lightgl.js

/*
 * lightgl.js
 * http://github.com/evanw/lightgl.js/
 *
 * Copyright 2011 Evan Wallace
 * Released under the MIT license
 */
var GL = (function() {

// src/shader.js
// Provides a convenient wrapper for WebGL shaders. A few uniforms and attributes,
// prefixed with `gl_`, are automatically added to all shader sources to make
// simple shaders easier to write.
// 
// Example usage:
// 
//     var shader = new GL.Shader('\
//       void main() {\
//         gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;\
//       }\
//     ', '\
//       uniform vec4 color;\
//       void main() {\
//         gl_FragColor = color;\
//       }\
//     ');
// 
//     shader.uniforms({
//       color: [1, 0, 0, 1]
//     }).draw(mesh);

function regexMap(regex, text, callback) {
  while ((result = regex.exec(text)) != null) {
    callback(result);
  }
}

// Non-standard names beginning with `gl_` must be mangled because they will
// otherwise cause a compiler error.
var LIGHTGL_PREFIX = 'LIGHTGL';

// ### new GL.Shader(vertexSource, fragmentSource)
// 
// Compiles a shader program using the provided vertex and fragment shaders.
function Shader(vertexSource, fragmentSource) {
  // Allow passing in the id of an HTML script tag with the source
  function followScriptTagById(id) {
    var element = document.getElementById(id);
    return element ? element.text : id;
  }
  vertexSource = followScriptTagById(vertexSource);
  fragmentSource = followScriptTagById(fragmentSource);

  // Headers are prepended to the sources to provide some automatic functionality.
  var header = '\
    uniform mat3 gl_NormalMatrix;\
    uniform mat4 gl_ModelViewMatrix;\
    uniform mat4 gl_ProjectionMatrix;\
    uniform mat4 gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix;\
    uniform mat4 gl_ModelViewMatrixInverse;\
    uniform mat4 gl_ProjectionMatrixInverse;\
    uniform mat4 gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrixInverse;\
  ';
  var vertexHeader = header + '\
    attribute vec4 gl_Vertex;\
    attribute vec4 gl_TexCoord;\
    attribute vec3 gl_Normal;\
    attribute vec4 gl_Color;\
    vec4 ftransform() {\
      return gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;\
    }\
  ';
  var fragmentHeader = '\
    precision highp float;\
  ' + header;

  // Check for the use of built-in matrices that require expensive matrix
  // multiplications to compute, and record these in `usedMatrices`.
  var source = vertexSource + fragmentSource;
  var usedMatrices = {};
  regexMap(/\b(gl_[^;]*)\b;/g, header, function(groups) {
    var name = groups[1];
    if (source.indexOf(name) != -1) {
      var capitalLetters = name.replace(/[a-z_]/g, '');
      usedMatrices[capitalLetters] = LIGHTGL_PREFIX + name;
    }
  });
  if (source.indexOf('ftransform') != -1) usedMatrices.MVPM = LIGHTGL_PREFIX + 'gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix';
  this.usedMatrices = usedMatrices;

  // The `gl_` prefix must be substituted for something else to avoid compile
  // errors, since it's a reserved prefix. This prefixes all reserved names with
  // `_`. The header is inserted after any extensions, since those must come
  // first.
  function fix(header, source) {
    var replaced = {};
    var match = /^((\s*\/\/.*\n|\s*#extension.*\n)+)[^]*$/.exec(source);
    source = match ? match[1] + header + source.substr(match[1].length) : header + source;
    regexMap(/\bgl_\w+\b/g, header, function(result) {
      if (!(result in replaced)) {
        source = source.replace(new RegExp('\\b' + result + '\\b', 'g'), LIGHTGL_PREFIX + result);
        replaced[result] = true;
      }
    });
    return source;
  }
  vertexSource = fix(vertexHeader, vertexSource);
  fragmentSource = fix(fragmentHeader, fragmentSource);

  // Compile and link errors are thrown as strings.
  function compileSource(type, source) {
    var shader = gl.createShader(type);
    gl.shaderSource(shader, source);
    gl.compileShader(shader);
    if (!gl.getShaderParameter(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
      throw 'compile error: ' + gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader);
    }
    return shader;
  }
  this.program = gl.createProgram();
  gl.attachShader(this.program, compileSource(gl.VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource));
  gl.attachShader(this.program, compileSource(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentSource));
  gl.linkProgram(this.program);
  if (!gl.getProgramParameter(this.program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
    throw 'link error: ' + gl.getProgramInfoLog(this.program);
  }
  this.attributes = {};
  this.uniformLocations = {};

  // Sampler uniforms need to be uploaded using `gl.uniform1i()` instead of `gl.uniform1f()`.
  // To do this automatically, we detect and remember all uniform samplers in the source code.
  var isSampler = {};
  regexMap(/uniform\s+sampler(1D|2D|3D|Cube)\s+(\w+)\s*;/g, vertexSource + fragmentSource, function(groups) {
    isSampler[groups[2]] = 1;
  });
  this.isSampler = isSampler;
}

function isArray(obj) {
  var str = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
  return str == '[object Array]' || str == '[object Float32Array]';
}

function isNumber(obj) {
  var str = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
  return str == '[object Number]' || str == '[object Boolean]';
}

var tempMatrix = new Matrix();
var resultMatrix = new Matrix();

Shader.prototype = {
  // ### .uniforms(uniforms)
  // 
  // Set a uniform for each property of `uniforms`. The correct `gl.uniform*()` method is
  // inferred from the value types and from the stored uniform sampler flags.
  uniforms: function(uniforms) {
    gl.useProgram(this.program);

    for (var name in uniforms) {
      var location = this.uniformLocations[name] || gl.getUniformLocation(this.program, name);
      if (!location) continue;
      this.uniformLocations[name] = location;
      var value = uniforms[name];
      if (value instanceof Vector) {
        value = [value.x, value.y, value.z];
      } else if (value instanceof Matrix) {
        value = value.m;
      }
      if (isArray(value)) {
        switch (value.length) {
          case 1: gl.uniform1fv(location, new Float32Array(value)); break;
          case 2: gl.uniform2fv(location, new Float32Array(value)); break;
          case 3: gl.uniform3fv(location, new Float32Array(value)); break;
          case 4: gl.uniform4fv(location, new Float32Array(value)); break;
          // Matrices are automatically transposed, since WebGL uses column-major
          // indices instead of row-major indices.
          case 9: gl.uniformMatrix3fv(location, false, new Float32Array([
            value[0], value[3], value[6],
            value[1], value[4], value[7],
            value[2], value[5], value[8]
          ])); break;
          case 16: gl.uniformMatrix4fv(location, false, new Float32Array([
            value[0], value[4], value[8], value[12],
            value[1], value[5], value[9], value[13],
            value[2], value[6], value[10], value[14],
            value[3], value[7], value[11], value[15]
          ])); break;
          default: throw 'don\'t know how to load uniform "' + name + '" of length ' + value.length;
        }
      } else if (isNumber(value)) {
        (this.isSampler[name] ? gl.uniform1i : gl.uniform1f).call(gl, location, value);
      } else {
        throw 'attempted to set uniform "' + name + '" to invalid value ' + value;
      }
    }

    return this;
  },

  // ### .draw(mesh[, mode])
  // 
  // Sets all uniform matrix attributes, binds all relevant buffers, and draws the
  // mesh geometry as indexed triangles or indexed lines. Set `mode` to `gl.LINES`
  // (and either add indices to `lines` or call `computeWireframe()`) to draw the
  // mesh in wireframe.
  draw: function(mesh, mode) {
    this.drawBuffers(mesh.vertexBuffers,
      mesh.indexBuffers[mode == gl.LINES ? 'lines' : 'triangles'],
      arguments.length < 2 ? gl.TRIANGLES : mode);
  },

  // ### .drawBuffers(vertexBuffers, indexBuffer, mode)
  // 
  // Sets all uniform matrix attributes, binds all relevant buffers, and draws the
  // indexed mesh geometry. The `vertexBuffers` argument is a map from attribute
  // names to `Buffer` objects of type `gl.ARRAY_BUFFER`, `indexBuffer` is a `Buffer`
  // object of type `gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER`, and `mode` is a WebGL primitive mode
  // like `gl.TRIANGLES` or `gl.LINES`. This method automatically creates and caches
  // vertex attribute pointers for attributes as needed.
  drawBuffers: function(vertexBuffers, indexBuffer, mode) {
    // Only construct up the built-in matrices we need for this shader.
    var used = this.usedMatrices;
    var MVM = gl.modelviewMatrix;
    var PM = gl.projectionMatrix;
    var MVMI = (used.MVMI || used.NM) ? MVM.inverse() : null;
    var PMI = (used.PMI) ? PM.inverse() : null;
    var MVPM = (used.MVPM || used.MVPMI) ? PM.multiply(MVM) : null;
    var matrices = {};
    if (used.MVM) matrices[used.MVM] = MVM;
    if (used.MVMI) matrices[used.MVMI] = MVMI;
    if (used.PM) matrices[used.PM] = PM;
    if (used.PMI) matrices[used.PMI] = PMI;
    if (used.MVPM) matrices[used.MVPM] = MVPM;
    if (used.MVPMI) matrices[used.MVPMI] = MVPM.inverse();
    if (used.NM) {
      var m = MVMI.m;
      matrices[used.NM] = [m[0], m[4], m[8], m[1], m[5], m[9], m[2], m[6], m[10]];
    }
    this.uniforms(matrices);

