FIDL language specification

This document is a specification of the Fuchsia Interface Definition Language (FIDL) syntax.

For more information about FIDL's overall purpose, goals, and requirements, see Overview.

Also, see a modified EBNF description of the FIDL grammar.

[TOC]

Syntax

FIDL provides a syntax for declaring named bits, constants, enums, structs, tables, unions, and protocols. These declarations are collected into libraries for distribution.

FIDL declarations are stored in plain text UTF-8 files. Each file consists of a sequence of semicolon-delimited declarations. The order of declarations within a FIDL file, or among FIDL files within a library, is irrelevant. FIDL does not require (or support) forward declarations of any kind.

Comments

FIDL comments start with two (//) or three (///) forward slashes, continue to the end of the line, and can contain UTF-8 content (which is, of course, ignored). The three-forward-slash variant is a "documentation comment", and causes the comment text to be emitted into the generated code (as a comment, escaped correctly for the target language).

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="comments" %}

Note that documentation comments can also be provided via the @doc attribute.

Keywords

The following are keywords in FIDL.

as, bits, compose, const, enum, library, protocol,
resource, struct, table, union, using, xunion.

Identifiers

FIDL identifiers label declarations and their members. FIDL identifiers must match the regex [a-zA-Z]([a-zA-Z0-9_]*[a-zA-Z0-9])?. In words: identifiers must start with a letter, can contain letters, numbers, and underscores, but cannot end with an underscore.

// a struct named "Foo"
type Foo = struct {};

// an enum named "enum", containing a single member
type enum = enum { WITH_A_MEMBER = 1; };

Note: While using keywords as identifiers is supported, it can lead to confusion, and should therefore be considered on a case-by-case basis. See the Names section of the Style Rubric.

FIDL library names label FIDL libraries. FIDL library names consist of one or more elements each matching the regex [a-z][a-z0-9]*. In words: library name elements must start with a lowercase letter, can contain lowercase letters, and numbers (they cannot contain uppercase letters, nor underscores). Library names are used in Qualified Identifiers.

// a library named "foo"
library foo;

Identifiers and library names are case-sensitive.

Qualified Identifiers {#qualified-identifiers}

FIDL always looks for unqualified symbols within the scope of the current library. To reference symbols in other libraries, they must be qualified by prefixing the identifier with the library name or alias thereof.

objects.fidl:

library objects;
using textures as tex;

protocol Frob {
    // "Thing" refers to "Thing" in the "objects" library
    // "tex.Color" refers to "Color" in the "textures" library
    Paint(struct { thing Thing; color tex.Color; });
};

type Thing = struct {
    name string;
};

textures.fidl:

library textures;

type Color = struct {
    rgba uint32;
};

Literals

FIDL supports integer, floating point, boolean, string, and enumeration literals, using a simplified syntax familiar to C programmers (see below for examples).

Constants {#constants}

FIDL supports the following constant types: bits, booleans, signed and unsigned integers, floating point values, strings, and enumerations. The syntax is similar to C:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="consts" %}

These declarations introduce a name within their scope. The constant's type must be either a primitive or an enum.

Constant expressions are either literals or the names of other constant expressions.

For greater clarity, there is no expression processing in FIDL; that is, you cannot declare a constant as having the value 6 + 5, for example.

Declaration Separator

FIDL uses the semi-colon ';' to separate adjacent declarations within the file, much like C.

Libraries {#libraries}

Libraries are named containers of FIDL declarations.

// library identifier separated by dots
library fuchsia.composition;

// "using" to import library "fuchsia.buffers"
using fuchsia.buffers;

// "using" to import library "fuchsia.geometry" and create a shortform called "geo"
using fuchsia.geometry as geo;

Libraries may declare that they use other libraries with a "using" declaration. This allows the library to refer to symbols defined in other libraries upon which they depend. Symbols imported this way may be accessed by:

qualifying them with the fully qualified library name (as in "fuchsia.geometry.Rect"),
specifying just the library name (as in "geometry.Rect"), or,
using a library alias (as in "geo.Rect").

In the source tree, each library consists of a directory with some number of .fidl files. The name of the directory is irrelevant to the FIDL compiler but by convention it should resemble the library name itself. A directory should not contain FIDL files for more than one library.

The scope of library and using declarations is limited to a single file. Each individual file within a FIDL library must restate the library declaration together with any using declarations needed by that file.

