-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
matrix.tdl
1857 lines (1579 loc) · 60.3 KB
/
matrix.tdl
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
;;; Hey, emacs (1), this is -*- mode:tdl; encoding: iso-8859-1-*-
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;
;;; Grammar Matrix
;;; Top-level feature geometry
;;;
sort := *top*.
predsort := sort.
atom := predsort.
integer := atom.
; strings should be enclosed in double quotes, e.g. PRED "named_rel"
string := atom.
avm := *top*.
; --- Three-valued sort evoking Polish logician Jan Lukasiewicz
luk := sort.
; These types allow the statement of constraints (e.g., in
; subcategorization) of the form: If you care, you must have the
; value + (-), but you don't have to care. Useful for keeping
; down the number of constructions and subcategorization types.
na-or-+ := luk.
na-or-- := luk.
+-or-- := luk.
na := na-or-+ & na-or--.
bool := luk.
+ := bool & na-or-+ & +-or--.
- := bool & na-or-- & +-or--.
; --- list
list := avm.
cons := list &
[ FIRST *top*,
REST *top* ].
0-1-list := list.
1-list := 0-1-list & cons &
[ REST null ].
null := 0-1-list.
1-plus-list := cons &
[ REST cons ].
; --- diff list
diff-list := avm &
[ LIST list,
LAST list ].
0-1-dlist := diff-list &
[ LIST 0-1-list ].
0-dlist := 0-1-dlist &
[ LIST #list,
LAST #list ].
; ADD DOC -- don't use for lists which are constructive.
; might be good now -- circular structure check?
; dpf will look into it. -- remove null?
1-dlist := 0-1-dlist &
[ LIST 1-list &
[ REST #rest ],
LAST #rest ].
; This type shows the basic form for diff-list appends.
; It is not meant to be used as a supertype. Actual instances
; of diff-list append will involve different features in different
; relationships to each other & the feature geometry.
dl-append := avm & [ APPARG1 [ LIST #first,
LAST #between],
APPARG2 [ LIST #between,
LAST #last],
RESULT [ LIST #first,
LAST #last]].
; --- Some useful kinds of lists
; A list of optional arguments.
olist := list.
ocons := olist & cons &
[ FIRST unexpressed & [ OPT + ],
REST olist ].
onull := olist & null.
; The LinGO grammar also makes use of a prolist -- or list
; of synsems of type pro-ss.
; --- Types for Sign, Word, Phrase, and Lex-Entry
sign-min := avm &
[ STEM list ].
basic-sign := sign-min &
[ KEY-ARG bool ].
sign := basic-sign &
[ SYNSEM synsem,
ARGS list,
INFLECTED bool ].
; C-CONT encodes the semantic contribution of the rule (phrasal or lexical).
phrase-or-lexrule := sign &
[ SYNSEM canonical-synsem &
[ LOCAL.CONT.HOOK #hook],
C-CONT mrs-min & [ HOOK #hook] ].
word-or-lexrule-min := sign-min.
; ALTS allow lexical entries to block lexical rule application
; ARG-ST is the argument structure list. It appears only on
; lexical items (words or lexical rules), not on phrases.
word-or-lexrule := word-or-lexrule-min & sign &
[ ALTS alts-min,
ARG-ST list ].
alts-min := avm.
alts := alts-min &
[ PASS bool,
CAUS bool,
PERM bool ].
no-alts := alts-min.
; Not all words have lex-synsem - e.g. lexical PPs like "tomorrow"
; are phr-synsem since they can be post-nominal modifiers.
word := word-or-lexrule.
lex-item := word-or-lexrule.
punctuation_mark := lex-item.
; Not all phrases have SYNSEM phr-synsem, since we need to allow the
; head-comp rules to build signs which are still [SYNSEM lex-synsem]
; for constructions like "twenty-two" and "five fifteen p.m.". So
; most phrases will assign the type phr-synsem to the value of
; SYNSEM, but not all.
phrase := phrase-or-lexrule.
; Affixation
non-affix-bearing := word-or-lexrule &
[ INFLECTED +,
SYNSEM.LKEYS.KEYREL.WLINK cons ].
; Rule
rule := sign &
[ RULE-NAME string ].
; LABEL-NAME and META used for labeling nodes in parse trees
tree-node-label := *top* &
[ NODE sign ].
label := sign &
[ LABEL-NAME string ].
; For complex node labels, like S/NP
meta := sign &
[ META-PREFIX string,
META-SUFFIX string ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;
; SYNSEM values
; DEF-OPT and OPT are used in the analysis of optional complements
; (null instantiation). DEF-OPT allows words to lexically specify
; how their arguments will be interpreted in case of null
; instantiation. This solution may be superceded by a Sem-I based
; alternative.
synsem-min := avm &
[ OPT bool,
CLTCZD bool,
DEF-OPT bool,
PUNCT punctuation,
LOCAL mod-local,
NON-LOCAL non-local-min ].