    // Create and enable attribute pointers as necessary.
    var length = 0;
    for (var attribute in vertexBuffers) {
      var buffer = vertexBuffers[attribute];
      var location = this.attributes[attribute] ||
        gl.getAttribLocation(this.program, attribute.replace(/^(gl_.*)$/, LIGHTGL_PREFIX + '$1'));
      if (location == -1 || !buffer.buffer) continue;
      this.attributes[attribute] = location;
      gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer.buffer);
      gl.enableVertexAttribArray(location);
      gl.vertexAttribPointer(location, buffer.buffer.spacing, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
      length = buffer.buffer.length / buffer.buffer.spacing;
    }

    // Disable unused attribute pointers.
    for (var attribute in this.attributes) {
      if (!(attribute in vertexBuffers)) {
        gl.disableVertexAttribArray(this.attributes[attribute]);
      }
    }

    // Draw the geometry.
    if (length && (!indexBuffer || indexBuffer.buffer)) {
      if (indexBuffer) {
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexBuffer.buffer);
        gl.drawElements(mode, indexBuffer.buffer.length, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0);
      } else {
        gl.drawArrays(mode, 0, length);
      }
    }

    return this;
  }
};

// src/raytracer.js
// Provides a convenient raytracing interface.

// ### new GL.HitTest([t, hit, normal])
// 
// This is the object used to return hit test results. If there are no
// arguments, the constructed argument represents a hit infinitely far
// away.
function HitTest(t, hit, normal) {
  this.t = arguments.length ? t : Number.MAX_VALUE;
  this.hit = hit;
  this.normal = normal;
}

// ### .mergeWith(other)
// 
// Changes this object to be the closer of the two hit test results.
HitTest.prototype = {
  mergeWith: function(other) {
    if (other.t > 0 && other.t < this.t) {
      this.t = other.t;
      this.hit = other.hit;
      this.normal = other.normal;
    }
  }
};

// ### new GL.Raytracer()
// 
// This will read the current modelview matrix, projection matrix, and viewport,
// reconstruct the eye position, and store enough information to later generate
// per-pixel rays using `getRayForPixel()`.
// 
// Example usage:
// 
//     var tracer = new GL.Raytracer();
//     var ray = tracer.getRayForPixel(
//       gl.canvas.width / 2,
//       gl.canvas.height / 2);
//     var result = GL.Raytracer.hitTestSphere(
//       tracer.eye, ray, new GL.Vector(0, 0, 0), 1);
function Raytracer() {
  var v = gl.getParameter(gl.VIEWPORT);
  var m = gl.modelviewMatrix.m;

  var axisX = new Vector(m[0], m[4], m[8]);
  var axisY = new Vector(m[1], m[5], m[9]);
  var axisZ = new Vector(m[2], m[6], m[10]);
  var offset = new Vector(m[3], m[7], m[11]);
  this.eye = new Vector(-offset.dot(axisX), -offset.dot(axisY), -offset.dot(axisZ));

  var minX = v[0], maxX = minX + v[2];
  var minY = v[1], maxY = minY + v[3];
  this.ray00 = gl.unProject(minX, minY, 1).subtract(this.eye);
  this.ray10 = gl.unProject(maxX, minY, 1).subtract(this.eye);
  this.ray01 = gl.unProject(minX, maxY, 1).subtract(this.eye);
  this.ray11 = gl.unProject(maxX, maxY, 1).subtract(this.eye);
  this.viewport = v;
}

Raytracer.prototype = {
  // ### .getRayForPixel(x, y)
  // 
  // Returns the ray originating from the camera and traveling through the pixel `x, y`.
  getRayForPixel: function(x, y) {
    x = (x - this.viewport[0]) / this.viewport[2];
    y = 1 - (y - this.viewport[1]) / this.viewport[3];
    var ray0 = Vector.lerp(this.ray00, this.ray10, x);
    var ray1 = Vector.lerp(this.ray01, this.ray11, x);
    return Vector.lerp(ray0, ray1, y).unit();
  }
};

// ### GL.Raytracer.hitTestBox(origin, ray, min, max)
// 
// Traces the ray starting from `origin` along `ray` against the axis-aligned box
// whose coordinates extend from `min` to `max`. Returns a `HitTest` with the
// information or `null` for no intersection.
// 
// This implementation uses the [slab intersection method](http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/raytrace/rtinter3.htm).
Raytracer.hitTestBox = function(origin, ray, min, max) {
  var tMin = min.subtract(origin).divide(ray);
  var tMax = max.subtract(origin).divide(ray);
  var t1 = Vector.min(tMin, tMax);
  var t2 = Vector.max(tMin, tMax);
  var tNear = t1.max();
  var tFar = t2.min();

  if (tNear > 0 && tNear < tFar) {
    var epsilon = 1.0e-6, hit = origin.add(ray.multiply(tNear));
    min = min.add(epsilon);
    max = max.subtract(epsilon);
    return new HitTest(tNear, hit, new Vector(
      (hit.x > max.x) - (hit.x < min.x),
      (hit.y > max.y) - (hit.y < min.y),
      (hit.z > max.z) - (hit.z < min.z)
    ));
  }

  return null;
};

// ### GL.Raytracer.hitTestSphere(origin, ray, center, radius)
// 
// Traces the ray starting from `origin` along `ray` against the sphere defined
// by `center` and `radius`. Returns a `HitTest` with the information or `null`
// for no intersection.
Raytracer.hitTestSphere = function(origin, ray, center, radius) {
  var offset = origin.subtract(center);
  var a = ray.dot(ray);
  var b = 2 * ray.dot(offset);
  var c = offset.dot(offset) - radius * radius;
  var discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;

  if (discriminant > 0) {
    var t = (-b - Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a), hit = origin.add(ray.multiply(t));
    return new HitTest(t, hit, hit.subtract(center).divide(radius));
  }

  return null;
};

// ### GL.Raytracer.hitTestTriangle(origin, ray, a, b, c)
// 
// Traces the ray starting from `origin` along `ray` against the triangle defined
// by the points `a`, `b`, and `c`. Returns a `HitTest` with the information or
// `null` for no intersection.
Raytracer.hitTestTriangle = function(origin, ray, a, b, c) {
  var ab = b.subtract(a);
  var ac = c.subtract(a);
  var normal = ab.cross(ac).unit();
  var t = normal.dot(a.subtract(origin)) / normal.dot(ray);

  if (t > 0) {
    var hit = origin.add(ray.multiply(t));
    var toHit = hit.subtract(a);
    var dot00 = ac.dot(ac);
    var dot01 = ac.dot(ab);
    var dot02 = ac.dot(toHit);
    var dot11 = ab.dot(ab);
    var dot12 = ab.dot(toHit);
    var divide = dot00 * dot11 - dot01 * dot01;
    var u = (dot11 * dot02 - dot01 * dot12) / divide;
    var v = (dot00 * dot12 - dot01 * dot02) / divide;
    if (u >= 0 && v >= 0 && u + v <= 1) return new HitTest(t, hit, normal);
  }

  return null;
};

// src/vector.js
// Provides a simple 3D vector class. Vector operations can be done using member
// functions, which return new vectors, or static functions, which reuse
// existing vectors to avoid generating garbage.
function Vector(x, y, z) {
  this.x = x || 0;
  this.y = y || 0;
  this.z = z || 0;
}

// ### Instance Methods
// The methods `add()`, `subtract()`, `multiply()`, and `divide()` can all
// take either a vector or a number as an argument.
Vector.prototype = {
  negative: function() {
    return new Vector(-this.x, -this.y, -this.z);
  },
  add: function(v) {
    if (v instanceof Vector) return new Vector(this.x + v.x, this.y + v.y, this.z + v.z);
    else return new Vector(this.x + v, this.y + v, this.z + v);
  },
  subtract: function(v) {
    if (v instanceof Vector) return new Vector(this.x - v.x, this.y - v.y, this.z - v.z);
    else return new Vector(this.x - v, this.y - v, this.z - v);
  },
  multiply: function(v) {
    if (v instanceof Vector) return new Vector(this.x * v.x, this.y * v.y, this.z * v.z);
    else return new Vector(this.x * v, this.y * v, this.z * v);
  },
  divide: function(v) {
    if (v instanceof Vector) return new Vector(this.x / v.x, this.y / v.y, this.z / v.z);
    else return new Vector(this.x / v, this.y / v, this.z / v);
  },
  equals: function(v) {
    return this.x == v.x && this.y == v.y && this.z == v.z;
  },
  dot: function(v) {
    return this.x * v.x + this.y * v.y + this.z * v.z;
  },
  cross: function(v) {
    return new Vector(
      this.y * v.z - this.z * v.y,
      this.z * v.x - this.x * v.z,
      this.x * v.y - this.y * v.x
    );
  },
  length: function() {
    return Math.sqrt(this.dot(this));
  },
  unit: function() {
    return this.divide(this.length());
  },
  min: function() {
    return Math.min(Math.min(this.x, this.y), this.z);
  },
  max: function() {
    return Math.max(Math.max(this.x, this.y), this.z);
  },
  toAngles: function() {
    return {
      theta: Math.atan2(this.z, this.x),
      phi: Math.asin(this.y / this.length())
    };
  },
  toArray: function(n) {
    return [this.x, this.y, this.z].slice(0, n || 3);
  },
  clone: function() {
    return new Vector(this.x, this.y, this.z);
  },
  init: function(x, y, z) {
    this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z;
    return this;
  }
};