The library's name may be used by certain language bindings to provide scoping for symbols emitted by the code generator.

For example, the C++ bindings generator places declarations for the FIDL library fuchsia.ui within the C++ namespace fuchsia::ui. Similarly, for languages such as Dart and Rust, which have their own module system, each FIDL library is compiled as a module for that language.

Types and Type Declarations

FIDL supports a number of builtin types as well as declarations of new types (e.g. structs, unions, type aliases) and protocols.

Primitives

Simple value types.
Never optional.

The following primitive types are supported:

Boolean bool
Signed integer int8 int16 int32 int64
Unsigned integer uint8 uint16 uint32 uint64
IEEE 754 Floating-point float32 float64

Numbers are suffixed with their size in bits, bool is 1 byte.

We also alias byte to mean uint8 as a built-in alias.

Use

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="primitives" %}

Bits {#bits}

Named bit types.
Discrete subset of bit values chosen from an underlying integer primitive type.
Never optional.
Bits must have at least one member.
Bits can either be strict or flexible.
Bits default to flexible.

Operators

| is the bitwise OR operator for bits.

Use

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="bits" %}

Enums {#enums}

Proper enumerated types.
Discrete subset of named values chosen from an underlying integer primitive type.
Never optional.
Strict enums must have at least one member (flexible enums can be memberless).
Enums can be strict or flexible.
Enums default to flexible.

Declaration

The ordinal index is required for each enum element. The underlying type of an enum must be one of: int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, uint64. If omitted, the underlying type is assumed to be uint32.

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="enums" %}

Use

Enum types are denoted by their identifier, which may be qualified if needed.

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="enum-use" %}

Arrays

Fixed-length sequences of homogeneous elements.
Elements can be of any type including: primitives, enums, arrays, strings, vectors, handles, structs, tables, unions.
Never optional themselves; may contain optional types.

Use

Arrays are denoted array<T, N> where T can be any FIDL type (including an array) and N is a positive integer constant expression that specifies the number of elements in the array.

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="arrays" %}

Note that N appears as a layout parameter, which means that it affects the ABI of the type. In other words, changing the parameter _N_ is an ABI-breaking change.

Strings

Variable-length sequence of UTF-8 encoded characters representing text.
Can be optional; absent strings and empty strings are distinct.
Can specify a maximum size, e.g. string:40 for a maximum 40 byte string.
May contain embedded NUL bytes, unlike traditional C strings.

Use

Strings are denoted as follows:

string : required string (validation error occurs if absent)
string:optional : optional string
string:N, string:<N, optional> : string, and optional string, respectively, with maximum length of N bytes

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="strings" %}

Note that N appears as a constraint (it appears after the :), which means that it does not affect the ABI of the type. In other words, changing the parameter _N_ is not an ABI-breaking change.

Strings should not be used to pass arbitrary binary data since bindings enforce valid UTF-8. Instead, consider bytes for small data or fuchsia.mem.Buffer for blobs. See Should I use string or vector? for details.

Vectors

Variable-length sequence of homogeneous elements.
Can be optional; absent vectors and empty vectors are distinct.
Can specify a maximum size, e.g. vector<T>:40 for a maximum 40 element vector.
There is no special case for vectors of bools. Each bool element takes one byte as usual.
We have a built-in alias for bytes to mean vector<uint8>, and it can be size bound in a similar fashion e.g. bytes:1024.

Use

Vectors are denoted as follows:

vector<T> : required vector of element type T (validation error occurs if absent)
vector<T>:optional : optional vector of element type T
vector<T>:N, vector<T>:<N, optional>? : vector, and optional vector, respectively, with maximum length of N elements

T can be any FIDL type.

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="vectors" %}

Handles {#handles}

Transfers a Zircon capability by handle value.
Stored as a 32-bit unsigned integer.
Can be optional; absent handles are encoded as a zero-valued handle.
Handles may optionally be associated with a type and set of required Zircon rights.

Use

Handles are denoted:

zx.handle : required Zircon handle of unspecified type
zx.handle? : optional Zircon handle of unspecified type
zx.handle:H : required Zircon handle of type H
zx.handle:<H, optional> : optional Zircon handle of type H
zx.handle:<H, R> : required Zircon handle of type H with rights R
zx.handle:<H, R, optional> : optional Zircon handle of type H with rights R

H can be any object supported by Zircon, e.g. channel, thread, vmo. Please refer to the grammar for a full list.