; The feature LIGHT is used to model phenomena which distinguish
; shorter words from longer ones, or constituents which are lexical
; or nearly so from larger phrases. It is inspired by the work
; of Abeille and Godard (e.g., 2003).
lex-or-phrase-synsem := synsem-min &
[ LIGHT luk ].
synsem := synsem-min.
expressed-synsem := synsem.
canonical-synsem := expressed-synsem &
[ MODIFIED xmod ].
; Three-valued sort for distinguishing unmodified signs from both
; left-modified and right-modified signs PERIPH indicates whether this
; modifier is left- or right-peripheral in its phrase - e.g., "the IBM
; temporary employees" but "*the IBM five employees"
xmod := sort &
[ PERIPH luk ].
notmod-or-rmod := xmod.
notmod-or-lmod := xmod.
notmod := notmod-or-rmod & notmod-or-lmod.
hasmod := xmod.
lmod := hasmod & notmod-or-lmod.
rmod := hasmod & notmod-or-rmod.
lex-synsem := canonical-synsem & lex-or-phrase-synsem &
[ LOCAL local-min,
LIGHT +,
LKEYS lexkeys ].
; LKEYS attributes, providing pointers to semantic relations and
; complement predsorts in lexical types:
; KEYREL relation ; Pointer to main relation in RELS
; ALTKEYREL relation ; Pointer to an alternate relation in RELS
; ALT2KEYREL relation ; Pointer to a second alternate relation in RELS
; --COMPKEY predsort ; Pointer to the first compl's KEY predsort
; --OCOMPKEY predsort ; Pointer to the oblique compl's KEY predsort
; --OCOMP2KEY predsort ; Pointer to the second oblique compl's KEY predsort
lexkeys := avm &
[ KEYREL relation ].
lexkeys_norm := lexkeys &
[ ALTKEYREL relation ].
lexkeys_full := lexkeys_norm &
[ ALT2KEYREL relation,
--COMPKEY predsort,
--OCOMPKEY predsort ].
lexkeys_compl := lexkeys_full &
[ --OCOMP2KEY predsort ].
phr-synsem := canonical-synsem & lex-or-phrase-synsem &
[ LOCAL local-min,
LIGHT - ].
non-canonical := synsem &
[ LOCAL.CONT.HOOK.INDEX event-or-ref-index ].
expressed-non-canonical := non-canonical & expressed-synsem.
gap := expressed-non-canonical &
[ LOCAL #local,
NON-LOCAL [ QUE 0-dlist,
SLASH 1-dlist &
[ LIST < #local > ] ] ].
unexpressed := synsem-min &
[ NON-LOCAL [ SLASH 0-dlist,
REL 0-dlist,
QUE 0-dlist ] ].
unexpressed-reg := unexpressed & non-canonical.
anti-synsem := unexpressed.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;
; NON-LOCAL values
;
; SLASH is for `topicalization' style long distance dependencies. REL
; and QUE are used in the analysis of pied piping in relative clauses
; and questions respectively, and also to signal the presence of a
; question element in in-situ questions so that clausal constructions
; with question semantics can require the presence of a question word
non-local-min := avm.
non-local := non-local-min &
[ SLASH 0-1-dlist,
QUE 0-1-dlist,
REL 0-1-dlist ].
non-local-none := non-local &
[ SLASH 0-dlist & [ LIST < > ],
QUE 0-dlist,
REL 0-dlist ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;
; LOCAL values
mod-local := avm.
local-min := mod-local &
[ AGR individual,
STR str,
CAT cat-min,
CONT mrs-min,
COORD bool,
COORD-REL coordination-relation,
COORD-STRAT coord-strat ].
str := avm &
[ HEADING heading,
HEADED heading ].
heading := sort.
right_or_no := right & no.
left_or_no := left & no.
left := heading.
right := heading.
no := heading.
;right_or_no := heading.
;left_or_no := heading.
;left := left_or_no.
;right := right_or_no.
;no := left_or_no & right_or_no.
left_or_right := left & right.
solely := heading.
not_left := solely & right_or_no.
not_right := solely & left_or_no.
coord-strat := sort.
two := coord-strat.
zero_or_one := coord-strat.
zero := zero_or_one.
one := zero_or_one.
local := local-min &
[ CTXT ctxt-min ].
; Types for distinguishing scopal v. intersective modifiers.
; (These types are used in the MOD value of modifiers, and
; referenced by the scopal/intersective head-adjunct rules.)
scopal-mod := local.
intersective-mod := local.
; --- CTXT values
ctxt-min := avm.
ctxt := ctxt-min &
[ ACTIVATED bool,
PRESUP diff-list ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; CAT values
; MC stands for 'Main clause', and is used to distinguish phenomena
; which can only occur in main (+) or subordinate clauses (-). The
; value of MC is luk, allowing for a third possibility of na, for
; not applicable.
