Database Queries

Introduction
Retrieving results
- Aggregates
Selects
Joins
Unions
Where clauses
- Advanced where clauses
Ordering, grouping, limit, & offset
Inserts
Updates
Deletes
Pessimistic locking
Caching queries

Introduction

The database query builder provides a convenient, fluent interface to creating and running database queries. It can be used to perform most database operations in your application, and works on all supported database systems.

Note: The query builder uses PDO parameter binding to protect your application against SQL injection attacks. There is no need to clean strings being passed as bindings.

Retrieving results

Retrieving all rows from a table

To begin a fluent query, use the table method on the Db facade. The table method returns a fluent query builder instance for the given table, allowing you to chain more constraints onto the query and then finally get the results. In this example, let's just get all records from a table:

$users = Db::table('users')->get();

Like raw queries, the get method returns an array of results where each result is an instance of the PHP stdClass object. You may access each column's value by accessing the column as a property of the object:

foreach ($users as $user) {
    echo $user->name;
}

Retrieving a single row / column from a table

If you just need to retrieve a single row from the database table, you may use the first method. This method will return a single stdClass object:

$user = Db::table('users')->where('name', 'John')->first();

echo $user->name;

If you don't even need an entire row, you may extract a single value from a record using the value method. This method will return the value of the column directly:

$email = Db::table('users')->where('name', 'John')->value('email');

Chunking results from a table

If you need to work with thousands of database records, consider using the chunk method. This method retrieves a small "chunk" of the results at a time, and feeds each chunk into a Closure for processing. This method is very useful for writing console commands that process thousands of records. For example, let's work with the entire users table in chunks of 100 records at a time:

Db::table('users')->chunk(100, function($users) {
    foreach ($users as $user) {
        //
    }
});

You may stop further chunks from being processed by returning false from the Closure:

Db::table('users')->chunk(100, function($users) {
    // Process the records...

    return false;
});

Retrieving a list of column values

If you would like to retrieve an array containing the values of a single column, you may use the lists method. In this example, we'll retrieve an array of role titles:

$titles = Db::table('roles')->lists('title');

foreach ($titles as $title) {
    echo $title;
}

You may also specify a custom key column for the returned array:

$roles = Db::table('roles')->lists('title', 'name');

foreach ($roles as $name => $title) {
    echo $title;
}

Aggregates

The query builder also provides a variety of aggregate methods, such as count, max, min, avg, and sum. You may call any of these methods after constructing your query:

$users = Db::table('users')->count();

$price = Db::table('orders')->max('price');

Of course, you may combine these methods with other clauses to build your query:

$price = Db::table('orders')
    ->where('is_finalized', 1)
    ->avg('price');

Selects

Specifying a select clause

Of course, you may not always want to select all columns from a database table. Using the select method, you can specify a custom select clause for the query:

$users = Db::table('users')->select('name', 'email as user_email')->get();

The distinct method allows you to force the query to return distinct results:

$users = Db::table('users')->distinct()->get();

If you already have a query builder instance and you wish to add a column to its existing select clause, you may use the addSelect method:

$query = Db::table('users')->select('name');

$users = $query->addSelect('age')->get();

Raw expressions

Sometimes you may need to use a raw expression in a query. These expressions will be injected into the query as strings, so be careful not to create any SQL injection points! To create a raw expression, you may use the Db::raw method:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->select(Db::raw('count(*) as user_count, status'))
    ->where('status', '<>', 1)
    ->groupBy('status')
    ->get();

Joins

Inner join statement

The query builder may also be used to write join statements. To perform a basic SQL "inner join", you may use the join method on a query builder instance. The first argument passed to the join method is the name of the table you need to join to, while the remaining arguments specify the column constraints for the join. Of course, as you can see, you can join to multiple tables in a single query:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->join('contacts', 'users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')
    ->join('orders', 'users.id', '=', 'orders.user_id')
    ->select('users.*', 'contacts.phone', 'orders.price')
    ->get();

Left join statement

If you would like to perform a "left join" instead of an "inner join", use the leftJoin method. The leftJoin method has the same signature as the join method:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->leftJoin('posts', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
    ->get();

Advanced join statements

You may also specify more advanced join clauses. To get started, pass a Closure as the second argument into the join method. The Closure will receive a JoinClause object which allows you to specify constraints on the join clause:

Db::table('users')
    ->join('contacts', function ($join) {
        $join->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')->orOn(...);
    })
    ->get();

If you would like to use a "where" style clause on your joins, you may use the where and orWhere methods on a join. Instead of comparing two columns, these methods will compare the column against a value:

Db::table('users')
    ->join('contacts', function ($join) {
        $join->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')
            ->where('contacts.user_id', '>', 5);
    })
    ->get();

Unions

The query builder also provides a quick way to "union" two queries together. For example, you may create an initial query, and then use the union method to union it with a second query:

$first = Db::table('users')
    ->whereNull('first_name');

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereNull('last_name')
    ->union($first)
    ->get();

The unionAll method is also available and has the same method signature as union.

Where clauses

Simple where clauses

To add where clauses to the query, use the where method on a query builder instance. The most basic call to where requires three arguments. The first argument is the name of the column. The second argument is an operator, which can be any of the database's supported operators. The third argument is the value to evaluate against the column.

For example, here is a query that verifies the value of the "votes" column is equal to 100:

$users = Db::table('users')->where('votes', '=', 100)->get();

For convenience, if you simply want to verify that a column is equal to a given value, you may pass the value directly as the second argument to the where method:

$users = Db::table('users')->where('votes', 100)->get();

Of course, you may use a variety of other operators when writing a where clause:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->where('votes', '>=', 100)
    ->get();

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->where('votes', '<>', 100)
    ->get();

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->where('name', 'like', 'T%')
    ->get();

"Or" statements

You may chain where constraints together, as well as add or clauses to the query. The orWhere method accepts the same arguments as the where method:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->where('votes', '>', 100)
    ->orWhere('name', 'John')
    ->get();

"Where between" statements

The whereBetween method verifies that a column's value is between two values:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereBetween('votes', [1, 100])->get();

The whereNotBetween method verifies that a column's value lies outside of two values:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereNotBetween('votes', [1, 100])
    ->get();

"Where in" statements

The whereIn method verifies that a given column's value is contained within the given array:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3])
    ->get();

The whereNotIn method verifies that the given column's value is not contained in the given array:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereNotIn('id', [1, 2, 3])
    ->get();

"Where null" statements

The whereNull method verifies that the value of the given column is NULL:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereNull('updated_at')
    ->get();

The whereNotNull method verifies that the column's value is not NULL:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->whereNotNull('updated_at')
    ->get();

Advanced where clauses

Parameter grouping

Sometimes you may need to create more advanced where clauses such as "where exists" or nested parameter groupings. The Laravel query builder can handle these as well. To get started, let's look at an example of grouping constraints within parenthesis:

Db::table('users')
    ->where('name', '=', 'John')
    ->orWhere(function ($query) {
        $query->where('votes', '>', 100)
            ->where('title', '<>', 'Admin');
    })
    ->get();

As you can see, passing Closure into the orWhere method instructs the query builder to begin a constraint group. The Closure will receive a query builder instance which you can use to set the constraints that should be contained within the parenthesis group. The example above will produce the following SQL:

select * from users where name = 'John' or (votes > 100 and title <> 'Admin')

Exists statements

The whereExists method allows you to write where exist SQL clauses. The whereExists method accepts a Closure argument, which will receive a query builder instance allowing you to define the query that should be placed inside of the "exists" clause:

Db::table('users')
    ->whereExists(function ($query) {
        $query->select(Db::raw(1))
            ->from('orders')
            ->whereRaw('orders.user_id = users.id');
    })
    ->get();

The query above will produce the following SQL:

select * from users where exists (
    select 1 from orders where orders.user_id = users.id
)

Ordering, grouping, limit, & offset

Sort order

The orderBy method allows you to sort the result of the query by a given column. The first argument to the orderBy method should be the column you wish to sort by, while the second argument controls the direction of the sort and may be either asc or desc:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->orderBy('name', 'desc')
    ->get();

Grouping

The groupBy and having methods may be used to group the query results. The having method's signature is similar to that of the where method:

$users = Db::table('users')
    ->groupBy('account_id')
    ->having('account_id', '>', 100)
    ->get();