R can be any right supported by Zircon. Rights are bits-typed values, defined in the zx FIDL library, e.g. zx.rights.READ. In both the incoming and outgoing directions, handles are validated to have the correct Zircon object type and at least as many rights as are specified in FIDL. If the handle has more rights than is specified in FIDL, then its rights will be reduced by a call to zx_handle_replace. See Life of a handle for an example and RFC-0028: Handle rights for further details.

Structs, tables, and unions containing handles must be marked with the resource modifier.

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="handles" %}

Structs {#structs}

Record type consisting of a sequence of typed fields.
Declaration is not intended to be modified once deployed; use protocol extension instead.
Declaration can have the resource modifier.
References may be boxed.
Structs contain zero or more members.

Declaration

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="structs" %}

Use

Structs are denoted by their declared name (e.g. Circle):

Circle : required Circle
box<Circle> : optional Circle, stored out-of-line.

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="structs-use" %}

Tables {#tables}

Record type consisting of a sequence of typed fields with ordinals.
Declaration is intended for forward and backward compatibility in the face of schema changes.
Declaration can have the resource modifier.
Tables cannot be optional. The semantics of "missing value" is expressed by an empty table i.e. where all members are absent, to avoid dealing with double optionality.
Tables contain zero or more members.

Declaration

type Profile = table {
    1: locales vector<string>;
    2: calendars vector<string>;
    3: time_zones vector<string>;
};

Use

Tables are denoted by their declared name (e.g. Profile):

Profile : required Profile

Here, we show how Profile evolves to also carry temperature units. A client aware of the previous definition of Profile (without temperature units) can still send its profile to a server that has been updated to handle the larger set of fields.

type TemperatureUnit = enum {
    CELSIUS = 1;
    FAHRENHEIT = 2;
};

type Profile = table {
    1: locales vector<string>;
    2: calendars vector<string>;
    3: time_zones vector<string>;
    4: temperature_unit TemperatureUnit;
};

Unions {#unions}

Record type consisting of an ordinal and an envelope.
Ordinal indicates member selection, envelope holds contents.
Declaration can be modified after deployment, while maintaining ABI compatibility. See the Compatibility Guide for source-compatibility considerations.
Declaration can have the resource modifier.
Reference may be optional.
Unions contain one or more members. A union with no members would have no inhabitants and thus would make little sense in a wire format.
Unions can either be strict or flexible.
Unions default to flexible.

Declaration

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/samples" gerrit_path="src/calculator/fidl/calculator.fidl" region_tag="union" %}

Use {#unions-use}

Unions are denoted by their declared name (e.g. Result) and optionality:

Result : required Result
Result:optional : optional Result

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="unions-use" %}

Strict vs. Flexible {#strict-vs-flexible}

FIDL declarations can either have strict or flexible behavior:

Bits, enums, and unions are flexible unless declared with the strict modifier.
Structs always have strict behavior.
Tables always have flexible behavior.

For strict types only, serializing or deserializing a value that contains data not described in the declaration is a validation error.

In this example:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="strict-vs-flexible" %}

By virtue of being flexible, it is simpler for FlexibleEither to evolve to carry a third variant. A client aware of the previous definition of FlexibleEither without the third variant can still receive a union from a server that has been updated to contain the larger set of variants. If the union is of the unknown variant, bindings may expose it as unknown data (i.e. as raw bytes and handles) to the user and allow re-encoding the unknown union (e.g. to support proxy-like use cases). The methods provided for interacting with unknown data for flexible types are described in detail in the bindings reference.

More details are discussed in RFC-0033: Handling of Unknown Fields and Strictness.

Note: A type that is both flexible and a value type will not allow deserializing unknown data that contains handles.

Value vs. Resource {#value-vs-resource}

Every FIDL type is either a value type or a resource type. Resource types include:

handles
protocol endpoints
aliases of resource types
arrays and vectors of resource types
structs, tables, and unions marked with the resource modifier
optional (or boxed) references to any of the above types

All other types are value types.

Value types must not contain resource types. For example, this is incorrect:

type Foo = struct { // ERROR: must be "resource struct Foo"
    h zx.handle;
};

Types can be marked with the resource modifier even if they do not contain handles. You should do this if you intend to add handles to the type in the future, since adding or removing the resource modifier requires source-compatibility considerations. For example:

// No handles now, but we will add some in the future.
type Record = resource table {
    1: str string;
};

// "Foo" must be a resource because it contains "Record", which is a resource.
type Foo = resource struct {
    record Record;
};

More details are discussed in RFC-0057: Default No Handles.

