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---
layout: page
title: A Novice's Guide to the Antiphoner
permalink: /novices-guide/
---
<div class="content">
<section>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/1r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/FranciscanAntiphonal_0003-detail.jpg" alt="Franciscan antiphoner" height="50%" width="50%"></a>
<figcaption>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/1r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 1<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).</a>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<p>This fourteenth-century manuscript antiphoner (from the Latin <span style="font-style:italic">antiphonale</span>, or <span style="font-style:italic">antiphonarium</span>, a book of antiphons) is a volume of monophonic chant—plainsong, or plainchant—used by male or female religious personnel for singing the divine office of the Roman Catholic church. In this instance, the book was almost certainly compiled for, and used by, members of the Franciscan (or Clarissan) order during the 1300s. The book contains the complete words and music for two genres of variable chants—antiphons and responsories—for the offices of the entire annual calendar of saints’ days (sanctorale), as well as text-only incipits or cues indicating other items to be sung, notably hymns (with metrical rhyming texts), and other items that were sung to simple melodic formulas (tones), such as versicles, psalms, and canticles (usually extracts from the bible or other scriptures). As such, this volume originally complemented several other words-only books, including one containing the complete texts of the necessary psalms and canticles (<span style="font-style:italic">psalterium</span>). Another book also contained the words of the antiphons and responsories (without musical notation), and also the words of chapters and lessons (biblical, patristic and hagiographic pericopes) and prayers, which were also sung to simple formulaic tones. The Franciscans—members of the Order of Friars Minor, founded by St. Francis—were the first to make and use the type of book described as a breviary (<span style="font-style:italic">breviarium</span>). When pope Honorius III (Cencio Savelli) approved the order’s revised rule in 1223, it specifically directed:
<p><blockquote>“The clerics will celebrate the divine office according to the order of the holy Roman church,<br /> except for the psalter which they may say in a shortened version” (Clerici faciant divinum officiorum<br /> secundum ordinem sanctae Romanae Ecclesia excepto Psalterio, ex quo habere poterunt <span style="font-style:italic">breviaria</span>).</blockquote></p>
<p>In other words, Franciscan clerics were treated not like monks—who were required to recite the liturgical psalter in its long form, or “monastic cursus”, but like secular clerics, who were only required to follow a shortened version, or “cathedral cursus” (Loewen 2013, 37).</p>
<figure>
<a href="http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/iccuviewer/iccu.jsp?id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3APG0213_ms.265" target = "_blank"><img src="/img/assisi-265-222r.jpg" alt="Sacro Convento, MS. 265" align="middle" height="40%" width="40%"></a>
<figcaption>
<a href="http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/iccuviewer/iccu.jsp?id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3APG0213_ms.265" target = "_blank">Italy, Assisi, Sacro Convento, MS. 265, fol. 222<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a> (detail): the opening items of the office of Andrew (30 November). (Internet Culturale, Cataloghi e Collezioni Digitali delle Biblioteche Italiane). Compare with <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/1r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 1<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).</a>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>The illustration above is from an Italian Franciscan breviary, also dating from the 1300s, the contents of the page shown corresponding to the first page, <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/1r" target="_blank">fol. 1<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, of the John J. Burns Library, Boston College Franciscan antiphoner (henceforth Burns). The words only of the first chant in Burns, the antiphon <span style="font-style:italic">Unus ex duobus</span>, begin with the red initial “V” (U) on line seven of the second column. But whereas the music and words of this antiphon for the Magnificat is the first chant found in Burns, in the breviary above it is preceded and followed by two other items, the chapter (<span style="font-style:italic">capitulum</span>), <span style="font-style:italic">Fratres corde creditor</span>, and the closing prayer (<span style="font-style:italic">oratio</span>), <span style="font-style:italic">Majestatem tuam</span>, the first letter of which is sumptuously decorated. Immediately under the prayer are the words of the next four chants in Burns, an incomplete cue for the invitatory at matins, <span style="font-style:italic">Regem apostolorum</span>, followed by the three antiphons, which in turn are followed by a text not included in the antiphoner, the first lesson, beginning <span style="font-style:italic">Passionem sancti Andreae apostoli.</span> Reliance on all of these various types of books, the antiphoner included, was in most cases probably mitigated by the individual user’s memory. Religious personnel at this time were typically expected to have key chants of the office by heart, and a relatively small book such as Burns (measuring only approximately 30 centimeters in height) was probably used principally to jog the memories of singers who already knew well the basic melodic contours and features of the chants.</p>
<p>According to custom, there may have also been a companion volume to Burns containing the antiphons and responsories of the parallel annual Sunday cycle of the daily office (<span style="font-style:italic">temporale</span>), copied around the same time by some of the same scribes. By the late middle ages it had become customary for liturgical chant books arranged in calendar order to begin with the pre-Christmas season. The movable temporal (Sunday) cycle started with the first Sunday in Advent, and the fixed-date sanctorale (saints-day) cycle with the major saint’s day usually closest to it, the feast of St. Andrew (30 November), as is the case in Burns. The services of the daily office hours covered by the contents of Burns are shown in the table below.</p>
<div class="table"><table class="rules" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Daily office services (hours) with corresponding antiphons and responsories from Burns</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Service</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Time</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Chants</span> (italicized when supplied in full in this antiphoner) </td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">First vespers</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Evening before the saint’s day</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">5 psalms with</span> <span style="font-style:italic">5 antiphons</span> (not always written out separately in Burns, in which case usually the same as those of Lauds)<br />Magnificat with</span>