// ### Static Methods
// `Vector.randomDirection()` returns a vector with a length of 1 and a
// statistically uniform direction. `Vector.lerp()` performs linear
// interpolation between two vectors.
Vector.negative = function(a, b) {
  b.x = -a.x; b.y = -a.y; b.z = -a.z;
  return b;
};
Vector.add = function(a, b, c) {
  if (b instanceof Vector) { c.x = a.x + b.x; c.y = a.y + b.y; c.z = a.z + b.z; }
  else { c.x = a.x + b; c.y = a.y + b; c.z = a.z + b; }
  return c;
};
Vector.subtract = function(a, b, c) {
  if (b instanceof Vector) { c.x = a.x - b.x; c.y = a.y - b.y; c.z = a.z - b.z; }
  else { c.x = a.x - b; c.y = a.y - b; c.z = a.z - b; }
  return c;
};
Vector.multiply = function(a, b, c) {
  if (b instanceof Vector) { c.x = a.x * b.x; c.y = a.y * b.y; c.z = a.z * b.z; }
  else { c.x = a.x * b; c.y = a.y * b; c.z = a.z * b; }
  return c;
};
Vector.divide = function(a, b, c) {
  if (b instanceof Vector) { c.x = a.x / b.x; c.y = a.y / b.y; c.z = a.z / b.z; }
  else { c.x = a.x / b; c.y = a.y / b; c.z = a.z / b; }
  return c;
};
Vector.cross = function(a, b, c) {
  c.x = a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y;
  c.y = a.z * b.x - a.x * b.z;
  c.z = a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x;
  return c;
};
Vector.unit = function(a, b) {
  var length = a.length();
  b.x = a.x / length;
  b.y = a.y / length;
  b.z = a.z / length;
  return b;
};
Vector.fromAngles = function(theta, phi) {
  return new Vector(Math.cos(theta) * Math.cos(phi), Math.sin(phi), Math.sin(theta) * Math.cos(phi));
};
Vector.randomDirection = function() {
  return Vector.fromAngles(Math.random() * Math.PI * 2, Math.asin(Math.random() * 2 - 1));
};
Vector.min = function(a, b) {
  return new Vector(Math.min(a.x, b.x), Math.min(a.y, b.y), Math.min(a.z, b.z));
};
Vector.max = function(a, b) {
  return new Vector(Math.max(a.x, b.x), Math.max(a.y, b.y), Math.max(a.z, b.z));
};
Vector.lerp = function(a, b, fraction) {
  return b.subtract(a).multiply(fraction).add(a);
};
Vector.fromArray = function(a) {
  return new Vector(a[0], a[1], a[2]);
};

// src/mesh.js
// Represents indexed triangle geometry with arbitrary additional attributes.
// You need a shader to draw a mesh; meshes can't draw themselves.
// 
// A mesh is a collection of `GL.Buffer` objects which are either vertex buffers
// (holding per-vertex attributes) or index buffers (holding the order in which
// vertices are rendered). By default, a mesh has a position vertex buffer called
// `vertices` and a triangle index buffer called `triangles`. New buffers can be
// added using `addVertexBuffer()` and `addIndexBuffer()`. Two strings are
// required when adding a new vertex buffer, the name of the data array on the
// mesh instance and the name of the GLSL attribute in the vertex shader.
// 
// Example usage:
// 
//     var mesh = new GL.Mesh({ coords: true, lines: true });
// 
//     // Default attribute "vertices", available as "gl_Vertex" in
//     // the vertex shader
//     mesh.vertices = [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 0]];
// 
//     // Optional attribute "coords" enabled in constructor,
//     // available as "gl_TexCoord" in the vertex shader
//     mesh.coords = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1]];
// 
//     // Custom attribute "weights", available as "weight" in the
//     // vertex shader
//     mesh.addVertexBuffer('weights', 'weight');
//     mesh.weights = [1, 0, 0, 1];
// 
//     // Default index buffer "triangles"
//     mesh.triangles = [[0, 1, 2], [2, 1, 3]];
// 
//     // Optional index buffer "lines" enabled in constructor
//     mesh.lines = [[0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 3], [2, 3]];
// 
//     // Upload provided data to GPU memory
//     mesh.compile();

// ### new GL.Indexer()
// 
// Generates indices into a list of unique objects from a stream of objects
// that may contain duplicates. This is useful for generating compact indexed
// meshes from unindexed data.
function Indexer() {
  this.unique = [];
  this.indices = [];
  this.map = {};
}

Indexer.prototype = {
  // ### .add(v)
  // 
  // Adds the object `obj` to `unique` if it hasn't already been added. Returns
  // the index of `obj` in `unique`.
  add: function(obj) {
    var key = JSON.stringify(obj);
    if (!(key in this.map)) {
      this.map[key] = this.unique.length;
      this.unique.push(obj);
    }
    return this.map[key];
  }
};

// ### new GL.Buffer(target, type)
// 
// Provides a simple method of uploading data to a GPU buffer. Example usage:
// 
//     var vertices = new GL.Buffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, Float32Array);
//     var indices = new GL.Buffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, Uint16Array);
//     vertices.data = [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 0]];
//     indices.data = [[0, 1, 2], [2, 1, 3]];
//     vertices.compile();
//     indices.compile();
// 
function Buffer(target, type) {
  this.buffer = null;
  this.target = target;
  this.type = type;
  this.data = [];
}

Buffer.prototype = {
  // ### .compile(type)
  // 
  // Upload the contents of `data` to the GPU in preparation for rendering. The
  // data must be a list of lists where each inner list has the same length. For
  // example, each element of data for vertex normals would be a list of length three.
  // This will remember the data length and element length for later use by shaders.
  // The type can be either `gl.STATIC_DRAW` or `gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW`, and defaults to
  // `gl.STATIC_DRAW`.
  // 
  // This could have used `[].concat.apply([], this.data)` to flatten
  // the array but Google Chrome has a maximum number of arguments so the
  // concatenations are chunked to avoid that limit.
  compile: function(type) {
    var data = [];
    for (var i = 0, chunk = 10000; i < this.data.length; i += chunk) {
      data = Array.prototype.concat.apply(data, this.data.slice(i, i + chunk));
    }
    var spacing = this.data.length ? data.length / this.data.length : 0;
    if (spacing != Math.round(spacing)) throw 'buffer elements not of consistent size, average size is ' + spacing;
    this.buffer = this.buffer || gl.createBuffer();
    this.buffer.length = data.length;
    this.buffer.spacing = spacing;
    gl.bindBuffer(this.target, this.buffer);
    gl.bufferData(this.target, new this.type(data), type || gl.STATIC_DRAW);
  }
};

// ### new GL.Mesh([options])
// 
// Represents a collection of vertex buffers and index buffers. Each vertex
// buffer maps to one attribute in GLSL and has a corresponding property set
// on the Mesh instance. There is one vertex buffer by default: `vertices`,
// which maps to `gl_Vertex`. The `coords`, `normals`, and `colors` vertex
// buffers map to `gl_TexCoord`, `gl_Normal`, and `gl_Color` respectively,
// and can be enabled by setting the corresponding options to true. There are
// two index buffers, `triangles` and `lines`, which are used for rendering
// `gl.TRIANGLES` and `gl.LINES`, respectively. Only `triangles` is enabled by
// default, although `computeWireframe()` will add a normal buffer if it wasn't
// initially enabled.
function Mesh(options) {
  options = options || {};
  this.vertexBuffers = {};
  this.indexBuffers = {};
  this.addVertexBuffer('vertices', 'gl_Vertex');
  if (options.coords) this.addVertexBuffer('coords', 'gl_TexCoord');
  if (options.normals) this.addVertexBuffer('normals', 'gl_Normal');
  if (options.colors) this.addVertexBuffer('colors', 'gl_Color');
  if (!('triangles' in options) || options.triangles) this.addIndexBuffer('triangles');
  if (options.lines) this.addIndexBuffer('lines');
}

Mesh.prototype = {
  // ### .addVertexBuffer(name, attribute)
  // 
  // Add a new vertex buffer with a list as a property called `name` on this object
  // and map it to the attribute called `attribute` in all shaders that draw this mesh.
  addVertexBuffer: function(name, attribute) {
    var buffer = this.vertexBuffers[attribute] = new Buffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, Float32Array);
    buffer.name = name;
    this[name] = [];
  },

  // ### .addIndexBuffer(name)
  // 
  // Add a new index buffer with a list as a property called `name` on this object.
  addIndexBuffer: function(name) {
    var buffer = this.indexBuffers[name] = new Buffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, Uint16Array);
    this[name] = [];
  },