; HC-LIGHT indicates whether a head-comp phrase projected from a head
; is treated as light or heavy. That is, whether or not a phrase
; consisting of heads and complements is light or heavy is taken to
; be a lexical property of the head.
; POSTHEAD attr, stipulates the relative position of the modifier with
; respect to the head, it should stay with MOD, since only relevant
; when MOD is non-empty.
cat-min := avm.
cat := cat-min &
[ MC luk,
HC-LIGHT luk,
HS-LIGHT luk,
POSTHEAD bool,
PSTN pstn,
HEAD head-min,
VAL valence-min ].
; POSITION hierarchy
position :< sort.
prehd :< position.
posthd :< position.
pstn := sort.
fi := pstn.
mid := pstn.
postn := pstn.
first := fi & postn.
middle := mid & postn.
last := pstn.
; HEAD values
head-min := avm.
head-punct := head-min &
[ PUNCTUATION basic_punct_mark ].
head := head-min &
[ MOD list,
PRD prd,
TAM tam,
CASE case,
VOICE voice,
VFORM vform,
KEYS keys_min,
INV bool ].
prd :< sort.
non-predicative :< prd.
predicative := prd &
[ COPULA copula ].
copula :< sort.
ser := ser_and_estar.
estar := ser_and_estar.
ser_and_estar := copula.
keys_min := avm.
keys := keys_min &
[ KEY predsort ].
keys_norm := keys &
[ ALTKEY predsort ].
keys_full := keys_norm &
[ ALT2KEY predsort ].
; (ERB 2004-08-19) We had previously shied away from defining head
; types because even head types that are expected to occur across
; all languages are probably grouped differently in the head
; subhierarchy for different languages. There are plenty of things
; which we think will be the same across languages, however. Thus
; the current strategy is to allow for all possible groupings of
; head types, and expect most of the disjunctive types to be
; ignored in most languages. Perhaps one day the LKB will be
; modified so that users can declare certain types to suppress in
; the hierarchy displays.
; One recent LKB addition which will be helpful here is the
; type addendum statements (':+'). Head types often bear
; features, but none are declared for any of these Matrix head
; types, since we don't yet know of any universal ones. With
; the new ':+' notation, you can add constraints (including feature
; declarations) to existing types. We encourage you to use this
; when adding information to Matrix types, but not to types defined
; solely within your grammar. For example: CASE on nouns,
; VFORM on verbs and complementizers.
; We expect that particular grammars will need to add new head
; types, and may find that the new types should inherit from
; existing disjunctions. If you do this, we encourage you to
; make use of type addendum statements (':+') to add a comment
; to the existing disjunction, e.g.:
; co-verb := +jv.
; +jv :+
; "Adjectives, verbs, and co-verbs.".
; Anticipated future developments include Lisp commands for
; generating the appropriate type addenda and/or additional
; types when you want to add a new head type.
; Our basic inventory of head types will consist of verb (v),
; noun (n), adjective (j), adverb (r), adposition (p),
; complementizer (c), determiner (d), number-name (m), and
; conjunction (o). The letters in parentheses indicate the
; abbreviation for each part of speech used in the disjunctive
; types. Each disjunctive type is also associated with a
; documentation string explaining the disjuncts.
; With all the disjuntive types, we need 510 types to encode this.
; The parent types are in a separate file called head-types.tdl,
; with just the leaves here.
conj := +mo & +do & +co & +po & +ro & +jo & +vo & +no.
num := +mo & +dm & +cm & +pm & +rm & +jm & +vm & +nm.
det := +do & +dm & +cd & +pd & +rd & +jd & +vd & +nd.
verb := +vo & +vm & +vd & +vc & +vr & +nv & +vj.
;verb := +vo & +vm & +vd & +vc & +vr & +nv & +vjp & +vj.
;verb := +vo & +vm & +vd & +vc & +vp & +vr & +vj & +nv & +vjp.
comp := +co & +cm & +cd & +pc & +rc & +jc & +vc & +nc.
noun := +no & +nm & +nd & +nc & +np & +nr & +nj & +nv.
adj := +jo & +jm & +jd & +jc & +jr & +nj & +vj & +jp.
;adj := +jo & +jm & +jd & +jc & +jr & +nj & +vjp & +vj.
;adj := +jo & +jm & +jd & +jc & +jp & +jr & +vj & +nj & +vjp.
adv := +ro & +rm & +rd & +rc & +rp & +jr & +vr & +nr.
adp := +po & +pm & +pd & +pc & +rp & +vjp & +jp & +np & prep_or_modnp.
;adp := +po & +pm & +pd & +pc & +rp & +np & prep_or_modnp & +vjp.
;adp := +po & +pm & +pd & +pc & +rp & +jp & +vp & +np & prep_or_modnp & +vjp.
+jr := +jro & +jrm & +jrd & +jrc & +jrp & +vjr & +njr .
+jp := +jpo & +jpm & +jpd & +jpc & +jrp & +njp.