<span style="font-style:italic">antiphon</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Matins</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Night or very early in the morning of the saint’s day</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Psalm (</span><span style="font-style:italic">Venite)</span>
with <span style="font-style:italic">invitatory</span> (antiphon) <br />First nocturne 3 psalms with <span style="font-style:italic">3 antiphons</span>, and <span style="font-style:italic">3 responsories</span> <br /></span>Second nocturne 3 psalms with<span style="font-style:italic"> 3 antiphons</span>, and <span style="font-style:italic">3 responsories</span> <br /></span>
Third nocturne 3 psalms with <span style="font-style:italic">3 antiphons</span>, and <span style="font-style:italic">2 or 3 responsories</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Immediately after matins</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">5 psalms with <span style="font-style:italic">5 antiphons</span><br /></span>
Benedictus with <span style="font-style:italic">antiphon</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Terce</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Morning</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">A short <span style="font-style:italic">responsory</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Sext</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Midday</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">A short <span style="font-style:italic">responsory</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">None</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Afternoon</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">A short <span style="font-style:italic">responsory</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Second vespers</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Evening</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">5 psalms with <span style="font-style:italic">5 antiphons</span><br />(usually repeats the 5 antiphons of vespers 1 and/or lauds)<br />Magnificat with <span style="font-style:italic">antiphon</span></td></tr></table></div>
<p>No special antiphons or responsories were required for the hours of prime (sung after lauds) and compline (after vespers I and 2), so neither of these hours is referred to in the book. Each of the antiphons included was sung before and after one of the 150 psalms or 2 main office canticles (<span style="font-style:italic">Magnificat</span> at vespers, and <span style="font-style:italic">Benedictus</span> at lauds), the full words and music for which are also not included in this book. The words are, however, indicated by rubrics or verbal cues (incipits), all that was necessary since most clerics were expected to know the complete psalms and canticles by heart. The music of the psalms and canticles was indicated, meanwhile, by a short melodic formula, or <span style="font-style:italic">differentia</span>. From the <span style="font-style:italic">differentia</span>, singers would know immediately which of the 8 modes or tones each verse of the psalm or canticle would be sung to and the particular variable ending to be used.</p>
<p>
For further practical information on reading, performing from, and studying the antiphoner, see Harper 1991, Hiley 2009, and Fassler 2014. </p>
<br />
<br />
<header>
<span style="font-weight:bold">The origins of the music</span>
</header><br />
<figure>
<a href="http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/iccuviewer/iccu.jsp?id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3APG0213_ms.265" target="_blank"><img src="/img/assisi-265-204r-detail.jpg" alt="Sacro Convento, MS. 265" height="50%" width="50%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/iccuviewer/iccu.jsp?id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3APG0213_ms.265" target="_blank">Italy, Assisi, Sacro Convento, MS. 265, fol. 204<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a> <span style="font-style:italic">detail:</span> Franciscan friars singing. (Internet Culturale, Cataloghi e Collezioni Digitali delle Biblioteche Italiane).</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>The most recent proper office in Burns, that of Clare, helps date the copying of the book to no earlier than 1300, and probably somewhat later in the century. With a few other exceptions, however, the origins of most of the rest of the chants in the book can be traced back to much earlier stages of the so-called “Gregorian” chant tradition.</p>
<p>Having become established in the church in Rome by the early part of the eighth century, in the latter 700s this chant repertory was exported—text and music—by Roman cantors and sent to northern Europe, where the emperor Charlemagne promulgated it for use throughout his Frankish dominions (Hiley 1993, 514-18). Chant melodies had then still to be memorized and transmitted orally, but by the mid 900s they began to be copied into written musical notation. One of the earliest surviving notated office antiphoners, now preserved as <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123717" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;color:0563c1">CH-SGs 390</span></a> and <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123718" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;color:0563c1">CH-SGs 391</span></a>, was copied by the monk Hartker (d.1011), very late in the tenth century (probably in the 990s), for the abbey of St. Gallen in Switzerland (Hiley 1993, 572). Though Hartker’s neumes are described as “unheightened” or <span style="font-style:italic">adiastematic</span> (that is, they are only partial graphic prompts, and do not alone give all the necessary pitch information to allow a reader who does not already know the chant to sing the melody), the majority of the chants in his book can still now be read by comparing them with later fully-notated sources, such as Burns.</p>
<p>For instance, in the illustration below, the very first chant in Burns, <span style="font-style:italic">Unus ex duobus</span>, from the office of Andrew, is compared with the much earlier notated version from Hartker’s antiphoner, and the modern printed version of the <span style="font-style:italic">Liber usualis</span> (1961), all three examples closely similar versions of the same chant. For those not familiar with early neumes, the degree of similarity can be more easily appreciated by comparing the two square-note sources, Burns and the <span style="font-style:italic">Liber usualis</span>, which can be seen to be nearly, if not quite, identical. Such small differences, however, are common between chant sources.</p>
