Wave Optics": [[15, "Wave-Optics"]], "Gaussian beam": [[15, "Gaussian-beam"]], "Propierties": [[15, "Propierties"]], "Transmission through a lens": [[15, "Transmission-through-a-lens"]], "Higher order Gaussian beams": [[15, "Higher-order-Gaussian-beams"]], "Cylindrical coordinates": [[15, "Cylindrical-coordinates"]], "1.3 Electromagnetic Optics": [[15, "1.3-Electromagnetic-Optics"]], "Dielectric media": [[15, "Dielectric-media"]], "linear media": [[15, "linear-media"]], "nondispersive media": [[15, "nondispersive-media"]], "homogeneous media": [[15, "homogeneous-media"]], "isotropic media": [[15, "isotropic-media"]], "inhomogeneous media": [[15, "inhomogeneous-media"]], "anisotropic media": [[15, "anisotropic-media"]], "dispersive media": [[15, "dispersive-media"]], "nonlinear media": [[15, "nonlinear-media"]], "Linear, nondispersive, homogeneous, isotropic media": [[15, "Linear,-nondispersive,-homogeneous,-isotropic-media"]], "microscopic model of P": [[15, "microscopic-model-of-P"]], "resonant medium": [[15, "resonant-medium"]], "dispersion": [[15, "dispersion"]], "absorption and dispersion": [[15, "absorption-and-dispersion"]], "Kramers\u2013Kronig": [[15, "Kramers\u2013Kronig"]], "1.4 Polarization Optics": [[15, "1.4-Polarization-Optics"]]}, "indexentries": {}}) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/source/notebooks/L1/.ipynb_checkpoints/1_ray_optics-checkpoint.ipynb b/source/notebooks/L1/.ipynb_checkpoints/1_ray_optics-checkpoint.ipynb index 7efac18..3ddcacf 100644 --- a/source/notebooks/L1/.ipynb_checkpoints/1_ray_optics-checkpoint.ipynb +++ b/source/notebooks/L1/.ipynb_checkpoints/1_ray_optics-checkpoint.ipynb @@ -128,419 +128,6 @@ "With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ diff --git a/source/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb b/source/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb index 7efac18..3ddcacf 100644 --- a/source/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb +++ b/source/notebooks/L1/1_ray_optics.ipynb @@ -128,419 +128,6 @@ "With this law of refraction, there are a number of special situations, that occur. This is for example the total internal refraction. You can explore different situations with the short program below which gives you control over the refractive indices and the incident angles. " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 105, - "id": "fbf42d2d-ba72-4d79-b251-bf343a9c054c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "def load_d3_in_cell_output():\n", - " display(HTML(\"\"))\n", - "\n", - "get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_d3_in_cell_output)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 110, - "id": "a7043a8d-8a5a-4b0a-9ec3-3c61e77665b1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 110, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import HTML\n", - "\n", - "HTML(\"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 112, - "id": "3da4d59f-d348-4343-8c07-e3326c84ed9e", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "data": { - "text/html": [ - "\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n" - ], - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "from IPython.display import display, HTML, Javascript\n", - "\n", - "# Define HTML for the slider and a script to handle the slider's value changes\n", - "html_slider = \"\"\"\n", - "
\n", - " \n", - " 50\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "\"\"\"\n", - "\n", - "# Display the slider in the notebook\n", - "display(HTML(html_slider))" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, @@ -874,6 +461,7 @@ "execution_count": 12, "id": "2409ba4a-3021-40a7-afac-bf9998efe9ff", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ @@ -959,6 +547,7 @@ "execution_count": 54, "id": "001bf9a0-a84a-4248-aee2-54cdbbabdaac", "metadata": { + "nbsphinx": "hidden", "tags": [] }, "outputs": [