+vj := +vjo & +vjm & +vjd & +vjc & +vjp & +vjr & +nvj.
+vp := +vpo & +vpm & +vpd & +vpc & +vrp & +vjp.
+vjp := +vjpo & +vjpm & +vjpd & +vjpc & +vjrp.
+nvjp := +nvjpo & +nvjpm & +nvjpd & +nvjpc & +nvjrp.
prep_or_modnp := head.
modnp := +np & prep_or_modnp.
modnp_adv := modnp & adv.
+nvj := +nvjo & +nvjm & +nvjd & +nvjc & +nvjp & +nvjr.
+nvc := +nvco & +nvcm & +nvcd & +nvpc & +nvrc & +nvjc.
vform := sort.
fin_or_inf := vform.
fin := fin_or_inf.
inf := fin_or_inf.
ger := vform.
part := vform.
tam := avm &
[ TENSE basic_tense,
ASPECT aspect,
MOOD mood ].
basic_tense := sort.
untensed := basic_tense.
nontense := untensed.
tense := basic_tense.
pres := tense.
ppast := tense.
ipast := tense.
fut := tense.
cond := tense.
mood := sort.
ind_or_sub_mood := mood.
ind := ind_or_sub_mood.
sub := ind_or_sub_mood.
imp := mood.
aspect := sort.
perf := aspect.
imperf := aspect.
no-aspect := aspect.
verb :+
[ AUX bool,
CLIT case ].
voice :< sort.
active :< voice.
passive :< voice.
partn := noun.
;case := sort.
;none := case.
;rflx := case.
;nom_or_obl := case.
;se_acc_or_dat := case.
;le_acc_or_dat := case.
;acc_or_dat := se_acc_or_dat & le_acc_or_dat.
;acc_or_obl := case.
;nom := nom_or_obl.
;acc := acc_or_dat & acc_or_obl.
;acc_or_dat_or_rflx := acc_or_dat & rflx.
;se_dat := se_acc_or_dat & rflx.
;le_dat := le_acc_or_dat.
;obl := nom_or_obl & acc_or_obl.
case := sort.
none := case.
rflx := case.
nom_or_obl := case.
acc_or_obl := case.
acc_or_dat := case.
acc_or_rflx := case.
acc_or_rflx_or_dat := acc_or_rflx & rflx & dat.
dat_or_rflx := dat & rflx.
nom := nom_or_obl.
acc := acc_or_dat & acc_or_obl & acc_or_rflx.
dat := case.
only_dat := case.
le := only_dat & dat.
obl := nom_or_obl & acc_or_obl.
se := dat_or_rflx & none.
+pc := +pco & +pcm & +pcd & +rpc & +jpc & +vpc & +npc.
interjection_hd := head-min.
conj :+
[ LEFT list ].
; -- punctuation marks
;sg_punct_hd := punct_hd.
;fc_punct_hd := sg_punct_hd.
;punct_pair_hd := func.
;quote_punct_hd := punct_pair_hd.
;dq_punct_hd := quote_punct_hd.
;sq_punct_hd := quote_punct_hd.
;lq_punct_hd := sq_punct_hd.
;lp_punct_hd := punct_pair_hd.
;rp_punct_hd := punct_pair_hd.
affix := head.
; --- VAL values
valence-min := avm.
valence := valence-min &
[ SUBJ list,
COMPS list,
SPR list,
SPEC list,
CLTS list,
--KEYCOMP avm ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; CONT values
;
; HOOK : Externally visible attributes of a sign
; RELS diff-list ; List of semantic relations
; HCONS diff-list ; Scope constraints: list of qeq's
mrs-min := avm.
mrs := mrs-min &
[ HOOK hook,
RELS diff-list,
HCONS diff-list,
MSG basic_message ].
; HOOK values include
; LTOP ; Local top handle
; INDEX ; The salient nominal instance or event
; XARG ; The external (controlled) argument of a phrase
hook := avm &
[ LTOP semarg,
INDEX individual,
XARG semarg ].
; MRSs are divided into psoas (with a distinguished event) and
; nom-objs (with a distinguished index). We use a polymorphic
; attribute name INDEX for both of these, to simplify manipulation of
; these objects; for example, modifying PPs assign as their ARG's
; value the INDEX of the phrase they modify, whether it's an N-bar
; (with a ref-ind value) or a VP (with an event value). Similarly
; useful for coordination.
psoa := mrs &
[ HOOK.INDEX event ].
nom-obj := mrs &
[ HOOK.INDEX index ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; qeq
; Constrains handle of scopable argument HARG relative to one
; outscoped LARG handle (the "H" is mnemonic for either "higher" or
; "hole" argument, while the "L" is mnemonic for either "lower" or
; "label" argument.
qeq := avm &
[ HARG handle,
LARG handle ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; basic_message types
; The message represents the semantic type of a clause (cf.