<figure>
<a href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0391/161" target="_blank"><img src="/img/ch-sg-391-161-detail.jpg" alt="Hartker's Antiphonal" height="80%" width="80%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0391/161" target="_blank">CH-SGs 391 (Hartker’s antiphonal), page 161</a>, detail, <span style="font-style:italic">Unus ex duobus</span>, copied c.990s, in unheightened neumes. (e-codices - Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland).</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/1r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/1r-003-detail.jpg" alt="Franciscan antiphoner" height="75%" width="75%"></a>
<figcaption>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/1r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 1<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, detail. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
<figure>
<br />
<br />
<figure>
<img src="/img/liber-usualis-1961-1304.jpg" alt="Liber Usualis" height="60%" width="60%"/>
<figcaption>
<span style="font-style:italic">Liber usualis</span> 1961, page 1304, detail.</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
<p>Probably the majority of chants in Burns are of considerable antiquity, though not all the chants of a particular office will necessarily have their origins in the same time or place. In many cases, thematic suitability of a chant text is the only immediately obvious factor to explain its inclusion within a given office. As to the melodies, it is considerably harder to perceive meaningful reasons for why a particular chant was included. In more recent offices, as we shall see, chants were often organized numerically according to mode. But in the relatively ancient office like Andrew there is no such observable pattern. The chants, on casual inspection, appear in a completely haphazard modal order: </p>
<div class="table" id="Table1"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic">Folio</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic">Office</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic">Genre</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic">Position</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic">Incipit (incipit of subsidiary verse)</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic">Mode</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Magnificat</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Unus ex duobus qui secuti sunt</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Invitatory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Venite</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Regem apostolorum dominum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Vidit dominus Petrum et Andream</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Venite post me dicit dominus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Relictis retibus secuti sunt</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Dum deambularet dominus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Mox ut vocem domini</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Doctor bonus et amicus dei</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Dignum sibi dominus computavit</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Dilexit Andream dominus in odorem</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Biduo vivens pendebat in cruce</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Homo dei ducebatur</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">O bona crux que decorum </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Expandi manus meas </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Non me permittas domine</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Andreas vero rogabat populum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">9</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Recipe me ab hominibus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Oravit sanctus andreas dum </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">3</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Videns crucem andreas </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Salve crux preciosa suscipe</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Beatus andreas orabat dicens</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Andreas Christi famulus dignus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Maximilla christo amabilis tulit</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Qui persequebantur iustum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Benedictus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Concede nobis hominem iustum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Vespers </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Magnificat</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Cum pervenisset beatus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span></td></tr></table></div>
<p>However, even in the table above, a pattern does seem occasionally to emerge. A case in point are the antiphons for lauds, all six of which (along with the psalms and canticle sung with them) belong to the two tetrardus modes, 7 and 8, sharing a common ending on the note G (fol.<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/3v" target="_blank"> 3<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>-<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/4r" target="_blank">4<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>). Similar cases can be seen in the first five lauds antiphons for <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/5v" target="_blank">Lucy (fol. 5<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>), and the first five vespers antiphons in the <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/94v" target="_blank">common of apostles (fol. 94v)</a>:</p>
<div class="table" id="Table1"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lucy</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Orante sancta lucia apparuit</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lucy</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lucia virgo quid a me</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lucy</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Per te lucia virgo civitas</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lucy</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Benedico te pater domini</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lucy</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Soror mea lucia virgo</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr></table></div>