  // ### .compile()
  // 
  // Upload all attached buffers to the GPU in preparation for rendering. This
  // doesn't need to be called every frame, only needs to be done when the data
  // changes.
  compile: function() {
    for (var attribute in this.vertexBuffers) {
      var buffer = this.vertexBuffers[attribute];
      buffer.data = this[buffer.name];
      buffer.compile();
    }

    for (var name in this.indexBuffers) {
      var buffer = this.indexBuffers[name];
      buffer.data = this[name];
      buffer.compile();
    }
  },

  // ### .transform(matrix)
  // 
  // Transform all vertices by `matrix` and all normals by the inverse transpose
  // of `matrix`.
  transform: function(matrix) {
    this.vertices = this.vertices.map(function(v) {
      return matrix.transformPoint(Vector.fromArray(v)).toArray();
    });
    if (this.normals) {
      var invTrans = matrix.inverse().transpose();
      this.normals = this.normals.map(function(n) {
        return invTrans.transformVector(Vector.fromArray(n)).unit().toArray();
      });
    }
    this.compile();
    return this;
  },

  // ### .computeNormals()
  // 
  // Computes a new normal for each vertex from the average normal of the
  // neighboring triangles. This means adjacent triangles must share vertices
  // for the resulting normals to be smooth.
  computeNormals: function() {
    if (!this.normals) this.addVertexBuffer('normals', 'gl_Normal');
    for (var i = 0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) {
      this.normals[i] = new Vector();
    }
    for (var i = 0; i < this.triangles.length; i++) {
      var t = this.triangles[i];
      var a = Vector.fromArray(this.vertices[t[0]]);
      var b = Vector.fromArray(this.vertices[t[1]]);
      var c = Vector.fromArray(this.vertices[t[2]]);
      var normal = b.subtract(a).cross(c.subtract(a)).unit();
      this.normals[t[0]] = this.normals[t[0]].add(normal);
      this.normals[t[1]] = this.normals[t[1]].add(normal);
      this.normals[t[2]] = this.normals[t[2]].add(normal);
    }
    for (var i = 0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) {
      this.normals[i] = this.normals[i].unit().toArray();
    }
    this.compile();
    return this;
  },

  // ### .computeWireframe()
  // 
  // Populate the `lines` index buffer from the `triangles` index buffer.
  computeWireframe: function() {
    var indexer = new Indexer();
    for (var i = 0; i < this.triangles.length; i++) {
      var t = this.triangles[i];
      for (var j = 0; j < t.length; j++) {
        var a = t[j], b = t[(j + 1) % t.length];
        indexer.add([Math.min(a, b), Math.max(a, b)]);
      }
    }
    if (!this.lines) this.addIndexBuffer('lines');
    this.lines = indexer.unique;
    this.compile();
    return this;
  },

  // ### .getAABB()
  // 
  // Computes the axis-aligned bounding box, which is an object whose `min` and
  // `max` properties contain the minimum and maximum coordinates of all vertices.
  getAABB: function() {
    var aabb = { min: new Vector(Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE) };
    aabb.max = aabb.min.negative();
    for (var i = 0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) {
      var v = Vector.fromArray(this.vertices[i]);
      aabb.min = Vector.min(aabb.min, v);
      aabb.max = Vector.max(aabb.max, v);
    }
    return aabb;
  },

  // ### .getBoundingSphere()
  // 
  // Computes a sphere that contains all vertices (not necessarily the smallest
  // sphere). The returned object has two properties, `center` and `radius`.
  getBoundingSphere: function() {
    var aabb = this.getAABB();
    var sphere = { center: aabb.min.add(aabb.max).divide(2), radius: 0 };
    for (var i = 0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) {
      sphere.radius = Math.max(sphere.radius,
        Vector.fromArray(this.vertices[i]).subtract(sphere.center).length());
    }
    return sphere;
  }
};

// ### GL.Mesh.plane([options])
// 
// Generates a square 2x2 mesh the xy plane centered at the origin. The
// `options` argument specifies options to pass to the mesh constructor.
// Additional options include `detailX` and `detailY`, which set the tesselation
// in x and y, and `detail`, which sets both `detailX` and `detailY` at once.
// Two triangles are generated by default.
// Example usage:
// 
//     var mesh1 = GL.Mesh.plane();
//     var mesh2 = GL.Mesh.plane({ detail: 5 });
//     var mesh3 = GL.Mesh.plane({ detailX: 20, detailY: 40 });
// 
Mesh.plane = function(options) {
  options = options || {};
  var mesh = new Mesh(options);
  detailX = options.detailX || options.detail || 1;
  detailY = options.detailY || options.detail || 1;

  for (var y = 0; y <= detailY; y++) {
    var t = y / detailY;
    for (var x = 0; x <= detailX; x++) {
      var s = x / detailX;
      mesh.vertices.push([2 * s - 1, 2 * t - 1, 0]);
      if (mesh.coords) mesh.coords.push([s, t]);
      if (mesh.normals) mesh.normals.push([0, 0, 1]);
      if (x < detailX && y < detailY) {
        var i = x + y * (detailX + 1);
        mesh.triangles.push([i, i + 1, i + detailX + 1]);
        mesh.triangles.push([i + detailX + 1, i + 1, i + detailX + 2]);
      }
    }
  }

  mesh.compile();
  return mesh;
};

var cubeData = [
  [0, 4, 2, 6, -1, 0, 0], // -x
  [1, 3, 5, 7, +1, 0, 0], // +x
  [0, 1, 4, 5, 0, -1, 0], // -y
  [2, 6, 3, 7, 0, +1, 0], // +y
  [0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 0, -1], // -z
  [4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, +1]  // +z
];

function pickOctant(i) {
  return new Vector((i & 1) * 2 - 1, (i & 2) - 1, (i & 4) / 2 - 1);
}

// ### GL.Mesh.cube([options])
// 
// Generates a 2x2x2 box centered at the origin. The `options` argument
// specifies options to pass to the mesh constructor.
Mesh.cube = function(options) {
  var mesh = new Mesh(options);

  for (var i = 0; i < cubeData.length; i++) {
    var data = cubeData[i], v = i * 4;
    for (var j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
      var d = data[j];
      mesh.vertices.push(pickOctant(d).toArray());
      if (mesh.coords) mesh.coords.push([j & 1, (j & 2) / 2]);
      if (mesh.normals) mesh.normals.push(data.slice(4, 7));
    }
    mesh.triangles.push([v, v + 1, v + 2]);
    mesh.triangles.push([v + 2, v + 1, v + 3]);
  }

  mesh.compile();
  return mesh;
};

// ### GL.Mesh.sphere([options])
// 
// Generates a geodesic sphere of radius 1. The `options` argument specifies
// options to pass to the mesh constructor in addition to the `detail` option,
// which controls the tesselation level. The detail is `6` by default.
// Example usage:
// 
//     var mesh1 = GL.Mesh.sphere();
//     var mesh2 = GL.Mesh.sphere({ detail: 2 });
// 
Mesh.sphere = function(options) {
  function tri(a, b, c) { return flip ? [a, c, b] : [a, b, c]; }
  function fix(x) { return x + (x - x * x) / 2; }
  options = options || {};
  var mesh = new Mesh(options);
  var indexer = new Indexer();
  detail = options.detail || 6;

  for (var octant = 0; octant < 8; octant++) {
    var scale = pickOctant(octant);
    var flip = scale.x * scale.y * scale.z > 0;
    var data = [];
    for (var i = 0; i <= detail; i++) {
      // Generate a row of vertices on the surface of the sphere
      // using barycentric coordinates.
      for (var j = 0; i + j <= detail; j++) {
        var a = i / detail;
        var b = j / detail;
        var c = (detail - i - j) / detail;
        var vertex = { vertex: new Vector(fix(a), fix(b), fix(c)).unit().multiply(scale).toArray() };
        if (mesh.coords) vertex.coord = scale.y > 0 ? [1 - a, c] : [c, 1 - a];
        data.push(indexer.add(vertex));
      }

      // Generate triangles from this row and the previous row.
      if (i > 0) {
        for (var j = 0; i + j <= detail; j++) {
          var a = (i - 1) * (detail + 1) + ((i - 1) - (i - 1) * (i - 1)) / 2 + j;
          var b = i * (detail + 1) + (i - i * i) / 2 + j;
          mesh.triangles.push(tri(data[a], data[a + 1], data[b]));
          if (i + j < detail) {
            mesh.triangles.push(tri(data[b], data[a + 1], data[b + 1]));
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Reconstruct the geometry from the indexer.
  mesh.vertices = indexer.unique.map(function(v) { return v.vertex; });
  if (mesh.coords) mesh.coords = indexer.unique.map(function(v) { return v.coord; });
  if (mesh.normals) mesh.normals = mesh.vertices;
  mesh.compile();
  return mesh;
};

// ### GL.Mesh.load(json[, options])
// 
// Creates a mesh from the JSON generated by the `convert/convert.py` script.
// Example usage:
// 
//     var data = {
//       vertices: [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]],
//       triangles: [[0, 1, 2]]
//     };
//     var mesh = GL.Mesh.load(data);
// 
Mesh.load = function(json, options) {
  options = options || {};
  if (!('coords' in options)) options.coords = !!json.coords;
  if (!('normals' in options)) options.normals = !!json.normals;
  if (!('colors' in options)) options.colors = !!json.colors;
  if (!('triangles' in options)) options.triangles = !!json.triangles;
  if (!('lines' in options)) options.lines = !!json.lines;
  var mesh = new Mesh(options);
  mesh.vertices = json.vertices;
  if (mesh.coords) mesh.coords = json.coords;
  if (mesh.normals) mesh.normals = json.normals;
  if (mesh.colors) mesh.colors = json.colors;
  if (mesh.triangles) mesh.triangles = json.triangles;
  if (mesh.lines) mesh.lines = json.lines;
  mesh.compile();
  return mesh;
};

// src/texture.js
// Provides a simple wrapper around WebGL textures that supports render-to-texture.

