Bittersweet anonymous functions, with a perc ;)
Syntactically, percs are very similar to Clojure's anonymous function syntax #(Point. %1 %2 %3)
But with a "perc"...
#%/%(Point. %:x %:y %:z)That's right... You never realized how badly you've wanted to effortlessly grab named values passed into anonymous functions... until now!
Sure, you gotta add these three bitter characters - %/% - but the extra sweetness you get out of the other end is totally worth the squeeze: %:a-very-self-describing-parameter-name
Place the following in the :deps map of your deps.edn file:
...
johnmn3/perc {:git/url "https://github.com/johnmn3/perc"
:sha "1c7e1d63aae9b2e59087ffc7774f6520b34e4c26"}
...If you want to test things out right now, from the comfort of your own ~/home, go ahead and drop this in your bash pipe and smoke it:
clj -Sdeps '{:deps {johnmn3/perc {:git/url "https://github.com/johnmn3/perc" :sha "1c7e1d63aae9b2e59087ffc7774f6520b34e4c26"}}}' -m cljs.main -c perc.core -re node -rThen you should be able to test things out right away:
Cloning: https://github.com/johnmn3/perc
Checking out: https://github.com/johnmn3/perc at 1c7e1d63aae9b2e59087ffc7774f6520b34e4c26
ClojureScript 1.10.520
cljs.user=> (#%/%(println "hi" %:x) {:x 1})
hi 1
nilOnce a project is launched, you don't need to require anything because tagged literals work globally.
All you have to do is prepend your function body with #%/% - like you would normally use just # for with anonymous functions. Then you can use % and %1 like usual, but you can also do %:foo or %1:bar.
Namespaced keywords work too:
#%/%(Point. %::x %::nearby/y %:foreign/z)Pulling named values out of multiple different parameters works as you'd expect.
#%/%(response %1:ctx %2:status %2:body)Here we grab :ctx from the first parameter, :status from the second and :body from the second.
This also makes it easier to deal with ambiguous keys coming in from multiple map sources. For example, suppose we want a function that takes three point maps and provides them to a Triangle constructor:
#%/%(Triangle. %1:x %1:y %1:z,
%2:x %2:y %2:z,
%3:x %3:y %3:z)Doing that with the regular old syntax, we would clobber coordinates if we tried to destructure using :keys [x y z]. And the alternative would be rather verbose and unnecessarily confusing:
#(let [{x1 :x y1 :y z1 :z} %1
{x2 :x y2 :y z2 :z} %2
{x3 :x y3 :y z3 :z} %3]
(Triangle. x1 y1 z1,
x2 y2 z2,
x3 y3 z3))It doesn't get much more concise than the perc syntax above - at least, if you're destructuring over multiple maps only one level deep.
We can also more easily slice and dice named values in deeply nested transformations. Here's a more involved example:
(defn rand-point-3d []
{:tag :point-3d
:x (rand-int 100)
:y (rand-int 100)
:z (rand-int 100)})
(defn rand-triangle-3d []
[(rand-point-3d) (rand-point-3d) (rand-point-3d)])
;; now, deep in some transformation, somewhere deep in
;; a data structure, we do some custom transform
(->> (repeatedly rand-triangle-3d)
(take 10)
;; ... many transformations later
(mapv
(partial apply ;; say, we want flip and update the vertices
#%/%[(assoc %3 :x (inc %3:x) :z (dec %3:z))
(assoc %2 :x (dec %2:x) :z (inc %2:z))
(assoc %1 :x (inc %1:x) :z (dec %1:z))]))
;; ... and more ...
(mapv
(partial apply
#%/%(Triangle. %1:x %1:y %1:z,
%2:x %2:y %2:z,
%3:x %3:y %3:z))))As you may have just noticed in the example above, literal vectors and maps can be used for quick updates in place, like:
cljs.user=> (#%/%{::a (inc %1) ::b (inc %2)} 4 5)
#:cljs.user{:a 5, :b 6}Or
cljs.user=> (#%/%[(inc %:x) (inc %:y)] {:x 4 :y 5})
[5 6]Or just for wrapping stuff
cljs.user=> (#%/%{:a %1 :b %2} 4 5)
{:a 4, :b 5}This makes for a short and quick way to restructure data as it flows through deeply nested transformations.
Like with traditional, sugared anonymous functions, you can't nest percs of a given type, like:
#%/%(do #%/%())Doing so will throw a syntax error.
However, there are also the tagged literals #%/%% and #%/%%% for explicitly nesting deeper levels. They each transform %% and %%% symbols, respectively, within their enclosing forms.
Suppose we had some data:
{:events [e1 e2 e3]
:event-handler (fn [e] ...
:time-out-callback (fn [msg] ...Using old-school syntax, we might do something like this to apply the event handler to the events:
#(mapv
(fn [event]
((:event-handler %)
(:event-data event)))
(:events %))Using the new-school syntax:
#%/%(mapv
#%/%%(%:event-handler %%:event-data)
%:events)Being able to reference multiple levels of depth with %, %% and %%% allows us to maintain syntactic concision without having to take the classical (fn []) escape hatch as often. But wait, there's more...
For alternatives to #%/%, there are also percs for #%/$ and #%/?, each with their double and triple nesting variants as well.
#%/%(mapv
#%/$(%:event-handler $:event-data
#%/?(%:time-out-callback ?:time-out-msg))
%:events)To do this the old-school way, we'd end up with something that looks like this:
#(mapv
(fn [event]
((:event-handler %)
(:event-data event)
(fn [time-out-event]
((:time-out-callback %)
(:time-out-msg time-out-event)))))
(:events %))percs employ tagged literals. They essentially work like macros but take only one parameter (the token to the right them) and have no parenthesis around themselves and their parameter. At read time, the pair of reader tag and its parameter are replaced by the return value of the tag's transformation function. Because we only need to instrument a single form with our syntax sugar, tagged literals work out pretty good for this use-case.
Clojure(Script)'s anonymous function syntax sugar is actually built into the language's reader. Because a perc's anonymous function expand to a regular anonymous function, the resulting code will likely be a little larger.
Technically, the tokens within the anaphoric macros are not "valid" Clojure symbols.
percs allow Clojure to use ClojureScript's more permissive anonymous function arity handling, however they do not assert Clojure's more strict arity checking.