<div class="table" id="Table2"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">94</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Common of apostles</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Juravit dominus et non</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">94</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Common of apostles</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Collocet eum dominus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">94</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Common of apostles</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Dirupisti domine vincula mea</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">94</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Common of apostles</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Euntes ibant et flebant</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">94</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Common of apostles</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Confortatus est principatus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td></tr></table></div>
<p>And an example in a different tonality, that of the <span style="font-style:italic">protus</span>, mode 2, can be seen in four of the first five Vespers antiphons for the office for the dead (<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/80v" target="_blank">80<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>-<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/81r" target="_blank">81<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>):</p>
<div class="table" id="Table3"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">80</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">For the Dead</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Placebo domine</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">80</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">For the Dead</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Heu mihi incolatus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">80</span><span style="color:#c55911">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">For the Dead</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Dominus custodit te</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">80</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">For the Dead</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Si iniquitates observaveris</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">81</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">For the Dead</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Opera manuum tuarum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Different types of pre-planned groupings may be observed in the <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/10r" target="_blank">office of the Purification</a>, where the 9 antiphons of matins are grouped by mode neatly in threes:</p>
<div class="table" id="Table4"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">10</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Benedicta tu in mulieribus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">10</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Sicut mirra electa odorem</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">10</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Ante torum huius virginis</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">11</span><span style="color:#538135">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Specie tua pulchritudine tua</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">11</span><span style="color:#538135">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Adiuvabit eam deus vultu suo</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">11</span><span style="color:#538135">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Sicut letantium omnium</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">12</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Gaude maria virgo cunctas</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">12</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Speciosa facta es et suavis</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">12</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Purification of Mary</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">9</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Post partum virgo inviolata</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Such examples of modal organization effectively meant that whole sections of an office were effectively sung in the same tonality, though why this was thought to be desirable in some offices, and not in others, is unclear. But the three most recent offices in Burns—those for Francis, Clare, and Corpus Christi—show unambiguous evidence of a more modern and systematic type of modal pre-planning that was favored by compilers and composers of liturgical chants in the 1200s. The Francis and Clare offices are described more fully below. The following table shows how the principal chants of the office of Corpus Christi are numerically ordered by mode.</p>
<div class="table" id="Table5"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">46</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Sacerdos in aeternum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">46</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Miserator dominus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">46</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Calicem salutaris</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">46</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Sicut novella olivarum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">46</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Qui pacem</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">46</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Magnificat</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">O quam suavis es</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">46</span><span style="color:#538135">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Fructum salutiferum gustandum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">46</span><span style="color:#538135">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">A fructu frumenti et vini</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">46</span><span style="color:#538135">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Communione calicis quo deus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">46</span><span style="color:#c00000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Immolabit haedum multitude</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">47</span><span style="color:#c00000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Comedetis carnes</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">47</span><span style="color:#c00000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Respexit Elias ad caput suum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">47</span><span style="color:#538135">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Memor sit dominus sacrificii </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">47</span><span style="color:#538135">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Paratur