// ### new GL.Texture(width, height[, options])
//
// The arguments `width` and `height` give the size of the texture in texels.
// WebGL texture dimensions must be powers of two unless `filter` is set to
// either `gl.NEAREST` or `gl.REPEAT` and `wrap` is set to `gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE`
// (which they are by default).
//
// Texture parameters can be passed in via the `options` argument.
// Example usage:
// 
//     var t = new GL.Texture(256, 256, {
//       // Defaults to gl.LINEAR, set both at once with "filter"
//       magFilter: gl.NEAREST,
//       minFilter: gl.LINEAR,
// 
//       // Defaults to gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE, set both at once with "wrap"
//       wrapS: gl.REPEAT,
//       wrapT: gl.REPEAT,
// 
//       format: gl.RGB, // Defaults to gl.RGBA
//       type: gl.FLOAT // Defaults to gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE
//     });
function Texture(width, height, options) {
  options = options || {};
  this.id = gl.createTexture();
  this.width = width;
  this.height = height;
  this.format = options.format || gl.RGBA;
  this.type = options.type || gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE;
  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.id);
  gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, 1);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, options.filter || options.magFilter || gl.LINEAR);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, options.filter || options.minFilter || gl.LINEAR);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, options.wrap || options.wrapS || gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, options.wrap || options.wrapT || gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, this.format, width, height, 0, this.format, this.type, null);
}

var framebuffer;
var renderbuffer;
var checkerboardCanvas;

Texture.prototype = {
  // ### .bind([unit])
  // 
  // Bind this texture to the given texture unit (0-7, defaults to 0).
  bind: function(unit) {
    gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + (unit || 0));
    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.id);
  },

  // ### .unbind([unit])
  // 
  // Clear the given texture unit (0-7, defaults to 0).
  unbind: function(unit) {
    gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + (unit || 0));
    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
  },

  // ### .drawTo(callback)
  // 
  // Render all draw calls in `callback` to this texture. This method sets up
  // a framebuffer with this texture as the color attachment and a renderbuffer
  // as the depth attachment. It also temporarily changes the viewport to the
  // size of the texture.
  // 
  // Example usage:
  // 
  //     texture.drawTo(function() {
  //       gl.clearColor(1, 0, 0, 1);
  //       gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
  //     });
  drawTo: function(callback) {
    var v = gl.getParameter(gl.VIEWPORT);
    framebuffer = framebuffer || gl.createFramebuffer();
    renderbuffer = renderbuffer || gl.createRenderbuffer();
    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer);
    gl.bindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer);
    if (this.width != renderbuffer.width || this.height != renderbuffer.height) {
      renderbuffer.width = this.width;
      renderbuffer.height = this.height;
      gl.renderbufferStorage(gl.RENDERBUFFER, gl.DEPTH_COMPONENT16, this.width, this.height);
    }
    gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.id, 0);
    gl.framebufferRenderbuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, gl.RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer);
    gl.viewport(0, 0, this.width, this.height);

    callback();

    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null);
    gl.bindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, null);
    gl.viewport(v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
  },

  // ### .swapWith(other)
  // 
  // Switch this texture with `other`, useful for the ping-pong rendering
  // technique used in multi-stage rendering.
  swapWith: function(other) {
    var temp;
    temp = other.id; other.id = this.id; this.id = temp;
    temp = other.width; other.width = this.width; this.width = temp;
    temp = other.height; other.height = this.height; this.height = temp;
  }
};

// ### GL.Texture.fromImage(image[, options])
// 
// Return a new image created from `image`, an `<img>` tag.
Texture.fromImage = function(image, options) {
  options = options || {};
  var texture = new Texture(image.width, image.height, options);
  try {
    gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, texture.format, texture.format, texture.type, image);
  } catch (e) {
    if (location.protocol == 'file:') {
      throw 'image not loaded for security reasons (serve this page over "http://" instead)';
    } else {
      throw 'image not loaded for security reasons (image must originate from the same ' +
        'domain as this page or use Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)';
    }
  }
  if (options.minFilter && options.minFilter != gl.NEAREST && options.minFilter != gl.LINEAR) {
    gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D);
  }
  return texture;
};

// ### GL.Texture.fromURL(url[, options])
// 
// Returns a checkerboard texture that will switch to the correct texture when
// it loads.
Texture.fromURL = function(url, options) {
  checkerboardCanvas = checkerboardCanvas || (function() {
    var c = document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d');
    c.canvas.width = c.canvas.height = 128;
    for (var y = 0; y < c.canvas.height; y += 16) {
      for (var x = 0; x < c.canvas.width; x += 16) {
        c.fillStyle = (x ^ y) & 16 ? '#FFF' : '#DDD';
        c.fillRect(x, y, 16, 16);
      }
    }
    return c.canvas;
  })();
  var texture = Texture.fromImage(checkerboardCanvas, options);
  var image = new Image();
  var context = gl;
  image.onload = function() {
    context.makeCurrent();
    Texture.fromImage(image, options).swapWith(texture);
  };
  image.src = url;
  return texture;
};

// src/main.js
// The internal `gl` variable holds the current WebGL context.
var gl;

var GL = {
  // ### Initialization
  // 
  // `GL.create()` creates a new WebGL context and augments it with more
  // methods. The alpha channel is disabled by default because it usually causes
  // unintended transparencies in the canvas.
  create: function(options) {
    options = options || {};
    var canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
    canvas.width = 800;
    canvas.height = 600;
    if (!('alpha' in options)) options.alpha = false;
    try { gl = canvas.getContext('webgl', options); } catch (e) {}
    try { gl = gl || canvas.getContext('experimental-webgl', options); } catch (e) {}
    if (!gl) throw 'WebGL not supported';
    addMatrixStack();
    addImmediateMode();
    addEventListeners();
    addOtherMethods();
    return gl;
  },

  // `GL.keys` contains a mapping of key codes to booleans indicating whether
  // that key is currently pressed.
  keys: {},

  // Export all external classes.
  Matrix: Matrix,
  Indexer: Indexer,
  Buffer: Buffer,
  Mesh: Mesh,
  HitTest: HitTest,
  Raytracer: Raytracer,
  Shader: Shader,
  Texture: Texture,
  Vector: Vector
};

// ### Matrix stack
// 
// Implement the OpenGL modelview and projection matrix stacks, along with some
// other useful GLU matrix functions.

function addMatrixStack() {
  gl.MODELVIEW = ENUM | 1;
  gl.PROJECTION = ENUM | 2;
  var tempMatrix = new Matrix();
  var resultMatrix = new Matrix();
  gl.modelviewMatrix = new Matrix();
  gl.projectionMatrix = new Matrix();
  var modelviewStack = [];
  var projectionStack = [];
  var matrix, stack;
  gl.matrixMode = function(mode) {
    switch (mode) {
      case gl.MODELVIEW:
        matrix = 'modelviewMatrix';
        stack = modelviewStack;
        break;
      case gl.PROJECTION:
        matrix = 'projectionMatrix';
        stack = projectionStack;
        break;
      default:
        throw 'invalid matrix mode ' + mode;
    }
  };
  gl.loadIdentity = function() {
    Matrix.identity(gl[matrix]);
  };
  gl.loadMatrix = function(m) {
    var from = m.m, to = gl[matrix].m;
    for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
      to[i] = from[i];
    }
  };
  gl.multMatrix = function(m) {
    gl.loadMatrix(Matrix.multiply(gl[matrix], m, resultMatrix));
  };
  gl.perspective = function(fov, aspect, near, far) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.perspective(fov, aspect, near, far, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.frustum = function(l, r, b, t, n, f) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.frustum(l, r, b, t, n, f, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.ortho = function(l, r, b, t, n, f) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.ortho(l, r, b, t, n, f, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.scale = function(x, y, z) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.scale(x, y, z, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.translate = function(x, y, z) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.translate(x, y, z, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.rotate = function(a, x, y, z) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.rotate(a, x, y, z, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.lookAt = function(ex, ey, ez, cx, cy, cz, ux, uy, uz) {
    gl.multMatrix(Matrix.lookAt(ex, ey, ez, cx, cy, cz, ux, uy, uz, tempMatrix));
  };
  gl.pushMatrix = function() {
    stack.push(Array.prototype.slice.call(gl[matrix].m));
  };
  gl.popMatrix = function() {
    var m = stack.pop();
    gl[matrix].m = hasFloat32Array ? new Float32Array(m) : m;
  };
  gl.project = function(objX, objY, objZ, modelview, projection, viewport) {
    modelview = modelview || gl.modelviewMatrix;
    projection = projection || gl.projectionMatrix;
    viewport = viewport || gl.getParameter(gl.VIEWPORT);
    var point = projection.transformPoint(modelview.transformPoint(new Vector(objX, objY, objZ)));
    return new Vector(
      viewport[0] + viewport[2] * (point.x * 0.5 + 0.5),
      viewport[1] + viewport[3] * (point.y * 0.5 + 0.5),
      point.z * 0.5 + 0.5
    );
  };
  gl.unProject = function(winX, winY, winZ, modelview, projection, viewport) {
    modelview = modelview || gl.modelviewMatrix;
    projection = projection || gl.projectionMatrix;
    viewport = viewport || gl.getParameter(gl.VIEWPORT);
    var point = new Vector(
      (winX - viewport[0]) / viewport[2] * 2 - 1,
      (winY - viewport[1]) / viewport[3] * 2 - 1,
      winZ * 2 - 1
    );
    return Matrix.inverse(Matrix.multiply(projection, modelview, tempMatrix), resultMatrix).transformPoint(point);
  };
  gl.matrixMode(gl.MODELVIEW);
}

