diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 78c6f9b..92df2ab 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1287,13 +1287,13 @@
       "version": "15.7.12",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/prop-types/-/prop-types-15.7.12.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-5zvhXYtRNRluoE/jAp4GVsSduVUzNWKkOZrCDBWYtE7biZywwdC2AcEzg+cSMLFRfVgeAFqpfNabiPjxFddV1Q==",
-      "dev": true
+      "devOptional": true
     },
     "node_modules/@types/react": {
       "version": "18.3.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/react/-/react-18.3.3.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-hti/R0pS0q1/xx+TsI73XIqk26eBsISZ2R0wUijXIngRK9R/e7Xw/cXVxQK7R5JjW+SV4zGcn5hXjudkN/pLIw==",
-      "dev": true,
+      "devOptional": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/prop-types": "*",
         "csstype": "^3.0.2"
@@ -1920,7 +1920,7 @@
       "version": "3.1.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/csstype/-/csstype-3.1.3.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-M1uQkMl8rQK/szD0LNhtqxIPLpimGm8sOBwU7lLnCpSbTyY3yeU1Vc7l4KT5zT4s/yOxHH5O7tIuuLOCnLADRw==",
-      "dev": true
+      "devOptional": true
     },
     "node_modules/damerau-levenshtein": {
       "version": "1.0.8",
diff --git a/src/app/api/auth/resend-otp/route.ts b/src/app/api/auth/resend-otp/route.ts
index 74fa16c..d6256bb 100644
--- a/src/app/api/auth/resend-otp/route.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/auth/resend-otp/route.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 import { db } from "@/lib/drizzle";
 import { otps } from "@/lib/schema";
 import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
@@ -8,16 +7,13 @@ import otpEmailTemplate from "@/lib/templates/otp-template";
 import { auth } from "@/auth";
 import mailer from "@/lib/mailer";
 
-
-
 // `onboarding@uk-culture.org` email is for development only
 const senderEmail = process.env.SENDER_EMAIL || "onboarding@uk-culture.org";
 
-
 export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
   try {
     const session = await auth();
-    if (!session) throw new Error("Login first to verify email")
+    if (!session) throw new Error("Login first to verify email");
 
     const userWithEmail = await db.query.users.findFirst({
       where: (users, { eq }) => eq(users.email, session.user.email!),
@@ -25,30 +21,34 @@ export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
 
     if (!userWithEmail) throw new Error("User with email not exists.");
 
-
     const prevOtps = await db.query.otps.findMany({
       where: (otps, { eq }) => eq(otps.userId, userWithEmail.id),
       orderBy: (otps, { desc }) => desc(otps.expiresAt),
-    })
+    });
 
     // Check if there is a valid OTP
     const now = new Date();
-    const validOtp = prevOtps.find(otp => otp.expiresAt > now);
+    const validOtp = prevOtps.find((otp) => otp.expiresAt > now);
 
     if (validOtp) {
-      const remainingTimeInSeconds = Math.floor((validOtp.expiresAt.getTime() - now.getTime()) / 1000); // Time in seconds
+      const remainingTimeInSeconds = Math.floor(
+        (validOtp.expiresAt.getTime() - now.getTime()) / 1000
+      ); // Time in seconds
       const minutes = Math.floor(remainingTimeInSeconds / 60); // Full minutes
       const seconds = remainingTimeInSeconds % 60; // Remaining seconds
 
-      return NextResponse.json({ message: `Please wait ${minutes} minutes and ${seconds} seconds before resending the OTP.` }, { status: 429 });
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        {
+          message: `Please wait ${minutes} minutes and ${seconds} seconds before resending the OTP.`,
+        },
+        { status: 429 }
+      );
     }
 
     const otp = Math.floor(100000 + Math.random() * 900000).toString(); // 6-digit OTP
     // Set expiration time (e.g., 10 minutes from now)
     const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 10 * 60 * 1000); // 10 minutes in the future
 