; Ginzburg & Sag 2000). All clauses have messages. Elements that
; take clauses as semantic arguments should end up with the LBL of
; the clause as the value of ARGn, L/R-HNDL, etc. The MARG (message
; argument) of a message is a handle that qeqs the LBL of the main
; verb in the clause. This leaves room for quantifiers to scope at
; each clause without allowing scope ambiguity between quanitifers
; and messages, as it is not clear what that would mean.
basic_message := relation.
no-msg := basic_message.
message := basic_message & arg0-relation &
[ PRED message_m_rel,
MARG handle,
PARAMS diff-list ].
; --- Message preds
message_m_rel := predsort.
command_m_rel := message_m_rel.
prop-or-ques_m_rel := message_m_rel. ; for COMPS of e.g. 'know'
proposition_m_rel := prop-or-ques_m_rel.
abstr-ques_m_rel := prop-or-ques_m_rel.
question_m_rel := abstr-ques_m_rel.
; Subtype of int_rel for tag questions and structures in other
; languages with equivalent pragmatics.
ne_m_rel := abstr-ques_m_rel.
; ERG: Values in the feature QUE and in PARAMS, used to distinguish ordinary
; WH-questions from in-situ WH.
param :< sort.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; semarg types
semarg := avm &
[ INSTLOC string ].
handle := semarg.
individual := semarg &
[ SORT semsort ].
; One of a grammatically salient inventory of semantic sorts, such as
; 'animate' or 'time'
semsort := sort.
nominal-sort := semsort.
mod := nominal-sort.
loc-mod := mod & non-temp.
manner-mod := mod & non-temp.
non-mod := nominal-sort.
location := nominal-sort.
non-temp := nominal-sort.
non-hum := nominal-sort.
non-loc := nominal-sort.
entity := nominal-sort.
abs_ani_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc := nominal-sort.
abs_ani_hum_pot_sem_soc := abs_ani_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
abs_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc := abs_ani_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
ani_cnc_hum_plant_pot_soc := non-loc.
abs_ani_cnc_hum_soc := non-loc.
abs_ani_hum_pro_sem := abs_ani_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
abs_cnc_hum_mat_pro := non-loc.
abs_cnc_hum_mat_soc := non-loc.
abs_cnc_hum_pro_soc := non-loc.
abs_cnc_loc_pro_sem := location.
abs_hum_mat_pro_soc := non-loc.
abs_hum_pot_pro_soc := abs_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
abs_hum_pot_sem_soc := abs_ani_hum_pot_sem_soc & abs_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
abs_hum_pro_sem_soc := abs_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
ani_cnc_hum_mat_plant := non-loc.
ani_cnc_hum_mat_soc := non-loc.
hum_pot_pro_sem_soc := abs_hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
abs_ani_cnc_hum := abs_ani_cnc_hum_soc.
abs_ani_cnc_mat := non-loc.
abs_ani_cnc_plant := non-loc.
abs_ani_hum_mat := non-loc.
abs_ani_hum_soc := abs_ani_hum_pot_sem_soc & abs_ani_cnc_hum_soc.
abs_ani_pro_sem := abs_ani_hum_pro_sem.
abs_bpart_cnc_hum := non-loc.
abs_cnc_hum_plant := non-loc.
abs_cnc_hum_pot := non-loc.
abs_cnc_hum_pro := abs_cnc_hum_mat_pro & abs_cnc_hum_pro_soc.
abs_cnc_hum_soc := abs_ani_cnc_hum_soc & abs_cnc_hum_pro_soc & abs_cnc_hum_mat_soc.
abs_cnc_loc_plant := location.
abs_cnc_loc_pro := abs_cnc_loc_pro_sem.
abs_cnc_loc_soc := location.
abs_cnc_loc_tmp := location.
abs_cnc_mat_pro := abs_cnc_hum_mat_pro.
abs_cnc_pot_pro := non-loc.
abs_cnc_pro_sem := abs_cnc_loc_pro_sem.
abs_hum_pot_pro := abs_hum_pot_pro_soc.
abs_hum_pot_soc := abs_hum_pot_pro_soc & abs_hum_pot_sem_soc.
abs_hum_pro_sem := abs_hum_pro_sem_soc & abs_ani_hum_pro_sem.
abs_hum_sem_soc := abs_hum_pro_sem_soc & abs_hum_pot_sem_soc.
abs_loc_pro_soc := location.
abs_plant_pro_sem := non-loc.
ani_bpart_cnc_hum := non-loc.
ani_bpart_hum_soc := non-loc.
ani_cnc_hum_pot := non-loc.
ani_cnc_hum_plant := ani_cnc_hum_mat_plant & ani_cnc_hum_plant_pot_soc.
ani_cnc_loc_soc := location.
ani_cnc_pro_sem := non-loc.
ani_cnc_pro_soc := non-loc.
ani_hum_plant_soc := non-loc.