// ### Immediate mode
// 
// Provide an implementation of OpenGL's deprecated immediate mode. This is
// depricated for a reason: constantly re-specifying the geometry is a bad
// idea for performance. You should use a `GL.Mesh` instead, which specifies
// the geometry once and caches it on the graphics card. Still, nothing
// beats a quick `gl.begin(gl.POINTS); gl.vertex(1, 2, 3); gl.end();` for
// debugging. This intentionally doesn't implement fixed-function lighting
// because it's only meant for quick debugging tasks.

function addImmediateMode() {
  var immediateMode = {
    mesh: new Mesh({ coords: true, colors: true, triangles: false }),
    mode: -1,
    coord: [0, 0, 0, 0],
    color: [1, 1, 1, 1],
    pointSize: 1,
    shader: new Shader('\
      uniform float pointSize;\
      varying vec4 color;\
      varying vec4 coord;\
      void main() {\
        color = gl_Color;\
        coord = gl_TexCoord;\
        gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;\
        gl_PointSize = pointSize;\
      }\
    ', '\
      uniform sampler2D texture;\
      uniform float pointSize;\
      uniform bool useTexture;\
      varying vec4 color;\
      varying vec4 coord;\
      void main() {\
        gl_FragColor = color;\
        if (useTexture) gl_FragColor *= texture2D(texture, coord.xy);\
      }\
    ')
  };
  gl.pointSize = function(pointSize) {
    immediateMode.shader.uniforms({ pointSize: pointSize });
  };
  gl.begin = function(mode) {
    if (immediateMode.mode != -1) throw 'mismatched gl.begin() and gl.end() calls';
    immediateMode.mode = mode;
    immediateMode.mesh.colors = [];
    immediateMode.mesh.coords = [];
    immediateMode.mesh.vertices = [];
  };
  gl.color = function(r, g, b, a) {
    immediateMode.color = (arguments.length == 1) ? r.toArray().concat(1) : [r, g, b, a || 1];
  };
  gl.texCoord = function(s, t) {
    immediateMode.coord = (arguments.length == 1) ? s.toArray(2) : [s, t];
  };
  gl.vertex = function(x, y, z) {
    immediateMode.mesh.colors.push(immediateMode.color);
    immediateMode.mesh.coords.push(immediateMode.coord);
    immediateMode.mesh.vertices.push(arguments.length == 1 ? x.toArray() : [x, y, z]);
  };
  gl.end = function() {
    if (immediateMode.mode == -1) throw 'mismatched gl.begin() and gl.end() calls';
    immediateMode.mesh.compile();
    immediateMode.shader.uniforms({
      useTexture: !!gl.getParameter(gl.TEXTURE_BINDING_2D)
    }).draw(immediateMode.mesh, immediateMode.mode);
    immediateMode.mode = -1;
  };
}

// ### Improved mouse events
// 
// This adds event listeners on the `gl.canvas` element that call
// `gl.onmousedown()`, `gl.onmousemove()`, and `gl.onmouseup()` with an
// augmented event object. The event object also has the properties `x`, `y`,
// `deltaX`, `deltaY`, and `dragging`.
function addEventListeners() {
  var context = gl, oldX = 0, oldY = 0, buttons = {}, hasOld = false;
  var has = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
  function isDragging() {
    for (var b in buttons) {
      if (has.call(buttons, b) && buttons[b]) return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
  function augment(original) {
    // Make a copy of original, a native `MouseEvent`, so we can overwrite
    // WebKit's non-standard read-only `x` and `y` properties (which are just
    // duplicates of `pageX` and `pageY`). We can't just use
    // `Object.create(original)` because some `MouseEvent` functions must be
    // called in the context of the original event object.
    var e = {};
    for (var name in original) {
      if (typeof original[name] == 'function') {
        e[name] = (function(callback) {
          return function() {
            callback.apply(original, arguments);
          };
        })(original[name]);
      } else {
        e[name] = original[name];
      }
    }
    e.original = original;
    e.x = e.pageX;
    e.y = e.pageY;
    for (var obj = gl.canvas; obj; obj = obj.offsetParent) {
      e.x -= obj.offsetLeft;
      e.y -= obj.offsetTop;
    }
    if (hasOld) {
      e.deltaX = e.x - oldX;
      e.deltaY = e.y - oldY;
    } else {
      e.deltaX = 0;
      e.deltaY = 0;
      hasOld = true;
    }
    oldX = e.x;
    oldY = e.y;
    e.dragging = isDragging();
    e.preventDefault = function() {
      e.original.preventDefault();
    };
    e.stopPropagation = function() {
      e.original.stopPropagation();
    };
    return e;
  }
  function mousedown(e) {
    gl = context;
    if (!isDragging()) {
      // Expand the event handlers to the document to handle dragging off canvas.
      on(document, 'mousemove', mousemove);
      on(document, 'mouseup', mouseup);
      off(gl.canvas, 'mousemove', mousemove);
      off(gl.canvas, 'mouseup', mouseup);
    }
    buttons[e.which] = true;
    e = augment(e);
    if (gl.onmousedown) gl.onmousedown(e);
    e.preventDefault();
  }
  function mousemove(e) {
    gl = context;
    e = augment(e);
    if (gl.onmousemove) gl.onmousemove(e);
    e.preventDefault();
  }
  function mouseup(e) {
    gl = context;
    buttons[e.which] = false;
    if (!isDragging()) {
      // Shrink the event handlers back to the canvas when dragging ends.
      off(document, 'mousemove', mousemove);
      off(document, 'mouseup', mouseup);
      on(gl.canvas, 'mousemove', mousemove);
      on(gl.canvas, 'mouseup', mouseup);
    }
    e = augment(e);
    if (gl.onmouseup) gl.onmouseup(e);
    e.preventDefault();
  }
  function reset() {
    hasOld = false;
  }
  function resetAll() {
    buttons = {};
    hasOld = false;
  }
  on(gl.canvas, 'mousedown', mousedown);
  on(gl.canvas, 'mousemove', mousemove);
  on(gl.canvas, 'mouseup', mouseup);
  on(gl.canvas, 'mouseover', reset);
  on(gl.canvas, 'mouseout', reset);
  on(document, 'contextmenu', resetAll);
}

// ### Automatic keyboard state
// 
// The current keyboard state is stored in `GL.keys`, a map of integer key
// codes to booleans indicating whether that key is currently pressed. Certain
// keys also have named identifiers that can be used directly, such as
// `GL.keys.SPACE`. Values in `GL.keys` are initially undefined until that
// key is pressed for the first time. If you need a boolean value, you can
// cast the value to boolean by applying the not operator twice (as in
// `!!GL.keys.SPACE`).

function mapKeyCode(code) {
  var named = {
    8: 'BACKSPACE',
    9: 'TAB',
    13: 'ENTER',
    16: 'SHIFT',
    27: 'ESCAPE',
    32: 'SPACE',
    37: 'LEFT',
    38: 'UP',
    39: 'RIGHT',
    40: 'DOWN'
  };
  return named[code] || (code >= 65 && code <= 90 ? String.fromCharCode(code) : null);
}

function on(element, name, callback) {
  element.addEventListener(name, callback);
}

function off(element, name, callback) {
  element.removeEventListener(name, callback);
}

on(document, 'keydown', function(e) {
  if (!e.altKey && !e.ctrlKey && !e.metaKey) {
    var key = mapKeyCode(e.keyCode);
    if (key) GL.keys[key] = true;
    GL.keys[e.keyCode] = true;
  }
});

on(document, 'keyup', function(e) {
  if (!e.altKey && !e.ctrlKey && !e.metaKey) {
    var key = mapKeyCode(e.keyCode);
    if (key) GL.keys[key] = false;
    GL.keys[e.keyCode] = false;
  }
});

function addOtherMethods() {
  // ### Multiple contexts
  // 
  // When using multiple contexts in one web page, `gl.makeCurrent()` must be
  // called before issuing commands to a different context.
  (function(context) {
    gl.makeCurrent = function() {
      gl = context;
    };
  })(gl);