-
-
     await db.insert(otps).values({
       expiresAt,
       otp,
@@ -56,18 +56,12 @@ export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
       createdAt: new Date(),
     });
 
-
-
-
     await mailer.sendMail({
       from: `Uttarakhand Culture <${senderEmail}>`,
       to: [userWithEmail.email!],
-      subject: 'Verify you email with OTP',
+      subject: "Verify you email with OTP",
       html: otpEmailTemplate(userWithEmail.name!, otp),
-    })
-
-
-
+    });
 
     return NextResponse.json({
       message: `OTP has been resent to your email.`,
@@ -79,4 +73,4 @@ export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
     console.log("[OTP_RESEND_ERROR]: ", error);
     return NextResponse.json({ error: error.message }, { status: 500 });
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/app/api/auth/verify-otp/route.ts b/src/app/api/auth/verify-otp/route.ts
index 3566c3f..0d741fd 100644
--- a/src/app/api/auth/verify-otp/route.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/auth/verify-otp/route.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,78 @@
+
 import { db } from "@/lib/drizzle";
 import { otps, users } from "@/lib/schema";
 import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 import { z } from "zod";
-
 import { auth } from "@/auth";
 import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
 
+// In-memory store for rate limiting
+const rateLimit = new Map<
+  string,
+  { requests: number; lastRequestTime: number }
+>();
+
+// Rate limiting configuration
+const MAX_REQUESTS = 3; // Max requests per window
+const WINDOW_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000; // 5 minutes in milliseconds
+
+function checkRateLimit(userId: string): boolean {
+  const currentTime = Date.now();
+  const userData = rateLimit.get(userId);
+
+  if (userData) {
+    // Reset if the window has passed
+    if (currentTime - userData.lastRequestTime > WINDOW_MS) {
+      rateLimit.set(userId, { requests: 1, lastRequestTime: currentTime });
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Increment request count if within window
+    if (userData.requests < MAX_REQUESTS) {
+      rateLimit.set(userId, {
+        requests: userData.requests + 1,
+        lastRequestTime: currentTime,
+      });
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Rate limit exceeded
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    // Initialize user rate limit
+    rateLimit.set(userId, { requests: 1, lastRequestTime: currentTime });
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
 export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
   try {
     const session = await auth();
-    if (!session) throw new Error("Login first to verify email")
+    if (!session) throw new Error("Login first to verify email");
+
+    const userId = session.user.id;
+
+    // Check rate limit
+    if (checkRateLimit(userId)) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: "limit exceeded. Please try again after 5 minutes." },
+        { status: 429 }
+      );
+    }
+
     if (session.user.emailVerified) {
-      return NextResponse.json({ message: "Email is already verified!" }, { status: 200 });
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { message: "Email is already verified!" },
+        { status: 200 }
+      );
     }
 
-    const { otp } = await req.json()
-    if (!otp) throw new Error("OTP is required")
+    const { otp } = await req.json();
+    if (!otp) throw new Error("OTP is required");
 
     const userWithEmail = await db.query.users.findFirst({
       where: (users, { eq }) => eq(users.email, session.user.email!),
     });
 
-    if (!userWithEmail) throw new Error("User with email not exists.");
-
+    if (!userWithEmail) throw new Error("User with email does not exist.");
 
     const latestOtp = await db.query.otps.findFirst({
       where: (otps, { eq }) => eq(otps.userId, userWithEmail.id),
@@ -42,16 +92,18 @@ export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
       throw new Error("Invalid OTP.");
     }
 
-    // If OTP is valid, mark email as verified (you can implement this as per your requirement)
-    // await db.update(users).set({ emailVerified: new Date() }).where((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, userWithEmail.id));
-    await db.update(users).set({ emailVerified: new Date() })
+    // Mark email as verified
+    await db
+      .update(users)
+      .set({ emailVerified: new Date() })
       .where(eq(users.id, userWithEmail.id));
 
