From 4849356fffcd82c17c1f44920b665924509226a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tmsincomb Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 13:05:51 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] added pmids from neurolex ttl --- ttl/generated/neurolex_to_interlex_pmids.ttl | 2218 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 2218 insertions(+) create mode 100644 ttl/generated/neurolex_to_interlex_pmids.ttl diff --git a/ttl/generated/neurolex_to_interlex_pmids.ttl b/ttl/generated/neurolex_to_interlex_pmids.ttl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5b71325b --- /dev/null +++ b/ttl/generated/neurolex_to_interlex_pmids.ttl @@ -0,0 +1,2218 @@ +@prefix definition: . +@prefix ILX: . +@prefix ilxtr: . +@prefix NIFSTD: . +@prefix owl: . +@prefix PMID: . +@prefix rdf: . +@prefix rdfs: . +@prefix xml: . +@prefix xsd: . + +### Axioms + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Phenylalanine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1) is an enzyme which catalyses the reaction responsible for the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway which degrades excess phenylalanine. The PAH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Part of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009834)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, + PMID:7580125 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC981 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron with perikaryon located inside the Purkinje cell layer. It is squeezed, either between the bulging parts of the PC somata or in the space left free between their upper poles, just at the level of the lower border of the molecular layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8300903 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC995 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron located within the core of the nucleus (BSTov) that is termed a beaded neuron (BN) because of its rounded soma and numerous spherules along both dendrites and axon (Fig. 11). The soma measures from 12 to 17 micrometers in its widest axis and is nearly spherical, having a rather smooth profile. The soma issues two or three short primary dendrites, which usually run horizontally. After a short distance (10 to 40 micrometers), these proximal branches give rise to sets of two to five long, secondary dendrites. The occurrence of third to order dendrites is variable, as is their length (20 to 150 micrometers). A defining characteristic of BN dendrites is the presence of distinct varicosities that are virtually devoid of dendritic spines. The BN axon and its collaterals also exhibit a series of small spherules (0.3-0.5 um) united by thin axonal bridges (Lariva-Sahd, 2006, as reported in http://brancusi.usc.edu/bkms)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:16786552 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1009 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " This group includes all of the large to bodied/large to field RGCs in the rat...Group RGA cells...have large somata (15 to 39 micrometers in diameter) and large, radially branching dendritic fields (235 to 748 micrometers in diameter), and many exhibit tracer couplin" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1010 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Sixty to eight neurons with small somata (12 to 24 micrometers in diameter), small dendritic fields (99 to 289 micrometers in diameter), and small axonal diameters (04. to 07. micrometers in diameter) make up Group RGB.We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to to medium to sized soma and a small to to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to to medium to sized soma but a medium to to to large dendritic field RGC." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1011 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Group RGC cells are defined as having small to to to medium cell bodies and medium to to to large dendritic fields. Their morphology was more heterogeneous than that of Groups RGA and RGB. We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to to medium to sized soma and a small to to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to to medium to sized soma but a medium to to to large dendritic field RGC." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1012 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This cell type has a mean soma size of 10 micrometers (range 8.3 to 13.5 micrometers; N = 14). The extent of its dendritic field is difficult to define precisely; there is a core of short branches that extend vertically through the inner plexiform layer, and this core is surrounded by a number of branches that take an oblique course through the inner plexiform layer before terminating at variable distance from the cell soma at the level of ganglion cells. The dendrites of these cells have a characteristic varicose appearance and the ends of the dendrites often terminate with one of these swellings." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1013 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Stratified amacrine cells have their dendrites confined to one or several places within the inner plexiform layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1014 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Retina bipolar cell characterized by dendritic trees that are more bushy with finer dendrites that penetrate further into the outer nuclear layer where they innervate rod spherules than cone bipolar cells. The somata of RBs are larger and are located in the outer half of the INL close to the OPL; their axons run through the OPL and end in large lobulated terminals at the border of the IPL and ganglion cell layer (Euler and Wassle, 1995)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1015 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 1 CB (n = 6, Fig. 1B) is an outer cone bipolar cell with a flat stratification in stratum 1 of the IPL and only one ascending primary dendrite that ramifies sparsely." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1016 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 2 and type 3 CBs have similar (with type 1 CB) dendritic tree shapes but show diffuse stratification at different levels of the outer half of the IPL, that is in strata 1 to 2 and 2, respectively. ... the axon terminal system of type 2 looks a bit disordered." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1017 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 2 and type 3 CBs have similar (with type 1 CB) dendritic tree shapes but show diffuse stratification at different levels of the outer half of the IPL, that is in strata 1 to 2 and 2, respectively. ...the axon terminal of type 3 shows a and quot;well to arranged and quot; treelike branching pattern." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1018 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 4 (n = 4, Fig. 1E) is a diffuse CB stratifying in both strata 1 and 2." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1019 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 5 and type 6, both have a very narrow ramification. By using Normaski optics, the two cell types can be distinguished by their stratification level within the IPL relative to a band of higher optical density, which is localized at the border of strata 3 and 4 and represents the inner cholinergic band." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1020 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 5 and type 6, both have a very narrow ramification. By using Normaski optics, the two cell types can be distinguished by their stratification level within the IPL relative to a band of higher optical density, which is localized at the border of strata 3 and 4 and represents the inner cholinergic band." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1021 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 7 and type 8 are diffuse CBs with their axonal terminal systems in the inner part of the IPL. Type 7 stratifies in strata 3 and 4....Both cell types (type 7 and type 8) have slender cell bodies." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1022 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 7 and type 8 are diffuse CBs with their axonal terminal systems in the inner part of the IPL. Type 7 stratifies in strata 3 and 4....Both cell types [type 7 and type 8] have slender cell bodies" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1023 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type 9 CB has a very sparse but large axonal terminal system in the inner IPL (mainly stratum 5), with occasional processes penetrating into the GCL. The dendritic tree is also sparsely branched but covers a wide range of the OPL." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8550893 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1042 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "...perfectly matched those (2) described previously reciprocal, non to reciprocal and symmetrical projections were found. Collator note: this neurons receive projections from Purkinke cells and send feedback axons to the same cerebellar cortex neurons. From" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2471118 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1043 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " ...perfectly matched those (2) described previously reciprocal, non to reciprocal and symmetrical projections were found. Collator note: this neurons do not receive projections from Purkinje cells different of those that send projections to them." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2471118 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1044 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "...perfectly matched those (2) described previously reciprocal, non to reciprocal and symmetrical projections were found. Collator note: this neurons project contralaterally to Purkinje neurons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2471118 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1045 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Subgroup RGA1 cells (Figs. 2A, 3 to 5, Table 1) have a morphology similar to that of the giant cells of Bunt (1976). They have large somata, often polygonal in shape, from which a medium to to large to gauge axon emerges (Figs. 2A, 3). In one instance, a bifucarting axon was seen to exit the soma (see Fig. 3A). The large dendritic fields of RGA1 cells consist of three to seven stout dendrites that emerge radially from a centrally placed soma. The dendrites are smooth and overlap infrequently (Figs. 2, 3). RGA1 cells are found across the retina (Figs. 5, 6)and, on average, have the largest dendritic fields of all the RGCs labelled. RGA1 cells exhibited tracer coupling...they were strongly coupled to at least ten neurons (large to bodied gnalgion cells and some presumed amacrine cells to the latter gad very small somata and were found both the GCL and the INL; Fig.5). We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to to medium to sized soma and a small to to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to to medium to sized soma but a medium to to to large dendritic field RGC. Seventy five RGA cells were identified. RGA cells had an average soma diameter of 23.4 micrometers, an average dendritic to field diameter of 300.0 micrometers, and a radial pattern of branching. They are similar to Perry type I cells (Perry, 1979)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1046 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Alpha ganglion cells, which were defined by Peichl (1989), were identified and termed RGA2 in the present study (see Table 1). The RGA2 cell has a large soma from which a thick axon emerges. Four to eight stout primary dendrites project radially from the cell body and branch repeatedly in a Y to shaped pattern. The dendrites branch at regular intervals, with the first branch point being within half of a soma diameter of the cell body. This branching pattern gives the appearance of a relatively uniform, medium density of dendrites across the dendritic arbor. The cell body is usually situated at the centre of the dendritic field. They stratify at ... 72 and plusmn; 15% of the IPL (inner) or 34 and plusmn; 10% of the IPL (outer). RGA2 cells had a round soma and 4 to 7 primary dendrites that branch repeatedly proximal to the soma. In contrast to the RGA1 cells, RGA2 cells have many more dendrites surrounding the soma (Fig. 3B)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1047 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Twenty to six neurons were defined as RGB1 cells (Fig. 8A, Table1). One of their characteristic features is the fact that the cell body always lies outside within the confines of the dendritic tree. They have the highest eccentricity of body relative to dendritic field of all ganglion cell identified. The majority of RGB1 cells analysed stratify diffusely within the IPL; nevertheless, their dendritic trees are centred in either the on to or the off to sublaminae of the IPL (Table 1). RGB1 cells were found across the retina. 1 cells had curvy but generally radially branching dendrites (Fig. 5A). They ramified in the outer IPL close to the middle." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1048 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Fourteen neurons were defined as RGB2 cells (Figs. 2D, 8B). These cells are easy to distinguish by the very dense nature of their small dendritic trees. This high density is due to frequent, irregular branching of fine dendrites, which curve, twist, and overlap extensively (Fig. 2D). Their cell body is generaly located well within the confines of the dendritic tree. RGB2 cells were found across the retina (Fig. 9). RGB2 cells had a very small but very dense dendritic field (Fig. 5B), featuring numerous tiny branches bearing spines. They ramified almost in the middle of the IPL." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1049 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Twenty to four cells were defined as RGB3 cells (Fig. 8C). The shape and branching patterns of their dendritic trees resemble those of RGA2 cells, although dendritic fields are much smaller. The somata are centrally located within the dendritic field. RGB3 cells show a greater range in dendritic field sizes than other RGB subgroups (Fig. 9), which suggests further heteronegeitiy. RGB3 cells had curvy, recursive dendrites, forming a relatively sparse dendritic field (Fig. 5C)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1050 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Five RGc1 cells were labelled that have small somata and large asymmetrical dendritic fields (Figs. 10A, 12). Although only a small number of them were labelled, they resemble the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) to projecting cells described by Dann and Buhl (1987). Compared with neurons in Group RGA, RGC1 cells have smaller cell bodies, a higher density of dendritic branching, and usually asymmetrical dendritic fields. The RGC1 cells exhibited smooth, small caliber, recursive dendrites extending from large primary ones. Dendritic field was of medium density (Fig. 6A). The RGC1 stratified mostly in the inner IPL. Their morphology is very similar to the MTN to projecting cells characterized by Dann and Buhl (1987)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1051 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The Group RGc cells, as mentioned above, are a heterogeneous population: we labelled several neurons that could not be classified as RGC1 or RGC2. Includes previously described exmples of Type III or Class III cells (Perry, 1979, Dreher et al., 1985), with their small somata and, in some cases, very large dendritic fields." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1052 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The type (a) narrow field unistratified cell has previously been described by Perry (1979), and was called a type IV (collator note: retinal ganglion) cell. This type of cell can be found with its cell soma in either the ganglion cell layer or the inner nuclear layer. Unlike the other types of amacrine cell this type is found with its cell soma in the ganglion cell layer than in the inner nuclear layer. The dimensions of these cells (mean soma size 10.1 micrometers and mean dendritic field size 219 micrometers, from Perry (1979)) are the same in both layers. Examples of this cell type are shown in figure 3, plate 1, and figure 11." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1053 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The type (b) narrow to field unistratified cell has a similar (collator note: with the type (a) narrow field unistratified amacrine neuron) mean soma diameter of 9.2 micrometers (range 7.5 to 11.3 micrometeres; N = 14) and the size of its dendritic field is similar to the the type (a) narrow field unistratified cell (mean 215 micrometers; range 135 to 282 micrometers; N = 14). A single primary dendrite arises from the cell soma and passes into the inner plexiform layer before branching on a plane. In contrast with the type (a) narrow field unistratified cell this cell has coarser, mostly spine to free, dendrites. Figure 3 and 12 show examples of this cell tpye, one of which has its soma in the ganglion cell layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1054 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The wide to field unistratified cells fall in three subgroups. The measurements of the dendritic field are only considered to be estimates since we do not believe that we have ever seen these cells completely stained..." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1055 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Collator note: bistratified amacrine cells are not explicitly defined by Perry and Walker. Perry and Walker describe three types of bistratified amacrine cells, having thef dendrites or spines distributed in two strata as the common character." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1056 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Stratified diffuse amacrine cells have their dendrites lying in more than one plane but not extending the full of the inner plexiform layer. In the rat retina the arrangement of the dendirtes is visualized more readily in vertical sections than in whole mounts, and the dendritic filed is found to terminate in either the inner or the outer half of the inner plexiform layer, although the latter is more common. The cells have a mean soma size of 8.9 micrometers (range 7.5 to 10.5 micrometers; N = 15). Usually a single process leaves the cell soma and passes into the inner plexiform layer before a tight field of short branches is formed (see figure 8, plate 2, and figure 17); the mean dendritic size is 30 micrometers (range 20 to 46 micrometers; N = 15)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1057 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " In each of the three nuclei examined, only a small proportion of the total number of retrogradely labeled NCN was found to be GABA to IR. Furthermore, the proportions of NCN containing GABA were very similar whether the nuclei gave reciprocal or symmetrical projections." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1371781 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1058 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The percentages of Glu to IR NCN were also roughly the same in the nuclei reciprocally or symmetrically connected to the cortical injection sites in five animals (Fig. 9B)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1371781 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1059 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The percentages of Glu to IR NCN were also roughly the same in the nuclei reciprocally or symmetrically connected to the cortical injection sites in five animals (Fig. 9B)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1371781 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1060 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "In each of the three nuclei examined, only a small proportion of the total number of retrogradely labeled NCN was found to be GABA to IR. Furthermore, the proportions of NCN containing GABA were very similar whether the nuclei gave reciprocal or symmetrical projections." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1371781 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1061 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " As Huxlin and Goodchild (1997), we identified two groups of RGA2 cells with dendrites stratifying in the inner and outer IPL (Table 1). They are morphologically similar to the outer alpha cells of Peichl (1989) and Tauchi et al. (1992). As Huxlin and Goodchild (1997), we identified two groups of RGA2 cells with dendrites stratifying in the inner and outer IPL (Table 1). They are morphologically similar to the outer alpha cells of Peichl (1989) and Tauchi et al. (1992)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1065 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " As Huxlin and Goodchild (1997), we identified two groups of RGA2 cells with dendrites stratifying in the inner and outer IPL (Table 1). They are morphologically similar to the outer alpha cells of Peichl (1989) and Tauchi et al. (1992)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1066 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Two groups of RGC2 cells ramified in the inner IPL and outer IPL, respectively. Their morphology is very similar to the delta cells identified by Peichl (1989)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12511081 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1067 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Two groups of RGC2 cells ramified in the inner IPL and outer IPL, respectively. Their morphology is very similar to the delta cells identified by Peichl (1989)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12511081 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1068 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " This wide to field unistratified cell has a mean soma of 11.1 micrometers. A single dendrite arises from the cell soma before it branches on a plane. These branches, about 1 micrometer in diameter, then apss in many directions within that plane; the bifurcations that do occur are near the cell soma and the dendrites take a straingth line across the retina (see figure 4, plate 1, and figure 13). Type (a) and type (b) wide to field unistratified amacrine cells have been found with their cell bodies in either the inner nuclear layer or in the ganglion cell layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1069 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The second type of wide to field unistratified amacrine cell has a soma of similar size to that of the type (a) wide to field unistratified cells and the dendrites have the same thin unbranched appearance. However, these cells do not send their dendrites in all directions but in only two in a single plan. As reported by Gallego (1971), these wide to field unistratified amacrine cells have a dendritic filed covering an area of an hour to glass (see figure 4 and 13)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1070 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The third type of cell in the wide to field unistratified class of amacrine cell has a distinct dendritic pattern. The mean soma size, 11.4 micrometers, is larger than the other two types range (10.0 to 13.0 micrometers; N = 10). Usually three but sometimes two large dendrites arise from the cell in the same layer as the soma. After a short distance a very fine branch comes off each of the larger branches, again in the same plane as the cell soma." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1071 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " These wide to field bistratified cells have a process that leaves the soma and passes almost vertically through the inner plexiform layer before branching near the ganglion cell layer, but in addition they also have processes that run laterally at the level of the inner nuclear layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1072 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " The third type of cell in the wide to field unistratified class of amacrine cell has a distinct dendritic pattern. The mean soma size, 11.4 micrometers, is larger than the other two types range (10.0 to 13.0 micrometers; N = 10). Usually three but sometimes two large dendrites arise from the cell in the same layer as the soma." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1073 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "RGC2 gave a morphology similar to the delta ganglion cells of Peichl (1989). They have a small to medium to sized somata from which fine axons emerge. Two to four primary dendrites branch close to the soma. These and subsequent branches twist and turn, unlike the radiating dendrites of the Group RGA neurons. The soma is usually central to the dendritic field. The dendritic fileds are smalled than those Group RGA cells at the same eccentricities, and they show little variation in size as a function of eccentricity (Fig. 12). RGC2 neurons did not exhibit tracer coupling, but many have numerous and prominent dendritic spines. The RGC2 cells had a similar morphology to RGC1 cells but with curvier dendrites and a denser dendritic field (Fig. 6B)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1112 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A subgroup of neurons in NTS that express glucocorticoid to inactivating enzyme 11 to beta to hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), a signature of aldosterone to sensitive tissues. Similar neurons are found in other brain regions. The NTS population may represent a unique phenotype." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:16320254 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1117 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The piriform cells have ovoid or cup shaped cell bodies, 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter, located within a narrow lamina along the deep margin of the zone of horizontal cells. The restriction of the piriform cell somata to the boundary between the zone of horizontal cells and the zone of vertical cells is remarkably accurate and consistent. The piriform cells give rise to 2 to 5 dendrites from the superficial surface, which course through the zone of horizontal cells to terminate just beneath the surface. As the ascending dendrites approach the surface they branch more frequently, almost always by equipartition, to form a complicated intermingling bouquet of slowly tapering dendrites, 150 to 350 micrometers in width and slightly less than 200 micrometers in depth. The axon most frequently takes its origin from the base of the soma, but sometimes it arises from one of the low order dendrites. From its origin the axon runs immediately down through the zone of vertical cells, occasionally with collaterals which may arborize within the superficial laminae. The axon is thin and smooth, occasionally with en passant varicosities." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1121 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The intermediate vertical fusiform cells have cell bodies 12 to 18 micrometers in diameter in the upper portion of the zone of vertical cells and their dendritic fields extend from the collicular surface to the deep margin of the zone of vertical cells (fig. 12b, 13). Intermediate vertical fusiform cells most often have a superficial field with relatively fewer spines, straighter, more even caliber dendrites that branch less often but more equally than those in the deep field of the same cell (figs. 12b, 13)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1122 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Deep vertical fusiform cells have cell bodies about 20 micrometers wide and their dendrites extend from the upper margin of the zone of vertical cells to the depth of the zone of optic fibers perhaps even deeper. The superficial and deep fields are usually notably different in the manner in which the dendrites branch and spread, the over to all size of the fields, the shapes of the fields, the type and density of spines, and the caliber of the dendrites." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1123 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Pyramidal cells are similar to vertical fusiform cells in most respects. They have a vertically elongated cell body, about 15 micrometers in transverse diameter, in the deeper half of the zone of vertical cells. The dendritic field is narrow and cylindrical, 100 to 250 micrometer in diameter, and extends from the upper margin of the zone of horizontal cells to the lower margin of the zone of vertical cells, about 500 micrometers. Rather than having superficial and deep fields, the pyramidal cell has the deep field reduced to a circumsomatic field, or a diminuitive basal field, and the superficial field is relatively elongated to accord with the deeper cell body. Pyramidal cells are usually multipolar, with one or two thick apical dendrites, which branch several times on the way to the surface, particularly in the upper portion of the zone of horizontal cells, and several smaller dendrites which form a small field about the cell body. It is of interest that smooth pyramidal cells tend to have two primary dendrites, like smooth vertical fusiform cells. The axon takes its origin from the soma or a low order dendrite and runs down into the deep zones. It is smooth and thin, about like that of the vertical fusiform cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1124 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The inverted pyramidal cell is similar to the pyramidal cell except that the cell body lies within the deep portion of the zone of horizontal cells. The superficial field is a circumsomatic field and the deep field is elongated to reach into the deeper portion of the zone of vertical cells. The cell body is about the size of an intermediate vertical fusiform cell soma. The axon is similar, but more apt to have collaterals to the superficial zones. Inverted pyramidal cells fall within the definition of the narrow field vertical cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1125 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "There are two similar populations in the group of wide field vertical cells. The first lies in the deep margin of the zone of vertical cells where it looks very similar to the piriform cells relative to the zone of horizontal cells. Cajal called these the ovoid or triangular cells. The second population has its cell bodies distributed primarily to the upper portion of the zone of optic fibers. Cajal called these triangular or stellate cells. Cajal's nomenclature is rather bulky and, though descriptive, somewhat confusing because stellate cells are a distinct cell type in the nomenclature of this paper and triangular occurs in both names. For reasons developed below, the ovoid or triangular cells or wide field cells of the zone of vertical cells will be called Type II ganglion cells and the triangular or stellate cells or wide field cells of the zone of optic fibers will be called Type III ganglion cells. Type I ganglion cells are the piriform cells. Collator note: we assumed this class of neurons as projection neurons, because at least several subpopulations project to visually related areas. See Sefton et al., 2005; Mason and Groos, 1981; Mackay to Sim et al. 1983; Okoyama and Kudo, 1987)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1126 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type I ganglion cells are the piriform cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1127 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Type II ganglion cells, like the piriform cells, have all or almost all of their dendritic field superficial to the cell body. The 15 to 25 micrometers cell body lies within a narrow range of depths at the deep margin of the zone of vertical cells from which it may send 3 to 7 primary dendrites vertically or obliquely towards the surface to form a dendritic field in excess of 400 micrometers in diameter and about 500 micrometers deep. The primary dendrites may derive from any portion of the cell body surface, but they usually arise from the dorsal or lateral surfaces. The dendrites of Type II ganglion cells intermingle, giving them a dense arbor of dendrites that extend over large regions of the superior colliculus. The axon may originate from the cell body or a low order dendrite. It may project into the region superficial to the cell body (figs. 9, 14) or into the deep zones (fig. 15). The axon of the superficial projection is similar to other intrinsic axons except for being thicker. It branches frequently to form an arbor approximately as wide as the dendritic field, which it overlaps, but they are not necessarily coincident, nor is one contained within the other." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1128 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Type III ganglion cells resemble Type II ganglion cells in most respects. They are multipolar with 3 4 primary dendrites, a cell body 20 to 25 micrometers in major diameter, and a dendritic field which may be more than 1000 micrometers in diameter. They differ in that some of their dendrites extend below the cell body and their cell bodies lie in the zone of optic fibers. The axon almost invariably runs down into the deep portion of the colliculus. Type III ganglion cells tend to have fewer, but thicker, dendrites passing through the first two zones than is usual for Type II ganglion cells. The dendrites are less spiny, branch less often, but like the other types of ganglion cells, they break up into many fine branches as they approach the surface, particularly in the upper portion of the zone of horizontal cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1129 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The third major category of cells in the superior colliculus is the stellate cell. The cells are defined by the lack of overall orientation to the dendritic fields which extend symmetrically from the cell body. Stellate cells are multipolar with dendrites arising from any portion of the cell body. The dendrites may range anywhere from gnarled to radiate with the gnarled spiny cells most frequent in the zone of horizontal cells and the smooth radiate cells increasingly more frequent in the deeper zones until they are almost the only cell type in the zones below the stratum opticum. The dimensions of the cell bodies and dendritic fields are comparable to those of other cells in the same zone and the dendritic field is generally contained within the same zone as the cell body. The axons of stellate cells have both local and/or distant distributions and a morphology characteristic of intrinsic axons. As with all the other cell types, the axon may take its origin from the cell body or a low order dendrite." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1130 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Collator note: this cell type is not explicitly defined, but is considered here as distinct, based on the definition of the stellate cells class (category) and Table 1 page 407." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1131 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Collator note: this cell type is not explicitly defined, but is considered here as distinct, based on the definition of the stellate cells class (category) and Table 1 page 407." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1132 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget " Collator note: this cell type is not explicitly defined, but is considered here as distinct, based on the definition of the stellate cells class (category) and Table 1 page 407." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC1133 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Collator note: this cell type is not explicitly defined, but is considered here as distinct, based on the definition of the stellate cells class (category) and Table 1 page 407." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_363 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model organism in developmental genetics, neurophysiology, and neurobehavioral research. Given the balanced trade off between behavioral complexity and genetic simplicity, as well as substantial genetic and physiological homology with mammals, zebrafish represent an ideal animal model for high-throughput biomedical research with translational implications to human health. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21408171 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_830 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "One of four subdivisions recognized in the primate pulvinar based on initially on topography, located ventrally between the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (Carpenter, A core text of neuroanatomy, 3rd ed., 1985, pg 238)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:401837, + PMID:1112928, + PMID:6315779, + PMID:6323553, + PMID:8254107, + PMID:8847417, + PMID:10379830, + PMID:12209852, + PMID:15739240 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_1113 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Small clusters of granule cells located in the olfactory tubercle and also within the Island of Calleja magna that lies between the septum and the nucleus accumbens" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_1510 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Layer of white matter in hippocampus lying just deep to the stratum oriens layer, continuous with the fimbria of the hippocampus" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:701493, + PMID:1430328, + PMID:2464627, + PMID:2540226, + PMID:2540227, + PMID:3514690, + PMID:3522662, + PMID:3793982, + PMID:8708010, + PMID:8833116, + PMID:9300764, + PMID:10906718, + PMID:18551525 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_2682 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The output region of the amygdala responsible for controlling responses (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, PMID: 16242399)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:632368, + PMID:1262547, + PMID:1281170, + PMID:1969868, + PMID:2166757, + PMID:2468696, + PMID:2836477, + PMID:3047185, + PMID:7107988, + PMID:7130477, + PMID:8636464, + PMID:9336231, + PMID:11054694, + PMID:12541307, + PMID:16739166, + PMID:16739197, + PMID:20963828 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_3013 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "a measurement scale used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities. It consists of a questionnaire with 10 activities listed (writing, drawing, throwing, using scissors, using a toothbrush, using a knife without a fork, using a spoon, the upper hand when using a broom, striking a match, and opening the lid of a box). Participants must indicate which hand they would use, and the strength of this preference (strong, less strong, indifferent)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5146491 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_12778 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness is demonstrated." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11839831 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:C0451215 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "a commonly used system for describing how the symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress.Current Scale Specification:Stage 0: No signs of disease.Stage 1: Unilateral symptoms only.Stage 1.5: Unilateral and axial involvement.Stage 2: Bilateral symptoms. No impairment of balance.Stage 2.5: Mild bilateral disease with recovery on pull test.Stage 3: Balance impairment. Mild to moderate disease. Physically independent.Stage 4: Severe disability, but still able to walk or stand unassisted.Stage 5: Needing a wheelchair or bedridden unless assisted." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6067254 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:COGPO:00153 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Repeated ticking sounds made by a mechanical or electrical instrument at given frequency (e.g., metronome clicks)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11742243 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:COGPO:00164 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "One or more musical sounds that individually have a single frequency." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12377146 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:COGPO_00153 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Repeated ticking sounds made by a mechanical or electrical instrument at given frequency (e.g., metronome clicks)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11742243 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:COGPO_00164 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "One or more musical sounds that individually have a single frequency." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12377146 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nif-0000-00003 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "
L-Measure (LM) is a web-accessible tool for the analysis, comparison and search of digital reconstructions of neuronal morphologies. A freely available software tool for the quantitative characterization of neuronal morphology, LM computes a large number of neuroanatomical parameters from 3D digital reconstruction files starting from and combining a set of core metrics. After more than six years of development and use in the neuroscience community, LM enables the execution of commonly adopted analyses as well as of more advanced functions, including: (i) extraction of basic morphological parameters, (ii) computation of frequency distributions, (iii) measurements from user-specified subregions of the neuronal arbors, (iv) statistical comparison between two groups of cells and (v) filtered selections and searches from collections of neurons based on any Boolean combination of the available morphometric measures. These functionalities are easily accessed and deployed through a user-friendly graphical interface and typically execute within few minutes on a set of 20 neurons. The tool is available for either online use on any Java-enabled browser and platform or may be downloaded for local execution under Windows and Linux.
" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:18451794 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nif-0000-22918 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Open-access database of antibodies against human proteins developed through collaboration between Antibodypedia AB and the Nature Publishing Group. It aims to provide the scientific community and antibody distributors alike with information on the effectiveness of specific antibodies in specific applications--to help scientists select the right antibody for the right application.Antibodypedia's mission is to promote the functional understanding of the human proteome and expedite analysis of potential biomarkers discovered through clinical efforts. To this end, they have developed an open-access, curated, searchable database containing annotated and scored affinity reagents to aid users in selecting antibodies tailored to specific biological and biomedical assays.They envisage Antibodypedia as a virtual repository of validated antibodies against all human, and ultimately most model-organism, proteins. Such a tool will be exploitable to identify affinity reagents to document protein expression patterns in normal and pathological states and to purify proteins alone and in complex for structural and functional analyses. They hope to promote characterization of the roles and interplay of proteins and complexes in human health and disease.They encourage commercial providers to submit information regarding their inventory of antibodies with links to quality control data. Independent users can submit their own application-specific experimental data using standard validation criteria (supportive or non-supportive) developed with the assistance of an international advisory board recruited from academic research institutions. Users can also comment on specific antibodies without submitting validation data." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:18667413, + PMID:18767878 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_72 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Large neuron located in the octopus cell area of the posterior division of the ventral cochlear nucleus (called dorsal tail of the ventral cochlear nucleus by Cajal and nucleus interfascicularis by Lorente de No), whose dendrites emanate from one side of the cell body, giving them a shape reminiscent of an octopus." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5801446 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_82 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Around 80% of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) is glutamatergic (Ito and Oliver, 2012). They express vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) 2 but not VGLUT1 or VGLUT3 (Ito and Oliver, 2010, 2011). Their main target is the medial geniculate body although they send axons to most auditory brainstem nuclei. Since majority of IC neurons are disc-shaped, which extend their dendrite parallel to isofrequency laminae (Oliver, 1984), majority of glutamatergic neurons are likely to be disc-shaped. Stellate neurons, which are less common and extend dendrite perpendicular to isofrequency laminae, also project to the medial geniculate body (Oliver, 1984)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6201779 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_83 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "It is not established that there are \"pure\" local interneurons of which axons are restricted in the inferior colliculus (IC). However, even after a large injection of retrograde tracer into the medial geniculate body (MGB), a main target of IC projection, most small GABAergic neurons, which lack dense excitatory axosomatic terminals, were not labeled with the tracer. On the other hand, large GABAergic neurons send axons to the MGB." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19889997 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_132 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A type of cell in the cerebellar cortex, first described in 1977 by Altman and Bayer, characterized by a single dendrite ending in a small brush consisting of a number of small dendrites called dendrioles. Unipolar brush cells are found in primarily in the granular cell layer and most concentrated in lobule IX, the flocculus, the nodulus and the ventromedial zone of the paraflocculus. Their somata are larger than granule cells but smaller than Golgi cells. They are known to stain for calretinin." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8300904 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_153 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The dentate gyrus granule cell is the only principal cell of the dentate gyrus." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17765709 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_2853 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The large-conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel, also called the BK channel, differs from other K+ channels in that it can be activated by both intracellular Ca(2+) ions and by membrane depolarization. The BK channel consists of 4 alpha subunits and 4 optional auxiliary beta subunits. The pore-forming alpha subunit is encoded by the KCNMA1 gene, which produces multiple isoforms through alternative splicing. The 4 beta subunits are encoded by different genes that show tissue-specific expression" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15194823 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_5833 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Dopamine receptor is a G-protien coupled receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity, potentiate calcium evoked release of arachadonic acid, increase potassium channel opening and in some cells decrease intracellular calcium concentrations. D2 receptors have a high affinity for antipsychotic drugs and have higher levels of expression in mammalian hippocampus and hypothalamus. It is encoded by the DRD2 gene in humans and a missense mutation in this gene causes myoclonus dystonia; other mutations have been associated with schizophrenia. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A third variant has been described, but it has not been determined whether this form is normal or due to aberrant splicing. (adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:215920 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_5845 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Dopamine receptor that stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity, and has a high affinity for SKF 38393 and its homologs. It is a protien that is encoded, in humans, by the DRD1 gene. The D1 subtype is the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system. This G-protein coupled receptor stimulates adenylyl cyclase and activates cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. D1 receptors are enriched in Caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercles. These receptors regulate neuronal growth and development, mediate some behavioral responses, and modulate dopamine receptor D2-mediated events. Alternate transcription initiation sites result in two transcript variants of this gene. (adapted from Entrez Gene)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:215920 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_6235 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Alpha adrenergic receptor that is found in platelets and has a low affinity for prazosin. Alpha-2-adrenergic receptors include 3 highly homologous subtypes: alpha2A, alpha2B, and alpha2C. These receptors have a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. Studies in mice revealed that both the alpha2A and alpha2C subtypes were required for normal presynaptic control of transmitter release from sympathetic nerves in the heart and from central noradrenergic neurons; the alpha2A subtype inhibited transmitter release at high stimulation frequencies. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7938162 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_6751 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "D3 receptor is the transcription product of the DRD3 gene. This subtype of dopaminergic receptor decreases adenylyl cyclase activity through inhibitory G-proteins. This receptor is expressed in phylogenetically older regions of the brain, especially enriched in the Islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercles, and the nucleus accumbens. This suggests that this receptor plays a role in cognitive and emotional functions. It is a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that would encode different isoforms, although some variants may be subject to nonsense-mediated decay. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8071839 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_6793 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Beta adrenergic receptor found in brown adipose tissue, which stimulates lipolysis and thermogenesis. This receptor class has a low affinity for beta1 and beta2 receptors, but a high affinity for BRL 37344 and its derivatives. It is located mainly in adipose tissue and is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. Some β3 agonists have demonstrated antistress effects in animal studies, suggesting it also has a role in the CNS. Beta3-Receptors are found in the gallbladder, urinary bladder, and in brain adipose tissue. Their role in gallbladder physiology is unknown, but they are thought to play a role in lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown fat. In the urinary bladder it is thought to cause relaxation of the bladder and prevention of urination." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6325935 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_7075 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Beta adrenergic receptor with 100-fold greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine. This receptor is directly associated with one of its ultimate effectors, the class C L-type calcium channel Ca(V)1.2. This receptor-channel complex also contains a G protein, an adenylyl cyclase, cAMP-dependent kinase, and the counterbalancing phosphatase, PP2A. The assembly of the signaling complex provides a mechanism that ensures specific and rapid signaling by this G protein-coupled receptor. This receptor's gene is intronless. Different polymorphic forms, point mutations, and/or downregulation of this gene are associated with nocturnal asthma, obesity and type 2 diabetes. (adapted from Entrez gene)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7938162 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_7113 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The alpha-2C adrenergic receptor (α2C adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRA2C, is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it. Alpha-2-adrenergic receptors include 3 highly homologous subtypes: alpha2A, alpha2B, and alpha2C. These receptors have a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. Studies in mouse revealed that both the alpha2A and alpha2C subtypes were required for normal presynaptic control of transmitter release from sympathetic nerves in the heart and from central noradrenergic neurons; the alpha2C subtype modulated neurotransmission at lower levels of nerve activity. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7938162 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_7133 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This a subtype of the Alpha2 adrenergic receptor that is found in neonatal rat lung that has a high affinity for prazosin. Alpha-2-adrenergic receptors include 3 highly homologous subtypes: alpha2A, alpha2B, and alpha2C. These receptors have a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7938162 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_7163 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This Dopaminergic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene. As with other dopamine receptor subtypes, the D4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine, however this specific subtype is enriched in expression in the frontal cortex, diencephalon, and the brain stem. It is also a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia and Parkinson disease. The D4 receptor is considered to be D2-like in which the activated receptor inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP. (Adapted from Wikipedia)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1840645, + PMID:15521361 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_7274 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This dopaminergic receptor is a protein that in humans in encoded by the DRD5 gene. The D5 subtype is a G-protein coupled receptor which stimulates adenylyl cyclase.This receptor is expressed in neurons in the limbic regions of the brain, especially in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. It has a 10-fold higher affinity for dopamine than the D1 subtype. Pseudogenes related to this gene reside on chromosome 1 and chromosome 2. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1774076, + PMID:9588624 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nifext_7876 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Beta Adrenergic receptor with approximately equal affinity for epinephrine and norepinephrine. This adrenergic receptor is part of a prototypic family of guanine nucleotide binding regulatory protein-coupled receptors that mediate the physiological effects of the hormone epinephrine and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Specific polymorphisms in this gene have been shown to affect the resting heart rate and can be involved in heart failure. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7938162 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_12 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A rounded collection of cells locat4ed on the medial surface of the base of the posterior horn. Considered by many to be a part of the posterior horn. Two column-shaped nuclear masses formed by large cells. Clarke's nuclei are located in the regions dorsolateral to the central canal in the thoratic and upper lumbar segments." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4173077 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_10066 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Mutant mouse strain that harbors two transgenic alleles and a single targeted mutant. The Tg(SMN2*delta7)4299Ahmb allele consists of a SMA cDNA lacking exon 7 whereas the Tg(SMN2)89Ahmb allele consists of the entire human SMN2 gene. Mice that are homozygous for the targeted mutant Smn allele and homozygous for the two transgenic alleles exhibit symptoms and neuropathology similar to patients afflicted with proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (from Jackson Laboratories MGI mouse resource: http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/005025.html)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15703193 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_12553 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A proinsulin-containing secretory vesicle which occurs within pancreatic beta cells. Immature insulin are also called \"pale granules\" due to their pale appearance under an transmission electron microscope. Immature insulin granules bud off the trans-most Golgi cisternae as part of the insulin synthesis process. When the proinsulin in converted to a mature form of insulin and clusters into an electron dense core, it is said to become an mature insulin granule." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8063699 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_12926 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type of small thalamic interneuron" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10553120 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_13117 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Mutant mouse strain that harbors two transgenic alleles and a single targeted mutant. The Tg(SMN2*delta7)4299Ahmb allele consists of a SMA cDNA lacking exon 7 whereas the Tg(SMN2)89Ahmb allele consists of the entire human SMN2 gene. Mice that are homozygous for the targeted mutant Smn allele and homozygous for the two transgenic alleles exhibit symptoms and neuropathology similar to patients afflicted with proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (from Jackson Laboratories MGI mouse resource: http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/005025.html)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15703193 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_13590 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Insulin secretory granule which occurs inside pancreatic beta cells and contain a large electron-dense core of tightly clustered insulin hexamers. Mature insulin granules are typically ~200-300 nm in diameter, and each contain 150000-280000 insulin molecules in mouse. The precursor of a mature insulin granule is an immature insulin granule, which is also known as a pale granule, as it lacks an electron dense core and is pale in appearance." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4374058 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_13974 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "SLO-2 is a member of a multigene family of high-conductance K+ channels1,2. These channels are activated by voltage but differ from the purely voltage-gated K+ channels because their voltage range of activation is modulated by different intracellular fac- tors3. SLO-1 channels are sensitive to Ca2+ (refs. 4–7), and mouse SLO-3 (mSLO-3) channels to pH8. We now report that C. elegans SLO-2 channels are sensitive to Cl– as well as Ca2+." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10903569 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_14886 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2898377 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_19563 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type of large hilar neuron located in the hilar region of the granule cell clusters (Islands of Calleja) or the olfactory tubercle that can be differentiated morphologically from other types of hilar neurons: it has several primary dendrites that branch relatively close to the soma but without forming bushlike or other special dendritic complexes; the dendrites do not go along the border of the granule cell clusters but approach them at right angles; the axon also arises from the cell soma (Millhouse, 1987)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3693600 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_22799 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Excitatory polymorphic intrinsic neuron of the dentate gyrus hilus" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8589792 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_23119 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Medial division of the medial geniculate body, originally described by Morest (1964) in cats but also found in rats (Paxinos, 1995). In cats, it occupies the ventro-medial quadrant, extending into the fibers of the brachium of the inferior colliculus and adjoining the ventral thalamic nucleus antero-medially." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:14229992 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_27085 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA1 trilaminar neuron is a neuron that is characterized by its axon densely innervating three layers stratum oriens, pyramidale and radiatum (Sik et al. 1995) projecting to subiculum and possibly to other regions, while the soma and long horizontal dendrites are in stratum oriens with strong immunoreactivity for the m2 receptor in the somato-dendritic domain and intense presynaptic mGluR8a decoration. It must also be noted that the same name has been used for various other cells with axon in at least three laminae (Hajos & Mody, 1997; Pawelzik et al. 2002). However, for this particular cell class the axons project to subiculum and possibly to other brain areas as well." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15539390, + PMID:18270515, + PMID:18599766 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_27557 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Membrane-bound secretory granules which contain insulin and occur inside pancreatic beta cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3013544 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_28433 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Imaging assay involving collection of photons from fluorescent molecules in deep tissue that propagate through tissue at multiple projections and combining these measurements tomographically to obtain the distribution of fluorochromes." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12091907 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_28608 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neostriatal neuron that expresses tyrosine hydroxylase, one of the synthetic enzymes for dopamine. They have been described in rodents, monkeys and humans, although they are less numerous in rodents. The majority resemble medium-sized aspiny interneurons in primates. However, larger and smaller populations have been described and the neurons have been described as spiny in rodents. This is likely a heterogeneous population of cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2883616 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_29378 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Granule cell found in the granule cell clusters (Islands of Calleja) in the olfactory tubercle characterized by a high density of dendritic spines (Millhouse, 1987)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3693600 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_29840 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Mutant mouse strain that is homozygous for the targeted mutant Smn1 allele and carries the SMN2 transgene. These mice exhibit symptoms and neuropathology similar to patients afflicted with type I proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (from Jackson Laboratory MGI database: http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/005024.html)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10655541 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_29955 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A rare neurological disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive pontobulbar palsy associated with sensorineural deafness. Fifty-eight cases have been reported in the last 100 years, with a female to male ratio of approximately 3:1. Age of onset varies from infancy to the third decade. BVVL most frequently presents with sensorineural deafness, usually progressive and severe. Lower cranial nerve involvement and lower and upper motor neuron limb signs are common. Other features include respiratory compromise, limb weakness, slurring of speech, facial weakness, and neck and shoulder weakness. Optic atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, macular hyperpigmentation, autonomic dysfunction and epilepsy may also occur. Approximately 50% of cases are sporaide and 50% familial, of which autosomal recessive is suggested." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:18416855 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_32288 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "\"The Dentate gyrus HICAP cells (HIlar Commissural-Associational pathway related cells) are multipolar or triangular cells in the polymorphic layer with thin, aspiny dendrites that extend both within the hilus and within the molecular layer. the axons of these HICAP cells extend through the granule cell layer and branch profusely in the inner third of the molecular layer.\"" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675, + PMID:17093119 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_32457 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Tract that splits off of the post commissural fornix to innervate a number of anterior hypothalamic areas" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:402984 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_38760 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "One or more musical sounds that individually have a single frequency." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12377146 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_39036 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Mutant mouse strain that is homozygous for the targeted mutant Smn1 allele and carries the SMN2 transgene. These mice exhibit symptoms and neuropathology similar to patients afflicted with type I proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (from Jackson Laboratory MGI database: http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/005024.html)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10655541 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_43776 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Cortical parcel described by Tootell and Hadjikhani (2001) as part of V4d in the human. In fMRI studies, it is the cortical zone which responds preferentially to central visual stimuli." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11278193 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_47009 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Dentate Gyrus MOPP cell (molecular layer perforant path-associated cell) is a interneuron in hippocampal formation. It is located deep in the DG molecular layer, has a multipolar or triangular cell body and gives rise to an axon that produces a substantial terminal plexus largely limited to the outer two thirds of the DG molecular layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8589792, + PMID:17093119 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_50741 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Part of olfactory tubercle defined by dense aggregations of granule cells" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_60854 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Winer and colleagues (1996) first described that GABAergic neurons project to the medial geniculate body in cat. Peruzzi et al. (1997) showed that the cell type is also found in rats, and sends action potentials more rapidly than glutamatergic IC neurons. Ito and colleagues (2009) showed that the cell type is the largest neuron in the IC and receives dense VGLUT2-positive axosomatic terminals on the cell body. Other cell types such as glutamatergic neurons and small GABAergic neurons do not have such endings." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8755593 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_66043 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Drop-Dead Mutant Drosophila carries an X-chromosomal recessive mutation that causes severe behavioral defects and brain degeneration, manifested a few days after emergence of the adult. This mutation causes age related neurodegeneration and locomoter dysfunction and these mutants typically have very abbreviated life spans. Some common effects of this mutation are a slightly bent wing margin, frequent hypertrophy of the abdomen, reduced body size, recessive sterility in homozygous mutant females, and brain lesions. These mutants are used to study Parkinson's Disease in some laboratories." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8494644 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_66396 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A self-concept in which the self is thought of as an isolated unit that strives to be unique, autonomous and assertive, functioning in parallel with, but not dependent upon, others. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21359209 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_66750 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Dorsal V4 in human according to the parcellation scheme of Tootell and Hadjikhani (2001), asserted to be the topographic homologue of macaque dorsal V4, based on neighborhood relations among visual areas (i.e. anterior to V3A, posterior to MT+, and superior to ventral V4). Two visual areas ('LOC' and 'LOP') are included within this V4d topologue based on retinotopic fMRI data. The retinotopy in the human V4d topologue differed from previous reports in macaque V4d in that it was crude or nonexistent except for an overall bias for either central or peripheral stimuli in LOC and LOP respectively. Unlike some previous reports in macaque V4d, the human V4d topologue was not significantly color-selective. However, the V4d topologue did respond selectively to kinetic motion boundaries, consistent with previous human fMRI reports. Because striking differences were found between the retinotopy and functional properties of the human topologues of 'V4v' and 'V4d', it is unlikely that these two cortical regions are subdivisions of a singular human area 'V4' (adapted from Tootell and Hadjikhani 2001)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11278193 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_68936 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron located in the granule cell clusters in the olfactory tubercle characterized by a small soma with one to two small sparsely spiny varicose dendrites. The axon has not been observed to exit the clusters in Golgi preparations. Ultrastructurally, it is characterized by scant cytoplasm and a round nucleus (Meyer et al., 1989)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3693600 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_69745 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Groups of cells situated largely within the fiber bundles of the lateral lemniscus. Two nuclei are usually distinguished: a ventral group and a dorsal group (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg. 619). " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2229472, + PMID:8867285, + PMID:10213091, + PMID:10440707, + PMID:10982461, + PMID:17912742, + PMID:19034907 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_70052 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Cytoarchitecture of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) in the adult male rat " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2708568 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_74001 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Lateral region of the parafascicular nucleus" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2341628, + PMID:10320214 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_76042 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2837683 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_78845 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Large neuron in the tubermammillary nucleus that contains histamine and projects widely to the cerebral cortex" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3023456 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_78883 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The DG spiny CR cells are present mostly in regions where mossy fibers have a high density, i.e., in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in stratum lucidum of CA3 subfield. The dendrites and somata frequently possess numerous long hair-like spines that penetrate into bundles of mossy fibers." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8627375, + PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_84634 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Large neuron associated with the hilar region of the granule cell clusters (Islands of Calleja) in the olfactory tubercle in the hilar region . It has two thick primary dendrites, 40-90 um long, that branch near the periphery of the granule cell cluster with several dendritic branches coming off of the main shaft close together in a bushlike manner (Millhouse, 1987)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3693600 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_90278 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron in hypoglossal nucleus characterized by a small spindle shaped or fusiform soma" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3667970 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_90639 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A self-concept in which the self is conceptualized in terms of its relationship to others, blurring the distinction between self and others and allows the self to be easily modulated by dynamic social context. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21359209 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_94454 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Partitioning of visual cortex of human unctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10195149 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_94485 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors. - from Wikipedia" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6111052 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_99897 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Some species other than humans express this fourth type of Alpha2-adrenergic receptor: α2D-adrenergic receptor. (Adapted from Entrez Gene)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7938162 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_143585 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron in the ventral horn of lower thoracic/upper lumbar levels in rat, cat and monkey, regarded as the origin of the ventral spinocerebellar tract" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5553374 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_143650 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Mouse atlas produced by the Waxholm atlas project by the atlasing task force of the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (http://incf.org)to promote interoperability of spatial brain data sets." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:20600960 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_143972 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron found in the substantia gelatinosa (Rexed lamina II) of spinal cord, with perikarya situated along the superficial border of layer II. Most of their dendrites traveled ventrally while spreading out rostrocaudally, giving their dendritic arbors a fan-like shape. Stalked cell axons arborized largely in layer I. Cell soma size ranged from 16 to 22 pm" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6162863 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_143973 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron found in substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord. Perikarya were found throughout layer II. Most of their dendrites traveled rostrocaudally. Their dendritic arbors were shaped like cylinders with their long axes parallel to the long axis of the spinal cord. Islet cell axons arborized in the immediate vicinity of their dendritic territories, within layer II.Islet cells had one or more dendrites that demonstrated a characteristic branching pattern in which the dendrite bifurcated with one daughter branch continuing in the same direction as its parent while the other daughter branch curved back towards the perikarya.Islet cells in deep lamina II (lamina IIb) did not respond to noxious stiumuli whereas those in lamina IIa (outer lamina II) specifically responded to noxious stimuli." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6162863 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_143974 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Parcellation scheme of the gray matter of the spinal cord by Rexed, developed initially in the cat in 1952 but subsequently applied to other species. \"On the basis of the investigations presented in this paper, the following scheme of cytoarchitectonic organization is proposed for the cat's spinal cord. Its gray substance is built up of 9 cell layers or laminae, most of which extend from one end of the cord to the other, and a region around the central canal. The surfaces of each layer are roughly parallel to the dorsal and ventralsurface of the cord...\"" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:14946260 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144082 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Part of olfactory tubercle characterized by a laminar appearance with three layers (molecular, pyramidal and polymorph)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144245 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Division of subicular cortex characterized by projections from the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus and to a lesser extent the anteroventral nucleus, bordered ventrally and laterally by the presubiculum and dorsally and medially by the retrosplenial granular a cortex.. The border is characterized by an abrupt change in the cyto- and chemoarchitecture" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1704281 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144262 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of two sources of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain, the other being the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In most adult mammals, the SVZ is a three-layered sheath that lies along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and consists of type A, B, and C cells. Type A rest along the ventricle wall and are neuronal precursor cells, Type B are adjacent astrocytes, and Type C are immature precursors to the Type A neuroblasts. The neuronal precursor cells travel along the rostral migratory stream ensheathed in a tube of Type B astrocytes, until they reach the olfactory bulb. There they integrate into the existing cellular network and mature into local interneurons. While the majority become adult-born granule cells, a subset become periglomerular cells.Interestingly, the human SVZ differs from other mammals' in several ways. It consists of four layers rather than three: ependymal cells (layer I), a hypo cellular gap (layer II), a ribbon of astrocytes (layer III), and a transitional zone (layer IV). The astrocytes are capable of differentiating into many kinds of tissue including new neurons. However, there is no evidence that the proliferating neurons travel along the rostral migratory stream in a chain to populate the olfactory bulb with new interneurons, as is the case for other mammals." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:14973487 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144303 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The extreme capsule as delineated in five human subjects using DT-MRI tractography. A long association fiber pathway coursing between the inferior frontal region and the superior temporal gyrus extending into the inferior parietal lobule." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19104833 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144408 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "\"The lateral agranular field (AGl) lies between AGm and the SI cortex and is widest rostrally....Compared to AGm, AGl has a more homogeneous appearance of the superficial layers, layer II is less densely packed, and layer V is broader and contains larger, more densely staining cells.\" (Donoghue and Wise, 1982)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6294151 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144438 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "test definition" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:22256323 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144556 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144557 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144558 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144559 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144560 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144561 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144562 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144570 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144571 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "definition" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144573 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "5" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:28 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144574 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "5" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:28 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144576 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "definition" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144578 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "definition" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144580 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144581 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "definition2" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_144594 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "definition" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_146043 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "a measurement scale used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities. It consists of a questionnaire with 10 activities listed (writing, drawing, throwing, using scissors, using a toothbrush, using a knife without a fork, using a spoon, the upper hand when using a broom, striking a match, and opening the lid of a box). Participants must indicate which hand they would use, and the strength of this preference (strong, less strong, indifferent)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5146491 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_149238 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Topography, cytoarchitecture and cellular phenotypes of cortical areas that form the cingulo-parahippocampal isthmus in the macaque" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12509875 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_149279 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Region of cortex in the region of the isthmus between the cingulate and parahippocampal cortex in primate brain comprising a rostrally oriented bulge that is made up, in part, of portions of the retrosplenial cortex." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6472617 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_149280 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Parcellation scheme for retrosplenial cortex in the macaque" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10992242 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_149285 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A comprehensive analysis and visualization software package for gene expression experiments. GO is used to assign functional enrichment scores to clusters, using a combination of specially developed techniques and general statistical methods. These results can be explored using the in built ontology browsing tool or through the generated web pages. SeqExpress also supports numerous data transformation, projection, visualization, file export/import, searching, integration (with R), and clustering options.
Platform: Windows compatible" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:14988116 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_149510 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "5" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:28 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151513 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Parcellation scheme for the CIVM postnatal rat brain atlas, designed as a developmental neuro-ontology for tracking regional changes in MR biomarkers throughout postnatal neurodevelopment. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:23246176 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151685 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Originally described by Dubner and Zeki (1971) in rhesus macaques as \"a well defined, and seeminglycondensed, projection from the striate cortex\" in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Unlike neurons in areas 17, 18, and 19 (V1, V2, V3), cell in this region \"are relatively insensitive to form and position but have specific requirements of direction of movement\"" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5002708 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151686 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Originally described by Dubner and Zeki (1971) in rhesus macaques as \"a well defined, and seeminglycondensed, projection from the striate cortex\" in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Unlike neurons in areas 17, 18, and 19 (V1, V2, V3), cells in this region \"are relatively insensitive to form and position but have specific requirements of direction of movement.\" This region was later referred to as the middle temporal area (MT) after the presumed homologous region in owl monkeys. Zeki later termed it V5 (the fifth cortical visual area)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5002708 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151835 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) aims to provide a standardized vocabulary of phenotypic abnormalities encountered in human disease. Terms in the HPO describes a phenotypic abnormality, such as atrial septal defect.The HPO was initially developed using information from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), which is a hugely important data resource in the field of human genetics and beyond. The HPO is currently being developed using information from OMIM and the medical literature and contains approximately 10,000 terms. Over 50,000 annotations to hereditary diseases are available for download or can be browsed using the PhenExplorer.The HPO is now being developed in collaboration with members of the OBO Foundry (Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies), and logical definitions for HPO terms are being developed using PATO and a number of other ontologies including the FMA, GO, ChEBI, and MPATH. The HPO can be used for clinical diagnostics in human genetics (Phenomizer), bioinformatics research on the relationships between human phenotypic abnormalities and cellular and biochemical networks, for mapping between human and model organism phenotypes, and for providing a standardized vocabulary for clinical databases, among many other things. There exists a webpage for every HPO-term.The HPO project encourages input from the medical and genetics community with regards to the ontology itself and to clinical annotations." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:20412080 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151870 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Glial cell found lining the base of the pecten oculi in bird retina, characterized by their morphology and by their spatiotemporal expression of antigens typical of glial cells (intermediate filaments and glutamine synthetase). They reside at the border between the retina and the optic nerve and at the innermost border of the ventricular cleft, representing transitional forms among Müller cells, astrocytes, and pigment epithelial cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10861360 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151910 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Parcellation of the rat hippocampus in histological and immunolabeled sections, version 1.1. The atlas is available on-line at http://cmbn-approd01.uio.no/zoomgen/hippocampus/home.do" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21519393 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151973 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Passive sliding without body/fin movements (i.e., after the fish stopped swimming actively) similar to drifting (also see creeping, which involves slow swimming with only pectoral fin use)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15939771 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_151975 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Very slow swimming during which only the pectoral fins propel the fish forward; also see coasting/drifting (passive sliding without fin use)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21333690 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152219 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Imaging assay that employs methods for constructing and repeatedly staining and imaging ordered arrays of ultrathin (50–200 nm), resin-embedded serial sections on glass microscope slides, using fluorescence and electron microscopic imaging, followed by 3D reconstruction." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17610815 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152234 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Non toxic fragment of tetanus toxin" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2428427 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152508 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Accessory radular closure (ARC) muscle motor neuron." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2881988 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152509 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Motor neuron that innervates the I4 muscle to mediate radular closure." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8263840 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152510 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Intrinsic muscle 2 motor neuron. Mediates protraction of the radula." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8035232 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152511 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "aplysia buccal neuron that is active during protraction phase and promotes the expression of ingestion type activity motor patterns." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15254087 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152516 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Initiates feeding motor patterns. Active during the protraction phase of feeding motor patterns." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3385489 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152548 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "qwe" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:123 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152729 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Neural Decoding Toolbox is a Matlab toolbox that makes it easy to apply decoding analyses to neural data. Please visit http://www.readout.info for more information." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:23734125 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_152870 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "a cytoskeletal structure located in the apical region of cochlear and vestibular hair cells, consisting of alternating, cross-linked, thick and thin filamentous bundles" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7257753 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_153976 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type of nervous system cell that is distinct from neurons, mature oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia that are identified by the expression of the proteoglycan NC2. They are characterized by a highly branched morphology and are distributed throughout the gray and white matter. They are often equated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells, but may give rise to other types of cells as well." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19096367 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_154279 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software application for pedigree drawing with fully integrated risk analysis and support for industry standard databases (MS Access and Corel Paradox). It is designed for genetic counselors and others who work with patients. Cyrillic 2 draws pedigrees, works with genetic marker data, lets you do haplotyping and allows exports to a range of linkage analysis packages." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:1973333 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_154666 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software package to annotate, visualize, and analyze the genetic variants identified through next-generation sequencing studies, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and exome sequencing studies. SVA aims to provide the research community with a user-friendly and efficient tool to analyze large amount of genetic variants, and to facilitate the identification of the genetic causes of human diseases and related traits." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21624899 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156048 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Database to access gene information through common names and allows identification of homologs and paralogs for a given gene. This publicly available tool leverages public sequence data, gene metadata information, and other publicly available data to calculate and display orthologous and paralogous gene relationships for all genes from several species, including yeasts, insects, worms, vertebrates, mammals, and primates such as humans." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:16176584 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156731 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Most superficial layer of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC). " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156732 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Layer 2 of neocortex lying just deep to superficial layer 1 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156733 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Layer 3 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lying deep to the layer 2 and cytoarchitectonically defined by numerous small pyramidal neurons. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156734 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Layer 4 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lying deep to the external pyramidal layer and cytoarchitectonically defined by presence of small cells. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156735 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Layer 5 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lying deep to the internal granule cell layer 4 and cytoarchitectonically divisible into layers 5a and 5b. Layer 5a is characterized by the predominance of large pyramidal cell bodies. Layer 5b is pale in comparison. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156736 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Innermost layer of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lying deep to the internal pyramidal cell layer 5. It is cytoarchitectonically defined in the DLPFC by cells of varying sizes. DLPFC layer 6a is characterized by more neurons and layer 6b has comparatively more glia. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156738 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The primary GABAergic cell that is immunoreactive to GABA and found in the human neocortex. Subtypes of this cell vary in different neocortical regions in a type- and laminar-specific manner." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2194628 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156739 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Calbindin-28K and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 2 GABAergic neurons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156747 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The primary GABAergic cell that is immunoreactive to GABA and found in the human neocortex. This cell has laminar-specific subtypes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex visualized by immunohistochemical staining of cells for Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65/67. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17405927 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156748 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The primary GABAergic cell that has laminar-specific subtypes in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as visualized by immunohistochemical staining of cells for Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65/67." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17405927 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156749 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Calbindin-28K and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 3 GABAergic neurons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156750 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Calbindin-28K and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 4 GABAergic neurons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156753 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Calbindin-28K and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 5 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156754 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Calbindin-28K and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 6 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15130949 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_156838 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "An integrated commercial tool for conducting sequence alignment, inferring phylogenetic trees, estimating divergence times, mining online databases, estimating rates of molecular evolution, inferring ancestral sequences, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. It is used for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and inferring the extent and nature of the selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and species." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8019868, + PMID:11751241, + PMID:15260895, + PMID:17488738, + PMID:21546353, + PMID:22923298, + PMID:24132122 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157255 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Parvalbumin and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 1 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157279 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Parvalbumin and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 2 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157280 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Parvalbumin and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 3 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157281 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Parvalbumin and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 4 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157282 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Parvalbumin and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 5 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157283 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This neuron stains for Parvalbumin and is one of the subpopulation of DLPFC layer 6 GABAergic neurons" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10598866 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157298 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor. - from wikipedia" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:14228133 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_157860 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Analysis program that detects peaks of any type, any shape, any direction, and any size, ideal for neuroscientists who are studying spontaneous activities. It's flexibility allows detection of virtually any kind of peaks including spontaneous miniature synaptic currents and potentials, action potential spikes, calcium imaging peaks, amperometric peaks, ECG peaks etc. It includes the complex and multiple peak detection algorithm. In addition to the sensitive detection, it has powerful post-detection analyses including essential plots and statistical parameters. Group Analysis provides specialized and detailed analysis options for action potentials, decay fitting, fEPSP/population spikes, amperometry, etc." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:24647212, + PMID:24729515, + PMID:24978117 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_158049 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A two-dimensional, unfolded representation of the cerebral cortex that displays the entire hemisphere in one view requiring artificial cuts that disrupt the continuity between nearby cortical locations. The flat map uses a technique based on information contained in outlines of histological sections and allows an entire hemisphere to be represented on a single cortical map. For an example see Figure 2E, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288593/figure/F2/" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7410593, + PMID:22062192 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_100202 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Grumose foamy spheroid body is a spheroidal supracellular structure with a foamy appearance in haematoxylin and eosin stains that vary from 10 to 50 microns in diameter and contain amorphous debris-like material found in the brains in certain neurodegenerative conditions." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7477732 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_1005005 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Cortical region lying caudal to the perirhinal cortex in the rat. It encompasses the caudal levels of area 35 and the caudal portion of area 36 (ectorhinal cortex). It is bordered medially by agranular retrosplenial cortex and ventrally by the entorhinal cortex (with the exception of the caudomedial portion). The authors note that the ventral portion of the postrhinal cortex in rat may by homologous with the parahippocampal cortex in the monkey." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8773253 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_1005013 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Rostral portion of the parahippocampal cortex" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8773253 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_1005014 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Cortical region near the rhinal sulcus in primate encompassing Brodmann's areas 35 and 36" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8773253 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_1005017 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Cortical region surrounding the posterior rhinal sulcus in the rat, encompassing areas 35 and 36 in the rat. Rostraly, it abuts the posterior insular cortex" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8773253 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_20090102 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A rounded collection of cells locat4ed on the medial surface of the base of the posterior horn. Considered by many to be a part of the posterior horn. Two column-shaped nuclear masses formed by large cells. Clarke's nuclei are located in the regions dorsolateral to the central canal in the thoratic and upper lumbar segments." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4173077 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_anat_20090308 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The term \"middle temporal visual area\" was first used by Allman and Kaas (1971) for a region of the owl monkey brain located on the \"caudal third of the middle temporal gyrus.\" Functionally, it contains \"a complete representation of the contralateral half of the visual field... This representation of the visual field (MT) corresponds to a histologically distinct area adjacent and rostral to area 19... The horizontal meridian divides MT into a lateral portion representing the upper visual quadrant and a medial portion representing the lower quadrant. The center of gaze is represented in the caudal portion of MT bordering area 19.\"" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4998922 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_090807 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "CA1 stratum oriens neuron is a neuron, which is characterized as an interneuron by inhibiting pyramidal cells through the activation of GABAa (Traub et al., 1987a) with soma located in CA1 stratum orines and alveus, dendrites extending into all strata (Lacaille and williams, 1990) and axons covering a wide area in the transverse direction, projecting onto basal dendrites and soma of pyramidal cells and other interneurons (Lacaille et al., 1987) in the hippocampus." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7889123 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091003 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Dentate Gyrus MOPP cell (molecular layer perforant path-associated cell) is a interneuron in hippocampal formation. It is located deep in the DG molecular layer, has a multipolar or triangular cell body and gives rise to an axon that produces a substantial terminal plexus largely limited to the outer two thirds of the DG molecular layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8589792, + PMID:17093119 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091004 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A type of neuron found in hippocampal area CA2 characterized by radially oriented dendrites that resemble CA1 bistratified cells, but they extend through stratum oriens and stratum radiatum without entering stratum lacunosum-moleculare. The narrow CA2 bistratified cell dendrites and axons are more confined within the CA2 region." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17611285 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091201 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "\"The Dentate gyrus HIPP cell (HIlar Perforant Path-associated cell) is an interneuron in the Hippocampal formation. It is a long-spined multipolar cell that is conspicuous of distribution of copious, long and often branched spines over its cell body and dendrites. The axonal plexus can extend as much as 3.5mm along the septotemporal axis of the dentate gyrus. Since inhibitory interneurons typically have aspiny dendrites and relatively local axonal plexuses, this long spined multipolar/HIPP cell is a very atypical interneuron\"." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675, + PMID:17093119 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091203 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The IS (Interneuron-Specific) subpopulation of interneurons have axons that preferentially innervate other interneurons. The Dentate gyrus IS-I class interneurons are visualized by immunostaining for Calretinin (CR) and establish multiple symmetrical synapses on the dendrites and somata of other CR-positive IS-I cells, Calbindin (CB) containing interneurons, and VIP-positive basket cells, but they do not innervate PV-containing interneurons. The dendrites of Dentate gyrus IS I neurons appear in all layers of Dentate gyrus and more characteristic feature of these dendrites is that they form long dendrodendritic junctions with each other." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675, + PMID:17093119 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091204 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The IS (Interneuron-Specific) subpopulation of interneurons have axons that preferentially innervate other interneurons. The Dentate Gyrus IS-II class interneurons are visualized by immunostaining for Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP). The dendrites of Dentate gyrus IS-II cells are present in all layers of Dentate gyrus." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091206 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "CA1 Oriens Lacunosum Moleculare (O-LM) cell is a neuron, which is characterized as a non-pyramidal cell type and interneuron that is mostly immunoreactive to GABAergic markers with the soma and dendrites mainly located in the CA1 stratum oriens and alveus, and axons extend directly to the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, ramifying there to form a dense plexus, forming symmetrical inhibitory synapses with the distal apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons while receiving excitatory input from CA1 recurrent collaterals in a disynaptic, feedback manner." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15539390 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091207 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA2 basket cells are the largest group of interneurons whose vertically oriented dendrites extend across all layers from stratum oriens into stratum lacunosum-moleculare and whose axons ramify extensively in stratum pyramidale. The broad basket cells have significantly broader dendritic width, and axonal arbors than that of other types of CA2 basket cells or of CA1 basket cells." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17611285 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091208 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA2 basket cells are the largest group of interneurons in the CA2 region whose vertically oriented dendrites extend across all layers from stratum oriens into stratum lacunosum-moleculare and whose axons ramify extensively in stratum pyramidale. The narrow basket cells are narrow and both dendrites and axons are confined to the region of origin." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17611285 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091209 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA2 bistratified cells have radially oriented dendrites that resemble CA1 bistratified cells, but they extend through stratum oriens and stratum radiatum without entering stratum lacunosum-moleculare. The broad CA2 bistratified cells have dendrites that extend horizontally into all three CA subfields." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17611285 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091210 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The IS (Interneuron-Specific) subpopulation of interneurons have axons that preferentially innervate other interneurons. CA3 IS-I neurons are visualized for CR and occur in all subfields of hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The CA3 IS-I cells has soma located in strata radiatum, oriens and pyramidale. The dendritic tree arborizes extensively in stratum radiatum but may also invade other layers. The characteristic feature of these dendrites is that they from long dendrodendritic junctions with each other. The main axons ramify in stratum radiatum, where they emit several collaterals that course in all directions." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091211 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The IS (Interneuron-Specific) subpopulation of interneurons have axons that preferentially innervate other interneurons. CA3 IS-II cell type is visualized by immunostaining for VIP. IS-II neurons are characterized in hippocampus alone, where their somata are found in stratum radiatum. The dendritic tree consists of a tuft of smooth or sparsely spiny dendrites restricted to stratum lacunosum-moleculare, where they profusely arborize. The axon descends toward stratum pyramidale, thus forming weeping willowlike arbor." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091212 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "CA3 Chandelier cells of the hippocampus are very similar to those in the dentate gyrus. The cell bodies are located within or immediately adjacent to the pyramidal cell layer and possess radially oriented dendrites spanning all layers. According to the distribution of the dendritic tree, chandelier cells are in a position to receive excitatory input from all major sources of afferents in both the CA1 and CA3 subfields." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091213 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA3 basket cell is an interneuron located in hippocampus area CA3 characterized by a triangular or fusiform soma, with one to three dendrites extending from the cell soma. One of the three dendrites originate from the apical pole of soma, which then branch profusely, ascend through stratum radiatum, and often penetrate stratum lacunosum-moelculare. Primary basal dendrites are more numerous. They also branch close to soma and fan out toward the alveus, spanning the entire depth of stratum oriens." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091214 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA3 Lacunosum Moleculare (LM) neurons are interneurons with somata in stratum lacunosum-moleculare that receive converging stimulation from the DG and entorhinal cortex as well as from within CA3. These LM neurons have dendrites that are oriented horizontally within the layer but occasionally have branches that extend into the pyramidal cell layer. The axon also takes a predominantly horizontal orientation and ramifies mainly in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare or superficial layer portion of the stratum radiatum." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19496174 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091215 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA3 stratum oriens interneuron is a fast spiking interneuron in hippocampal area CA3 with a main dendrite arborization extending in the stratum oriens and a widespread axonal arborization in all strata (Kawaguchi et al., 1987). The vast majority of dendritic processes were confined to the same layers as the cell bodies (Kantona et al., 1999)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7889123, + PMID:10051188 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091216 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "OLM cells (oriens/lacunosum-moleculare associated cell) has as its defining feature a dense axonal arbor that is confined to the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (also known as cells terminating in conjunction with entorhinal afferents). In principle the cell body and dendritic trees are located in the zones occupied by recurrent pyramidal cell collaterals. In CA3 this includes all strata except the stratum oriens." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091217 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA3 Radiatum (R) neurons are interneurons with somata in stratum radiatum which receives converging stimulation from the DG and entorhinal cortex as well as from within CA3. The dendritic tree of R interneurons typically extend between the dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus and the stratum pyramidale of CA3. The axonal branches often extend beyond their layer of somatic residence into stratum lacunosum-moleculare or stratum pyramidale." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19496174 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_091218 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The CA3 spiny CR cell is an interneuron in Hippocampus that is present mostly in regions where mossy fibers have a high density, i.e., in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in stratum lucidum of CA3 subfield. The dendrites and somata frequently possess numerous long hair-like spines that penetrate into bundles of mossy fibers." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_100204 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Neuron with soma in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus. The dendritic arbor orientation and axon collateral distribution of this neuron resembles most the trilaminar neuron 0f CA1 region. The axon collaterals extend logitudinally into strata radiatum, pyramidale and oriens, some axon collaterals reaching the subiculum and a main branch entering the fimbria. The dendrites of these neurons run parallel with the pyramidal cell layer. Another special feature is these cells are calbindin-positive immunoreactive neurons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8915675, + PMID:9104599 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_100301 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The Dentate Gyrus MOPP cell (molecular layer perforant path-associated cell) is a interneuron in hippocampal formation. It is located deep in the DG molecular layer, has a multipolar or triangular cell body and gives rise to an axon that produces a substantial terminal plexus largely limited to the outer two thirds of the DG molecular layer." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8589792, + PMID:17093119 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_100302 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The DG spiny CR cells are present mostly in regions where mossy fibers have a high density, i.e., in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in stratum lucidum of CA3 subfield. The dendrites and somata frequently possess numerous long hair-like spines that penetrate into bundles of mossy fibers." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8627375, + PMID:8915675 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_100310 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Large neuron in the tubermammillary nucleus that contains histamine and projects widely to the cerebral cortex characterized ultrastructurally by their large size, large spherical nucleus rarely indented, relatively large amounts of cytoplasm including well-developed perinuclearly organized golgi apparatus, numerous small mitochondria, clusters of small cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the large emission cones of primary dendrites and by the partial wrapping by astroglia. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3023456 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_100311 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Motor neuron whose soma lies in the hypoglossal nucleus" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:3667970 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_1005003 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Type of small thalamic interneuron" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:10553120 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_1006021 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Spinal cord ventral horn V0 interneuron that expresses Pitx2 and use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:20005822 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_1006033 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Spinal cord ventral horn V0 interneuron that expresses Pitx2 and vGlut2" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:20005822 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_20081204 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "CA2 pyramidal cells are the primary excitatory cells of CA2 region of the hippocampus. These cells have shorter dendrites when compared to CA1 pyramidal cells. The axons arbors into stratum radiatum, as well as into stratum oriens of CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions. The CA2 pyramids are innervated by schaffer collaterals in stratum oriens and stratum radiatum and by input from entorhinal cortex in stratum lacunosum moleculare." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17611285 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_cell_20090311 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "CA2 pyramidal cells are the primary excitatory cells of CA2 region of the hippocampus. These cells have shorter dendrites when compared to CA1 pyramidal cells. The axons arbors into stratum radiatum, as well as into stratum oriens of CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions. The CA2 pyramids are innervated by schaffer collaterals in stratum oriens and stratum radiatum and by input from entorhinal cortex in stratum lacunosum moleculare." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17611285 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_neuron_nt_090803 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A neuron that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6130475 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_neuron_nt_090804 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A neuron that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6130475 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090702 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "These transgenic flies express human A30P alpha-synuclein. The A30P mutation disrupts an alpha-helical structure in the N-terminal region of the wild type alpha-synuclein. This mutation accelerates alpha-synuclein oligomerization, decreases the rate of mature fibril formation, reduces cellular activity, and reduces cellular affinity for lipids. It has an early onset and a slightly faster aggregation than wild type alpha-synuclein. Drosophila displaying this mutation show symptoms of Parkinson's disease and are used in the laboratory to study this disorder." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17683129 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090703 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "These mutant flies express a the human mutant A53T alpha-synuclein mutation. This mutation alters the secondary shift of residue 53 from a positive to a negative value and thereby creates a short contiguous region of negative shifts around the site of the mutation, indicating a local preference for extended backbone configurations. This mutation accelerates alpha-synuclein oligomerization, increases the rate of mature fibril formations, and aggregates much faster than wild type alpha-synuclein. It has an earlier onset. Flies expressing A53T alpha-synuclein show symptoms of Parkinson's disease and are used in the lab to study the disease." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11590151 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090705 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "These transgenic flies express human E46K mutant alpha-synuclein. This mutation increases the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation. Its shape becomes more helical and there is enhanced contact between the C-terminal and the N-terminal. This model is used to study Parkinson's disease in the laboratory." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19345692 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090706 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "These flies exhibit a mutation in the protein parkin. Loss of function in parkin results in the accumulation of toxic substrates. This causes locomotive defects, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Physically, Parkin mutants are smaller, show locomotive dysfunction, sterile, and have a decreased lifespan. Parkin mutant drosophila exhibit many of the same symptoms as Parkinson's disease and are used in the laboratory to study the disease." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15073152 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090707 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This fly shows a mutation in PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1). Loss of function of PINK1 causes many symptoms similar to human Parkinson's disease. Common phenotypes show mitochondrial structural defects, reduced ATP content, and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This mutation is used to study Parkinson's disease in the laboratory." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19242547 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090708 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This transgenic Drosophila coexpresses alpha-synuclein and G protein-coupled recepter kinase (Gprk2). Overexpression of Gprk2 increases phosphorylation at Ser129 and enhances alpha-synuclein toxicity." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15834418 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090801 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This transgenic drosophila expresses a form of alpha-synuclein that is a C-terminally truncated fragment comprising amino acids 1-120. This form of alpha-synuclein has an enhanced ability to aggregate and thus enhanced neurotoxicity. This mutant is used in research to determine the role of alpha-synuclein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinsons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17376994 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090802 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This transgenic drosophila expresses a form of alpha-synuclein with a deletion in the NAC domain that removes amino acids 71-82. This mutated alpha-synuclein is unable to aggregate in vitro in a transgenic Drosophila model. There are no alpha-synclein aggregates and no loss of tyrosine hydroxylase- positive neurons. This mutation is used to investigate the importance of alpha-synuclein aggregation on neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's Disease." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17376994 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090803 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This transgenic drosophila bears alpha-synuclein with a mutation at serine 129, the location where phosphorylation takes place. This mutation was created with site-directed mutagenesis by replacing the serine codon with an alanine codon, which blocks phosphorylation. These drosophila exhibit no symptoms of neurodegeneration." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15834418 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090804 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This transgenic drosophila bears alpha-synuclein with a mutation at serine 129, which is where phosphorylation takes place. This mutation is created by replacing a serine codon with a codon for an acidic aspartate residue, which mimics phosphorylation. This causes increased and more rapid neurodegeneration." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:15834418 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_organ_090805 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This drosophila has had its the DJ-1 gene deleted. The DJ-1 mutant helps to protect the organism from oxidative stress. This fly model is viable, fertile, and has a normal number of dopaminergic neurons. However, it has increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and chemical agents. This mutant drosophila is being used in the laboratory to uncover the role of enviornmental toxins acting through oxdative stress on Parkinson's disease." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:16139213 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_subcell_100203 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Grumose foamy spheroid body is a spheroidal supracellular structure with a foamy appearance in haematoxylin and eosin stains that vary from 10 to 50 microns in diameter and contain amorphous debris-like material found in the brains in certain neurodegenerative conditions." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7477732 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_subcell_100312 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Axon of dentate gyrus granule cell projecting to hippocampal area CA3, characterized by expansions (mossy fiber expansions) giving the fibers a mossy appearance. These unmyelinated axons were first described by Ramon y Cajal." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:PMC2492885 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:nlx_subcell_20090601 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The granule cells give rise to distinctive unmyelinated axons referred to as mossy fibers by Ramón y Cajal." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:PMC2492885 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_00093 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software for somatic single nucleotide variant (SNV) and small indel detection from sequencing data of matched tumor-normal samples. The method employs a novel Bayesian approach which represents continuous allele frequencies for both tumor and normal samples, whilst leveraging the expected genotype structure of the normal. This is achieved by representing the normal sample as a mixture of germline variation with noise, and representing the tumor sample as a mixture of the normal sample with somatic variation. A natural consequence of the model structure is that sensitivity can be maintained at high tumor impurity without requiring purity estimates. The method has superior accuracy and sensitivity on impure samples compared to approaches based on either diploid genotype likelihoods or general allele-frequency tests." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:22581179 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_00342 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A set of Java-based command-line tools for detecting Copy Number Variants (CNVs) using next-generation sequencing data." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:23259578 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_00762 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Service that performs automated data analysis from gene expression experiments on a number of different platforms." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:12824347 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_01187 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A literature search tool providing gene and signal transduction pathway mining within NCBI's PubMed database. Its sophisticated gene recognition and intuitive color coding increase the readability of abstracts and lets you analyze signal transduction pathways, diseases and tissue associations in a snap. Note: LitInspector has become part of the \"Literature & Pathways\" module of the Genomatix Software Suite." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:19417065 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_01852 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software to map the Illumina/Solexa reads of 15x coverage of a human genome to the reference human genome in one CPU-day, allowing two mismatches, at full sensitivity." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:18684737 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_02111 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software for secondary and tertiary analysis of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:20671709 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_02319 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Tool for the identification of reliable and condition specific reference genes for RT-qPCR data normalization. RefGenes is available within Genevestigator." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21418615 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_02320 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software program for quantitative PCR (qPCR) data analysis based on geNorm and qBase technology." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:17291332 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:OMICS_02336 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Software tool for PCR primers or probe design, in silico PCR, oligonucleotide assembly and analyses, alignment and repeat searching." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:24395370 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:PRO:000012234 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Phenylalanine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1) is an enzyme which catalyses the reaction responsible for the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway which degrades excess phenylalanine. The PAH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:redirecttest ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "5" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:28, + PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:redirecttest2 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "6" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:29 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:sao313023570 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:20754383 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:sao374942934 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Astrocyte characterized by spongy appearance and many vellous processes; often found in gray matter." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6366155 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:sao383526650 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "This is the major output neuron in area CA3 of the hippocampus. It receives input from mossy fibers of the dentate gyrus. Its axon projects to the contralateral hippocampus and subcortically to the septal nucleus, and sends axon collaterals called Shaffer collaterals to the nearby CA1 region." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8283200 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:SciRes_000140 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A SaaS platform that integrates a comprehensive, automated genome annotation engine with the VAAST variant prioritization tool to rank gene variants on the severity of their impact on protein function and likelihood to cause disease. Each variant in a gene is analyzed for its impact on protein function, conservation and frequency. Each gene is ranked, rather than filtered to ensure critical targets are not prematurely removed, a superior approach to simpler filtering methodologies." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:23895124 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:UBERON:0009834 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Part of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009834)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, + PMID:7580125 . + +### Annotations + + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . + + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, + PMID:7580125 . + +NIFSTD:BAMSC981 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8300903 . + +NIFSTD:BAMSC995 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:16786552 . + +NIFSTD:BAMSC1010 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +NIFSTD:BAMSC1011 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:9268130 . + +NIFSTD:BAMSC1012 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6158054 . + 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@prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . ### Axioms [] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:363 ; owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "Phenylalanine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1) is an enzyme which catalyses the reaction responsible for the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway which degrades excess phenylalanine. The PAH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase." ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . + owl:annotatedTarget "The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model organism in developmental genetics, neurophysiology, and neurobehavioral research. Given the balanced trade off between behavioral complexity and genetic simplicity, as well as substantial genetic and physiological homology with mammals, zebrafish represent an ideal animal model for high-throughput biomedical research with translational implications to human health. " ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21408171 . [] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:830 ; owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "Part of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009834)." ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, - PMID:7580125 . + owl:annotatedTarget "One of four subdivisions recognized in the primate pulvinar based on initially on topography, located ventrally between the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (Carpenter, A core text of neuroanatomy, 3rd ed., 1985, pg 238)" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:401837, + PMID:1112928, + PMID:6315779, + PMID:6323553, + PMID:8254107, + PMID:8847417, + PMID:10379830, + PMID:12209852, + PMID:15739240 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:1113 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Small clusters of granule cells located in the olfactory tubercle and also within the Island of Calleja magna that lies between the septum and the nucleus accumbens" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:1510 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Layer of white matter in hippocampus lying just deep to the stratum oriens layer, continuous with the fimbria of the hippocampus" ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:701493, + PMID:1430328, + PMID:2464627, + PMID:2540226, + PMID:2540227, + PMID:3514690, + PMID:3522662, + PMID:3793982, + PMID:8708010, + PMID:8833116, + PMID:9300764, + PMID:10906718, + PMID:18551525 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:2682 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "The output region of the amygdala responsible for controlling responses (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, PMID: 16242399)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:632368, + PMID:1262547, + PMID:1281170, + PMID:1969868, + PMID:2166757, + PMID:2468696, + PMID:2836477, + PMID:3047185, + PMID:7107988, + PMID:7130477, + PMID:8636464, + PMID:9336231, + PMID:11054694, + PMID:12541307, + PMID:16739166, + PMID:16739197, + PMID:20963828 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:3013 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "a measurement scale used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities. It consists of a questionnaire with 10 activities listed (writing, drawing, throwing, using scissors, using a toothbrush, using a knife without a fork, using a spoon, the upper hand when using a broom, striking a match, and opening the lid of a box). Participants must indicate which hand they would use, and the strength of this preference (strong, less strong, indifferent)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5146491 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource BIRNLEX:12778 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "A condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness is demonstrated." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11839831 . [] a owl:Axiom ; owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:BAMSC981 ; @@ -390,84 +458,6 @@ owl:annotatedTarget "Collator note: this cell type is not explicitly defined, but is considered here as distinct, based on the definition of the stellate cells class (category) and Table 1 page 407." ; ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_363 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model organism in developmental genetics, neurophysiology, and neurobehavioral research. Given the balanced trade off between behavioral complexity and genetic simplicity, as well as substantial genetic and physiological homology with mammals, zebrafish represent an ideal animal model for high-throughput biomedical research with translational implications to human health. " ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:21408171 . - -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_830 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "One of four subdivisions recognized in the primate pulvinar based on initially on topography, located ventrally between the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (Carpenter, A core text of neuroanatomy, 3rd ed., 1985, pg 238)" ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:401837, - PMID:1112928, - PMID:6315779, - PMID:6323553, - PMID:8254107, - PMID:8847417, - PMID:10379830, - PMID:12209852, - PMID:15739240 . - -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_1113 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "Small clusters of granule cells located in the olfactory tubercle and also within the Island of Calleja magna that lies between the septum and the nucleus accumbens" ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . - -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_1510 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "Layer of white matter in hippocampus lying just deep to the stratum oriens layer, continuous with the fimbria of the hippocampus" ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:701493, - PMID:1430328, - PMID:2464627, - PMID:2540226, - PMID:2540227, - PMID:3514690, - PMID:3522662, - PMID:3793982, - PMID:8708010, - PMID:8833116, - PMID:9300764, - PMID:10906718, - PMID:18551525 . - -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_2682 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "The output region of the amygdala responsible for controlling responses (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, PMID: 16242399)." ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:632368, - PMID:1262547, - PMID:1281170, - PMID:1969868, - PMID:2166757, - PMID:2468696, - PMID:2836477, - PMID:3047185, - PMID:7107988, - PMID:7130477, - PMID:8636464, - PMID:9336231, - PMID:11054694, - PMID:12541307, - PMID:16739166, - PMID:16739197, - PMID:20963828 . - -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_3013 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "a measurement scale used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities. It consists of a questionnaire with 10 activities listed (writing, drawing, throwing, using scissors, using a toothbrush, using a knife without a fork, using a spoon, the upper hand when using a broom, striking a match, and opening the lid of a box). Participants must indicate which hand they would use, and the strength of this preference (strong, less strong, indifferent)." ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5146491 . - -[] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:birnlex_12778 ; - owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; - owl:annotatedTarget "A condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness is demonstrated." ; - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11839831 . - [] a owl:Axiom ; owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:C0451215 ; owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; @@ -1779,7 +1769,20 @@ ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:23895124 . [] a owl:Axiom ; - owl:annotatedSource NIFSTD:UBERON:0009834 ; + owl:annotatedSource PR:000012234 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Phenylalanine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1) is an enzyme which catalyses the reaction responsible for the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway which degrades excess phenylalanine. The PAH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource UBERON:0009834 ; + owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; + owl:annotatedTarget "Part of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009834)." ; + ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, + PMID:7580125 . + +[] a owl:Axiom ; + owl:annotatedSource UBERON:UBERON:0009834 ; owl:annotatedProperty definition: ; owl:annotatedTarget "Part of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009834)." ; ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, @@ -1787,10 +1790,53 @@ ### Annotations - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . +BIRNLEX:830 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:401837, + PMID:1112928, + PMID:6315779, + PMID:6323553, + PMID:8254107, + PMID:8847417, + PMID:10379830, + PMID:12209852, + PMID:15739240 . - ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, - PMID:7580125 . +BIRNLEX:1113 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . + +BIRNLEX:1510 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:701493, + PMID:1430328, + PMID:2464627, + PMID:2540226, + PMID:2540227, + PMID:3514690, + PMID:3522662, + PMID:3793982, + PMID:8708010, + PMID:8833116, + PMID:9300764, + PMID:10906718, + PMID:18551525 . + +BIRNLEX:2682 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:632368, + PMID:1262547, + PMID:1281170, + PMID:1969868, + PMID:2166757, + PMID:2468696, + PMID:2836477, + PMID:3047185, + PMID:7107988, + PMID:7130477, + PMID:8636464, + PMID:9336231, + PMID:11054694, + PMID:12541307, + PMID:16739166, + PMID:16739197, + PMID:20963828 . + +BIRNLEX:3013 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5146491 . + +BIRNLEX:12778 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11839831 . NIFSTD:BAMSC981 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8300903 . @@ -1862,54 +1908,6 @@ NIFSTD:BAMSC1131 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . NIFSTD:BAMSC1132 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:4615112 . -NIFSTD:birnlex_830 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:401837, - PMID:1112928, - PMID:6315779, - PMID:6323553, - PMID:8254107, - PMID:8847417, - PMID:10379830, - PMID:12209852, - PMID:15739240 . - -NIFSTD:birnlex_1113 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:2474005 . - -NIFSTD:birnlex_1510 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:701493, - PMID:1430328, - PMID:2464627, - PMID:2540226, - PMID:2540227, - PMID:3514690, - PMID:3522662, - PMID:3793982, - PMID:8708010, - PMID:8833116, - PMID:9300764, - PMID:10906718, - PMID:18551525 . - -NIFSTD:birnlex_2682 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:632368, - PMID:1262547, - PMID:1281170, - PMID:1969868, - PMID:2166757, - PMID:2468696, - PMID:2836477, - PMID:3047185, - PMID:7107988, - PMID:7130477, - PMID:8636464, - PMID:9336231, - PMID:11054694, - PMID:12541307, - PMID:16739166, - PMID:16739197, - PMID:20963828 . - -NIFSTD:birnlex_3013 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5146491 . - -NIFSTD:birnlex_12778 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:11839831 . - NIFSTD:nifext_72 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:5801446 . NIFSTD:nifext_82 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6201779 . @@ -2215,4 +2213,9 @@ NIFSTD:sao374942934 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:6366155 . NIFSTD:sao383526650 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:8283200 . +PR:000012234 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:13525410 . + +UBERON:0009834 ilxtr:literatureCitation PMID:7580124, + PMID:7580125 . + ### Serialized using the pyontutils deterministic serializer v1.2.0