ani_hum_pot_soc := abs_ani_hum_pot_sem_soc & ani_cnc_hum_plant_pot_soc.
bpart_cnc_hum_plant := non-loc.
bpart_cnc_hum_soc := non-loc.
bpart_hum_pot_soc := non-loc.
cnc_hum_loc_soc := location.
cnc_hum_mat_soc := abs_cnc_hum_mat_soc & ani_cnc_hum_mat_soc.
cnc_hum_pot_soc := ani_cnc_hum_plant_pot_soc.
cnc_hum_sem_soc := non-loc.
cnc_loc_mat_plant := location.
cnc_loc_mat_pot := location.
cnc_loc_sem_soc := location.
hum_pot_pro_soc := abs_hum_pot_pro_soc & hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
hum_pot_sem_soc := abs_hum_pot_sem_soc & hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
hum_pro_sem_soc := abs_hum_pro_sem_soc & hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
pot_pro_sem_soc := hum_pot_pro_sem_soc.
abs_ani_hum := abs_ani_hum_soc & abs_ani_hum_mat & abs_ani_cnc_hum.
abs_ani_plant := abs_ani_cnc_plant.
abs_ani_soc := abs_ani_hum_soc.
abs_bpart_cnc := abs_bpart_cnc_hum.
abs_cnc_hum := abs_ani_cnc_hum & abs_cnc_hum_pot & abs_cnc_hum_plant & abs_cnc_hum_pro & abs_cnc_hum_soc.
abs_cnc_loc := abs_cnc_loc_plant & abs_cnc_loc_pro & abs_cnc_loc_soc & abs_cnc_loc_tmp .
abs_cnc_mat := abs_ani_cnc_mat & abs_cnc_mat_pro.
abs_cnc_mea := non-loc.
abs_cnc_pot := abs_cnc_hum_pot & abs_cnc_pot_pro.
abs_cnc_pro := abs_cnc_loc_pro & abs_cnc_mat_pro & abs_cnc_pot_pro & abs_cnc_pro_sem & abs_cnc_hum_pro_soc.
abs_cnc_sem := abs_cnc_pro_sem.
abs_cnc_soc := abs_cnc_hum_soc & abs_cnc_loc_soc.
abs_cnc_tmp := abs_cnc_loc_tmp.
abs_cnc_unit := non-loc.
abs_sem_soc := abs_hum_sem_soc.
abs_hum_loc := location.
abs_hum_pot := abs_cnc_hum_pot & abs_hum_pot_pro & abs_hum_pot_sem_soc.
abs_hum_pro := abs_hum_pot_pro & abs_hum_pro_sem & abs_cnc_hum_pro.
abs_hum_soc := abs_ani_hum_soc & abs_cnc_hum_soc & abs_hum_pot_soc & abs_hum_sem_soc & abs_hum_mat_pro_soc.
abs_loc_soc := abs_cnc_loc_soc & abs_loc_pro_soc.
abs_mat_pro := abs_hum_mat_pro_soc & abs_cnc_mat_pro.
abs_pro_sem := abs_ani_pro_sem & abs_cnc_pro_sem & abs_hum_pro_sem & abs_plant_pro_sem.
ani_bpart_hum := ani_bpart_cnc_hum & ani_bpart_hum_soc.
ani_cnc_hum := abs_ani_cnc_hum & ani_bpart_cnc_hum & ani_cnc_hum_pot & ani_cnc_hum_plant & ani_cnc_hum_mat_soc.
ani_cnc_loc := ani_cnc_loc_soc.
ani_cnc_pot := ani_cnc_hum_pot.
ani_hum_loc := location.
ani_hum_pot := ani_cnc_hum_pot & ani_hum_pot_soc.
ani_hum_pro := abs_ani_hum_pro_sem.
ani_hum_soc := abs_ani_hum_soc & ani_bpart_hum_soc & ani_hum_plant_soc & ani_hum_pot_soc & ani_cnc_hum_mat_soc.
bpart_cnc_hum := ani_bpart_cnc_hum & bpart_cnc_hum_plant & bpart_cnc_hum_soc.
bpart_cnc_loc := location.
bpart_cnc_mat := non-loc.
cnc_hum_loc := cnc_hum_loc_soc.
cnc_hum_mat := cnc_hum_mat_soc & abs_cnc_hum_mat_pro & ani_cnc_hum_mat_plant.
cnc_hum_pot := abs_cnc_hum_pot & ani_cnc_hum_pot & cnc_hum_pot_soc.
cnc_hum_sem := cnc_hum_sem_soc.
cnc_hum_soc := abs_cnc_hum_soc & bpart_cnc_hum_soc & cnc_hum_loc_soc & cnc_hum_mat_soc & cnc_hum_pot_soc & cnc_hum_sem_soc.
cnc_loc_mat := cnc_loc_mat_plant & cnc_loc_mat_pot.
cnc_loc_plant := abs_cnc_loc_plant & cnc_loc_mat_plant.
