diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 44464b7..a19b7ef 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ version = "0.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "904dfeac50f3cdaba28fc6f57fdcddb75f49ed61346676a78c4ffe55877802fd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "base64ct"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dea908e7347a8c64e378c17e30ef880ad73e3b4498346b055c2c00ea342f3179"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
@@ -173,10 +179,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "num-derive",
  "num-traits",
- "openssl",
+ "pipe",
  "primitive-types 0.11.1",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
  "reqwest",
  "ring",
+ "rsa",
  "secp256k1 0.22.1",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -224,6 +232,12 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "const-oid"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e4c78c047431fee22c1a7bb92e00ad095a02a983affe4d8a72e2a2c62c1b94f3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "convert_case"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -264,12 +278,42 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-channel"
+version = "0.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5aaa7bd5fb665c6864b5f963dd9097905c54125909c7aa94c9e18507cdbe6c53"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-utils"
+version = "0.8.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0bf124c720b7686e3c2663cf54062ab0f68a88af2fb6a030e87e30bf721fcb38"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "lazy_static",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crunchy"
 version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crypto-bigint"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "03c6a1d5fa1de37e071642dfa44ec552ca5b299adb128fab16138e24b548fd21"
+dependencies = [
+ "generic-array",
+ "subtle",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crypto-common"
 version = "0.1.3"
@@ -334,6 +378,17 @@ version = "2.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3ee2393c4a91429dffb4bedf19f4d6abf27d8a732c8ce4980305d782e5426d57"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "der"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6919815d73839e7ad218de758883aae3a257ba6759ce7a9992501efbb53d705c"
+dependencies = [
+ "const-oid",
+ "crypto-bigint",
+ "pem-rfc7468",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_builder"
 version = "0.10.2"
@@ -653,13 +708,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9be70c98951c83b8d2f8f60d7065fa6d5146873094452a1008da8c2f1e4205ad"
+checksum = "4eb1a864a501629691edf6c15a593b7a51eebaa1e8468e9ddc623de7c9b58ec6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.10.2+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -839,7 +894,7 @@ version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ba6a270039626615617f3f36d15fc827041df3b78c439da2cadfa47455a77f2f"
 dependencies = [
- "parity-scale-codec 3.1.3",
+ "parity-scale-codec 3.1.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -904,9 +959,9 @@ checksum = "112c678d4050afce233f4f2852bb2eb519230b3cf12f33585275537d7e41578d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.57"
+version = "0.3.58"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "671a26f820db17c2a2750743f1dd03bafd15b98c9f30c7c2628c024c05d73397"
+checksum = "c3fac17f7123a73ca62df411b1bf727ccc805daa070338fda671c86dac1bdc27"
 dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
@@ -954,6 +1009,9 @@ name = "lazy_static"
 version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+dependencies = [
+ "spin",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
@@ -981,6 +1039,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "rle-decode-fast",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "33a33a362ce288760ec6a508b94caaec573ae7d3bbbd91b87aa0bad4456839db"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.7"
@@ -1070,6 +1134,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-bigint-dig"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "566d173b2f9406afbc5510a90925d5a2cd80cae4605631f1212303df265de011"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "libm",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-iter",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
+ "smallvec",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-derive"
 version = "0.3.3"
@@ -1091,6 +1172,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-iter"
+version = "0.1.43"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d03e6c028c5dc5cac6e2dec0efda81fc887605bb3d884578bb6d6bf7514e252"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
 version = "0.2.15"
@@ -1098,6 +1190,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "578ede34cf02f8924ab9447f50c28075b4d3e5b269972345e7e0372b38c6cdcd"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
+ "libm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1154,15 +1247,6 @@ version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ff011a302c396a5197692431fc1948019154afc178baf7d8e37367442a4601cf"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "openssl-src"
-version = "111.20.0+1.1.1o"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "92892c4f87d56e376e469ace79f1128fdaded07646ddf73aa0be4706ff712dec"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
 version = "0.9.74"
@@ -1172,7 +1256,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "cc",
  "libc",
- "openssl-src",
  "pkg-config",
  "vcpkg",
 ]
@@ -1193,9 +1276,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parity-scale-codec"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "04bc9583b5e01cc8c70d89acc9af14ef9b1c29ee3a0074b2a9eea8c0fa396690"
+checksum = "9182e4a71cae089267ab03e67c99368db7cd877baf50f931e5d6d4b71e195ac0"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bitvec 1.0.0",
@@ -1252,6 +1335,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pem-rfc7468"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "01de5d978f34aa4b2296576379fcc416034702fd94117c56ffd8a1a767cefb30"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64ct",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.1.0"
@@ -1290,6 +1382,37 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pipe"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1c7b8f27da217eb966df4c58d4159ea939431950ca03cf782c22bd7c5c1d8d75"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-channel",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pkcs1"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a78f66c04ccc83dd4486fd46c33896f4e17b24a7a3a6400dedc48ed0ddd72320"
+dependencies = [
+ "der",
+ "pkcs8",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pkcs8"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7cabda3fb821068a9a4fab19a683eac3af12edf0f34b94a8be53c4972b8149d0"
+dependencies = [
+ "der",
+ "spki",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
 version = "0.3.25"
@@ -1425,7 +1548,7 @@ version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d34f1408f55294453790c48b2f1ebbb1c5b4b7563eb1f418bcfcfdbb06ebb4e7"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.6",
+ "getrandom 0.2.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1457,9 +1580,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "reqwest"
-version = "0.11.10"
+version = "0.11.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46a1f7aa4f35e5e8b4160449f51afc758f0ce6454315a9fa7d0d113e958c41eb"
+checksum = "b75aa69a3f06bbcc66ede33af2af253c6f7a86b1ca0033f60c580a27074fbf92"
 dependencies = [
  "base64",
  "bytes",
@@ -1484,6 +1607,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_urlencoded",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-native-tls",
+ "tower-service",
  "url",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-futures",
@@ -1522,6 +1646,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rsa"
+version = "0.6.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4cf22754c49613d2b3b119f0e5d46e34a2c628a937e3024b8762de4e7d8c710b"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "digest 0.10.3",
+ "num-bigint-dig",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-iter",
+ "num-traits",
+ "pkcs1",
+ "pkcs8",
+ "rand_core 0.6.3",
+ "smallvec",
+ "subtle",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hex"
 version = "2.1.0"
@@ -1785,6 +1929,16 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6e63cff320ae2c57904679ba7cb63280a3dc4613885beafb148ee7bf9aa9042d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "spki"
+version = "0.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "44d01ac02a6ccf3e07db148d2be087da624fea0221a16152ed01f0496a6b0a27"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64ct",
+ "der",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "static_assertions"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -2080,9 +2234,9 @@ checksum = "099b7128301d285f79ddd55b9a83d5e6b9e97c92e0ea0daebee7263e932de992"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d22af068fba1eb5edcb4aea19d382b2a3deb4c8f9d475c589b6ada9e0fd493ee"
+checksum = "5bd2fe26506023ed7b5e1e315add59d6f584c621d037f9368fea9cfb988f368c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-normalization"
@@ -2129,7 +2283,7 @@ version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bc5cf98d8186244414c848017f0e2676b3fcb46807f6668a97dfe67359a3c4b7"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.6",
+ "getrandom 0.2.7",
  "serde",
 ]
 