  // ### Animation
  // 
  // Call `gl.animate()` to provide an animation loop that repeatedly calls
  // `gl.onupdate()` and `gl.ondraw()`.
  gl.animate = function() {
    var post =
      window.requestAnimationFrame ||
      window.mozRequestAnimationFrame ||
      window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame ||
      function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 1000 / 60); };
    var time = new Date().getTime();
    var context = gl;
    function update() {
      gl = context;
      var now = new Date().getTime();
      if (gl.onupdate) gl.onupdate((now - time) / 1000);
      if (gl.ondraw) gl.ondraw();
      post(update);
      time = now;
    }
    update();
  };

  // ### Fullscreen
  // 
  // Provide an easy way to get a fullscreen app running, including an
  // automatic 3D perspective projection matrix by default. This should be
  // called once.
  // 
  // Just fullscreen, no automatic camera:
  // 
  //     gl.fullscreen({ camera: false });
  // 
  // Adjusting field of view, near plane distance, and far plane distance:
  // 
  //     gl.fullscreen({ fov: 45, near: 0.1, far: 1000 });
  // 
  // Adding padding from the edge of the window:
  // 
  //     gl.fullscreen({ paddingLeft: 250, paddingBottom: 60 });
  // 
  gl.fullscreen = function(options) {
    options = options || {};
    var top = options.paddingTop || 0;
    var left = options.paddingLeft || 0;
    var right = options.paddingRight || 0;
    var bottom = options.paddingBottom || 0;
    if (!document.body) {
      throw 'document.body doesn\'t exist yet (call gl.fullscreen() from ' +
        'window.onload() or from inside the <body> tag)';
    }
    document.body.appendChild(gl.canvas);
    document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';
    gl.canvas.style.position = 'absolute';
    gl.canvas.style.left = left + 'px';
    gl.canvas.style.top = top + 'px';
    function resize() {
      gl.canvas.width = window.innerWidth - left - right;
      gl.canvas.height = window.innerHeight - top - bottom;
      gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.canvas.width, gl.canvas.height);
      if (options.camera || !('camera' in options)) {
        gl.matrixMode(gl.PROJECTION);
        gl.loadIdentity();
        gl.perspective(options.fov || 45, gl.canvas.width / gl.canvas.height,
          options.near || 0.1, options.far || 1000);
        gl.matrixMode(gl.MODELVIEW);
      }
      if (gl.ondraw) gl.ondraw();
    }
    on(window, 'resize', resize);
    resize();
  };
}

// A value to bitwise-or with new enums to make them distinguishable from the
// standard WebGL enums.
var ENUM = 0x12340000;

// src/matrix.js
// Represents a 4x4 matrix stored in row-major order that uses Float32Arrays
// when available. Matrix operations can either be done using convenient
// methods that return a new matrix for the result or optimized methods
// that store the result in an existing matrix to avoid generating garbage.

var hasFloat32Array = (typeof Float32Array != 'undefined');

// ### new GL.Matrix([elements])
// 
// This constructor takes 16 arguments in row-major order, which can be passed
// individually, as a list, or even as four lists, one for each row. If the
// arguments are omitted then the identity matrix is constructed instead.
function Matrix() {
  var m = Array.prototype.concat.apply([], arguments);
  if (!m.length) {
    m = [
      1, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 1, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 1, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 1
    ];
  }
  this.m = hasFloat32Array ? new Float32Array(m) : m;
}

Matrix.prototype = {
  // ### .inverse()
  // 
  // Returns the matrix that when multiplied with this matrix results in the
  // identity matrix.
  inverse: function() {
    return Matrix.inverse(this, new Matrix());
  },

  // ### .transpose()
  // 
  // Returns this matrix, exchanging columns for rows.
  transpose: function() {
    return Matrix.transpose(this, new Matrix());
  },

  // ### .multiply(matrix)
  // 
  // Returns the concatenation of the transforms for this matrix and `matrix`.
  // This emulates the OpenGL function `glMultMatrix()`.
  multiply: function(matrix) {
    return Matrix.multiply(this, matrix, new Matrix());
  },

  // ### .transformPoint(point)
  // 
  // Transforms the vector as a point with a w coordinate of 1. This
  // means translations will have an effect, for example.
  transformPoint: function(v) {
    var m = this.m;
    return new Vector(
      m[0] * v.x + m[1] * v.y + m[2] * v.z + m[3],
      m[4] * v.x + m[5] * v.y + m[6] * v.z + m[7],
      m[8] * v.x + m[9] * v.y + m[10] * v.z + m[11]
    ).divide(m[12] * v.x + m[13] * v.y + m[14] * v.z + m[15]);
  },

  // ### .transformPoint(vector)
  // 
  // Transforms the vector as a vector with a w coordinate of 0. This
  // means translations will have no effect, for example.
  transformVector: function(v) {
    var m = this.m;
    return new Vector(
      m[0] * v.x + m[1] * v.y + m[2] * v.z,
      m[4] * v.x + m[5] * v.y + m[6] * v.z,
      m[8] * v.x + m[9] * v.y + m[10] * v.z
    );
  }
};

// ### GL.Matrix.inverse(matrix[, result])
// 
// Returns the matrix that when multiplied with `matrix` results in the
// identity matrix. You can optionally pass an existing matrix in `result`
// to avoid allocating a new matrix. This implementation is from the Mesa
// OpenGL function `__gluInvertMatrixd()` found in `project.c`.
Matrix.inverse = function(matrix, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = matrix.m, r = result.m;

  r[0] = m[5]*m[10]*m[15] - m[5]*m[14]*m[11] - m[6]*m[9]*m[15] + m[6]*m[13]*m[11] + m[7]*m[9]*m[14] - m[7]*m[13]*m[10];
  r[1] = -m[1]*m[10]*m[15] + m[1]*m[14]*m[11] + m[2]*m[9]*m[15] - m[2]*m[13]*m[11] - m[3]*m[9]*m[14] + m[3]*m[13]*m[10];
  r[2] = m[1]*m[6]*m[15] - m[1]*m[14]*m[7] - m[2]*m[5]*m[15] + m[2]*m[13]*m[7] + m[3]*m[5]*m[14] - m[3]*m[13]*m[6];
  r[3] = -m[1]*m[6]*m[11] + m[1]*m[10]*m[7] + m[2]*m[5]*m[11] - m[2]*m[9]*m[7] - m[3]*m[5]*m[10] + m[3]*m[9]*m[6];

  r[4] = -m[4]*m[10]*m[15] + m[4]*m[14]*m[11] + m[6]*m[8]*m[15] - m[6]*m[12]*m[11] - m[7]*m[8]*m[14] + m[7]*m[12]*m[10];
  r[5] = m[0]*m[10]*m[15] - m[0]*m[14]*m[11] - m[2]*m[8]*m[15] + m[2]*m[12]*m[11] + m[3]*m[8]*m[14] - m[3]*m[12]*m[10];
  r[6] = -m[0]*m[6]*m[15] + m[0]*m[14]*m[7] + m[2]*m[4]*m[15] - m[2]*m[12]*m[7] - m[3]*m[4]*m[14] + m[3]*m[12]*m[6];
  r[7] = m[0]*m[6]*m[11] - m[0]*m[10]*m[7] - m[2]*m[4]*m[11] + m[2]*m[8]*m[7] + m[3]*m[4]*m[10] - m[3]*m[8]*m[6];

  r[8] = m[4]*m[9]*m[15] - m[4]*m[13]*m[11] - m[5]*m[8]*m[15] + m[5]*m[12]*m[11] + m[7]*m[8]*m[13] - m[7]*m[12]*m[9];
  r[9] = -m[0]*m[9]*m[15] + m[0]*m[13]*m[11] + m[1]*m[8]*m[15] - m[1]*m[12]*m[11] - m[3]*m[8]*m[13] + m[3]*m[12]*m[9];
  r[10] = m[0]*m[5]*m[15] - m[0]*m[13]*m[7] - m[1]*m[4]*m[15] + m[1]*m[12]*m[7] + m[3]*m[4]*m[13] - m[3]*m[12]*m[5];
  r[11] = -m[0]*m[5]*m[11] + m[0]*m[9]*m[7] + m[1]*m[4]*m[11] - m[1]*m[8]*m[7] - m[3]*m[4]*m[9] + m[3]*m[8]*m[5];

  r[12] = -m[4]*m[9]*m[14] + m[4]*m[13]*m[10] + m[5]*m[8]*m[14] - m[5]*m[12]*m[10] - m[6]*m[8]*m[13] + m[6]*m[12]*m[9];
  r[13] = m[0]*m[9]*m[14] - m[0]*m[13]*m[10] - m[1]*m[8]*m[14] + m[1]*m[12]*m[10] + m[2]*m[8]*m[13] - m[2]*m[12]*m[9];
  r[14] = -m[0]*m[5]*m[14] + m[0]*m[13]*m[6] + m[1]*m[4]*m[14] - m[1]*m[12]*m[6] - m[2]*m[4]*m[13] + m[2]*m[12]*m[5];
  r[15] = m[0]*m[5]*m[10] - m[0]*m[9]*m[6] - m[1]*m[4]*m[10] + m[1]*m[8]*m[6] + m[2]*m[4]*m[9] - m[2]*m[8]*m[5];