The havingRaw method may be used to set a raw string as the value of the having clause. For example, we can find all of the departments with sales greater than $2,500:

$users = Db::table('orders')
    ->select('department', Db::raw('SUM(price) as total_sales'))
    ->groupBy('department')
    ->havingRaw('SUM(price) > 2500')
    ->get();

Limit and offset

To limit the number of results returned from the query, or to skip a given number of results in the query (OFFSET), you may use the skip and take methods:

$users = Db::table('users')->skip(10)->take(5)->get();

Inserts

The query builder also provides an insert method for inserting records into the database table. The insert method accepts an array of column names and values to insert:

Db::table('users')->insert(
    ['email' => 'john@example.com', 'votes' => 0]
);

You may even insert several records into the table with a single call to insert by passing an array of arrays. Each array represents a row to be inserted into the table:

Db::table('users')->insert([
    ['email' => 'taylor@example.com', 'votes' => 0],
    ['email' => 'dayle@example.com', 'votes' => 0]
]);

Auto-incrementing IDs

If the table has an auto-incrementing id, use the insertGetId method to insert a record and then retrieve the ID:

$id = Db::table('users')->insertGetId(
    ['email' => 'john@example.com', 'votes' => 0]
);

Note: When using the PostgreSQL database driver, the insertGetId method expects the auto-incrementing column to be named id. If you would like to retrieve the ID from a different "sequence", you may pass the sequence name as the second parameter to the insertGetId method.

Updates

In addition to inserting records into the database, the query builder can also update existing records using the update method. The update method, like the insert method, accepts an array of column and value pairs containing the columns to be updated. You may constrain the update query using where clauses:

Db::table('users')
    ->where('id', 1)
    ->update(['votes' => 1]);

Increment / decrement

The query builder also provides convenient methods for incrementing or decrementing the value of a given column. This is simply a short-cut, providing a more expressive and terse interface compared to manually writing the update statement.

Both of these methods accept at least one argument: the column to modify. A second argument may optionally be passed to control the amount by which the column should be incremented / decremented.

Db::table('users')->increment('votes');

Db::table('users')->increment('votes', 5);

Db::table('users')->decrement('votes');

Db::table('users')->decrement('votes', 5);

You may also specify additional columns to update during the operation:

Db::table('users')->increment('votes', 1, ['name' => 'John']);

Deletes

The query builder may also be used to delete records from the table via the delete method:

Db::table('users')->delete();

You may constrain delete statements by adding where clauses before calling the delete method:

Db::table('users')->where('votes', '<', 100)->delete();

If you wish to truncate the entire table, which will remove all rows and reset the auto-incrementing ID to zero, you may use the truncate method:

Db::table('users')->truncate();

Pessimistic locking

The query builder also includes a few functions to help you do "pessimistic locking" on your select statements. To run the statement with a "shared lock", you may use the sharedLock method on a query. A shared lock prevents the selected rows from being modified until your transaction commits:

Db::table('users')->where('votes', '>', 100)->sharedLock()->get();

Alternatively, you may use the lockForUpdate method. A "for update" lock prevents the rows from being modified or from being selected with another shared lock:

Db::table('users')->where('votes', '>', 100)->lockForUpdate()->get();

Caching queries

Persistent caching

You may easily cache the results of a query using the Cache service. Simply chain the remember or rememberForever method when preparing the query.

$users = Db::table('users')->remember(10)->get();

In this example, the results of the query will be cached for ten minutes. While the results are cached, the query will not be run against the database, and the results will be loaded from the default cache driver specified for your application.

In-memory caching

Duplicate queries across the same request can be prevented by using in-memory caching. This feature is enabled by default for queries prepared by a model but not those generated directly using the Db facade.

Db::table('users')->get(); // Result from database
Db::table('users')->get(); // Result from database

Model::all(); // Result from database
Model::all(); // Result from in-memory cache

You may enable or disable the duplicate cache with either the enableDuplicateCache or disableDuplicateCache method.

Db::table('users')->enableDuplicateCache()->get();

If a query is stored in the cache, it will automatically be cleared when an insert, update, delete, or truncate statement is used. However you may clear the cache manually using the flushDuplicateCache method.

Db::flushDuplicateCache();

Note: In-memory caching is disabled entirely when running via the command-line interface (CLI).

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