@@ -2161,12 +2315,6 @@ version = "0.9.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cccddf32554fecc6acb585f82a32a72e28b48f8c4c1883ddfeeeaa96f7d8e519"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasi"
-version = "0.10.2+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd6fbd9a79829dd1ad0cc20627bf1ed606756a7f77edff7b66b7064f9cb327c6"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
 version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
@@ -2175,9 +2323,9 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.80"
+version = "0.2.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "27370197c907c55e3f1a9fbe26f44e937fe6451368324e009cba39e139dc08ad"
+checksum = "7c53b543413a17a202f4be280a7e5c62a1c69345f5de525ee64f8cfdbc954994"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
@@ -2185,9 +2333,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.80"
+version = "0.2.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "53e04185bfa3a779273da532f5025e33398409573f348985af9a1cbf3774d3f4"
+checksum = "5491a68ab4500fa6b4d726bd67408630c3dbe9c4fe7bda16d5c82a1fd8c7340a"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -2200,9 +2348,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.30"
+version = "0.4.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6f741de44b75e14c35df886aff5f1eb73aa114fa5d4d00dcd37b5e01259bf3b2"
+checksum = "de9a9cec1733468a8c657e57fa2413d2ae2c0129b95e87c5b72b8ace4d13f31f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -2212,9 +2360,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.80"
+version = "0.2.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17cae7ff784d7e83a2fe7611cfe766ecf034111b49deb850a3dc7699c08251f5"
+checksum = "c441e177922bc58f1e12c022624b6216378e5febc2f0533e41ba443d505b80aa"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2222,9 +2370,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.80"
+version = "0.2.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "99ec0dc7a4756fffc231aab1b9f2f578d23cd391390ab27f952ae0c9b3ece20b"
+checksum = "7d94ac45fcf608c1f45ef53e748d35660f168490c10b23704c7779ab8f5c3048"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2235,15 +2383,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.80"
+version = "0.2.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d554b7f530dee5964d9a9468d95c1f8b8acae4f282807e7d27d4b03099a46744"
+checksum = "6a89911bd99e5f3659ec4acf9c4d93b0a90fe4a2a11f15328472058edc5261be"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.57"
+version = "0.3.58"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b17e741662c70c8bd24ac5c5b18de314a2c26c32bf8346ee1e6f53de919c283"
+checksum = "2fed94beee57daf8dd7d51f2b15dc2bcde92d7a72304cdf662a4371008b71b90"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 266e5cb..cc6b566 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,10 +24,12 @@ jsonwebkey = { version = "0.3.4", features = [ "pkcs-convert" ] }
 lazy_static = "1.4.0"
 num-derive = "0.3.3"
 num-traits = "0.2.14"
-openssl = { version = "0.10.40", features = ["vendored"] }
-primitive-types = "0.11"
-reqwest = { version = "0.11.9", features = [ "json" ] }
+pipe = "0.4.0"
+primitive-types = "0.11.1"
+rand = "0.8.5"
+reqwest = "0.11.11"
 ring = "0.16.20"
+rsa = "0.6.1"
 secp256k1 = { version = "0.22.1", optional = true, features = [ "recovery" ] }
 serde = "1.0.132"
 serde_json = "1.0.73"
diff --git a/src/deep_hash.rs b/src/deep_hash.rs
index 1db06a1..471b8a7 100644
--- a/src/deep_hash.rs
+++ b/src/deep_hash.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::pin::Pin;
 