  var det = m[0]*r[0] + m[1]*r[4] + m[2]*r[8] + m[3]*r[12];
  for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++) r[i] /= det;
  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.transpose(matrix[, result])
// 
// Returns `matrix`, exchanging columns for rows. You can optionally pass an
// existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix.
Matrix.transpose = function(matrix, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = matrix.m, r = result.m;
  r[0] = m[0]; r[1] = m[4]; r[2] = m[8]; r[3] = m[12];
  r[4] = m[1]; r[5] = m[5]; r[6] = m[9]; r[7] = m[13];
  r[8] = m[2]; r[9] = m[6]; r[10] = m[10]; r[11] = m[14];
  r[12] = m[3]; r[13] = m[7]; r[14] = m[11]; r[15] = m[15];
  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.multiply(left, right[, result])
// 
// Returns the concatenation of the transforms for `left` and `right`. You can
// optionally pass an existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating a new
// matrix. This emulates the OpenGL function `glMultMatrix()`.
Matrix.multiply = function(left, right, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var a = left.m, b = right.m, r = result.m;

  r[0] = a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[4] + a[2] * b[8] + a[3] * b[12];
  r[1] = a[0] * b[1] + a[1] * b[5] + a[2] * b[9] + a[3] * b[13];
  r[2] = a[0] * b[2] + a[1] * b[6] + a[2] * b[10] + a[3] * b[14];
  r[3] = a[0] * b[3] + a[1] * b[7] + a[2] * b[11] + a[3] * b[15];

  r[4] = a[4] * b[0] + a[5] * b[4] + a[6] * b[8] + a[7] * b[12];
  r[5] = a[4] * b[1] + a[5] * b[5] + a[6] * b[9] + a[7] * b[13];
  r[6] = a[4] * b[2] + a[5] * b[6] + a[6] * b[10] + a[7] * b[14];
  r[7] = a[4] * b[3] + a[5] * b[7] + a[6] * b[11] + a[7] * b[15];

  r[8] = a[8] * b[0] + a[9] * b[4] + a[10] * b[8] + a[11] * b[12];
  r[9] = a[8] * b[1] + a[9] * b[5] + a[10] * b[9] + a[11] * b[13];
  r[10] = a[8] * b[2] + a[9] * b[6] + a[10] * b[10] + a[11] * b[14];
  r[11] = a[8] * b[3] + a[9] * b[7] + a[10] * b[11] + a[11] * b[15];

  r[12] = a[12] * b[0] + a[13] * b[4] + a[14] * b[8] + a[15] * b[12];
  r[13] = a[12] * b[1] + a[13] * b[5] + a[14] * b[9] + a[15] * b[13];
  r[14] = a[12] * b[2] + a[13] * b[6] + a[14] * b[10] + a[15] * b[14];
  r[15] = a[12] * b[3] + a[13] * b[7] + a[14] * b[11] + a[15] * b[15];

  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.identity([result])
// 
// Returns an identity matrix. You can optionally pass an existing matrix in
// `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix. This emulates the OpenGL function
// `glLoadIdentity()`.
Matrix.identity = function(result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;
  m[0] = m[5] = m[10] = m[15] = 1;
  m[1] = m[2] = m[3] = m[4] = m[6] = m[7] = m[8] = m[9] = m[11] = m[12] = m[13] = m[14] = 0;
  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.perspective(fov, aspect, near, far[, result])
// 
// Returns a perspective transform matrix, which makes far away objects appear
// smaller than nearby objects. The `aspect` argument should be the width
// divided by the height of your viewport and `fov` is the top-to-bottom angle
// of the field of view in degrees. You can optionally pass an existing matrix
// in `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix. This emulates the OpenGL
// function `gluPerspective()`.
Matrix.perspective = function(fov, aspect, near, far, result) {
  var y = Math.tan(fov * Math.PI / 360) * near;
  var x = y * aspect;
  return Matrix.frustum(-x, x, -y, y, near, far, result);
};

// ### GL.Matrix.frustum(left, right, bottom, top, near, far[, result])
// 
// Sets up a viewing frustum, which is shaped like a truncated pyramid with the
// camera where the point of the pyramid would be. You can optionally pass an
// existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix. This emulates
// the OpenGL function `glFrustum()`.
Matrix.frustum = function(l, r, b, t, n, f, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;

  m[0] = 2 * n / (r - l);
  m[1] = 0;
  m[2] = (r + l) / (r - l);
  m[3] = 0;

  m[4] = 0;
  m[5] = 2 * n / (t - b);
  m[6] = (t + b) / (t - b);
  m[7] = 0;

  m[8] = 0;
  m[9] = 0;
  m[10] = -(f + n) / (f - n);
  m[11] = -2 * f * n / (f - n);

  m[12] = 0;
  m[13] = 0;
  m[14] = -1;
  m[15] = 0;

  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.ortho(left, right, bottom, top, near, far[, result])
// 
// Returns an orthographic projection, in which objects are the same size no
// matter how far away or nearby they are. You can optionally pass an existing
// matrix in `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix. This emulates the OpenGL
// function `glOrtho()`.
Matrix.ortho = function(l, r, b, t, n, f, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;

  m[0] = 2 / (r - l);
  m[1] = 0;
  m[2] = 0;
  m[3] = -(r + l) / (r - l);

  m[4] = 0;
  m[5] = 2 / (t - b);
  m[6] = 0;
  m[7] = -(t + b) / (t - b);

  m[8] = 0;
  m[9] = 0;
  m[10] = -2 / (f - n);
  m[11] = -(f + n) / (f - n);

  m[12] = 0;
  m[13] = 0;
  m[14] = 0;
  m[15] = 1;

  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.scale(x, y, z[, result])
// 
// This emulates the OpenGL function `glScale()`. You can optionally pass an
// existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix. 
Matrix.scale = function(x, y, z, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;

  m[0] = x;
  m[1] = 0;
  m[2] = 0;
  m[3] = 0;

  m[4] = 0;
  m[5] = y;
  m[6] = 0;
  m[7] = 0;

  m[8] = 0;
  m[9] = 0;
  m[10] = z;
  m[11] = 0;

  m[12] = 0;
  m[13] = 0;
  m[14] = 0;
  m[15] = 1;

  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.translate(x, y, z[, result])
// 
// This emulates the OpenGL function `glTranslate()`. You can optionally pass
// an existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating a new matrix. 
Matrix.translate = function(x, y, z, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;

  m[0] = 1;
  m[1] = 0;
  m[2] = 0;
  m[3] = x;

  m[4] = 0;
  m[5] = 1;
  m[6] = 0;
  m[7] = y;

  m[8] = 0;
  m[9] = 0;
  m[10] = 1;
  m[11] = z;

  m[12] = 0;
  m[13] = 0;
  m[14] = 0;
  m[15] = 1;

  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.rotate(a, x, y, z[, result])
// 
// Returns a matrix that rotates by `a` degrees around the vector `x, y, z`.
// You can optionally pass an existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating
// a new matrix. This emulates the OpenGL function `glRotate()`. 
Matrix.rotate = function(a, x, y, z, result) {
  if (!a || (!x && !y && !z)) {
    return Matrix.identity(result);
  }

  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;

  var d = Math.sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z);
  a *= Math.PI / 180; x /= d; y /= d; z /= d;
  var c = Math.cos(a), s = Math.sin(a), t = 1 - c;

  m[0] = x * x * t + c;
  m[1] = x * y * t - z * s;
  m[2] = x * z * t + y * s;
  m[3] = 0;

  m[4] = y * x * t + z * s;
  m[5] = y * y * t + c;
  m[6] = y * z * t - x * s;
  m[7] = 0;

  m[8] = z * x * t - y * s;
  m[9] = z * y * t + x * s;
  m[10] = z * z * t + c;
  m[11] = 0;

  m[12] = 0;
  m[13] = 0;
  m[14] = 0;
  m[15] = 1;

  return result;
};

// ### GL.Matrix.lookAt(ex, ey, ez, cx, cy, cz, ux, uy, uz[, result])
// 
// Returns a matrix that puts the camera at the eye point `ex, ey, ez` looking
// toward the center point `cx, cy, cz` with an up direction of `ux, uy, uz`.
// You can optionally pass an existing matrix in `result` to avoid allocating
// a new matrix. This emulates the OpenGL function `gluLookAt()`.
Matrix.lookAt = function(ex, ey, ez, cx, cy, cz, ux, uy, uz, result) {
  result = result || new Matrix();
  var m = result.m;

  var e = new Vector(ex, ey, ez);
  var c = new Vector(cx, cy, cz);
  var u = new Vector(ux, uy, uz);
  var f = e.subtract(c).unit();
  var s = u.cross(f).unit();
  var t = f.cross(s).unit();

  m[0] = s.x;
  m[1] = s.y;
  m[2] = s.z;
  m[3] = -s.dot(e);

  m[4] = t.x;
  m[5] = t.y;
  m[6] = t.z;
  m[7] = -t.dot(e);

  m[8] = f.x;
  m[9] = f.y;
  m[10] = f.z;
  m[11] = -f.dot(e);

  m[12] = 0;
  m[13] = 0;
  m[14] = 0;
  m[15] = 1;

  return result;
};

return GL;
})();