nobis mensa domini</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">5</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">47</span><span style="color:#538135">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">In voce exsultationis</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">6</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">47</span><span style="color:#c00000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Panis quem ego dabo caro mea</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">47</span><span style="color:#c00000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Cenantibus illis accepit</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">5</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">48</span><span style="color:#c00000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Accepit Jesus calicem </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">6</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">48</span><span style="color:#538135">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Introibo ad altare dei</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">48</span><span style="color:#538135">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Cibavit nos dominus ex adipe</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">48</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">9</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Ex altari tuo domine Christum</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">6</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">48</span><span style="color:#c00000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Qui manducat meam carnem </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">7</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">48</span><span style="color:#c00000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Misit me pater vivens et ego</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">48</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Responsory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">9</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Unus panis et unum corpus </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">49</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Sapientia aedificavit sibi </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">49</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Angelorum esca nutrivisti </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">49</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Pinguis est panis Christi et </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">49</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Sacerdotes sancti incensum </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">49</span><span style="color:#c55911">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vincenti dabo manna </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">49</span><span style="color:#000000">r</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Benedictus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Ego sum panis vivuse </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">1</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">49</span><span style="color:#000000">v</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Vespers 2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Antiphon</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Magnificat</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">O sacrum convivium </span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">5</span></td></tr></table></div>
<p>In this case, however, the melodies were not newly composed in modal order, but were adapted from pre-existing chants. An important early manuscript of the office (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Lat. 1143) identifies the original chant from which each melody was borrowed (transcribed by Walters et al. 2006, 83-85). For instance, the manuscript tells us that the first antiphon of vespers, <span style="font-style:italic">Sacerdos in aeternum</span>, was made “Contra <span style="font-style:italic">gloria tibi trinitas</span> de trinitate”; that is, it was modelled on the antiphon <span style="font-style:italic">Gloria tibi trinitas</span> for the feast of the Trinity, as can be seen in the illustrations below. Likewise, the antiphon for the Magnificat at first vespers was also made by setting new words, <span style="font-style:italic">O quam suavis</span>, to the pre-existing melody of the antiphon <span style="font-style:italic">O Christe pietas</span> for St. Nicholas (“Contra <span style="font-style:italic">o christe pietas</span> de sco nicholao”). In the examples below, the two Corpus Christi antiphons as they appear in the Franciscan book, Burns, are compared with the source antiphons as they appear in the <a href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/205232" target="_blank">Poissy antiphonal</a>, a French Dominican book also dating from the 1300s (Stinson 1993).</p>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/46r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/46r-093-detail-1.jpg" alt="Sacerdos in aeternum" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<br/ >
<figcaption>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/46r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 46<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: Sacerdos in aeternum. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
<figure>
<a href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/205232"target="_blank"><img src="/img/poissy-156v-detail.jpg" alt="Poissy Antiphonal" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/205232"target="_blank">Poissy antiphonal, fol. 156</a><span style="font-style:italic">v</span>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: Gloria tibi trinitas. (MS. RARESF 096.1 R66A, State Library of Victoria, Australia, Melbourne).
</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/46r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/46r-093-detail-2.jpg" alt="O quam suavis" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/46r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 46<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: O quam suavis (opening). (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
<figure>
<a href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/205232"target="_blank"><img src="/img/poissy-205r-detail.jpg" alt="Poissy Antiphonal" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption>
<a href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/205232"target="_blank">Poissy antiphonal, fol. 205</a><span style="font-style:italic">r</span>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: O Christi pietas (opening). (MS. RARESF 096.1 R66A, State Library of Victoria, Australia, Melbourne).</figcaption>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
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