cnc_loc_pot := cnc_loc_mat_pot.
cnc_loc_soc := abs_cnc_loc_soc & ani_cnc_loc_soc & cnc_hum_loc_soc & cnc_loc_sem_soc.
cnc_mat_plant := ani_cnc_hum_mat_plant & cnc_loc_mat_plant.
cnc_mat_pro := abs_cnc_mat_pro.
cnc_pot_sem := non-loc.
hum_loc_soc := cnc_hum_loc_soc.
hum_mat_pot := non-loc.
hum_pot_pro := abs_hum_pot_pro & hum_pot_pro_soc.
hum_pot_soc := abs_hum_pot_soc & ani_hum_pot_soc & bpart_hum_pot_soc & cnc_hum_pot_soc & hum_pot_pro_soc.
hum_sem_soc := abs_hum_sem_soc & cnc_hum_sem_soc & hum_pot_sem_soc & hum_pro_sem_soc.
loc_mea_unit := non-temp.
abs_ani := abs_ani_hum & abs_ani_plant & abs_ani_soc & abs_ani_cnc_mat & abs_ani_pro_sem.
abs_cnc := abs_cnc_hum & abs_cnc_loc & abs_cnc_mat & abs_cnc_mea & abs_cnc_pot & abs_cnc_pro & abs_cnc_sem & abs_cnc_soc & abs_cnc_tmp & abs_cnc_unit.
abs_hum := abs_ani_hum & abs_cnc_hum & abs_hum_loc & abs_hum_pot & abs_hum_pro & abs_hum_soc.
abs_loc := abs_cnc_loc & abs_hum_loc & abs_loc_soc.
abs_pot := abs_cnc_pot & abs_hum_pot.
abs_pro := abs_cnc_pro & abs_hum_pro & abs_mat_pro & abs_pro_sem & abs_loc_pro_soc .
abs_sem := abs_cnc_sem & abs_sem_soc & abs_pro_sem.
abs_soc := abs_ani_soc & abs_cnc_soc & abs_sem_soc & abs_hum_soc & abs_loc_soc.
abs_tmp := abs_cnc_tmp.
ani_cnc := ani_cnc_hum & ani_cnc_loc & ani_cnc_pot & ani_cnc_pro_soc & ani_cnc_pro_sem & abs_ani_cnc_plant & abs_ani_cnc_mat.
ani_hum := abs_ani_hum & ani_bpart_hum & ani_cnc_hum & ani_hum_loc & ani_hum_pot & ani_hum_pro & ani_hum_soc & entity.
ani_loc := ani_cnc_loc & ani_hum_loc.
ani_mat := abs_ani_cnc_hum & abs_ani_cnc_mat & abs_ani_hum_mat & ani_cnc_hum_mat_plant & ani_cnc_hum_mat_soc.
ani_plant := abs_ani_plant & ani_cnc_hum_plant & ani_hum_plant_soc.
ani_soc := abs_ani_soc & ani_hum_soc & ani_cnc_loc_soc & ani_cnc_pro_soc.
bpart_cnc := abs_bpart_cnc & bpart_cnc_hum & bpart_cnc_loc & bpart_cnc_mat.
bpart_hum := ani_bpart_hum & bpart_cnc_hum & bpart_hum_pot_soc.
cnc_hum := abs_cnc_hum & ani_cnc_hum & bpart_cnc_hum & cnc_hum_loc & cnc_hum_mat & cnc_hum_pot & cnc_hum_sem & cnc_hum_soc.
cnc_loc := ani_cnc_loc & ani_cnc_loc & bpart_cnc_loc & cnc_hum_loc & cnc_loc_mat & cnc_loc_plant & cnc_loc_pot & cnc_loc_soc & abs_cnc_loc_pro & abs_cnc_loc_tmp.
cnc_mat := abs_cnc_mat & bpart_cnc_mat & cnc_hum_mat & cnc_loc_mat & cnc_mat_plant & cnc_mat_pro.
cnc_mea := abs_cnc_mea.
cnc_plant := cnc_loc_plant & cnc_mat_plant & abs_ani_cnc_plant & abs_cnc_hum_plant & ani_cnc_hum_plant & bpart_cnc_hum_plant .
cnc_pot := abs_cnc_pot & ani_cnc_pot & cnc_hum_pot & cnc_loc_pot & cnc_pot_sem.
cnc_sem := cnc_loc_sem_soc & abs_cnc_sem & cnc_hum_sem & cnc_pot_sem .
cnc_soc := ani_cnc_pro_soc & abs_cnc_soc & cnc_hum_soc & cnc_loc_soc.
cnc_tmp := abs_cnc_tmp.
cnc_unit := abs_cnc_unit.
hum_loc := abs_hum_loc & ani_hum_loc & cnc_hum_loc & hum_loc_soc.
hum_mat := abs_hum_mat_pro_soc & abs_ani_hum_mat & cnc_hum_mat & hum_mat_pot.