 use async_recursion::async_recursion;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use openssl::sha::Sha384;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
 
 use crate::error::BundlrError;
 use futures::{Stream, TryStream, TryStreamExt};
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub async fn deep_hash(chunk: DeepHashChunk) -> Result<Bytes, BundlrError> {
 
             let tagged_hash = [
                 sha384hash(tag.into()),
-                Bytes::copy_from_slice(&hasher.finish()),
+                Bytes::copy_from_slice(&hasher.finalize()),
             ]
             .concat();
 
@@ -81,5 +81,5 @@ pub async fn deep_hash_chunks(
 fn sha384hash(b: Bytes) -> Bytes {
     let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
     hasher.update(&b);
-    Bytes::copy_from_slice(&hasher.finish())
+    Bytes::copy_from_slice(&hasher.finalize())
 }
diff --git a/src/deep_hash_sync.rs b/src/deep_hash_sync.rs
index 02d9dd6..90f479d 100644
--- a/src/deep_hash_sync.rs
+++ b/src/deep_hash_sync.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use openssl::sha::Sha384;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
 
 use crate::{deep_hash::DeepHashChunk, error::BundlrError};
 use futures::{Stream, TryStream};
@@ -49,5 +49,5 @@ pub fn deep_hash_chunks_sync(
 fn sha384hash(b: Bytes) -> Bytes {
     let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
     hasher.update(&b);
-    Bytes::copy_from_slice(&hasher.finish())
+    Bytes::copy_from_slice(&hasher.finalize())
 }
diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs
index d1724ab..9c74dc4 100644
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -25,4 +25,7 @@ pub enum BundlrError {
 
     #[error("Response failed with the following error: {0}")]
     ResponseError(String),
+
+    #[error("Failed to sign message: {0}")]
+    SigningError(String),
 }
diff --git a/src/signers/arweave.rs b/src/signers/arweave.rs
index 68220c2..fdc22b4 100644
--- a/src/signers/arweave.rs
+++ b/src/signers/arweave.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 use crate::error::BundlrError;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use data_encoding::BASE64URL;
-use jwk::JsonWebKey;
-use openssl::{
-    hash::MessageDigest,
-    pkey::{PKey, Private},
-    rsa::Padding,
-    sign,
+use rand::thread_rng;
+use rsa::{
+    pkcs8::{DecodePrivateKey, DecodePublicKey},
+    PaddingScheme, PublicKey, PublicKeyParts, RsaPrivateKey, RsaPublicKey,
 };
+use sha2::Digest;
+
 extern crate jsonwebkey as jwk;
 
