HTTP middleware provide a convenient mechanism for filtering HTTP requests entering your application. For example, Lumen includes a middleware that verifies the CSRF token of your application.
Of course, middleware can be written to perform a variety of tasks besides CSRF validation. A CORS middleware might be responsible for adding the proper headers to all responses leaving your application. A logging middleware might log all incoming requests to your application.
All middleware are typically located in the app/Http/Middleware directory.
To create a new middleware, simply create a class with a handle method like the following:
public function handle($request, $next)
{
return $next($request);
}
For example, let's create a middleware that will only allow access to the route if the supplied age is greater than 200. Otherwise, we will redirect the users back to the "home" URI.
<?php namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class OldMiddleware {
/**
* Run the request filter.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param \Closure $next
* @return mixed
*/
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
if ($request->input('age') < 200) {
return redirect('home');
}
return $next($request);
}
}
As you can see, if the given age is less than 200, the middleware will return an HTTP redirect to the client; otherwise, the request will be passed further into the application. To pass the request deeper into the application (allowing the middleware to "pass"), simply call the $next callback with the $request.
It's best to envision middleware as a series of "layers" HTTP requests must pass through before they hit your application. Each layer can examine the request and even reject it entirely.
Whether a middleware runs before or after a request depends on the middleware itself. This middleware would perform some task before the request is handled by the application:
<?php namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class BeforeMiddleware implements Middleware {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
// Perform action
return $next($request);
}
}
However, this middleware would perform its task after the request is handled by the application:
<?php namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class AfterMiddleware implements Middleware {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
$response = $next($request);
// Perform action
return $response;
}
}
If you want a middleware to be run during every HTTP request to your application, simply list the middleware class in the $app->middleware() call of your bootstrap/app.php file.
If you would like to assign middleware to specific routes, you should first assign the middleware a short-hand key in your bootstrap/app.php file. By default, the $app->routeMiddleware() method call of this file contains the entries for the route middleware defined by your application. To add your own, simply append it to this list and assign it a key of your choosing. For example:
$app->routeMiddleware([
'old' => 'App\Http\Middleware\OldMiddleware',
]);
Once the middleware has been defined in the HTTP kernel, you may use the middleware key in the route options array:
$app->get('admin/profile', ['middleware' => 'old', function() {
//
}]);
Sometimes a middleware may need to do some work after the HTTP response has already been sent to the browser. For example, the "session" middleware included with Laravel and Lumen writes the session data to storage after the response has been sent to the browser. To accomplish this, define the middleware as "terminable" by implementing the Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\TerminableMiddleware contract:
use Closure;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\TerminableMiddleware;
class StartSession implements TerminableMiddleware {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
return $next($request);
}
public function terminate($request, $response)
{
// Store the session data...
}
}
As you can see, in addition to defining a handle method, the TerminableMiddleware contract requires a terminate method. This method receives both the request and the response. Once you have defined a terminable middleware, you should add it to the list of global middlewares in your HTTP kernel.