hum_plant := abs_cnc_hum_plant & ani_cnc_hum_plant & ani_hum_plant_soc & bpart_cnc_hum_plant.
hum_pot := abs_hum_pot & ani_hum_pot & cnc_hum_pot & hum_mat_pot & hum_pot_pro & hum_pot_soc.
hum_soc := abs_hum_soc & ani_hum_soc & cnc_hum_soc & hum_loc_soc & hum_pot_soc & hum_sem_soc.
loc_mat := cnc_loc_mat.
loc_plant := cnc_loc_plant.
loc_sem := abs_cnc_loc_pro_sem & cnc_loc_sem_soc.
loc_soc := abs_loc_soc & cnc_loc_soc & hum_loc_soc.
loc_unit := loc_mea_unit.
mat_plant := cnc_mat_plant.
tmp_unit := non-loc.
abs := abs_ani & abs_cnc & abs_hum & abs_loc & abs_pot & abs_pro & abs_sem & abs_soc & abs_tmp & non-temp & non-mod.
ani := ani_cnc & ani_hum & ani_loc & ani_mat & ani_plant & ani_soc & abs_ani & non-temp & non-mod.
bpart := bpart_cnc & bpart_hum & non-temp.
cnc := cnc_hum & cnc_loc & cnc_mat & cnc_mea & cnc_plant & cnc_pot & cnc_sem & cnc_soc & cnc_tmp & cnc_unit & abs_cnc & ani_cnc & non-temp & non-mod.
hum := hum_loc & hum_mat & hum_plant & hum_pot & hum_soc & abs_hum & ani_hum & bpart_hum & cnc_hum & non-temp & non-mod.
loc := loc_mat & loc_plant & loc_sem & loc_soc & loc_unit & abs_loc & ani_loc & cnc_loc & hum_loc.
mat := ani_mat & cnc_mat & hum_mat & loc_mat & mat_plant & non-temp & non-mod.
mea := cnc_mea & non-hum & loc_mea_unit & non-mod.
plant := ani_plant & cnc_plant & hum_plant & loc_plant & mat_plant & non-temp & non-mod.
pot := abs_pot & cnc_pot & hum_pot & non-temp & non-mod.
pro := abs_pro & non-hum & non-temp & non-mod.
sem := abs_sem & cnc_sem & loc_sem & non-hum & non-temp & non-mod.
soc := abs_soc & ani_soc & cnc_soc & hum_soc & loc_soc & non-temp & non-mod.
tmp := abs_tmp & cnc_tmp & tmp_unit & non-hum & mod.
unit := cnc_unit & loc_unit & tmp_unit & mea.
; The INDEX value of a nom-obj is an index (expletive or referential).
; ERB 2004-05-10 Add a feature DEF which encodes definiteness
; for (in)definite null instantiation, and possibly other uses.
; The null instantiation use might get superceded by a Sem-I based
; solution. Moved to event-or-ref-index
index := individual &
[ PNG png,
PRONTYPE prontype ].
prontype :< sort.
real_pron :< prontype.
std_pron :< real_pron.
recip :< real_pron.
refl :< real_pron.
impers :< real_pron.
demon :< real_pron.
zero_pron :< real_pron.
not_pron :< prontype.
; This is the type of the index of the phrase modified by predicative
; PPs, which can either modify a ref-ind nominal or an event VP.
event-or-ref-index := individual &
[ DEF bool ].
; Expletives get distinguished index type so they can be
; selected semantically. In English, this type has subtypes
; for it and there. Most languages have at most one expletive,
; so those aren't included here.
expl-ind := index.
; DIVISIBLE distinguishes singular count nouns from plural and mass nouns,
; for determiners like "some", and for bare-plural NPs -- borrowed from erg
ref-ind := index & event-or-ref-index &
[ DIVISIBLE bool ].
; nom_event-ind := ref-ind & event.
; Types encoding agreement information, analyzed as a part of the
; index, following Pollard & Sag 1994. Which subtypes and features
; are appropriate seems highly language dependent. The agreement
; system of English doesn't justify a full cross-classification of
; number and gender, so the features of png are PN and GENDER in the
; English grammar. (See Flickinger 2000.) Sag & Wasow 1999 declare
; GENDER as a feature of the png type 3sg.
png := avm &
[ PN pernum,
GEN gender ].
pernum :< sort.
sing :< pernum.
non-2sg :< pernum.
2sg :< sing.
1or3sg := non-2sg & sing.
non-1sg :< non-2sg.
3per :< non-1sg.
plur :< non-1sg.
1sg :< 1or3sg.
3sg := 1or3sg & 3per.
3pl := plur & 3per.
1pl :< plur.
2pl :< plur.
gender := sort.
masc_or_fem := gender.
masc := masc_or_fem.
fem := masc_or_fem.
neut := gender.
event := event-or-ref-index &
[ E tam ].