feat!: change catalog provider and schema provider methods to be asynchronous #35411

Job	Run time
build with wasm-pack	3m 0s
cargo check	7m 41s
Verify Vendored Code	50s
cargo test (macos)	14m 9s
cargo test (macos-aarch64)	11m 18s
cargo test (win64)	1h 12m 58s
Check cargo fmt	35s
Verify MSRV (Min Supported Rust Version)	8m 40s
Check License Header	2m 20s
cargo test datafusion-cli (amd64)	4m 8s
cargo examples (amd64)	13m 59s
cargo test (amd64)	12m 14s
check Cargo.toml formatting	2m 47s
clippy	6m 34s
check configs.md and ***_functions.md is up-to-date	3m 13s
cargo doc	4m 49s
cargo test hash collisions (amd64)	29m 2s
cargo test doc (amd64)	16m 51s
cargo test pyarrow (amd64)	3m 11s
verify benchmark results (amd64)	12m 54s
Run sqllogictest with Postgres runner	3m 47s
	3h 55m 0s

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