 use super::signer::{Signer, Verifier};
 
 pub struct ArweaveSigner {
-    priv_key: PKey<Private>,
+    priv_key: RsaPrivateKey,
 }
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 impl ArweaveSigner {
-    fn new(priv_key: PKey<Private>) -> ArweaveSigner {
+    fn new(priv_key: RsaPrivateKey) -> ArweaveSigner {
         Self { priv_key }
     }
 
     fn from_jwk(jwk: jwk::JsonWebKey) -> ArweaveSigner {
         let pem = jwk.key.to_pem();
-        let priv_key = PKey::private_key_from_pem(pem.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        let priv_key = RsaPrivateKey::from_pkcs8_pem(&pem).unwrap();
 
         Self { priv_key }
     }
@@ -35,17 +35,27 @@ impl Signer for ArweaveSigner {
     const SIG_LENGTH: u16 = 512;
     const PUB_LENGTH: u16 = 512;
     fn sign(&self, message: Bytes) -> Result<Bytes, BundlrError> {
-        let mut signer = sign::Signer::new(MessageDigest::sha256(), &self.priv_key).unwrap();
-        signer.set_rsa_padding(Padding::PKCS1_PSS).unwrap();
-        if signer.update(&message).is_err() {
-            return Err(BundlrError::NoBytesLeft);
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(&message);
+        let hashed = hasher.finalize();
+
+        let rng = thread_rng();
+        let padding = PaddingScheme::PSS {
+            salt_rng: Box::new(rng),
+            digest: Box::new(sha2::Sha256::new()),
+            salt_len: None,
         };
 
-        Ok(message)
+        let signature = self
+            .priv_key
+            .sign(padding, &hashed)
+            .map_err(|e| BundlrError::SigningError(e.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(signature.into())
     }
 
     fn pub_key(&self) -> Bytes {
-        self.priv_key.public_key_to_pem().unwrap().into()
+        self.priv_key.to_public_key().n().to_bytes_be().into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -56,15 +66,21 @@ impl Verifier for ArweaveSigner {
             BASE64URL.encode(&pk[..])
         );
         let jwk: jwk::JsonWebKey = jwt_str.parse().unwrap();
-        let p = serde_json::to_string(&jwk).unwrap();
-        let key: JsonWebKey = p.parse().unwrap();
-
-        let pkey = PKey::public_key_from_der(key.key.to_der().as_slice()).unwrap();
-        let mut verifier = sign::Verifier::new(MessageDigest::sha256(), &pkey).unwrap();
-        verifier.set_rsa_padding(Padding::PKCS1_PSS).unwrap();
-        verifier.update(&message[..]).unwrap();
-        verifier
-            .verify(&signature[..])
+
+        let pub_key = RsaPublicKey::from_public_key_der(jwk.key.to_der().as_slice()).unwrap();
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(&message);
+        let hashed = &hasher.finalize();
+
+        let rng = thread_rng();
+        let padding = PaddingScheme::PSS {
+            salt_rng: Box::new(rng),
+            digest: Box::new(sha2::Sha256::new()),
+            salt_len: None,
+        };
+        pub_key
+            .verify(padding, hashed, &signature)
+            .map(|_| true)
             .map_err(|_| BundlrError::InvalidSignature)
     }
 }
@@ -74,21 +90,10 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::{ArweaveSigner, Signer, Verifier};
     use bytes::Bytes;
     use jsonwebkey as jwk;
-    use openssl::{pkey::PKey, rsa::Rsa};
 
     #[test]
     fn should_sign_and_verify() {
         let msg = Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"Hello, Bundlr!");
-
-        let rsa = Rsa::generate(4096).unwrap();
-        let pkey = PKey::from_rsa(rsa).unwrap();
-        let signer = ArweaveSigner::new(pkey);
-
-        let sig = signer.sign(msg.clone()).unwrap();
-        let pub_key = signer.pub_key();
-
-        assert!(ArweaveSigner::verify(pub_key, msg.clone(), sig).is_ok());
-
         let jwk_str = r#"{
             "kty" : "RSA",
             "kid" : "cc34c0a0-bd5a-4a3c-a50d-a2a7db7643df",