Protocols {#protocols}

Describe methods that can be invoked by sending messages over a channel.
Methods are identified by their ordinal index. The compiler calculates the ordinal by
- Taking the SHA-256 hash of the string generated by concatenating:
  - The UTF-8 encoded library name, with no trailing \0 character
  - '.' (ASCII 0x2e)
  - The UTF-8 encoded protocol name, with no trailing \0 character
  - '/' (ASCII 0x2f)
  - The UTF-8 encoded method name, with no trailing \0 character
- Extracting the upper 32 bits of the hash value, and
- Setting the upper bit of that value to 0.
- To coerce the compiler into generating a different value, methods can have a @selector attribute. The value of the @selector attribute will be used in the place of the method name above.
Each method declaration states its arguments and results.
- If no results are declared, then the method is one-way: no response will be generated by the server.
- If results are declared (even if empty), then the method is two-way: each invocation of the method generates a response from the server.
- If only results are declared, the method is referred to as an event. It then defines an unsolicited message from the server.
- Two-way methods may declare an error type that a server can send instead of the response. This type must be an int32, uint32, or an enum thereof.
When a server of a protocol is about to close its side of the channel, it may elect to send an epitaph message to the client to indicate the disposition of the connection. The epitaph must be the last message delivered through the channel. An epitaph message includes a 32-bit int value of type zx_status_t. Negative values are reserved for system error codes. The value ZX_OK (0) indicates an operation was successful. Application-defined error codes (previously defined as all positive zx_status_t values) are deprecated. For more details about epitaphs, see rejection of RFC-0031: Typed Epitaphs. For more details about zx_status_t see RFC-0085: Reducing the zx_status_t space.

Declaration

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="calculator" %}

Use {#protocols-use}

Protocols are denoted by their name, directionality of the channel, and optionality:

client_end:Protocol : client endpoint of channel communicating over the FIDL protocol
client_end:<Protocol, optional> : optional version of the above
server_end:Protocol : server endpoint of a channel communicating over the FIDL protocol
server_end:<Protocol, optional> : optional version of the above

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="endpoints" %}

Protocol Composition {#protocol-composition}

A protocol can include methods from other protocols. This is called composition: you compose one protocol from other protocols.

Composition is used in the following cases:

you have multiple protocols that all share some common behavior(s)
you have varying levels of functionality you want to expose to different audiences

Common behavior

In the first case, there might be behavior that's shared across multiple protocols. For example, in a graphics system, several different protocols might all share a common need to set a background and foreground color. Rather than have each protocol define their own color setting methods, a common protocol can be defined:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="composition-base" %}

It can then be shared by other protocols:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="composition-inherit" %}

In the above, there are three protocols, SceneryController, Drawer, and Writer. Drawer is used to draw graphical objects, like circles and squares at given locations with given sizes. It composes the methods SetBackground() and SetForeground() from the SceneryController protocol because it includes the SceneryController protocol (by way of the compose keyword).

The Writer protocol, used to write text on the display, includes the SceneryController protocol in the same way.

Now both Drawer and Writer include SetBackground() and SetForeground().

This offers several advantages over having Drawer and Writer specify their own color setting methods:

the way to set background and foreground colors is the same, whether it's used to draw a circle, square, or put text on the display.
new methods can be added to Drawer and Writer without having to change their definitions, simply by adding them to the SceneryController protocol.

The last point is particularly important, because it allows us to add functionality to existing protocols. For example, we might introduce an alpha-blending (or "transparency") feature to our graphics system. By extending the SceneryController protocol to deal with it, perhaps like so:

protocol SceneryController {
    SetBackground(struct { color Color; });
    SetForeground(struct { color Color; });
    SetAlphaChannel(struct { a int; });
};

we've now extended both Drawer and Writer to be able to support alpha blending.

Multiple compositions

Composition is not a one-to-one relationship — we can include multiple compositions into a given protocol, and not all protocols need be composed of the same mix of included protocols.

For example, we might have the ability to set font characteristics. Fonts don't make sense for our Drawer protocol, but they do make sense for our Writer protocol, and perhaps other protocols.