-
     await db.delete(otps).where(eq(otps.userId, userWithEmail.id));
 
-    return NextResponse.json({ message: "Email verified successfully!" }, { status: 200 });
-
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { message: "Email verified successfully!" },
+      { status: 200 }
+    );
   } catch (error: any) {
     if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
       return NextResponse.json({ error: error.errors }, { status: 500 });
@@ -59,4 +111,4 @@ export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
     console.log("[OTP_ERROR]: ", error);
     return NextResponse.json({ error: error.message }, { status: 500 });
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/app/layout.tsx b/src/app/layout.tsx
index 27edf1f..5336d11 100644
--- a/src/app/layout.tsx
+++ b/src/app/layout.tsx
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export default async function RootLayout({
   const pathname = h.get("x-current-path");
 
   if (session) {
-    if (!session.user.emailVerified) {
+    if (!session.user?.emailVerified) {
       if (!pathname!.includes("/auth")) {
         redirect("/auth/verify");
       }
diff --git a/src/app/profile/page.tsx b/src/app/profile/page.tsx
index 1124f79..217667c 100644
--- a/src/app/profile/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/profile/page.tsx
@@ -1,41 +1,46 @@
 "use client";
-import {useSession, signOut} from "next-auth/react";
-import {useRouter} from "next/navigation";
+import { useSession, signOut } from "next-auth/react";
+import { useRouter } from "next/navigation";
 import styles from "./profile.module.css";
 import Image from "next/image";
 
 export default function Profile() {
-    const {data: session, status} = useSession();
-    const router = useRouter();
+  const { data: session, status } = useSession();
+  const router = useRouter();
 
-    if (status === "loading") {
-        return <p>Loading...</p>;
-    }
+  if (status === "loading") {
+    return <p>Loading...</p>;
+  }
 
-    if (status === "unauthenticated") {
-        router.push("/"); // Redirect to login if unauthenticated
-        return null;
-    }
+  if (status === "unauthenticated") {
+    router.push("/"); // Redirect to login if unauthenticated
+    return null;
+  }
 
-    return (
-        <div className={styles["profile-container"]}>
-            <h1 className={styles["profile-heading"]}>User Profile</h1>
-            <div className={styles["profile-details"]}>
-                <Image src={session?.user?.image || "/default-avatar.png"} alt="User Avatar"
-                       className={styles["profile-avatar"]}/>
-                <p>
-                    <strong>Name:</strong> {session?.user?.name || "N/A"}
-                </p>
-                <p>
-                    <strong>Email:</strong> {session?.user?.email || "N/A"}
-                </p>
-            </div>
-            <button
-                onClick={() => signOut({redirect: false})}
-                className={styles["logout-button"]}
-            >
-                Logout
-            </button>
-        </div>
-    );
+  return (
+    <div className={styles["profile-container"]}>
+      <h1 className={styles["profile-heading"]}>User Profile</h1>
+      <div className={styles["profile-details"]}>
+        <Image
+          src={session?.user?.image || "/default-avatar.png"}
+          alt="User Avatar"
+          className={styles["profile-avatar"]}
+          width={250}
+          height={250}
+        />
+        <p>
+          <strong>Name:</strong> {session?.user?.name || "N/A"}
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          <strong>Email:</strong> {session?.user?.email || "N/A"}
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <button
+        onClick={() => signOut({ redirect: false })}
+        className={styles["logout-button"]}
+      >
+        Logout
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/components/ui/Navbar.tsx b/src/components/ui/Navbar.tsx
index 70a0161..2eda5d4 100644
--- a/src/components/ui/Navbar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ui/Navbar.tsx
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ export default function Navbar() {
                         >
                             <Image src={session.data?.user?.image || "/default-avatar.png"}
                                    alt="User Avatar"
-                                   className={styles["avatar"]}/>
+                                   className={styles["avatar"]}
+                                   width={250} height={250}/>
 
                         </div>
                     ) : (