So, we define our FontController protocol:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="composition-multiple-1" %}

and then invite Writer to include it, by using the compose keyword:

protocol Writer {
    compose SceneryController;
    compose FontController;
    Text(struct { x int; y int; message string; });
};

Here, we've extended the Writer protocol with the FontController protocol's methods, without disturbing the Drawer protocol (which doesn't need to know anything about fonts).

Protocol composition is similar to mixin. More details are discussed in RFC-0023: Compositional Model.

Layering

At the beginning of this section, we mentioned a second use for composition, namely exposing various levels of functionality to different audiences.

In this example, we have two protocols that are independently useful, a Clock protocol to get the current time and timezone:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="layering-clock" %}

And an Horologist protocol that sets the time and timezone:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="layering-horologist" %}

We may not necessarily wish to expose the more privileged Horologist protocol to just any client, but we do want to expose it to the system clock component. So, we create a protocol (SystemClock) that composes both:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="layering-systemclock" %}

Aliasing {#aliasing}

Type aliasing is supported. For example:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="aliasing" %}

In the above, the identifier StoryID is an alias for the declaration of a string with a maximum size of MAX_SIZE. The identifier Chapters is an alias for a vector declaration of five StoryId elements.

The identifiers StoryID and Chapters can be used wherever their aliased definitions can be used. Consider:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="aliasing-usage" %}

Here, the Message struct contains a string of MAX_SIZE bytes called baseline, and a vector of up to 5 strings of MAX_SIZE called chapters.

Note that byte and bytes are built-in aliases, see below.

Built-ins

FIDL provides several built-ins:

convenience types (byte and bytes)
zx library see below

Built-in aliases {#built-in-aliases}

The types byte and bytes are built-in, and are conceptually equivalent to:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference_builtin.test.fidl" region_tag="builtin" %}

When you refer to a name without specific scope, e.g.:

{% includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples.docs/language_reference.test.fidl" region_tag="builtin-aliases" %}

we treat this as builtin.byte automatically (so long as there isn't a more-specific name in scope).

ZX Library {#zx-library}

The fidlc compiler automatically generates an internal ZX library for you that contains commonly used Zircon definitions.

Inline layouts {#inline-layouts}

Layouts can also be specified inline, rather than in a type introduction declaration. This is useful when a specific layout is only used once. For example, the following FIDL:

type Options = table {
    1: reticulate_splines bool;
};

protocol Launcher {
    GenerateTerrain(struct {
        options Options;
    });
};

can be rewritten using an inline layout:

protocol Launcher {
    GenerateTerrain(struct {
        options table {
            1: reticulate_splines bool;
        };
    });
};

When an inline layout is used, fidlc will reserve a name for it that is guaranteed to be unique, based on the naming context that the layout is used in. This results in the following reserved names:

For inline layouts used as the type of an outer layout member, the reserved name is simply the name of the corresponding member.
- In the example above, the name Options is reserved for the inlined table.
For top level request/response types, fidlc concatenates the protocol name, the method name, and then either "Request" or "Response" depending on where the type is used.
- In the example above, the name LauncherGenerateTerrainRequest is reserved for the struct used as the request of the GenerateTerrain method.
- Note that the "Request" suffix denotes that the type is used to initiate communication; for this reason, event types will have the "Request" suffix reserved instead of the "Response" suffix.

The name that is actually used in the generated code depends on the binding, and is described in the individual bindings references.

For inline layouts used as the type of a layout member, there are two ways to obtain a different reserved name:

Rename the layout member.
Override the reserved name using the @generated_name attribute.

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language.md

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FIDL language specification

Syntax

Comments

Keywords

Identifiers

Qualified Identifiers {#qualified-identifiers}

Literals

Constants {#constants}

Declaration Separator

Libraries {#libraries}

Types and Type Declarations

Primitives

Use

Bits {#bits}

Operators

Use

Enums {#enums}

Declaration

Use

Arrays

Use

Strings

Use

Vectors

Use

Handles {#handles}

Use

Structs {#structs}

Declaration

Use

Tables {#tables}

Declaration

Use

Unions {#unions}

Declaration

Use {#unions-use}

Strict vs. Flexible {#strict-vs-flexible}

Value vs. Resource {#value-vs-resource}

Protocols {#protocols}

Declaration

Use {#protocols-use}

Protocol Composition {#protocol-composition}

Common behavior

Multiple compositions

Layering

Aliasing {#aliasing}

Built-ins

Built-in aliases {#built-in-aliases}

ZX Library {#zx-library}

Inline layouts {#inline-layouts}